CN102245535A - 半导体陶瓷及正特性热敏电阻 - Google Patents

半导体陶瓷及正特性热敏电阻 Download PDF

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CN102245535A
CN102245535A CN2009801497593A CN200980149759A CN102245535A CN 102245535 A CN102245535 A CN 102245535A CN 2009801497593 A CN2009801497593 A CN 2009801497593A CN 200980149759 A CN200980149759 A CN 200980149759A CN 102245535 A CN102245535 A CN 102245535A
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mol ratio
semiconductive ceramic
alkali metal
semiconductor ceramic
temperature coefficient
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阿部直晃
胜勇人
后藤正人
岸本敦司
中山晃庆
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Murata Manufacturing Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明的半导体陶瓷以具有通式AmBO3所示的钙钛矿型结构的BaTiO3系组合物作为主要成分,构成A位的Ba中的一部分被碱金属元素用Bi、Ca、Sr及稀土类元素取代,而且在构成所述A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔的情况下,所述Ca及Sr的含量以Ca的摩尔比设为x、所述Sr的摩尔比设为y计,满足0.05≤x≤0.20、0.02≤y≤0.12、及2x+5y≤0.7。PTC热敏电阻的部件基体1用该半导体陶瓷形成。并且由此可得到即便含有碱金属元素,Bi也不产生表面变色,即便长时间通电也可以抑制电阻值的经年劣化的可靠性的良好的非铅系的半导体陶瓷。

Description

半导体陶瓷及正特性热敏电阻
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体陶瓷及正特性热敏电阻,更详细的说,涉及具有正电阻温度系数(Positive Temperature Coefficient;以下称为“PTC特性”。)的半导体陶瓷、及加热器等中使用的正特性热敏电阻(以下称为“PTC热敏电阻”。)。
背景技术
碳酸钡(BaTiO3)系的半导体陶瓷,具有如下特性:通过施加电压进行放热,超过从正方晶相转移为立方晶相的居里点Tc时电阻值急激增大的PTC特性。
具有PTC特性的半导体陶瓷由于施加如上所述的电压导致的放热且超过居里点Tc时,电阻值变大而电流难以流动,温度下降。而且,温度下降而电阻值变小时,电流又容易流动而温度上升。半导体陶瓷通过反复进行上述的过程而收敛为一定的温度或电流,因此被广泛用于加热器用热敏电阻或马达起动用热敏电阻。
不过,例如用于加热器用途的PTC热敏电阻由于在高温下使用,所要要求居里点Tc高。为此,在以往进行了通过用Pb取代BaTiO3中的一部分Ba,由此使居里点Tc升高。
然而,Pb由于是环境负荷物质,所以考虑环境面时,要求进行实质上不含Pb的非铅系的半导体陶瓷的开发。
因此,例如,专利文献1中提出了如下的制造方法:向用Bi-Na取代BaTiO3的一部分Ba而成的Ba1-2X(BiNa)xTiO3(其中,0<x≤0.15)的结构中,加入Nb、Ta、或稀土类元素中的任意一种或一种以上,并在氮气中烧结后,在氧化性氛围下进行热处理而成的BaTiO3系半导体陶瓷。
在该专利文献1中,不仅为非铅系,而且得到了居里点Tc高达为140~255℃、电阻温度系数为16~20%/℃的BaTiO3系半导体陶瓷。
另外,专利文献2提出了一种半导体磁器组合物,其组成式表示为[(A10.5A20.5)x(Ba1-yQy)1-x]TiO3(其中,A1为Na、K、Li中的一种或二种以上,A2为Bi,Q为La、Dy、Eu、Gd中的一种或二种以上),所述x、y满足0<x≤0.2、0.002≤y≤0.01。
