BRPI0408730B1 - processo e aparelhagem para separar um óxido de propileno purificado - Google Patents
processo e aparelhagem para separar um óxido de propileno purificado Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- BRPI0408730B1 BRPI0408730B1 BRPI0408730A BRPI0408730A BRPI0408730B1 BR PI0408730 B1 BRPI0408730 B1 BR PI0408730B1 BR PI0408730 A BRPI0408730 A BR PI0408730A BR PI0408730 A BRPI0408730 A BR PI0408730A BR PI0408730 B1 BRPI0408730 B1 BR PI0408730B1
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- propylene oxide
- percent
- water
- stream
- methanol
- Prior art date
Links
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 197
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 381
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 238000000895 extractive distillation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000006735 epoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 128
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- JHZRQBKLEHQTKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyloxirane;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.CC1CO1 JHZRQBKLEHQTKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- -1 propylene polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 8
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- QMGLMRPHOITLSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dimethyloxolane Chemical compound CC1COC(C)C1 QMGLMRPHOITLSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
- C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/32—Separation; Purification
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
- B01D3/38—Steam distillation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
- B01D3/40—Extractive distillation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
- Y10S203/20—Power plant
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Epoxy Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US45550603P | 2003-03-18 | 2003-03-18 | |
| PCT/US2004/006529 WO2004083196A1 (en) | 2003-03-18 | 2004-03-04 | Purification of propylene oxide resulting from epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BRPI0408730A BRPI0408730A (pt) | 2006-03-07 |
| BRPI0408730B1 true BRPI0408730B1 (pt) | 2016-03-22 |
Family
ID=33030012
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRPI0408730A BRPI0408730B1 (pt) | 2003-03-18 | 2004-03-04 | processo e aparelhagem para separar um óxido de propileno purificado |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7594979B2 (enExample) |
| EP (2) | EP1606273B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP4673297B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR101071025B1 (enExample) |
| CN (2) | CN1747945A (enExample) |
| AT (1) | ATE446958T1 (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0408730B1 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE602004023825D1 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2335768T3 (enExample) |
| MX (1) | MXPA05009935A (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2004083196A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20060006054A1 (en) * | 2004-07-07 | 2006-01-12 | Basf Aktiengesellshaft | Separation of propylene oxide from a mixture comprising propylene oxide and methanol |
| CN101084176B (zh) * | 2004-12-20 | 2012-12-05 | 赢创德固赛有限公司 | 回收甲醇的方法 |
| US7629287B2 (en) * | 2005-01-14 | 2009-12-08 | Dow Global Technologies, Inc. | Reclamation of a titanosilicate, and reconstitution of an active oxidation catalyst |
| WO2006075777A1 (ja) * | 2005-01-14 | 2006-07-20 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | プロピレンオキサイドの製造方法 |
| JP4963022B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-25 | 2012-06-27 | 株式会社日本触媒 | エポキシ化合物の製造方法 |
| KR100846435B1 (ko) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-16 | 한화석유화학 주식회사 | 옥시란 화합물의 제조 방법 |
| US7718040B2 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2010-05-18 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Propylene oxide recovery process |
| BR112012032986A2 (pt) | 2010-07-14 | 2016-11-22 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | processo para manipular a quantidade de um álcool alquílico em uma mistura, processo para a preparação de um óxido de alquileno e uma corrente de éteres de glicol e conjunto de manufatura para produzir uma corrente de produto de óxido de alquileno |
