CN101925405B - 还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂的制造方法 - Google Patents
还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂的制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101925405B CN101925405B CN200880125291XA CN200880125291A CN101925405B CN 101925405 B CN101925405 B CN 101925405B CN 200880125291X A CN200880125291X A CN 200880125291XA CN 200880125291 A CN200880125291 A CN 200880125291A CN 101925405 B CN101925405 B CN 101925405B
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- Prior art keywords
- zeolite
- extrudate
- honeycomb type
- peptization
- nitrogen oxide
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 150
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001935 peptisation Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Al+3] VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003002 pH adjusting agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 3
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- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical group CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 organic bond Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007516 brønsted-lowry acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007528 brønsted-lowry bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHPORCSPXIHLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenhydramine hydrochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=1C=CC=CC=1C(OCC[NH+](C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 PCHPORCSPXIHLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur monoxide Inorganic materials O=S=S TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006552 photochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical compound S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及通过注入氨和脲等还原剂将包含诸如NO、NO2和N2O等氮氧化物(NOx)的废气经催化反应转化为N2和H2O。本发明的还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂的制造方法包括:(a)通过混合拟薄水铝石、蒸馏水和pH调节剂并使其均匀胶溶而获得无机粘合剂;(b)通过混合沸石、所述无机粘合剂、有机粘合剂和蒸馏水并对其进行捏合而获得糊状物;(c)将所述糊状物挤出为具有结构规则的通孔的挤出物;和(d)对所述挤出物进行干燥和热处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及通过注入氨和脲等还原剂将包含诸如NO、NO2和N2O等氮氧化物(NOx)的废气经催化反应转化为N2和H2O,更具体而言,本发明涉及用于净化废气的催化剂的制造方法。
背景技术