在该专利文献2中,不仅为非铅系的半导体陶瓷,而且得到了居里点Tc为130℃以上的组合物。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开昭56-169301号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2005-255493号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
然而,如专利文献1和专利文献2那样存在如下的问题:在含有碱金属元素、Bi的PTC热敏电阻中长时间通电时电阻值大幅变动而劣化,或者热敏电阻表面尤其是外部电极的负极侧产生变色的问题。
即,在专利文献1和专利文献2的半导体陶瓷中,用碱金属元素及Bi取代一部分Ba,使居里点Tc上升,但所述碱金属元素及Bi具有挥发性。尤其是考虑Bi挥发性高,在烧成中比碱金属元素优先挥发。其结果导致不稳定的Na溶出、电阻值的经时劣化,或者在外部电极的负极侧发生离子传导而产生变色。
含有这样的碱金属元素、Bi的以往的PTC热敏电阻中,对于长时间的通电,发生电阻值的经时劣化或者产生表面变色,作为PTC热敏电阻的可靠性并不充分。
本发明是鉴于上述情况而完成的,其目的在于提供一种即便含有碱金属元素、Bi,也不产生表面变色,即便长时间通电也可以抑制电阻值的经时劣化的可靠性良好的非铅系的半导体陶瓷、及使用其的PTC热敏电阻。
用于解决课题的方案
本发明人等对具有钙钛矿型结构(通式AmBO3)的{Ba,(M1,Bi),Ca,Ln)}mTiO3系材料(M1表示碱金属元素,Ln表示稀土类元素。)进行了深入研究,结果得到如下的见解:除了Ca还加入Sr来取代一部分Ba,且将Ca及Sr的摩尔比限定在规定范围,能够即便长时间通电,也可以不产生表面变色且抑制电阻值的劣化。
本发明是基于这样的见解而完成的,本发明所述的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,其为实质上不含铅的非铅系的半导体陶瓷,其将具有通式AmBO3所示的钙钛矿型结构的BaTiO3系组合物作为主要成分,构成A位的Ba中的一部分被碱金属元素、Bi、Ca、Sr及稀土类元素取代,而且所述构成A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔的情况下,Ca及Sr的含量以摩尔比设为x、y计满足0.05≤x≤0.20、0.02≤y≤0.12、及2x+5y≤0.7。
另外,上述中“实质上不含铅”是指不刻意添加Pb,将这样的不刻意添加Pb的组成体系在本发明中称为非铅系。
另外,其特征在于,所述Ca的含量的以所述摩尔比x计满足0.125≤x≤0.175。
另外,本发明的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述碱金属元素为Na、及K中的至少1种。
另外,本发明所述的PTC热敏电阻,其特征在于,在部件基体的表面形成有一对外部电极的PTC热敏电阻中,所述部件基体是用上述半导体陶瓷形成的。
发明效果
根据本发明的半导体陶瓷,由于其以具有通式AmBO3所示的钙钛矿型结构的BaTiO3系组合物作为主要成分,构成A位的Ba中的一部被碱金属元素、Bi、Ca、Sr及稀土类元素取代,而且在所述A位中的Ca及Sr的含量以摩尔比设为x、y时,满足0.05≤x≤0.20、0.02≤y≤0.12、及2x+5y≤0.7,所以可以得到即便长时间通电也不产生表面变色,且抑制电阻值的变化的可靠性优异的半导体陶瓷。
另外,根据本发明的PTC热敏电阻,在部件基体的表面形成有一对外部电极的PTC热敏电阻中,所述部件基体是用上述的半导体陶瓷形成的,因此可以得到确保所期望的PTC特性,且具有良好的可靠性的PTC热敏电阻。
具体而言,可以得到即使为非铅系、居里点为120℃以上,且连续施加使部件基体的表面成为200℃那样的电压1000小时,也能够不产生表面变色且电阻变化率可抑制到30%以下的可靠性良好的PTC热敏电阻。
附图说明
图1为表示Ca的摩尔比x与Sr的摩尔比y的本发明的组成范围的图。
图2为表示本发明所述的PTC热敏电阻的一实施方式的立体图。
图3为试料编号1的显微镜照片。
图4为试料编号1的SEM像。
图5为与本发明的组成范围一起,用试料编号1~46的测定点作成的图。
具体实施方式
接着,对本发明的实施方式进行详细说明。
作为本发明的一实施方式的半导体陶瓷的主要成分具有通式(A)所示的钙钛矿型结构。
