CN101652411B - 氢氟烯烃类与氢氯氟烯烃类的发泡剂组合物 - Google Patents
氢氟烯烃类与氢氯氟烯烃类的发泡剂组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于制备可发泡的热塑性组合物的发泡剂组合物,包括(1)至少一种氢氟烯烃(HFO)以及(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃(HCFO)。组分(1)的HFO包括但同时不局限于3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf)、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225ye)、顺式-和/或反式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)、以及2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO 1234yf)、以及它们的混合物。组分(2)的HCFO包括但不局限于1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HCFO-1233zd)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HCFO-1233xf)以及它们的混合物。该发泡剂组合物的有用之处在于生产具有改进的k-因数的低密度绝缘泡沫。
Description
发明概述
本发明涉及用于制备可发泡的热塑性组合物的发泡剂组合物,包括(1)至少一种氢氟烯烃(HFO)以及(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃(HCFO)。组分(1)的HFO包括但同时不局限于:3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf)、1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225ye)、顺式-和/或反式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)、以及2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO 1234yf)、以及它们的混合物。组分(2)的HCFO包括但不局限于1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HCFO-1233zd)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HCFO-1233xf)、二氯氟化丙烯类、以及它们的混合物。该发泡剂组合物在具有改进的k-因数的低密度绝缘泡沫的生产中是有用的。
发明背景
随着对全球气候变化的持续的顾虑,对于开发一些技术来代替那些具有高的臭氧消耗潜势(ODP)以及高的全球变暖潜势(GWP)的技术存在日益增长的需要。虽然氢氟烷(HFC),作为不消耗臭氧的化合物,已经被鉴定为在热塑性塑料泡沫的生产中氯氟烃类(CFC)以及氢化氯氟烃类(HCFC)的可替代的发泡剂,但是它们仍然倾向具有显著的GWP。
氢氟烯烃类,如HFO-1243zf、(顺式/反式)-HFO-1234ze、HFO-1234yf、以及(E/Z)-HFO-1225ye,已经被鉴定为用于生产热塑性塑料泡沫(包括用于热绝缘的挤出的聚苯乙烯泡沫)的有潜力的低GWP发泡剂。
已发现包括至少一种氢氟烯烃与至少一种氢氯氟烯烃的发泡剂组合物可以允许生产具有良好的k-因数(对于热绝缘泡沫而言特别有用)的更低密度的闭合孔泡沫。本发明还可以允许生产具有扩大的、受控的孔尺寸的低密度闭合孔泡沫。
WO 2004/037913、WO 2007/002703以及美国专利公布2004119047披露了包括卤化的烯烃(通式会包括多种HFO和HCFO)的发泡剂,除其他多种物质外包括溴化的或碘化的化合物。没有披露HFO与HCFO在发泡剂中的特定组合。对于以下发泡剂组合物给出了特定的实例:用于发泡聚苯乙烯的发泡剂组合物,包括单独的HFO(确切地是HFO-1234ze以及HFO-1234yf)或与一种HFC的组合;以及包括IICFO-1233zd的用于PUR发泡的发泡剂组合物。没有披露包括HFO与HCFO的发泡剂组合的实例。
GB 950,876披露了用于生产聚氨酯泡沫的一种方法。它披露了具有低于150℃、优选低于50℃的沸点的任何适当的卤化的饱和的或不饱和的烃都能被用作发泡剂。在合适的发泡剂的一个清单中,对三氯氟乙烯、氯三氟乙烯、以及1,1-二氯-2,2-二氟乙烯与3,3,3-三氟丙烯一起进行了披露。没有确切地披露氢氯氟丙烯类,也没有确切地披露更长链的HCFO以及其他的HFO(除3,3,3-三氟丙烯以外)。没有涉及用于热塑性塑料发泡的发泡剂的披露内容,也没有提到HCFO在热塑性塑料发泡中的好处,也没有提到包括HCFO以及HFO的发泡剂组合物的好处。