近年来,全球日益关注由于工业排放有害的硫的氧化物和碳的氧化物而导致的空气污染。因此,一种或多种污染物的可允许的排放量已经受到调控,且调控日趋严格。
因为氮类氧化物不仅本身有害,而且还通过大气中的光化学反应产生出更为有害的二次污染物,因此尤其需要对氮氧化物的处理。
在处理含氮类氧化物的废气时所用的传统催化剂中,已经报道了下述催化剂作为具有高N2还原比的催化剂,其中诸如Cu等金属被硫氧化并浸渍在二氧化硅载体上(日本特开平8-173766号)。
但是,该催化剂的不利之处在于需要向废气中加入挥发性硫化合物以在反应过程中维持金属的硫氧化态。还有在二氧化钛和/或二氧化钛·二氧化硅上浸渍有氧化钒、氧化钨和钯的催化剂(日本特开2001-293480号)。
不过,存在的问题是催化剂的活性在高温(高于400℃)下急剧降低,而且该催化剂的使用由于钒的毒性而受到管制。
使用沸石作为载体或主要包含取代有对氮氧化物具有活性的金属的沸石的催化剂得以制造并以球体、柱体、颗粒或蜂窝体的形式使用。不过,沸石粉末本身具有极低的塑性和可烧结性。
因而,不因制造沸石载体或沸石催化剂时的裂纹而断裂并且具有高比表面积的模制体的制造技术极为重要,一直对此在进行积极研究。
在一个实例中,加入诸如天然粘土、膨润土、高岭土、胶体二氧化硅等无机粘合剂或纤维素类有机粘合剂(美国专利第5,116,586号),但是存在的不利之处在于催化剂的性能明显降低,原因是必须加入相对大量的无机粘合剂,因而所制造的沸石载体或沸石催化剂中的沸石含量降低。
特别是,可具有高比表面积的沸石蜂窝型载体或沸石催化剂,因为具有其中穿过成型体的内部孔隙是规则形成的结构,而相比于具有简单结构的球体型或球粒型催化剂需要高成型性和高物理强度,因而难以制造。因此,主要使用的是洗涂型(wash coated type)沸石,该洗涂型沸石是通过湿法粉碎沸石和对氮氧化物具有活性的催化剂材料并将它们涂覆在预先制得的具有蜂窝形状的结构体表面上而制造的。
不过,在洗涂型沸石中,每单位体积的氮氧化物去除效率低于沸石蜂窝型挤出物,而且长期使用时由于催化剂发生腐蚀而受到很大损坏,这使氮氧化物的去除效率急剧降低。
作为针对形成主要包含沸石的催化剂的问题的解决方案,已经提出了下述方法:其中使沸石添加有多糖和选择性的粘土矿物或无机纤维,成型为蜂窝形状,然后在500℃至800℃煅烧的方法(日本特开第19995-053208号);和其中将盐处理的介孔沸石与拟薄水铝石、有机粘合剂、增塑剂和润滑剂混合,在低温下老化,成型为蜂窝形状,干燥并在高温下煅烧的方法(韩国专利公开第2004-0063630号)。
在韩国专利公开第2004-0063630号中所公开的方法中,拟薄水铝石用作无机粘合剂,这与本发明类似,不过,沸石、无机粘合剂、增塑剂和润滑剂同时进行捏合并成型。因此,体的形状保持性和精细成型性仍然不足。
通过无数次的实验和努力工作,本发明人发现用作无机粘合剂的拟薄水铝石的凝胶化是决定允许制造具有高比表面积和超精细多孔结构(其中内部孔隙间的壁厚为0.1mm至2mm)的沸石蜂窝型挤出物的糊状物的粘度和强度(超精细结构的成型性)的最为重要的因素,并且还是决定因干燥和热处理时产生的裂纹而损坏的因素。本发明人还发现拟薄水铝石的凝胶化随着pH、含水量和进行凝胶化所用时间而灵敏地变化,而且成型体的品质(例如宏观裂纹和损坏)随着进行凝胶化的步骤而变,由此完成了本发明。另外,本发明人发现,在碱性状态下的凝胶化极为有效,并由此完成了本发明。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是提供具有高比表面积的还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂,所述催化剂在高温(400℃)下具有高的氮氧化物去除效率(这是传统所用的V2O5/WO3和(MoO3)/TiO2的弱点)、因其催化成分无毒而可用于移动的目的、并且可以安装在不允许使用钒催化剂的氮氧化物产生设备(包括发电厂在内的NOx产生源)中,本发明还提供了所述催化剂的制造方法,以及使用所述催化剂处理包含氮氧化物的废气的方法。
特别是,本发明的另一个目的是提供具有高比表面积的超精细多孔结构的沸石蜂窝型挤出物的制造方法,所述方法加入拟薄水铝石作为无机粘合剂并采用拟薄水铝石的最佳凝胶化条件。
技术方案
下面将详细描述具有高比表面积的还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂、所述催化剂的制造方法和使用所述催化剂处理包含氮氧化物的废气的方法。除非另作限定,本文中所用的所有技术和科学术语的含义与本发明所隶属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的相同。此外,可能不必要地使本发明的主题不突出的公知的功能或结构将不做详细描述。
还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂的制造方法包括:(a)通过混合拟薄水铝石、蒸馏水和pH调节剂并使其均匀胶溶而获得无机粘合剂;(b)通过混合沸石、所述无机粘合剂、有机粘合剂和蒸馏水并对其进行捏合而获得糊状物;(c)将所述糊状物挤出为具有结构规则的通孔的挤出物;和(d)对所述挤出物进行干燥和热处理。
