CA1136382A - Method for producing solar-cell-grade silicon - Google Patents
Method for producing solar-cell-grade siliconInfo
- Publication number
- CA1136382A CA1136382A CA000335625A CA335625A CA1136382A CA 1136382 A CA1136382 A CA 1136382A CA 000335625 A CA000335625 A CA 000335625A CA 335625 A CA335625 A CA 335625A CA 1136382 A CA1136382 A CA 1136382A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- silica
- carbon
- pellets
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 148
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940124024 weight reducing agent Drugs 0.000 claims 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical group C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019759 Maize starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011044 quartzite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 among others Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/021—Preparation
- C01B33/023—Preparation by reduction of silica or free silica-containing material
- C01B33/025—Preparation by reduction of silica or free silica-containing material with carbon or a solid carbonaceous material, i.e. carbo-thermal process
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Silicon Polymers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/028,947 US4247528A (en) | 1979-04-11 | 1979-04-11 | Method for producing solar-cell-grade silicon |
| US28,947 | 1979-04-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1136382A true CA1136382A (en) | 1982-11-30 |
Family
ID=21846397
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000335625A Expired CA1136382A (en) | 1979-04-11 | 1979-09-14 | Method for producing solar-cell-grade silicon |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4247528A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS55136116A (OSRAM) |
| AU (1) | AU523622B2 (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE879715A (OSRAM) |
| CA (1) | CA1136382A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE3013319C2 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR2453827A1 (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB2046232B (OSRAM) |
| NL (1) | NL7907282A (OSRAM) |
| NO (1) | NO155532B (OSRAM) |
| SE (1) | SE438667B (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (66)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2945141C2 (de) * | 1979-11-08 | 1983-10-27 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum Herstellen von für Halbleiterbauelemente verwendbarem Silizium aus Quarzsand |
| DE3032720C2 (de) * | 1980-08-30 | 1982-12-16 | International Minerals & Chemical Luxembourg S.A., 2010 Luxembourg | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Silicium aus Quarz und Kohlenstoff im Elektroofen |
| DE3123009A1 (de) * | 1981-06-10 | 1982-12-30 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum herstellen von fuer solarzellen verwendbarem silizium |
| DE3128979C2 (de) * | 1981-07-22 | 1986-10-23 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum Herstellen von für Solarzellen verwendbarem Silizium |
| DE3206766A1 (de) * | 1982-02-25 | 1983-09-01 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum herstellen von fuer solarzellen verwendbarem silizium |
| DE3210141A1 (de) * | 1982-03-19 | 1983-09-22 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum herstellen von fuer insbesondere solarzellen verwendbarem silicium |
| DE3215981A1 (de) * | 1982-04-29 | 1983-11-03 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum herstellen hochreiner ausgangsmaterialien fuer die fertigung von silizium fuer solarzellen nach dem carbothermischen reduktionsverfahren |
| DE3246121A1 (de) * | 1982-12-13 | 1984-06-14 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum herstellen von borfreiem siliziumdioxid |
| US4486226A (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1984-12-04 | Allied Corporation | Multistage process for preparing ferroboron |
| US4643833A (en) * | 1984-05-04 | 1987-02-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for separating solid reaction products from silicon produced in an arc furnace |
| IT1176955B (it) * | 1984-10-12 | 1987-08-26 | Samin Abrasivi Spa | Procedimento di produzione di silicio metallico adatto per essere impiegato nell'industria fotovoltaica |
| US4981668A (en) * | 1986-04-29 | 1991-01-01 | Dow Corning Corporation | Silicon carbide as a raw material for silicon production |
| DE3732073A1 (de) * | 1987-09-23 | 1989-04-06 | Siemens Ag | Hochreine innenauskleidung fuer einen elektroniederschachtofen |
| DE3804069A1 (de) * | 1988-02-10 | 1989-08-24 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum herstellen von solarsilizium |
| WO1990003952A1 (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1990-04-19 | Crystal Systems, Inc. | Method of growing silicon ingots using a rotating melt |