CA 2016328披露了用于制备闭合孔的聚异氰酸酯泡沫的一种方法。所披露的是有机化合物发泡剂,包括卤化的烷类以及烯类,其中该烯是丙烯,并且这些卤化的烃可以是氯氟烃。在所列的多种示例性的化合物之中是特定的氯氟乙烯类(包括1个氯以及从1到3个氟)连同特定的五氟丙烯、四氟丙烯、以及二氟丙烯。没有确切地披露氢氯氟丙烯以及更长链的HCFO。没有涉及用于热塑性塑料发泡的发泡剂的披露内容,也没有提到HCFO在热塑性塑料发泡中的好处,也没有提到包括HCFO以及HFO的发泡剂组合物的好处。
发明详细描述
本发明涉及具有可忽略的臭氧消耗以及低的GWP的发泡剂的用途,该发泡剂包括(1)至少一种氢氟烯烃(HFO)以及(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃(HCFO)。本发明披露了发泡剂以及可发泡的树脂的组合物,该组合物对于生产可用于绝缘泡沫的、具有降低的密度以及改进的k-因数的泡沫是有用的。在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,在组分(1)中的HFO是3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf)、(顺式-和/或反式)-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)(特别是反式异构体)、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234yf)、(顺式-和/或反式)-1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225ye)以及它们的混合物。组分(2)的HCFO优选是(顺式和/或反式)-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HCFO-1233zd)(特别是反式异构体)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HCFO-1233xf)、1,1-二氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,2-二氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、以及它们的混合物。
本发明的另一个实施方案是可发泡的树脂组合物,该树脂组合物包含相对于树脂大于大约1pph(pph是每一百份中的份数)并且小于大约100pph的发泡剂组合物,优选的是相对于树脂大于大约2pph并且小于大约40pph、更优选的是大于大约3pph并且小于大约25pph、并且甚至更优选的是大于大约4pph并且小于大约15pph的发泡剂组合物。
制备一种发泡的热塑性塑料产品的方法如下:通过以任何次序将包括可发泡的聚合物组合物的多个组分一起共混来制备一种可发泡的聚合物组合物。典型地,通过对一种聚合物树脂进行增塑并且然后在初压下共混到一种发泡剂组合物的多种组分中来制备一种可发泡的聚合物组合物。增塑一种聚合物树脂的常见的方法是热增塑作用,它包括将一种聚合物树脂加热至足以使其充分软化来混入一种发泡剂组合物中。总体而言,热增塑作用涉及将一种热塑性聚合物树脂加热至接近或高于其玻璃化转变温度(Tg),或晶态聚合物的熔化温度(Tm)。
一种能发泡的聚合物组合物可以包含另外的添加剂,诸如成核剂类、孔控制剂类、染料类、颜料类、填充剂类、抗氧化剂类、挤出助剂类、稳定剂类、抗静电剂类、阻燃剂类、IR衰减剂类、以及热绝缘添加剂类。成核剂类包括(除其他之外)以下物质,诸如滑石、碳酸钙、苯甲酸钠;以及化学发泡剂类,诸如偶氮二酰胺、或碳酸氢钠以及柠檬酸。除其他之外,IR衰减剂类以及热绝缘添加剂类可以包括碳黑、石墨、二氧化硅、金属薄片或粉末。除其他之外,阻燃剂类可以包括溴化的物质,诸如六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclodecane)以及多溴化联苯醚。
本发明的泡沫制备方法包括分批、半分批、以及连续法。分批法包括以一种可存储的状态制备至少一部分可发泡的聚合物组合物,并且然后在将来的时间点使用这一部分可发泡的聚合物组合物来制备一种泡沫。
一种半分批方法包括总共在一个单独的过程中制备至少一部分的一种可发泡的聚合物组合物并且将该可发泡的聚合物间歇地膨胀成一种泡沫。例如,美国专利号4,323,528(通过引用结合在此)披露了通过一种积蓄挤出法来制造聚烯烃泡沫的一种方法。该方法包括:1)将一种热塑性物质与一种发泡剂组合物进行混合以生成一种可发泡的聚合物组合物;2)将该可发泡的聚合物组合物挤出至一个保持区中,该保持区维持在不允许该可发泡的聚合物组合物发泡的温度和压力下;该保持区具有一个模口,该模口限定了开向一个更低压力的区域(在该区域可发泡的聚合物组合物发泡)的一个孔口以及关闭该模口的孔口的一个可打开的门;3)周期性地打开该阀门而基本上同时通过一个可移动的冲头对该可发泡的聚合物组合物施加机械压力从而将其从该保持区通过该模口的孔口喷出到具有更低压力的区域;并且4)允许喷出的可发泡的聚合物组合物膨胀以生成泡沫。
