CN102258501A - 含有芬太尼或其相关物质的透皮治疗体系 - Google Patents

含有芬太尼或其相关物质的透皮治疗体系 Download PDF

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CN102258501A
CN102258501A CN2011101937323A CN201110193732A CN102258501A CN 102258501 A CN102258501 A CN 102258501A CN 2011101937323 A CN2011101937323 A CN 2011101937323A CN 201110193732 A CN201110193732 A CN 201110193732A CN 102258501 A CN102258501 A CN 102258501A
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T·希勒
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种由活性物质不渗透的背层、至少含有一种芬太尼或芬太尼类似物的活性物质的基于聚丙烯酸酯的基质层和使用前移除的保护层的透皮治疗体系(TTS)，其特征在于，所述聚丙烯酸酯是自粘性的且不具有羧基，其对于芬太尼具有3-20重量％的饱和溶解度，优选饱和溶解度为4-12重量％，尤其优选饱和溶解度为5-10重量％，并且活性物质层中所包埋的活性物质至少80重量％以分子分散液的溶解形式存在。

Description

含有芬太尼或其相关物质的透皮治疗体系
本分案申请是基于申请号为02816426.1，申请日为2002年07月10日，发明名称为《含有芬太尼或其相关物质的透皮治疗体系》的原始中国专利申请的分案申请。
芬太尼及芬太尼类似物衍生物，例如：萨芬太尼(Sulfentanyl)、卡芬太尼(Carfentanyl)、罗芬太尼(Lofentanyl)及阿芬太尼(Alfentanyl)是非常有效的止痛药。其低剂量及其物理化学性质如正辛醇/水分布系数、熔点及分子量使其能以有效量透皮供应此类物质，而其药代动力学性质如快速代谢及较狭窄的治疗指数是透皮供给所理想的。
事实上以芬太尼作为活性物质的透皮治疗体系(TTS)已上市多年。此体系为所谓的储库体系(Reservoirsystem)。对于储库体系的理解是，其将以液体或凝胶状的制剂包囊在一个由作为背层的非通透薄膜及可渗透活性物质的膜所构成的袋中，其中另外地附有粘贴层用于将该体系固定于皮肤上。在此特定案例中芬太尼溶于乙醇及水的混合溶液中。此体系进一步的细节可参见专利案US 4,588,580或DE 3526 339，以上二文献对此均有详细的描述。
然而，储库体系有一个主要的缺点，即含活性物质制剂的药囊的渗漏现象(例如简单机械力损坏、切割或撕裂、接合缝的爆裂等)，以致于大片皮肤区域会与活性物质接触，此接触的结果会造成剂量的过度吸收。尤其是当使用芬太尼及芬太尼类似物衍生物时，此缺点可能是致命的，因为剂量过大会迅速导致呼吸抑制且由此造成致死事件。许多此类致死或濒死事件已描述于Clinical Pharmacokinet.2000，38(1)，59-89。
本发明的一个目标是提供一种含有活性物质芬太尼和/或芬太尼类似物衍生物的透皮治疗体系，其针对吸收过高剂量的意外而为使用者提供经提高的安全性。
此目标是如此实现的，即，使用一种基质体系而非储库体系。在基质体系中活性物质被直接包埋在自粘性聚丙烯酸酯中，并由此即使体系在遭逢损害的情况下与皮肤的接触，接触面也不会大于TTS所定义的面积。所述活性物质在这种体系中一般完全，也可以是至少80％溶解于这种聚合物分子分散液中，在此活性物质在聚合物中的饱和溶解度介于3-20重量％之间。另外，令人惊异地表明在使用聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂用于制备具有芬太尼及其类似物的TTS时，只有无游离羧基的粘合剂是适宜的。
这种基质体系同样由活性物质不渗透的背层、自粘性活性物质层和在使用之前去除的保护层组成。在复杂的实施方案中，这种体系还另外贴有控制活性物质释放的膜，其通常还附有粘贴层用于将体系固定于皮肤上。