如上所述,还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂的制造方法的特征在于所述胶溶并非在拟薄水铝石与沸石和有机粘合剂混合时进行,而是在单独的步骤中进行。步骤(a)中的拟薄水铝石的单独胶溶在经调节的pH、经调节的蒸馏水的混合量和经调节的胶溶时间下进行,从而增大步骤(b)中的糊状物的成型性和强度,由此能够制造超精细结构的沸石蜂窝型成型体。
通过步骤(a)中的拟薄水铝石的单独胶溶还能够防止成型体在干燥和热处理时对成型体的损坏。
更具体而言,拟薄水铝石的胶溶过度进行时由于过度的剪切应力所致不可能制得具有细孔距(相邻孔的中心之间的距离)的蜂窝形挤出物,当拟薄水铝石的胶溶不充分进行时由于挤出物的物理强度过弱而使挤出物的形状崩坏。
因此,必须很好地调整胶溶的程度,通过这样的调整可以制得具有高比表面积和超精细多孔结构(其中内部孔隙间的壁厚为0.1mm至2mm)的沸石蜂窝型挤出物。
为了很好地调整拟薄水铝石的胶溶,必要的是,不是在步骤(b)中进行混合时而是在单独的胶溶步骤如步骤(a)中制造无机粘合剂,而且应当确定进行胶溶的pH、蒸馏水的加入量和进行胶溶的时间。
如果在步骤(b)中进行拟薄水铝石的胶溶,则成型性和强度不够高,不可能制造出具有超精细结构的蜂窝型挤出物,而很可能在挤出过程中产生细裂纹,而且在使挤出物进行干燥和热处理时的损坏率增大。
步骤(a)中的pH调节剂是一价酸、氢氧化铵、胺化合物或其混合物。
所述一价酸优选是乙酸、硝酸或其混合酸,所述胺化合物优选是伯胺、仲胺或其混合物。此外,所述胺化合物优选是具有醇基团的醇胺。利用pH调节剂,使步骤(a)中的胶溶优选在pH为0.5至6的酸性条件或pH为8至11的碱性条件下进行。
即使在pH为8至11的碱性条件下,也优选在加入诸如乙酸和硝酸等一价酸的状态下调节pH。最优选的是通过加入乙酸、硝酸或其混合酸而调节pH为0.5至6的酸性条件,通过加入氢氧化铵连同乙酸、硝酸或其混合酸而调节pH为8至11的碱性条件。通过加入一价酸和碱(氢氧化铵、胺化合物或其混合物)将pH调节至pH 8至11的碱性条件时,对于100重量份的沸石优选加入1重量份至5重量份的一价酸。
在前述范围的酸性条件或碱性条件中,对于100重量份的拟薄水铝石优选使用100重量份至500重量份的蒸馏水。
在pH为0.5至4的酸性条件或pH为8至11的碱性条件下,胶溶优选进行10分钟至40分钟。如果在pH为0.5至4、特别是pH为0.5至3.5的酸性条件下,或pH为8至11的碱性条件下,胶溶的进行少于10分钟或超过40分钟,则挤出物的物理强度变弱,因而挤出物的形状崩坏,或者因挤出时的应力所致而制造出形状破裂的挤出物。在pH为4至6的酸性条件下,胶溶优选进行2天至4天。如果胶溶的进行少于2天,则挤出物的物理强度过弱,挤出物的形状因而崩坏。相反,如果胶溶的进行超过4天,则拟薄水铝石的胶溶程度的变化可以忽略。
通过前述条件,确定了胶溶的拟薄水铝石的分散性和粒径,并最终制备了包含胶溶的拟薄水铝石的凝胶。
将包含在前述条件下胶溶的拟薄水铝石的无机粘合剂与有机粘合剂一起混合在沸石中。
优选的是,对于100重量份的沸石,加入10重量份至150重量份的无机粘合剂、1重量份至15重量份的有机粘合剂和30重量份至100重量份的蒸馏水并混合。所述混合可以利用用来制造挤出成型体的传统的混合法进行,优选的是在加入沸石和有机粘合剂时进行初级干混,然后在加入无机粘合剂和蒸馏水时进行二级湿混。
完成混合后,优选进行捏合以获得均匀的物理性质。
混合时,还可以加入0重量份至150重量份的一种或多种具有纤维或颗粒形状的无机物,所述无机物选自由Si、Al、Ti、Zr、SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2和ZrO2组成的组。所述无机物用来额外增大糊状物的物理强度。
无机物为0重量份至150重量份时,糊状物不仅具有较大的物理强度,还具有适宜挤出成形的粘度,并且催化剂的性质不会降低。
为通过加入无机物而获得强度的充分增大,对于100重量份的沸石优选加入超过10重量份的无机物。
在本发明中,天然沸石和人工合成沸石均可用作制造蜂窝型挤出物的沸石,尽管沸石可具有各种的SiO2/Al2O3的摩尔比,不过沸石中的SiO2/Al2O3的摩尔比优选为25至35。
此外,所述沸石可以是例如与对氮氧化物具有活性的金属(以下称为活性金属)离子交换的沸石,或是以活性金属浸渍的沸石。
所述活性金属优选是选自过渡金属和镧系元素、更优选选自由Fe、Cu、Co、Pt、V、Ce和Mo组成的组中的一种或多种金属。
所述沸石优选是MFI、β、Y或其混合形式,更优选是取代有选自由Fe、Cu、Co、Pt、V、Ce和Mo组成的组中的一种或多种金属的MFI、β、Y或其混合形式。
作为有机粘合剂,通常加入到无机糊状物中以制造挤出物的所有有机粘合剂都可以使用。所述有机粘合剂优选是乙基纤维素组(group)、甲基纤维素组、乙基纤维素衍生物、甲基纤维素衍生物或其混合物,更优选是甲基纤维素组。所述有机粘合剂用于增大挤出成型性,并减少干燥时裂纹的产生。
在步骤(c)中的挤出过程中,优选的是挤出机的内部维持真空状态,成型以300mm/分钟至500mm/分钟的速度进行。