连续法包括形成一种可发泡的聚合物组合物,并且然后以不间歇的方式膨胀这种可发泡的聚合物组合物。例如,在一个挤出机中制备一种可发泡的聚合物组合物,这是通过:将一种聚合物树脂加热以形成一种熔融的树脂,在初压下将一种发泡剂组合物混入该熔融的树脂,然后在发泡压力下将这种可发泡的聚合物组合物通过一个模口挤出到一个区域中,并且允许该可发泡的聚合物组合物膨胀成泡沫。所希望的是,为了优化泡沫性质,在添加发泡剂之后并且从该模口挤出之前将该可发泡的聚合物组合物冷却。例如,用热交换器将该可发泡的聚合物组合物冷却。
本发明的泡沫可以是任何能想象到的形式,包括片、厚板、杆、管、珠粒、或它们的任何组合。包括在本发明中的是叠层泡沫,它包括多个可区别的彼此相互联结的纵向泡沫构件。
实例
实例1-8:聚苯乙烯中气体的溶解度以及扩散率
聚苯乙烯中气体的溶解度以及扩散率是使用毛细管柱反向气相色谱(cc-IGC)来测量的,如描述于Hadj Romdhane,Ilyess(1994)″Polymer-Solvent Diffusion andEquilibrium Parameters by Inverse Gas-Liquid Chromatography″PhD Dissertation,Dept.of Chem.Eng.,Penn State University.以及Hong SU,Albouy A,Duda JL(1999)″Measurement and Prediction of Blowing Agent Solubility in Polystyrene atSupercritical Conditions″Cell Polym 18(5):301-313。
用3微米厚的聚苯乙烯内膜涂层制备一个15m长的、直径为0.53mm的GC毛细管柱。将该柱装入一个带有火焰电离检测器的Hewlet Packard 5890 Series II气相色谱仪中。根据参考文献中概述的方法使用甲烷作为参比气体对所测试的气体的洗脱曲线(elution profile)进行分析。结果给出了该气体穿过该聚合物的扩散系数Dp,以及就分配系数K而言该气体在该聚合物中的溶解度,分配系数K是气体在聚合物相中的浓度与气体在蒸气相中的浓度之比。这样,对于在该树脂中的一种具体的气体而言,K值越大则它在这种树脂中的溶解度就越大。
表1示出了在140℃下几种气体在聚苯乙烯中的分配系数以及扩散率的值。对比实例1和2示出了两种充分研究的发泡剂在聚苯乙烯中的溶解度以及扩散率:HCFC-142b(1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷)以及HFC-134a(1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷)。实例3-6示出了所选择的HFO在聚苯乙烯中的溶解度以及扩散率:HFO-1243zf(3,3,3-三氟丙烯)、HFO-1234ze(1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯)、HFO-1234yf(2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯)、HFO-1225ye(1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯)。实例7和实例8示出了反式-HCFO-1233zd(1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯)以及HCFO-1233xf(2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯)的溶解度以及扩散率。
HCFO在聚苯乙烯中良好的溶解度以及有利的扩散率表明它们应该是对于使用HFO发泡剂生产热塑性塑料泡沫而言有效的共发泡剂和/或加工助剂。HCFO在聚苯乙烯中的溶解度足以提供对热塑性树脂有用的增塑作用来辅助发泡过程。可以看出,在聚苯乙烯中,HCFO-1233xf具有可与HCFC-142b相比的溶解度。
表1:通过反相气相色谱法在140℃下聚苯乙烯中气体的分配系数以及扩散率
实例9-18