| CN102442980B (zh) * | 2010-10-11 | 2014-08-13 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 环氧丙烷粗产品的精制方法和环氧丙烷的制备方法 |
| US8785670B2 (en) * | 2010-12-07 | 2014-07-22 | Basf Se | Process for the production of propylene oxide |
| CN103172486B (zh) * | 2011-12-22 | 2015-07-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种从直接环氧化反应产物中回收丙烯的方法 |
| CN103788025B (zh) * | 2012-10-29 | 2015-10-28 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种精制环氧丙烷的方法 |
| CN102993128B (zh) * | 2012-11-26 | 2015-01-28 | 中国化学赛鼎宁波工程有限公司 | 从环氧丙烷-二氧化碳共聚物洗涤液中回收环氧丙烷的设备及其方法 |
| US20160115140A1 (en) * | 2013-02-10 | 2016-04-28 | Basf Se | Part-stream distillation |
| US9593090B2 (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2017-03-14 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Alkylene oxide separation systems, methods, and apparatuses |
| MX2017005570A (es) * | 2014-10-27 | 2017-08-02 | Basf Se | Destilacion de flujo parcial. |
| CN112898236A (zh) * | 2015-12-02 | 2021-06-04 | 赢创运营有限公司 | 用于环氧化丙烯的方法 |
| CN105712953A (zh) * | 2016-01-26 | 2016-06-29 | 江苏怡达化学股份有限公司 | 一种预纯化环氧丙烷的方法 |
| CN106220589B (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2018-11-27 | 常州大学 | 一种环氧丙烷、甲醇、水体系的分离方法及分离装置 |
| CN113968831B (zh) * | 2020-07-24 | 2024-02-09 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 环氧丙烷精制方法和环氧丙烷物流的分离方法和环氧化反应产物分离方法及丙烯环氧化方法 |
| US11691955B2 (en) | 2021-08-30 | 2023-07-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process for recovering propylene oxide and carbon dioxide in PPC polyol production |
| CN116332878B (zh) * | 2021-12-24 | 2025-10-17 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | 一种环氧丙烷分离提纯系统及分离提纯方法 |
Family Cites Families (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3337425A (en) | 1964-02-12 | 1967-08-22 | Monsanto Co | Extraction distillation of olefin oxides with a hydrocarbon solvent |
| US3843488A (en) | 1966-10-12 | 1974-10-22 | Halcon International Inc | Separation of propylene oxide from other hydrocarbons |
| US3464897A (en) | 1967-06-02 | 1969-09-02 | Atlantic Richfield Co | Separation of propylene oxide from other hydrocarbons |
| US3578568A (en) | 1968-11-29 | 1971-05-11 | Atlantic Richfield Co | Purification of low molecular weight epoxides by extractive distillation with a glycol or glycol ether |
| US4140588A (en) * | 1977-08-05 | 1979-02-20 | Halcon Research And Development Corporation | Purification of propylene oxide by extractive distillation |
| US5000825A (en) * | 1989-03-23 | 1991-03-19 | Arco Chemical Technology, Inc. | Monoepoxide purification |
| DE3934971C1 (enExample) | 1989-10-20 | 1991-01-24 | Schott Glaswerke, 6500 Mainz, De | |
| US4971661A (en) | 1989-10-20 | 1990-11-20 | Texaco Chemical Company | Purification of propylene oxide using an aqueous acetone extractive distillatin agent |
| FR2655115B1 (fr) | 1989-11-30 | 1993-01-22 | Valeo | Amortisseur de vibrations, notamment pour vehicule automobile. |
| DE69110761T2 (de) | 1990-03-12 | 1995-11-16 | Arco Chem Tech | Reiningung von niederen Alkylenoxiden. |
| US5006206A (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1991-04-09 | Arco Chemical Technology, Inc. | Propylene oxide purification |
| US5133839A (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1992-07-28 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Lower alkylene oxide purification |
| US5139622A (en) | 1991-10-03 | 1992-08-18 | Texaco Chemical Company | Purification of propylene oxide by extractive distillation |
| US5145561A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1992-09-08 | Texaco Chemical Company | Removal of water and methanol from propylene oxide by extractive distillation |
| US5116466A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1992-05-26 | Texaco Chemical Company | Propylene oxide purification by extractive distillation |
| US5145563A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1992-09-08 | Texaco Chemical Company | Dehydration of propylene oxide by extracting distillation |
| US5160587A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1992-11-03 | Texaco Chemical Company | Extractive distillation of propylene oxide |
| US5116465A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1992-05-26 | Texaco Chemical Company | Removal of water, methanol and acetone from propylene oxide by extractive distillation |