| NO180532C (no) * | 1994-09-01 | 1997-05-07 | Elkem Materials | Fremgangsmåte for fjerning av forurensninger fra smeltet silisium |
| CA2232777C (en) * | 1997-03-24 | 2001-05-15 | Hiroyuki Baba | Method for producing silicon for use in solar cells |
| NO321276B1 (no) * | 2003-07-07 | 2006-04-18 | Elkem Materials | Fremgangsmate for fremstilling av triklorsilan og silisium for bruk ved fremstilling av triklorsilan |
| NO333319B1 (no) * | 2003-12-29 | 2013-05-06 | Elkem As | Silisiummateriale for fremstilling av solceller |
| US7569716B2 (en) * | 2004-04-08 | 2009-08-04 | Dow Corning Corporation | Method of selecting silicon having improved performance |
| US7638108B2 (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2009-12-29 | Si Options, Llc | High purity silicon-containing products |
| US8470279B2 (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2013-06-25 | Si Options, Llc | High purity silicon-containing products and method of manufacture |
| US7588745B2 (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2009-09-15 | Si Options, Llc | Silicon-containing products |
| NO322246B1 (no) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-09-04 | Elkem Solar As | Fremgangsmate for fremstilling av rettet storknede silisiumingots |
| US20090232722A1 (en) | 2005-08-19 | 2009-09-17 | Kunio Saegusa | Method for producing silicon |
| DE102005061690A1 (de) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-07-05 | Solmic Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung solartauglichen Siliziums |
| EP2001797A4 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2015-05-27 | Reaction Science Inc | SILICON MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR SOLAR CELLS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS |
| JP2007332022A (ja) * | 2006-06-13 | 2007-12-27 | Young Sang Cho | 多結晶シリコンインゴット製造装置 |
| RU2333889C2 (ru) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-09-20 | Иосиф Григорьевич Альперович | Шихта для производства чистого кремния |
| CA2689603A1 (en) * | 2007-06-08 | 2008-12-11 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Method of solidifying metallic silicon |
| US20080314446A1 (en) * | 2007-06-25 | 2008-12-25 | General Electric Company | Processes for the preparation of solar-grade silicon and photovoltaic cells |
| US20080314445A1 (en) * | 2007-06-25 | 2008-12-25 | General Electric Company | Method for the preparation of high purity silicon |
| US8968467B2 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2015-03-03 | Silicor Materials Inc. | Method and system for controlling resistivity in ingots made of compensated feedstock silicon |
| WO2009020890A1 (en) * | 2007-08-07 | 2009-02-12 | Dow Corning Corporation | Method of producing metals and alloys by carbothermal reduction of metal oxides |
| US8026086B2 (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2011-09-27 | Ontario Inc. | Methods for co-production of ethanol and silica from equisetum |
| ITMI20081085A1 (it) * | 2008-06-16 | 2009-12-17 | N E D Silicon S P A | Metodo per la preparazione di silicio di grado metallurgico di elevata purezza. |
| DE102008041334A1 (de) | 2008-08-19 | 2010-02-25 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Herstellung von Silizium durch Umsetzung von Siliziumoxid und Siliziumcarbid gegebenenfalls in Gegenwart einer zweiten Kohlenstoffquelle |
| AU2009299906A1 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Production of solar-grade silicon from silicon dioxide |
| WO2010037709A2 (de) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Herstellung von solar-silicium aus siliciumdioxid |
| DE102008042498A1 (de) | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-01 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verfahren zur Pyrolyse von Kohlehydraten |
| TW201033123A (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-16 | Radiant Technology Co Ltd | Method for manufacturing a silicon material with high purity |
| EP2322474A1 (de) | 2009-11-16 | 2011-05-18 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Verfahren zur Pyrolyse von Kohlehydraten |
| EP2322476A1 (de) | 2009-11-16 | 2011-05-18 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Neues Verfahren zur Herstellung von Silicium |
| US20110120365A1 (en) * | 2009-11-25 | 2011-05-26 | Hui She | Process for removal of contaminants from a melt of non-ferrous metals and apparatus for growing high purity silicon crystals |
| DE102010001094A1 (de) | 2010-01-21 | 2011-07-28 | Evonik Degussa GmbH, 45128 | Verfahren zur Entkohlung einer Siliciumschmelze |
| DE102010001093A1 (de) | 2010-01-21 | 2011-07-28 | Evonik Degussa GmbH, 45128 | Verfahren zur Grobentkohlung einer Siliciumschmelze |