尽管可以使用圆筒型挤出机和活塞型挤出机用于挤出,不过优选使用圆筒型挤出机以允许连续操作。成型速度是对于步骤(b)中的糊状物的条件而最优化的速度,在该速度制造效率增大,且同时蜂窝型挤出物不会因挤出过程中施加的过度的应力而受损。
由于糊状物的粘度和强度是通过步骤(a)中的最佳胶溶条件和步骤(b)中的最佳混合条件和混合比而最优化的,因此在步骤(c)中可以得到具有高比表面积的蜂窝型挤出物,该蜂窝型挤出物中规则地排列有具有圆形或多边形截面并在长轴方向穿过所述挤出物的细孔。
通过挤出可以获得高品质的挤出物,所述挤出物具有规则结构,且孔间的壁厚为0.1mm至2mm。
通过上述挤出过程制造的蜂窝型挤出物在恒定的温度和湿度条件下低于100℃干燥,然后在100℃至600℃的温度煅烧(热处理),由此能够制得还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂。为防止因热处理而产生裂纹,优选进行两段式热处理,即,在100℃至150℃的低温热处理之后进行400℃至600℃的高温热处理。
在注入诸如氨和脲等还原剂时,将由上述本发明的方法制造的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂与包含氮氧化物(NOx)(选自NO、NO2和N2O的一种或多种物质)的废气在200℃至500℃相互接触,由此能够还原氮氧化物。
所述废气还可包含二氧化硫,与还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂接触的废气具有的空间速度尽管不受具体限定,不过优选为低于100,000/小时。
有益效果
根据本发明,可以以固体状态高产率地制造具有结构规则的通孔的蜂窝型催化剂。此外,由于可以制造出具有细通孔和较小的孔间间距的蜂窝形状,因此可制得具有高比表面积的催化剂。在使用由本发明的方法制造的蜂窝型催化剂处理废气时,催化剂性质由于所用的无机粘合剂而不会发生降低,而且在300℃的低温,特别是在超过400℃的高温显示出大于80%的高N2转化率。
附图说明
本发明的以上和其他目的、特征和优点将由以下对结合附图而给出的优选实施方式的描述而更加清楚,图中:
图1显示了通过本发明的方法制造的蜂窝形状的一个实例;
图2是显示本发明实施例1的干燥步骤中的挤出物的光学照片;
图3是显示比较例2的无机粘合剂的光学照片;
图4是显示比较例2的挤出步骤的光学照片;
图5是显示用于测定包含氮氧化物的处理废气性质的设备结构图;
图6是显示分别以400ppm的SO2气体注入和无SO2气体注入时的废气中NO2∶NO的比例的测定结果图;
图7是显示分别以400ppm的SO2气体注入和无SO2气体注入时废气的N2转化率的测定结果图;
图8是显示在没有SO2气体注入且为420℃的固定反应温度时根据氨气注入量测定废气的N2转化率的结果图;和
图9是显示根据本发明的无机粘合剂的加入量测定废气的N2转化率的结果图。
具体实施方式
下列实施例中说明性地显示了本发明的实际的和目前优选的实施方式。
不过,应当理解的是,对于本公开本领域的技术人员可以在本发明的精神和范围内进行修改和改进。
下列实施例和比较例中所用的沸石是与5重量%的对氮氧化物具有活性的金属Fe离子交换的MFI型沸石。
实施例1
使用在pH 10的条件下胶溶的拟薄水铝石制造孔距为6.6mm的还原氮用蜂窝型催化剂
在100g拟薄水铝石(SASOL)中加入330g蒸馏水、1.5g乙酸(SigmaAldrich,99.8%+)和16%摩尔浓度的氨水,调节至pH 10,随后搅拌30分钟以进行拟薄水铝石的胶溶,由此制得无机粘合剂。
在500g MFI型沸石(Süd-Chemical)中加入15g甲基纤维素并进行干混,然后加入100g无机粘合剂和400g蒸馏水,并进行湿混。湿混之后,捏合混合物以制备糊状物。
将制得的糊状物装入圆筒型挤出机中,以400mm/分钟的成型速度制造挤出物,挤出机的内部保持真空状态,圆筒的旋转速度保持为50rpm。制得的挤出物在65℃干燥12小时,然后在80℃再干燥12小时。对干燥的挤出物使用加热炉在120℃进行2小时的热处理,然后在500℃再进行3小时的热处理,从而制得还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂,所述催化剂具有如图1所示的形状,且孔距(孔隙中心之间的距离)为6.6mm。
图2是显示干燥步骤中的挤出物的照片。制得的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂的结构尺寸如下表1中所示。
表1
尺寸 | 图1 | 单位 | 值 |
长度 | a | mm | 250 |
宽度 | b | mm | 21.3 |
开孔 | c | mm | 5.5 |
壁厚 | d | mm | 1.1 |
孔距 | c+d | mm | 6.6 |
表面积 | m2/m3 | 436.4 |
实施例2
使用在pH 1.5的条件下胶溶的拟薄水铝石制造孔距为6.6mm的还原氮用蜂窝型催化剂
以与实施例1中相同的方式制造孔距为6.6mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂,不同之处在于在实施例1的糊状物制备步骤中,添加硝酸(Sigma Aldrich,60%)代替乙酸和氨水,并调节至pH 1.5,随后搅拌20分钟以制备无机粘合剂。