| US5116467A (en) | 1991-11-01 | 1992-05-26 | Texaco Chemical Company | Water and acetone removal from propylene oxide by extractive distillation |
| US5340446A (en) | 1992-10-23 | 1994-08-23 | Texaco Chemical Company | Purification of propylene oxide by cosolvent extractive distillation |
| US5453160A (en) | 1994-05-31 | 1995-09-26 | Texaco Chemical Inc. | Use of mixed polyoxypropylene glycols in the extractive distillation of propylene oxide |
| US5464505A (en) | 1994-05-31 | 1995-11-07 | Texaco Chemical Inc. | Use of propylene oxide adducts in the purification of propylene oxide by extractive distillation |
| CA2159281A1 (en) * | 1995-01-25 | 1996-07-26 | Huntsman Specialty Chemicals Corporation | Controlled continuous purification of propylene oxide bt extractive distillation |
| US5620568A (en) | 1996-06-03 | 1997-04-15 | Texaco Chemical, Inc. | Extractive distillation of propylene oxide using propanol |
| IT1290847B1 (it) | 1996-12-12 | 1998-12-14 | Enichem Spa | Procedimento in continuo per la preparazione di ossidi olefinici |
| US6024840A (en) | 1997-08-08 | 2000-02-15 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Propylene oxide purification |
| US5863391A (en) | 1997-08-15 | 1999-01-26 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Purification of a methanol stream |
| US5849938A (en) | 1997-09-02 | 1998-12-15 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Separation of methanol and propylene oxide from a reaction mixture |
| EP1122248A1 (de) | 2000-02-07 | 2001-08-08 | Degussa AG | Verfahren zur Epoxidierung von Olefinen |
| FR2810981B1 (fr) | 2000-06-28 | 2002-12-20 | Solvay | Procede continu de fabrication d'oxiranne comprenant des etapes de purification |
| IT1318680B1 (it) | 2000-08-11 | 2003-08-27 | Enichem Spa | Processo per la produzione in continuo di ossidi olefinici. |
| US6596883B2 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2003-07-22 | Degussa Ag | Process for the epoxidation of olefins |
| JP2003238548A (ja) * | 2002-02-15 | 2003-08-27 | Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd | プロピレンオキサイドの精製方法 |
| US7323579B2 (en) * | 2004-07-07 | 2008-01-29 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Separation of propylene oxide from a mixture comprising propylene oxide and methanol |
-
2004
- 2004-03-04 ES ES04717406T patent/ES2335768T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-03-04 CN CNA2004800039345A patent/CN1747945A/zh active Pending
- 2004-03-04 EP EP04717406A patent/EP1606273B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-03-04 WO PCT/US2004/006529 patent/WO2004083196A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-03-04 US US10/541,171 patent/US7594979B2/en active Active
- 2004-03-04 CN CN201410033716.1A patent/CN103819427A/zh active Pending
- 2004-03-04 MX MXPA05009935A patent/MXPA05009935A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2004-03-04 EP EP09152592A patent/EP2168953A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-04 DE DE602004023825T patent/DE602004023825D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-03-04 JP JP2006509058A patent/JP4673297B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-03-04 AT AT04717406T patent/ATE446958T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-03-04 BR BRPI0408730A patent/BRPI0408730B1/pt active IP Right Grant
-
2005
- 2005-09-16 KR KR1020057017367A patent/KR101071025B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2006520821A (ja) | 2006-09-14 |
| CN1747945A (zh) | 2006-03-15 |
| CN103819427A (zh) | 2014-05-28 |
| ATE446958T1 (de) | 2009-11-15 |
| US20060113180A1 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
| EP2168953A1 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
| EP1606273A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
| EP1606273B1 (en) | 2009-10-28 |
| BRPI0408730A (pt) | 2006-03-07 |
| JP4673297B2 (ja) | 2011-04-20 |
| ES2335768T3 (es) | 2010-04-05 |
| KR101071025B1 (ko) | 2011-10-06 |
| WO2004083196A1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
| DE602004023825D1 (de) | 2009-12-10 |
| KR20050114240A (ko) | 2005-12-05 |
| MXPA05009935A (es) | 2005-11-04 |
| US7594979B2 (en) | 2009-09-29 |
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