| RU2431602C1 (ru) * | 2010-03-25 | 2011-10-20 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Сибинженерпроект" (ООО "СибИП") | Шихта для выплавки кремния рудно-термическим восстановлением |
| WO2011146814A2 (en) | 2010-05-20 | 2011-11-24 | Dow Corning Corporation | Method and system for producing an aluminum-silicon alloy |
| CN102161487B (zh) * | 2011-03-09 | 2014-04-23 | 云南云天化国际化工股份有限公司 | 一种用磷肥副产硅胶生产纯硅的方法 |
| JP2014516377A (ja) | 2011-04-15 | 2014-07-10 | バイオジェニック リージェンツ エルエルシー | 炭素質材料のエネルギー含有量を熱分解から高めるための方法および装置 |
| DE102012202586A1 (de) | 2012-02-21 | 2013-08-22 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Silizium über carbothermische Reduktion von Siliciumoxid mit Kohlenstoff in einem Schmelzofen |
| DE102012202590A1 (de) * | 2012-02-21 | 2013-08-22 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von hochreinen Halbmetallen |
| SI2847127T1 (sl) | 2012-05-07 | 2021-01-29 | Carbon Technology Holdings, LLC | Kontinuiran postopek za izdelavo biogenega aktivnega oglja |
| NO336720B1 (no) * | 2013-09-09 | 2015-10-26 | Elkem Solar As | Fremgangsmåte for forbedring av effektiviteten av solceller. |
| US12350648B2 (en) | 2013-10-24 | 2025-07-08 | Carbon Technology Holdings, LLC | Methods and apparatus for producing activated carbon from biomass through carbonized ash intermediates |
| CA2977092C (en) | 2014-02-24 | 2022-12-13 | Biogenic Reagents Ventures, Llc | Highly mesoporous activated carbon |
| WO2016065357A1 (en) | 2014-10-24 | 2016-04-28 | Biogenic Reagent Ventures, Llc | Halogenated activated carbon compositions and methods of making and using same |
| CN106229363B (zh) * | 2016-07-28 | 2017-10-03 | 孙健春 | 一种含有黑磷层的太阳能电池及黑磷层的制备方法 |
| IL279398B2 (en) | 2018-06-14 | 2025-09-01 | Carbon Tech Holdings Llc | Biogenic porous silicon dioxide carbon compositions and methods for their preparation and use |
| EP3941878B1 (de) * | 2019-03-22 | 2022-10-19 | Wacker Chemie AG | Verfahren zur herstellung von technischem silicium |
| WO2022067134A1 (en) | 2020-09-25 | 2022-03-31 | Carbon Technology Holdings, LLC | Bio-reduction of metal ores integrated with biomass pyrolysis |
| KR20230145585A (ko) | 2021-02-18 | 2023-10-17 | 카본 테크놀로지 홀딩스, 엘엘씨 | 탄소-네거티브 야금 생성물 |
| MX2023012635A (es) | 2021-04-27 | 2024-01-12 | Carbon Tech Holdings Llc | Composiciones de biocarbón con carbono fijado optimizado y procesos para producir las mismas. |
| MX2024000010A (es) | 2021-07-09 | 2024-03-27 | Carbon Tech Holdings Llc | Procesos para producir pelotillas de biocarbono con alto contenido de carbono fijo y reactividad optimizada, y pelotillas de biocarbono obtenidas de los mismos. |
| US12103892B2 (en) | 2021-11-12 | 2024-10-01 | Carbon Technology Holdings, LLC | Biocarbon compositions with optimized compositional parameters, and processes for producing the same |
| CN115893422B (zh) * | 2022-12-02 | 2024-07-30 | 昆明理工大学 | 一种粉煤喷吹冶炼硅石制备工业硅的方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL246431A (OSRAM) * | 1958-12-16 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| FR1530655A (fr) * | 1967-05-19 | 1968-06-28 | Pechiney Prod Chimiques Sa | Fabrication du silicium et de ses alliages par carbothermie |
| JPS4937686A (OSRAM) * | 1972-08-08 | 1974-04-08 | ||
| JPS5114962A (ja) * | 1974-07-27 | 1976-02-05 | Mitsubishi Monsanto Chem | Netsukasoseijushishiitoyori seikeihinoseizosuru hoho |
| JPS5157629A (ja) * | 1974-11-15 | 1976-05-20 | Nippon Denko | Kangenzai |
-
1979
- 1979-04-11 US US06/028,947 patent/US4247528A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1979-09-14 CA CA000335625A patent/CA1136382A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-09-18 SE SE7907715A patent/SE438667B/sv unknown
- 1979-09-19 AU AU50958/79A patent/AU523622B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-10-01 NL NL7907282A patent/NL7907282A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1979-10-04 GB GB7934501A patent/GB2046232B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-10-08 JP JP12980679A patent/JPS55136116A/ja active Pending
- 1979-10-11 NO NO793270A patent/NO155532B/no unknown
- 1979-10-26 FR FR7926624A patent/FR2453827A1/fr active Granted
- 1979-10-30 BE BE0/197880A patent/BE879715A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1980
- 1980-04-05 DE DE3013319A patent/DE3013319C2/de not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL7907282A (nl) | 1980-10-14 |
| GB2046232B (en) | 1982-12-15 |
| NO155532B (no) | 1987-01-05 |
| DE3013319C2 (de) | 1982-11-25 |
| SE438667B (sv) | 1985-04-29 |
| FR2453827A1 (fr) | 1980-11-07 |
| DE3013319A1 (de) | 1980-10-16 |
| AU5095879A (en) | 1980-10-16 |
| US4247528A (en) | 1981-01-27 |
| BE879715A (fr) | 1980-04-30 |
| GB2046232A (en) | 1980-11-12 |
| NO793270L (no) | 1980-10-14 |
| SE7907715L (sv) | 1980-10-12 |
| JPS55136116A (en) | 1980-10-23 |
| FR2453827B1 (OSRAM) | 1984-08-24 |
| AU523622B2 (en) | 1982-08-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |