WO2022113904A1 - リチウム金属複合酸化物の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム金属複合酸化物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022113904A1 WO2022113904A1 PCT/JP2021/042621 JP2021042621W WO2022113904A1 WO 2022113904 A1 WO2022113904 A1 WO 2022113904A1 JP 2021042621 W JP2021042621 W JP 2021042621W WO 2022113904 A1 WO2022113904 A1 WO 2022113904A1
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- firing
- mass
- positive electrode
- alloy
- fired
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
- F27B7/20—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to rotary-drum furnaces
- F27B7/22—Rotary drums; Supports therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
- F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace
- F27B9/24—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace being carried by a conveyor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/30—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/103—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure prismatic or rectangular
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/107—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a lithium metal composite oxide.
- a lithium metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material used for the positive electrode of the lithium secondary battery.
- the method for producing a lithium metal composite oxide includes, for example, a firing step of firing an object to be fired, such as a mixture of a metal composite compound and a lithium compound, or a reaction product of a metal composite compound and a lithium compound.
- a continuous firing furnace or a fluid firing furnace is used in the firing step.
- Patent Document 1 describes a method of firing using a firing means whose inner wall is a nickel material.
- the conventional metal firing furnace has a problem that the contact member in contact with the object to be fired is easily corroded. If the contact member is easily corroded, the contact member needs to be replaced and the production efficiency is lowered.
- the contact member is specifically the inner wall of the firing furnace. Therefore, there has been a demand for a method capable of efficiently producing a lithium metal composite oxide that can provide a lithium secondary battery having good battery performance.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method for efficiently producing a lithium metal composite oxide capable of obtaining a lithium secondary battery having a high initial discharge capacity.
- the present invention includes [1] to [8].
- the object to be fired is a mixture of a metal composite compound and a lithium compound, or a mixture containing a reaction product of the metal composite compound and the lithium compound.
- the material to be fired has a Li content of more than 5% by mass and 10% by mass or less
- the firing means includes an inner wall, the main material of the inner wall is an alloy, and the alloy is a raw material. It contains Ni and Al, and the content of Ni in the total amount of the alloy is 93% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, and the content of Al in the total amount of the alloy is 3% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- a method for producing a lithium metal composite oxide [2] The production method according to [1], wherein the lithium metal composite oxide is represented by the following general formula (I). Li [Li x (Ni (1-y-z) Coy M z ) 1-x ] O 2 ... (I) ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.9, y + z ⁇ 1, M is Mn, Cu, Ti, Mg, Al, W, B, Mo , Nb, Zn, Sn, Zr, Ga and V represent one or more elements selected from the group.) [3] The production method according to [1] or [2], wherein the alloy contains either or both of Si and Mn.
- the alloy contains either or both of Si and Mn.
- the firing step includes a temporary firing step and a main firing step, and at least in the temporary firing step, firing is performed using the firing means, and the firing temperature of the temporary firing step is 100 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a method for efficiently producing a lithium metal composite oxide capable of obtaining a lithium secondary battery having a high initial discharge capacity.
- a metal complex compound is hereinafter referred to as "MCC”.
- the lithium metal composite oxide is hereinafter referred to as "LiMO”.
- the cathode active material for lithium second battery batteries for a lithium secondary battery is hereinafter referred to as "CAM”.
- Ni refers to a nickel atom, not a nickel metal.
- Co and Li also refer to cobalt atom, lithium atom and the like, respectively.
- the initial discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery is measured by the following method.
- LiMO produced by the production method of this embodiment is used as CAM.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as an organic solvent.
- Acetylene black is used as the conductive material.
- Polyvinylidene fluoride is used as the binder.
- the obtained positive electrode mixture is applied to an Al foil having a thickness of 40 ⁇ m as a current collector and vacuum dried at 150 ° C. for 8 hours to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrode area of the positive electrode for the lithium secondary battery is 1.65 cm 2 .
- the separator and the positive electrode mixture layer are sufficiently impregnated with the electrolytic solution.
- a current set value of 0.2 CA is set for both charging and discharging, and constant current constant voltage charging and constant current discharging are performed, respectively.
- the negative electrode is metallic Li, the maximum charge voltage is 4.3 V, and the minimum discharge voltage is 2.5 V.
- the discharge capacity is measured, and the obtained value is defined as the "initial discharge capacity" (mAh / g).
- the criteria for determining the discharge capacity may differ depending on the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide. Specifically, the determination is made based on either the following determination criteria A or determination criteria B.
- Judgment Criteria A When the initial discharge capacity is 180 mAh / g or more, it is evaluated that the initial discharge capacity is high.
- Judgment Criteria B When the initial discharge capacity is 170 mAh / g or more, it is evaluated that the initial discharge capacity is high.
- the judgment standard A When the Ni content in the total amount of LiMO is 80% or more, the judgment standard A is used, and when the Ni content is less than 80%, the judgment standard B is used.