挤出的聚苯乙烯泡沫是使用一种具有27mm的内部机筒直径以及40个直径的机筒长度的反转式双螺杆挤出机中生产的。该螺杆设计适合于发泡的应用。在挤出机的机筒中的压力是用齿轮泵控制的并且被设置成足够高以使该发泡剂在该挤出机中溶解。用于实例10-18的挤出机模口是具有6.35mm的间隙宽度的一种可调节注口的缝隙式模口。对于实例1,该模具是具有一个1mm的台面长度(landlength)的一个2mm直径的线料模口。将两种等级的通用型聚苯乙烯用于该挤出试验并且以2.27或者4.54kg/hr(5或者10lb/hr)的速率进料至该挤出机。使用高压输送泵将发泡剂以受控的速率泵送到该聚苯乙烯树脂熔体中。在挤出机中,将该发泡剂混合并且溶解于该树脂熔体中以生产可膨胀的树脂组合物。将该可膨胀的树脂组合物冷却至一个适当的发泡温度,并且然后从该模口中挤出,在该模口处的压力下降引发了起泡。在一些实例中,滑石被用作成核剂并且与聚苯乙烯预先共混以制造50wt%的滑石在聚苯乙烯中的母料。将这一母料的珠粒与聚苯乙烯粒料混合以实现在每一实验中所希望的滑石wt%。
对于在每次运行期间收集的泡沫样品测量密度、开放孔含量、以及孔尺寸。根据ASTM D792测量密度,根据ASTM D285-C使用气体测比重术测量开放孔的含量,并且通过对来自泡沫样品断面的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的显微照片的多个孔直径求平均来测量孔尺寸。SEM图像还被用于观察该孔结构以及定性地检查开放孔含量。
表2示出了对于实例9至14的数据,包括在该配方中每种发泡剂的装载量、树脂的进料速度、树脂的熔体流动指数、该可膨胀的树脂的熔融温度、以及密度、孔尺寸、以及所生成的泡沫产品的开放孔的含量。
对比实例9对于用HFC-134a发泡的聚苯乙烯而言是典型的,其中差的溶解度以及加工过程中的困难趋于导致具有更小的尺寸以及更多开放孔的更高密度的泡沫。
对比实例10至12示出了用3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf;TFP)发泡的结果。在8.5wt%的TFP的装载量下,所生成的泡沫具有更小的孔尺寸而同时具有可与实例10和实例11相比的密度。
在实例13和实例14中,TFP(HFO-1243zf)以及HCFO-1233zd的发泡剂组合物允许生产比用单独的TFP可实现的泡沫密度更低的泡沫,伴随有益的孔尺寸上的增大,其中有可能生成在小于53kg/m3的密度下具有大于0.2mm的孔尺寸的闭孔的泡沫产品。这些泡沫作为具有改进的k-因数的热绝缘泡沫将是有用的。HCFO-1233zd占主导的是反式异构体。
实例15和实例16是在使用HFO-1234yf(2,3,3,3-四氟乙烷)作为唯一的发泡剂期间生产的。如在实例16中所表明,在一个5.7wt%的1234yf的装载量下,该泡沫产品具有非常小的孔尺寸、大的空洞、出气孔、高的开放孔含量、以及由未溶解的发泡剂所引起的频繁在该模口处暴裂的时间。增加1234yf的含量使得这些问题更严重。对于实例17和实例18,HFO-1234yf与HCFO-1233zd的发泡剂组合物允许生产比单独使用HFO-1234yf的泡沫密度更低的泡沫。实例17和实例18的泡沫样品是优质的,几乎没有缺陷,并且生产时模口处没有暴破。
表2
虽然在此参照特定的实施方案对本发明进行了展示和说明,但无意将所附的权利要求限制为所示的细节。相反,在此预期本领域的普通技术人员可对这些细节做出不同的变更,这些变更仍然会在所要求的主题的精神和范围之内,并且在此企望对这些权利要求进行相应的诠释。
Claims (26)
1.用于进行热塑性塑料发泡的一种发泡剂组合物,包括(1)至少一种选自三氟丙烯、四氟丙烯以及它们混合物的氢氟烯烃以及(2)至少一种选自1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯或它们混合物的氢氯氟烯烃;其中,所述发泡剂组合物包括2wt%到90wt%的所述(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃。
2.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,包括5wt%到80wt%的所述(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃。
3.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,包括10wt%到70wt%的所述(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃。
4.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,包括20wt%到65wt%的所述(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃。
5.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,包括30wt%到60wt%的所述(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃。