{Ba1-x-y-u-v-wM1uBivCaxSryLnw}mTiO3…(A)
此处,M1表示以Li、Na、K为代表的碱金属元素。另外,Ln表示成为半导体化剂的稀土类元素。作为该稀土类元素Ln,只要实现作为半导体化剂的作用即可,没有特别限定,但可以优选使用选自Y、Sm、Nd、Dy、及Gd的组中1种以上。
此处,A位中的Ca的摩尔比x及Sr的摩尔比y满足数式(1)、(2)、(3)。
0.05≤x≤0.02…(1)
0.02≤y≤0.12…(2)
2x+5y≤0.7…(3)
即,本实施方式的组成范围用图1的斜线部限定。
通过将这样的Ba的一部分用Ca及Sr二者取代,且摩尔比x、y设定为数式(1)~(3)的范围,由此对于长时间通电可得到良好的可靠性。该理由考虑如下。
即认为,通过Ba的一部分用Ca取代,由此晶轴的c轴和a轴之比变大,晶体的正方晶性提高,但通过除了Ca取代Ba的一部分,还用Sr取代Ba的一部分,由此提高结晶性,抑制Bi的挥发,其结果可抑制不稳定的Na向晶界溶出。另外,认为除了Ca之外还含有Sr,由此结晶性提高,因此可以抑制碱金属离子向负极侧的离子传导,由此即便长时间通电也不产生表面变色,可以避免电阻值变化。
其中,A位中的Ca的摩尔比x小于0.05时,由于Ca的含量过少,所以即便使其含有Sr也无法充分提高结晶性,因此存在长时间通电后产生表面变色,电阻值大幅下降的顾虑。
另一方面,Ca的摩尔比x超过0.20时,由于超过固溶界限,所以在晶界析出异相,存在长时间通电后电阻值大幅下降的顾虑,故不优选。
另外,A位中的Sr的摩尔比y小于0.02时,与仅含有Ca的情况相同,无法提高到能抑制Bi的挥发的结晶性,无法提高对长时间通电的可靠性。
另一方面,Sr的摩尔比x超过0.12时,居里点Tc降低到BaTiO3的居里点(120℃)以下,所以不优选。
另外,由于Ca及Sr具有使居里点下降的作用,所以2x+5y超过0.7时,居里点Tc也下降到BaTiO3的居里点以下,故不优选。
因此,本实施方式中,如图1的斜线部所示,以A位中的Ca的摩尔比x、Sr的摩尔比y满足0.05≤x≤0.20、0.02≤y≤0.12、2x+5y≤0.7的方式的配合成分组成。另外,从更提高进一步提高可靠性的观点出发,Ca的摩尔比x优选0.125≤x≤0.175。
予以说明,A位(Ba位)和B位(Ti位)的摩尔比m没有特别的限定,摩尔比m在0.992~1.004的范围可以得到良好的PTC特性。
另外,A位中的碱金属元素M1和Bi的总计摩尔比(u+v)优选0.02~0.20。即,Ba的一部分用Na及Bi取代,由此提高居里点Tc,但总计摩尔比(u+v)小于0.02时,无法充分提高居里点Tc。另一方面,上述那样的碱金属元素M1及Bi由于容易挥发,所以总计摩尔比(u+v)超过0.20时,容易产生偏离烧结体的理论组成的组成偏差。
另外,A位中的稀土类元素Ln的摩尔比w优选0.0005~0.015。即原因为,稀土类元素Ln虽然作为半导体化剂来添加,但摩尔比w小于0.0005、或超过0.015时,难以使其半导体化。
另外,本发明从提高PTC特性的观点考虑,相对于上述通式(A)所示的主要成分1摩尔份,优选添加0.0001~0.0020摩尔份的Mn。
此时,半导体陶瓷用通式(B)表示。
(Ba1-x-y-u-v-wM1uBivCaxSryLnw)mTiO3+nMn…(B)
其中,n为0.0001≤n≤0.0020。
Mn由于具有受体作用,通过在上述的范围添加Mn,可以在晶界形成受体能级,由此提高PTC位数,可以进一步提高PTC特性。予以说明,作为Mn的添加形态没有特别限定,可以使用氧化锰的溶胶、粉末、或者硝酸锰水溶液等、任意的锰化合物。
接着,对本发明所述的PTC热敏电阻进行详述。
图1为示意性表示上述PTC热敏电阻的一实施方式的立体图。
即,该PTC热敏电阻具备用上述半导体陶瓷形成的部件基体1、在该部件基体1的两端部(表面)形成的一对外部电极2a、2b。予以说明,外部电极2a、2b以由Cu、Ni、Al、Cr、Ni-Cr合金、Ni-Cu等导电性材料构成的一层结构或多层结构形成。
予以说明,在该实施方式中,外观形成为圆柱形,但也可以为原板状或长方体形状等。
接着,叙述上述PTC热敏电阻的制造方法。
首先,作为原料准备含有Ba化合物、Ca化合物、碱金属元素M1的M1化合物、Bi化合物、及含有规定的稀土类元素Ln的Ln化合物。而且,以使半导体陶瓷的成分组成成为规定比率的方式称量这些原料,调和得到混合粉末。