- LiMO ⁇ Measurement of corrosion rate and growth rate of corrosion products> Whether or not LiMO can be efficiently produced in the present specification is confirmed by measuring the corrosion rate of the metal test piece and the growth rate of the corrosion product.
- the metal test piece is a model of an alloy that is the main material of the inner wall provided by the firing means. The smaller the values of the corrosion rate and the growth rate of the corrosion product of the metal test piece, the higher the production efficiency.
- the corrosion rate and the growth rate of corrosion products are measured by the following methods.
- a metal test piece as a model of the alloy that is the main material of the inner wall provided by the firing means.
- the object to be calcined is, for example, a mixture of MCC and a lithium compound, or a raw material of a mixture containing a reaction product of MCC and a lithium compound.
- the metal test piece is, for example, a plate-shaped test piece having a thickness of several mm.
- the firing conditions are kept at 680 ° C for 12 hours under an oxygen atmosphere.
- Baking is performed once or multiple times under the same conditions. When firing is carried out a plurality of times, for example, it is carried out twice or more and 10 times or less under the same conditions.
- the same condition means that the firing temperature, firing time, and firing atmosphere are the same.
- the obtained fired product is collected, the work to be fired is loaded, and then the next firing is performed.
- the material to be fired to be loaded at this time is a mixture of MCC and a lithium compound, or a raw material of a mixture containing a reaction product of MCC and a lithium compound, which is the same as the material to be fired that was placed for the first time.
- the wall thickness of the unfired metal test piece and the wall thickness of the metal test piece after firing a plurality of times are measured.
- the thickness at this time is L1 (mm).
- the thickness of the metal test piece means the value when the thickness of the center of the test piece is measured for the metal test piece.
- the center of the metal test piece is cut in the thickness direction to obtain a cross section. Observe the obtained cross section with a microscope and measure the wall thickness.
- the thickness at this time is L2 (mm).
- L2 means a value when the wall thickness is measured.
- the difference between L1 and L2 (L1-L2) is defined as the change in wall thickness (mm).
- the thickness (mm) of the corrosion product formed on the surface of the metal test piece is measured with a microscope.
- the thickness of the corrosion product means the value when the thickness of the corrosion product is measured.
- Growth rate of corrosion product [Corrosion product thickness (mm) x 24 x 365] / [Retention time (h) x number of firings]
- the criteria for the growth rate of corrosion products may differ depending on the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide. Specifically, the determination is made based on either the following determination criteria 1 or determination criteria 2. Judgment Criteria 1: When the growth rate of the corrosion product is 0.9 mm / year or less, it is evaluated that the corrosion rate is slow and the inner wall of the firing means is not easily corroded. Judgment Criteria 2: When the growth rate of the corrosion product is 2.6 mm / year or less, it is evaluated that the corrosion rate is slow and the inner wall of the firing means is not easily corroded.
- Judgment standard 1 is used when the Li content is 6.5% by mass or less in the total amount of LiMO, and judgment standard 2 is used when the Li content exceeds 6.5% by mass.
- the method for producing LiMO of the present embodiment includes a firing step of firing the object to be fired using a firing means as an essential step.
- the method for producing LiMO preferably includes a step of obtaining MCC and a step of obtaining a mixture.
- the step of obtaining the MCC, the step of obtaining the mixture, and the step of firing will be described in this order.
- an MCC containing a metal element other than lithium, that is, Ni, and optional metals Co, Al, and element M is prepared.
- the MCC can be produced by a commonly known batch coprecipitation method or continuous coprecipitation method.
- the production method thereof will be described in detail by taking as an example a metal composite hydroxide containing Ni, Co and Al as the metal.
- a nickel salt solution, a cobalt salt solution, an aluminum salt solution, and a complexing agent are reacted by a co-precipitation method, particularly a continuous method described in JP-A-2002-201028, to cause Ni (1-yz) Co.
- y Al z (OH) 2 A metal composite hydroxide represented by y + z ⁇ 1 in the formula is produced.
- the nickel salt which is the solute of the nickel salt solution is not particularly limited, but for example, any one or more of nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and nickel acetate can be used.
- cobalt salt which is the solute of the cobalt salt solution
- any one or more of cobalt sulfate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride, and cobalt acetate can be used.
- aluminum salt that is the solute of the aluminum salt solution for example, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, or the like can be used.
- the above metal salts are used in a ratio corresponding to the composition ratio of the above Ni (1-yz) Coy Al z ( OH) 2 .
- water is used as a solvent.
- the complexing agent is a compound capable of forming a complex with Ni, Co, and Al ions in an aqueous solution.
- Examples include ammonium ion feeders, hydrazine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, uracildiacetic acid, and glycine.
- ammonium ion feeder examples include ammonium salts such as ammonium hydroxide, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium fluoride.
- the complexing agent may not be contained, and if the complexing agent is contained, the amount of the complexing agent contained in the mixed solution containing the nickel salt solution, the cobalt salt solution, the aluminum salt solution and the complexing agent is, for example, The molar ratio to the total number of moles of the metal salt is greater than 0 and 2.0 or less.