6.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,进一步包括一种氢氟烷、烷、二氧化碳、甲酸甲酯、惰性气体、大气的气体、醇、醚、氟化醚、不饱和的氟化醚、酮、氟酮、水、以及它们的混合物。
7.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述三氟丙烯是3,3,3-三氟丙烯。
8.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述四氟丙烯是选自顺式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、反式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、以及它们的混合物。
9.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯包括高于75%的反式异构体。
10.如权利要求6所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述氢氟烷是选自HFC-32、HFC-161、HFC-152、HFC-152a、HFC-143、HFC-143a、HFC-134、HFC-134a、HFC-125、HFC-245fa、HFC-365mfc、HFC-227ea、以及它们的混合物。
11.如权利要求10所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述氢氟烷是选自HFC-134a、HFC-152a、HFC-32、HFC-143a、HFC-245fa、或它们的混合物。
12.如权利要求6所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述烷是选自丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、或己烷。
13.如权利要求12所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述戊烷是选自正戊烷、环戊烷、异戊烷、或它们的混合物。
14.如权利要求6所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述醇是选自乙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、乙基己醇、甲醇、或它们的混合物。
15.如权利要求6所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述醚是选自二甲基醚、二乙基醚、甲基乙基醚、或它们的混合物。
16.如权利要求6所述的发泡剂组合物,其中所述酮是选自丙酮、甲基乙基甲酮、或它们的混合物。
17.如权利要求1所述的用于进行热塑性塑料发泡的发泡剂组合物,其中所述热塑性塑料是选自聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、或它们的混合物。
18.如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物,进一步包括染料类、颜料类、孔控制剂类、填充剂类、抗氧化剂类、挤出助剂类、稳定剂类、抗静电剂类、阻燃剂类、IR衰减剂类、热绝缘添加剂类、增塑剂类、粘度改性剂类、抗冲击改性剂类、气阻性树脂类、碳黑、表面活性剂类、以及它们的混合物。
19.一种可发泡的树脂组合物,包括一种热塑性树脂以及一种发泡剂,该发泡剂包括(1)至少一种选自三氟丙烯、四氟丙烯以及它们混合物的氢氟烯烃以及(2)至少一种选自1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯或它们混合物的氢氯氟烯烃;其中,所述发泡剂组合物包括2wt%到90wt%的所述(2)至少一种氢氯氟烯烃。
20.如权利要求19所述的可发泡的树脂组合物,其中所述热塑性树脂是选自聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、或它们的混合物。
21.如权利要求19所述的可发泡的树脂组合物,其中,相对100份所述热塑性树脂而言,包括1份到100份的所述发泡剂。
22.如权利要求19所述的可发泡的树脂组合物,其中,相对100份所述热塑性树脂而言,包括2份到40份的所述发泡剂。
23.如权利要求19所述的可发泡的树脂组合物,其中,相对100份所述热塑性树脂而言,包括3份到25份的所述发泡剂。
24.如权利要求19所述的可发泡的树脂组合物,其中,相对100份所述热塑性树脂而言,包括4份到15份的所述发泡剂。
25.一种使用如权利要求1所述的发泡剂组合物生产的泡沫产品。
26.一种用于生产如权利要求25所述的泡沫产品的方法。
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