接着,向该混合粉末中加入有机系溶剂及高分子系分散剂,与PSZ(部分稳定化锆)球等的粉碎溶剂一起,在球磨机内以湿式进行充分的混合粉碎,干燥溶剂,然后,使用具有规定网眼的筛网进行选粒。接着,在800~1000℃的范围内热处理2小时,得到预烧粉。向该预烧粉中加入醋酸乙烯酯系的有机粘合剂、纯水、及根据需要的Mn化合物,再次与粉碎溶剂一起以湿式进行充分的混合粉碎,干燥得到的浆料,得到原料粉末。然后,使用具有规定网眼的筛网并对原料粉末进行选粒,然后使用单轴压制等压制机进行加压成形,得到成形体。
将该成形体在大气氛围下、氮气氛下、或者它们的混合气流中,在500~600℃进行脱粘合剂处理,然后,在氧浓度为100~10000体积ppm程度的氮气氛下,在半导体化的温度例如最高烧成温度在1250~1450℃下烧成规定时间,得到作为烧结体的部件基体1。
而且,在部件基体1的两端部利用镀敷处理、溅射、糊剂烧结等,形成外部电极2a、2b,由此可以制作PTC热敏电阻。
予以说明,本发明并不限定于上述实施方式。例如,上述半导体陶瓷中以BamTiO3为主要成分,只要Ba的一部分用所要求的量的碱金属元素、Bi、Ca、Sr、及稀土类元素取代即可,即便混入不可避免的杂质也对特性没有影响。例如,以湿式的混合粉碎时在粉碎溶剂中使用的PSZ球以总体计可能混入0.2~0.3重量%左右,但对特性没有影响,同样在原料中可能混入10重量ppm左右的微量的Fe、Si、Cu,但对特性没有影响。另外,本发明的半导体陶瓷为非铅系,如〔用于解决课题的方案〕中所述,只要实质上不含Pb即可,在对特性没有影响的范围下,甚至并不排除以不可避免的10重量ppm以下的范围混入程度的Pb。
接着,对本发明的实施例进行具体说明。
实施例
准备作为主要成分的原料的BaCO3、CaCO3、SrCO3、Na2CO3、K2CO3、Bi2O3、TiO2、及Y2O3,烧结后的组成如表1所示称量各原料,进行调和得到混合粉末。
接着,向混合粉末中加入乙醇(有机系溶剂)、高分子型的分散剂,与PSZ球一起,球磨机内以湿式混合粉碎24小时,然后使乙醇干燥,用网眼300μm筛网进行选粒。接着,在800~1000℃的温度范围下热处理2小时,得到预烧粉。
接着,向该预烧粉中加入醋酸乙烯酯系的有机粘合剂、硝酸锰水溶液,再与PSZ球一起用球磨机以湿式混合粉碎16小时,制作浆料。予以说明,硝酸锰水溶液相对于主要成分1摩尔份,以Mn换算计调节为0.00025摩尔份。
而且,干燥该浆料后,使用网眼300μm的筛网进行选粒,得到原料粉末。
接着,将该原料粉末以单轴在9.8×107Pa(1000kgf/cm2)的压力下加压成形,得到直径14mm、厚度2.5mm的圆板状成形体。
将该圆板状成形体在大气中、在600℃的温度下进行2小时的脱粘合剂处理,在氧浓度为10000体积ppm的氮气氛下、最高烧成温度1400℃下烧成2小时,得到试料编号1~47的烧结体(半导体陶瓷)。
接着,抛光研磨该烧结体,接着,实施干式镀敷,形成NiCr/NiCu/Ag的三层结构的外部电极,由此制作试料编号1~47的试料。
接着,对试料编号1~47的试料而言,温度25℃(室温)下求出电阻率ρ0、PTC位数ΔR及居里点Tc。
此处,电阻率ρ0在温度25℃下施加1V的电压,利用直流四端子法进行测定。
PTC位数ΔR是表示PTC热敏电阻的能力的指标,如数式(4)所示,以电阻率的极大值ρmax和极小值ρmin之比的对数来定义。
ΔR=log(ρmax/ρmin)…(4)
因此,测定温度T与电阻率ρ的特性(以下称为“ρ-T特性”。),从其极大值和极小值求出PTC位数。
另外,居里点Tc为温度25℃下的电阻率ρ0成为2倍的温度,从ρ-T特性求出居里点Tc。
另外,进行通电试验,评价可靠性。即,施加使各试料的表面温度成为200℃的直流电压,放置1000小时。而且试验前的电阻变化率ρ0与试验后的电阻变化率ρ1在温度25℃下进行测定,求其差值Δρ(=ρ10),算出电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0。对这样操作的通电试验各试料各进行5个,算出电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0的平均值,并评价可靠性。
表1及表2示出了试料编号1~47的各试料的成分组成和测定结果。
予以说明,居里点为120℃以上,电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0为30%以下判断为良品。
[表1]
Figure BPA00001388162000091
[表2]
Figure BPA00001388162000101