根据本发明的这种基质体系的活性物质层由聚丙烯酸酯构成。因为游离的官能团将芬太尼及其衍生物在聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂中的饱和溶解度提高到优选范围外，所以最适宜的粘合剂是不具有游离官能团的聚丙烯酸酯且仅由丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸的酯和视需要其它的不具有游离官能团的乙烯基化合物如醋酸乙烯酯制成。然而在粘合剂合成中，具有游离羟基的单体如2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯或2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯在20重量％之内也是可以接受的。聚丙烯酸酯将通过游离基聚合反应在使用丙烯酸衍生物和/或甲基丙烯酸衍生物的情况下制成。这种衍生物例如酯。这种衍生物的实例是丙烯酸衍生物和甲基丙烯酸衍生物，特别是具有1-8个C原子的醇类的酯，其视情况可以含有羟基基团，如2-乙基己基丙烯酸酯、正辛基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸丙酯、正-或异-丁基丙烯酸酯、2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯和二甲基氨基乙基丙烯酸酯或相应的甲基丙烯酸酯。另外也可以例如以高达50重量％的量一同使用其它不具有游离官能团的可聚合的乙烯基化合物如醋酸乙烯酯。如此制备的聚合物也称为统计共聚物，因为其仅取决于所用单体的量的分配和聚合物链的组成的随机性。
如果聚合物含有游离的羟基，则存在这种可能性，即聚合物链另外通过多价阳离子如Al3+或Ti4+或反应性物质如三聚氰胺发生交联。这种可能性被利用于提高分子量并由此改善聚合物的内聚力。当必须补偿溶解在聚合物中的活性物质或其它助剂的软化效果时，所述聚丙烯酸酯(特别是聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂)的交联的可能性是特别有价值的。所述粘合剂通常以溶液的形式使用。作为溶剂使用例如丙烯酸乙酯、己烷或庚烷、乙醇或它们的混合物。它们会在制备TTS的过程中去除。
在表1中展示具有和不具有游离羧基(不具有羟基)的粘合剂的渗透研究结果，两种粘合剂中包埋入浓度为5重量％的活性物质。所述渗透研究是借助本领域技术人员所已知的Franz-扩散细胞和应用人类皮肤进行的。
表1：具有和不具有游离羧基的粘合剂的渗透研究结果
Figure BSA00000536171000031
*所应用的皮肤：雌性下肢皮肤
制剂1：具有4.8重量％游离羧基的聚丙烯酸粘合剂
制剂2：不具有游离羧基但具有5.2重量％游离羟基的中性聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂
结果表明，不具有游离羧基的中性粘合剂在可达到的渗透速率方面明显超过含有羧基的粘合剂。
在TTS-技术中的每种含活性物质的聚合物的一项重要的特性是所选择的聚合物对于各种活性物质的饱和溶解度。因为活性物质在基质中的热力学活性不取决于活性物质的绝对溶解的量，而是更多地取决于实际浓度与饱和浓度的比例关系，因此这种参数是重要的。因为当TTS在施用于皮肤时活性物质必须在皮肤中分布，并且在此不是使浓度而是使活性相适合，所以达到尽可能高的渗透速率是重要的，在TTS中活性物质的热力学活性选择尽可能的高。这意味着，活性物质的溶解度在TTS的含活性物质部分不能太高，否则在TTS中活性物质的浓度必须相当高以达到足够高的热力学活性。这样是不利的，当高浓度的活性物质负面影响体系含活性物质部分的物理特性和/或活性物质很昂贵。在芬太尼的情况下，两种理由都具备，并还要考虑到芬太尼及其衍生物属于麻醉剂，因此仅从此出发理想的是，在TTS中包埋尽可能少的活性物质或充分利用活性物质，即在TTS使用期间释放的活性物质与未使用的TTS中的含量的比例尽量地高。
在此观点下，用于一个三天的TTS，活性物质层的饱和溶解度应该不低于3重量％且不超过20重量％。在更高的饱和溶解度的情况下活性物质的利用率即使在高的特定的渗透速率下也会降低，使这样的TTS出于商业理由因活性物质昂贵得不到良好的销售。出于这些理由饱和溶解度优选在4-12重量％之间，尤其优选在5-10重量％之间。
芬太尼及其类似物的饱和溶解度还可以通过加入对于活性物质不具有良好溶解性的物质而降低。这种物质例如液态烃类如二辛基环己烷、液体石蜡、烃树脂类如多萜烯(特别是多蒎烯)或极性物质如甘油、双甘油和三甘油或例如分子量为200至1000的聚乙二醇。这些物质可以与聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂形成均质的混合物或也可以作为含于其中分开的相。特别的是，甘油及其衍生物在基质中以极小的浓度就能成为分开的相，例如以小液滴的形式存在。通过加入这样的物质特别是也可以补偿粘合剂中具有游离羟基的较高的饱和溶解度。
表2给出芬太尼在某些这种物质中的饱和溶解度。
表2：芬太尼在降低溶解性的添加剂中的饱和溶解度
  物质   饱和溶解度[重量％]
  聚乙二醇400   7.5
  甘油   ＜1.5
  二甘油   ＜1.5
  二辛基环己烷   ＜1.9
  液体石蜡   ＜1.5
这样的物质产生的影响可依据对比性渗透研究加以认识。
在表3中列出是，对于有和无所述添加剂的具有基于含游离羟基的中性聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂的基质以及无其它游离官能团的聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂的渗透研究的结果。所有制剂以5重量％的浓度含有芬太尼。