实施例3
使用在pH 1.5的条件下胶溶的拟薄水铝石制造孔距为2.1mm的还原氮用蜂窝型催化剂
在与实施例1中相同的挤出、干燥和煅烧条件下,使用在实施例2中利用硝酸制备的无机粘合剂来制造孔距为2.1mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂。制得的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂的结构尺寸如下表2所示。
表2
尺寸 | 图1 | 单位 | 值 |
长度 | a | mm | 250 |
宽度 | b | mm | 22.2 |
开孔 | c | mm | 1.6 |
内壁厚 | d | mm | 0.5 |
孔距 | c+d | mm | 2.1 |
外壁厚 | e | mm | 0.8 |
表面积 | m2/m3 | 1300 |
实施例4
根据无机粘合剂的添加量制造孔距为6.6mm的还原氮用蜂窝型催化剂
以与实施例1中相同的方式制造包含30重量%无机粘合剂的孔距为6.6mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂和包含40重量%无机粘合剂的孔距为6.6mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂,不同之处在于分别加入150g和200g的实施例1中所制备的无机粘合剂以制备糊状物。
比较例1
不包含无机粘合剂的糊状物的挤出性质
在500g MFI型沸石(Sud-Chemical)中加入15g甲基纤维素,并进行干混,然后加入300g蒸馏水并进行湿混。湿混之后,捏合混合物以制备糊状物。将制得的糊状物装入圆筒型挤出机中,以400mm/分钟的成型速度进行挤出,挤出机的内部保持真空状态,圆筒的旋转速度保持为50rpm。结果,得到了未能以蜂窝形状挤出且因强度下降而失去其形状的无定形挤出物。
比较例2
在强碱性条件(pH=12)下胶溶的拟薄水铝石的挤出性质
在100g拟薄水铝石中加入330g蒸馏水、1.5g乙酸和16%摩尔浓度的氨水,调节至pH 12,随后搅拌30分钟以进行拟薄水铝石的胶溶,由此制得无机粘合剂。图3是显示在强碱性条件下胶溶的拟薄水铝石的光学照片。除了无机粘合剂之外以与实施例1中相同的方式制备糊状物。将制得的糊状物装入圆筒型挤出机中,以400mm/分钟的成型速度进行挤出,挤出机的内部保持真空状态,圆筒的旋转速度保持为50rpm。结果,如图4所示未获得蜂窝型的挤出物。
构建测试设备以测定用本发明方法制造的催化剂在处理包含氮氧化物的废气上的性能。为形成各种类型的废气,用MFC分别控制N2、O2、NO、SO2等气体,并使其在气体混合器中混合。
混合的气体通过预热器加热至反应温度。在高温的混合气体即将导入反应器之前,注入流率由MFC控制的NH3,并使安装在反应器内的催化剂与氨和加热至反应温度的混合气体接触,从而将氮氧化物转化为N2。随着反应的发生,对排至后端的气体进行取样,以评估催化剂的性质。在反应器也维持在反应温度的状态下进行转化为N2的还原。
为此,将实施例3中制造的具有2.1mm孔距的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂切成25mm×25mm×250mm大小,然后安装在反应器中。测得图6至图8中的结果。使用图5所示测试设备的详细测试条件如下表3中所示。
表3
图6是显示分别以400ppm的SO2气体注入和无SO2气体注入时废气中的NO2∶NO比例的测定结果图。
由图6的结果可知,无二氧化硫注入时在氧氛围中发生了NO的氧化。在有二氧化硫注入时,NO的氧化在低温时减少,而在高温时的发生程度与氧氛围中的类似。
图7是显示分别以400ppm的SO2气体注入和无SO2气体注入时废气的N2转化率的测定结果图。由图7的结果可知,氮氧化物(NO、NO2)的去除效率增大,且当有SO2气体注入时在300℃的低温显示的N2转化率超过80%。
图8是显示在表3的条件和420℃的固定反应温度下未注入SO2气体时,氨气的注入量与200ppm的NO的比例为0.6至1.7的情况中废气的N2转化率的测定结果图。由图8的结果可知,随着氨气量的增加,氮氧化物的还原效果提高,特别是,当氨气的注入量的比例大于1.4时,超过95%的氮氧化物被除去。
图9是显示将下述还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂分别切成25mm×25mm×250mm大小并安装在反应器中之后,在表3的条件和420℃的固定反应温度下未注入SO2气体的废气的N2转化率的测定结果图:实施例4中制备的包含30重量%无机粘合剂的孔距为6.6mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂和包含40重量%无机粘合剂的孔距为6.6mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂,以及实施例1中制备的孔距为6.6mm的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂。由图9的结果可知,尽管无机粘合剂的加入量增大,不过还原氮氧化物的性质并未降低。