对试料编号1而言,电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0变大为628%。这可以认为组合物中由于没有含有Ca及Sr的任意一种,所以结晶性差,助长了烧成时Bi的挥发。
对于该试料编号,研磨剖面,用显微镜观察。
图3为其显微镜照片。
从该图3可明显观察到负极部变色。
而且,认为该变色部分高电阻化,所以使用低加速电压扫描型电子显微镜(低加速点压SEM)进行表面观察。
图4为其SEM图像。
从该图4明显地在变色部确认到白色的对比度。可以明显看到由于SEM是使来自试料的二次电子进行图像化的装置,所以在大量的电子积存的位置,二次电子的放射量变多。因此,可认为试料编号1中在变色部和非变色部的边界存在高电阻层,将此作为边界在负电位侧存在较多电子,其结果出现对比度。
另外,试料编号1产生变色可推测是由于长时间通电,导致Na离子向负极侧移动偏析的结果。
试料编号2、3虽然在本发明范围内含有Sr,但完全不含Ca,所以无法充分提高结晶性,与试料编号1同样,助长Bi的挥发,由此电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0增大为130%以上。另外,即使该试料2、3也可确认稍稍发生变色。
由以上可推测表面变色与可靠性下降存在密切的关系。
试料编号4、11、20、39虽然在本发明范围内含有Ca,但完全不含有Sr,因此无法充分提高结晶性,与试料编号1同样,助长Bi的挥发,因此电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0为30%以上。
试料编号44~46的Ca的摩尔比x由于过剩为0.25,所以Ca超过固溶限界在晶界析出,电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0变大为30%以上。
试料编号10、16、35、及43的Ca及Sr单独为本发明范围内,但2x+5y为0.80超过0.7,所以居里点Tc小于120℃。
与此相对,可知试料编号5~9、12~15、17~19、21~34、36~38、40~42、及47的Ca的摩尔比x及Sr的摩尔比y由于在本发明的范围内,所以居里点Tc为120℃以上,且电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0可以抑制到30%以下。尤其是可知Ca的摩尔比x在0.125~0.175的范围,电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0可抑制到10%以下。
图5是对试料编号1~46的测定点作图的图。横轴表示Ca的摩尔比x、纵轴表示Sr的摩尔比y,斜线部为本发明范围内。
可确认在如上所述的斜线部内可得到居里点Tc为120℃以上、电阻变化率Δρ/ρ0为30%以下的良品。
附图标记
1部件基体
2a、2b外部电极

Claims (4)

1.一种半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,
其为实质上不含铅的非铅系的半导体陶瓷,
其将具有通式AmBO3所示的钙钛矿型结构的BaTiO3系组合物作为主要成分,
构成A位的Ba中的一部分被碱金属元素、Bi、Ca、Sr及稀土类元素取代,并且,
在将构成所述A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔,所述Ca的摩尔比设为x,所述Sr的摩尔比设为y的情况下,所述Ca及Sr的含量满足0.05≤x≤0.20、0.02≤y≤0.12、及2x+5y≤0.7。
2.如权利要求1所述的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述Ca的含量以所述摩尔比x计满足0.125≤x≤0.175。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述碱金属元素为Na及K中的至少1种。
4.一种正特性热敏电阻,其为在部件基体的两端部形成有外部电极的正特性热敏电阻,其特征在于,所述部件基体是用权利要求1~3中任一项所述的半导体陶瓷形成的。
CN2009801497593A 2008-12-12 2009-12-11 半导体陶瓷及正特性热敏电阻 Pending CN102245535A (zh)

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