表3：具有和无降低溶解性的添加剂的制剂的对比性渗透研究
Figure BSA00000536171000051
皮肤：人类表皮，女性乳房皮肤
制剂2：5重量％的芬太尼在具有5.2重量％的羟基的中性聚丙烯酸酯中
Figure BSA00000536171000052
制剂4：5重量％的芬太尼在不具有游离官能团的聚丙烯酸酯中
渗透研究的结果表明，渗透速率可以通过添加降低活性物质在基质中的溶解度的物质得到显著改善。通过使用不具有游离官能团的粘合剂(其也不具有对于活性物质溶解量的添加剂)达到大约相同的结果。
由渗透性数据可以计算出不同TTS-强度各自的TTS-尺寸。结果在表4中列出。
表4：由渗透性数据计算TTS-尺寸
Figure BSA00000536171000053
*基于表1的渗透性数据
**基于表2的渗透性数据
计算的结果表明，在芬太尼的浓度为5％的情况下，含羧基的粘合剂即使在对于实际应用的最低的剂量下也会导致大体积的TTS。在含有羟基的粘合剂的情况下虽然也计算出相当大体积的TTS，然而通过芬太尼浓度的提高存在这种可能性，即在不太高的浓度下(最高为20％)，导致TTS具有对于实际应用适宜的尺寸。可以在此简单地认为，只要活性物质是完全溶解的，热力学活性和由此还有渗透速率与浓度呈线性关系。
通过降低溶解性的助剂在具有含羟基的聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂的制剂中的应用，或通过不含游离官能团的聚丙烯酸酯的应用，在芬太尼浓度为5.0％时，就能获得即使在100μg/h的高剂量下也具有可接受的尺寸的TTS。当然在此也存在一种可能性通过提高芬太尼的浓度而进一步减小体系的面积。
如所述，芬太尼及其衍生物具有狭窄的治疗指数。这意味着，就作用效果而言，一方面必须鉴于血浆浓度超出某一临界值，另一方面在较高的浓度下会快速出现不能接受的副作用。因此有利的是，当体系另外含有控制膜并由此不依赖于个体皮肤构造将透过皮肤活性物质流局限于最大值。这样的膜优选由乙烯和醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物(EVA-聚合物)构成或是基于聚乙烯或聚丙烯的微孔薄膜。此类膜属于现有技术。在EVA-聚合物的情况下，活性物质透过性取决于醋酸乙烯(VA)的份额和膜的厚度。常用的膜的VA-含量介于2-25重量％，厚度介于25-100μm(优选40-100μm)，在此对于醋酸乙烯-含量和厚度实际上几乎没有限制。对于各制剂比须相应地选择这两个参数，以保证对于理想的TTS的最大流出量。在微孔膜类的情况下，物质输送不是通过聚合物而仅仅是通过在这些膜类中的孔。孔的尺寸和数量决定TTS在此的最大释放率。
通常这样的膜类带有粘贴膜用于将TTS固定于皮肤上。特别适宜芬太尼及其衍生物的粘贴膜是基于自粘性的聚丙烯酸酯类或自粘性的聚硅氧烷类。聚硅氧烷类在此的优点是，活性物质在此聚合物中溶解性很差并且因此通过附加粘贴膜的应用不必将TTS中的活性物质提高到不必要的上载量。当然这类的粘贴膜也可以用于不具有膜但含有较小粘附力的基质层的体系。
如同所有TTS，当然在此也提供一种可能性，即通过使用促进渗透的物质降低人的角质层的屏障特性。这样的物质如脂肪酸、脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯、具有中或长链脂肪酸的甘油酯和二元醇类如1，2-丙二醇。在此可以使用所有生理学方面无害的且与活性物质和其它助剂耐受的物质。
综上所述得以确认，本发明的基质体系表现出从刚够的到良好的渗透速率并能够使TTS以可接受的尺寸制备。同时对于患者不可能存在因渗漏而过高吸收活性物质的风险。由此基于本发明的聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂用于芬太尼及其类似物的基质体系整体上相比现有技术在患者安全性方面具有重要的进步。
实施例：
实施例1(制剂1、2、4)
将芬太尼(游离碱)溶于粘合剂于庚烷/醋酸乙酯的溶液中。芬太尼的量将如此计算，即基于粘合剂溶液的固体含量其浓度为5.0％。将由此获得的物质用刮板以一定厚度涂覆在硅化的聚酯薄膜(使用前去除的保护层)上，所述厚度为在去除溶剂后涂层的重量约为80g/m2。在去除溶剂后将经干燥的薄膜与薄的聚酯薄膜(TTS的背层)粘合并从整个积层品中模压出TTS成品。
实施例2(制剂3)
将5.0g芬太尼、15.0g多蒎烯、10.0g甘油、15.0g二辛基环己烷和110g具有固体含量为50.0％的粘合剂溶液混合在一起并搅拌直至芬太尼溶解。将由此获得的物质用刮板以一定厚度涂覆在硅化的聚酯薄膜(使用前去除的保护层)上，所述厚度为在去除溶剂后涂层的重量约为80g/m2。在去除溶剂后将经干燥的薄膜与薄的聚酯薄膜(TTS的背层)粘合并从整个积层品中模压出TTS成品。