本领域的技术人员应当理解,前述描述中公开的概念和具体实施方式易于用作用于修改或设计其他的用于执行与本发明相同目的的实施方式的基础。
本领域的技术人员还应当理解,这些等同的实施方式并未背离如所附权利要求中阐明的本发明的精神和范围。
Claims (12)
1.一种还原氮氧化物用沸石蜂窝型催化剂的制造方法,所述方法包括:
(a)通过混合拟薄水铝石、蒸馏水和pH调节剂并使其均匀胶溶而获得无机粘合剂;
(b)通过混合沸石、所述无机粘合剂、有机粘合剂和蒸馏水并对其进行捏合而获得糊状物;
(c)将所述糊状物挤出为具有结构规则的通孔的挤出物;和
(d)对所述挤出物进行干燥和热处理,
其中对于100重量份的拟薄水铝石通过加入100重量份至500重量份的蒸馏水而进行步骤(a)中的所述胶溶,并且在pH为0.5至3.5的酸性条件或pH为8至11的碱性条件下进行所述胶溶10至40分钟,或者在pH为4至6的酸性条件下进行步骤(a)中的所述胶溶2天至4天。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述pH调节剂是选自一价酸组的一种或多种酸;选自氢氧化铵和胺化合物的一种或多种碱;或所述酸和所述碱的混合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过选自一价酸组的一种或多种酸和选自氢氧化铵和胺化合物的一种或多种碱来调节出所述pH为8至11的碱性条件。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在进行步骤(b)中的所述混合时,对于100重量份的所述沸石加入10重量份至150重量份的所述无机粘合剂、1重量份至15重量份的所述有机粘合剂和30重量份至100重量份的所述蒸馏水。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(b)中的所述沸石是以选自过渡金属和镧系元素的一种或多种金属进行离子交换或浸渍的沸石。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述金属是选自由Fe、Cu、Co、Pt、V、Ce和Mo组成的组中的一种或多种金属。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(b)中的所述糊状物还包含0重量份至150重量份的一种或多种具有纤维或颗粒形状的无机物,所述无机物选自由Si、Al、Ti、Zr、SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2和ZrO2组成的组。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(c)中的所述孔具有多边形或圆形截面,并在所述挤出物的长轴方向上穿过所述挤出物。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤(d)中的所述热处理在100℃至600℃的温度下进行。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述有机粘合剂是甲基纤维素。
11.由权利要求1~10中任一项所述的方法制造的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂。
12.一种含有氮氧化物的废气的处理方法,所述方法为使权利要求1~10中任一项所述的方法制造的还原氮氧化物用蜂窝型催化剂与包含氮氧化物的废气和氨在200℃至500℃的温度下接触从而将所述氮氧化物转化为N2。
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JP5752418B2 (ja) | 2015-07-22 |
WO2009093811A2 (ko) | 2009-07-30 |
US8178063B2 (en) | 2012-05-15 |
KR101447945B1 (ko) | 2014-10-08 |
EP2237883B1 (en) | 2015-02-11 |
WO2009093811A3 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
JP2011509822A (ja) | 2011-03-31 |
CN101925405A (zh) | 2010-12-22 |
EP2237883A4 (en) | 2011-12-07 |
US20110044873A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
KR20090080268A (ko) | 2009-07-24 |
EP2237883A2 (en) | 2010-10-13 |
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