Claims (17)

1.一种包含活性物质不渗透的背层、含有芬太尼的基于聚丙烯酸酯的基质层和使用前移除的保护层的透皮治疗体系TTS，其特征在于，所述聚丙烯酸酯是自粘性的且不具有羧基，所述聚丙烯酸酯通过游离基聚合反应使用丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸与具有1-8个C原子的醇类的酯制成，所述醇类任选地含有羟基基团，任选地还使用至多50重量％的醋酸乙烯酯。
2.如权利要求1所述的TSS，其特征在于，所述聚丙烯酸酯对于芬太尼具有3-20重量％的饱和溶解度，并且基质层中至少80重量％所包埋的芬太尼以分子分散液的溶解形式存在。
3.如权利要求2所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述聚丙烯酸酯对于芬太尼具有4-12重量％的饱和溶解度。
4.如权利要求3所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述聚丙烯酸酯对于芬太尼具有5-10重量％的饱和溶解度。
5.如权利要求1所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述聚丙烯酸酯不包含羟基。
6.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的TTS，其特征在于，构成所述聚丙烯酸酯的单体混合物包含至多20重量％以2-羟乙基丙烯酸酯和/或2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯的形式具有游离羟基的单体。
7.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述具有游离羟基的聚丙烯酸酯的聚合物链经多价阳离子或反应性物质交联。
8.如权利要求7所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述交联由Al3+、Ti4+或三聚氰胺发生交联。
9.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的TTS，其特征在于，附加包含控制膜作为另一层。
10.如权利要求9所述的TTS，其特征在于，另外在膜上皮肤侧包含自粘性层用于皮肤上的固定。
11.根据权利要求9所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述控制膜由具有至多为25重量％的乙烯醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物或由基于聚乙烯或聚丙烯的微孔薄膜组成，且厚度为25-100μm。
12.如权利要求11所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述控制膜厚度为40-100μm。
13.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述活性物质层还包含一种可提高透过人类皮肤的渗透速率的物质。
14.如权利要求13所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述可提高透过人类皮肤的渗透速率的物质是二醇类和/或属于脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯、脂肪醇或甘油酯的物质。
15.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的TTS，其特征在于，包含芬太尼的层含有降低芬太尼在所述层中的溶解性的物质。
16.如权利要求15所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述降低溶解性的物质是室温下为液态的烃类、烃树脂或聚乙二醇或甘油。
17.如权利要求16所述的TTS，其特征在于，所述降低溶解性的物质是二辛基环己烷、液体石蜡或多蒎烯树脂。
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US10583093B2 (en) 2020-03-10
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EP1782799A3 (de) 2007-05-16
DE10141650C1 (de) 2002-11-28
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JP5639843B2 (ja) 2014-12-10
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US20040234584A1 (en) 2004-11-25
EP1825849A1 (de) 2007-08-29
KR20040029007A (ko) 2004-04-03
BR0212026A (pt) 2004-08-03
AU2002328328B2 (en) 2007-03-15
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CN1713899A (zh) 2005-12-28
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ES2280563T3 (es) 2007-09-16

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