- the mixed solution in order to adjust the pH value of the mixed solution containing the nickel salt solution, cobalt salt solution, aluminum salt solution and complexing agent, the mixed solution is mixed before the pH of the mixed solution changes from alkaline to neutral.
- Add an alkaline aqueous solution Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide can be used as the alkaline aqueous solution.
- the pH value in the present specification is defined as a value measured when the temperature of the mixed solution is 40 ° C.
- the pH of the mixed solution is measured when the temperature of the mixed solution sampled from the reaction vessel reaches 40 ° C.
- the temperature of the sampled mixed solution is lower than 40 ° C, heat the mixed solution and measure the pH when it reaches 40 ° C.
- the pH is measured when the mixed solution is cooled to 40 ° C.
- Ni, Co, and Al react with each other, and Ni (1-yz) Coy Al.
- z (OH) 2 is generated.
- Ni (1-y-z) A nickel salt solution, a cobalt salt solution, a manganese salt solution, and a complexing agent are reacted by the same method as the method for producing Coy Al z (OH) 2 , and Ni ( 1-y-z) is used.
- yz ) Coy Mn z (OH) 2 (in the formula, y + z ⁇ 1) may be produced to produce a metal composite hydroxide.
- manganese salt which is the solute of the manganese salt solution
- any one of manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate, and manganese chloride can be used.
- the temperature of the reaction vessel is controlled within the range of, for example, 20 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower, preferably 30 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower.
- the pH value in the reaction vessel is controlled, for example, in the range of pH 9 or more and pH 13 or less, preferably pH 11 or more and pH 13 or less.
- reaction vessel The substances in the reaction vessel are appropriately stirred and mixed.
- reaction tank used in the continuous coprecipitation method a type of reaction tank in which the formed reaction precipitate overflows for separation can be used.
- the inside of the reaction tank may have an inert atmosphere.
- inert atmosphere it is possible to suppress the aggregation of elements that are more easily oxidized than nickel, and to obtain a uniform metal composite hydroxide.
- the inside of the reaction vessel may be in an atmosphere containing an appropriate oxygen or in the presence of an oxidizing agent while maintaining an inert atmosphere.
- a predetermined gas species may be aerated in the reaction vessel or the reaction solution may be bubbling directly.
- various gases such as an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide, an oxidizing gas such as air and oxygen, or a mixed gas thereof are supplied into the reaction vessel and obtained.
- the oxidation state of the reaction product may be controlled.
- peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide, peroxide salts such as permanganate, perchlorates, hypochlorites, nitrates, halogens, ozone, etc. are used. can do.
- organic acids such as oxalic acid and formic acid, sulfites, hydrazine and the like can be used.
- reaction product is washed with water and then dried to obtain MCC.
- reaction product contains impurities derived from the mixed solution only by washing with water
- the reaction product contains weak acid water, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide, if necessary. It may be washed with an alkaline solution.
- nickel cobalt aluminum metal composite hydroxide is produced as MCC, but nickel cobalt aluminum metal composite oxide may be prepared.
- a nickel cobalt aluminum metal composite oxide can be prepared by oxidizing a nickel cobalt aluminum metal composite hydroxide.
- the MCC obtained by the above method and a lithium compound are mixed to obtain a mixture of the MCC and the lithium compound.
- the lithium compound one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate can be used.
- the lithium compound and MCC are mixed in consideration of the composition ratio of the final target product to obtain a mixture. Specifically, it is preferable to mix the lithium compound and MCC in a ratio corresponding to the composition ratio of the composition formula (I) described later.
- the mixture of MCC and the lithium compound may be heated before the firing step described later.
- a mixture raw material containing a reaction product of MCC and a lithium compound can be obtained. That is, the mixture raw material contains a reaction product obtained by reacting a part of the MCC and the lithium compound contained in the mixture of the MCC and the lithium compound, and may further contain the MCC and the lithium compound.
- the heating temperature when heating the mixture of MCC and the lithium compound is, for example, 300 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower.
- a mixture raw material containing a mixture of MCC and a lithium compound or a reaction product of MCC and a lithium compound can be adopted as a product to be fired in a firing step described later.
- the Li content of the object to be fired is more than 5% by mass and 10% by mass or less, preferably 5.1% by mass or more and 9.9% by mass or less, and 5.2% by mass or more and 9.8% by mass or less. preferable. Further, in one aspect of the present invention, the preferable content of Li in the product to be fired is more than 5% by mass and 9.0% by mass or less, more than 5% by mass and 8.0% by mass or less, and more than 5% by mass. 0% by mass or less can be mentioned.
- LiMO having an increased number of layers having lithium ion conductivity can be produced.
- Such LiMO can improve the initial efficiency of the lithium secondary battery.
- the Li content of the object to be fired is not more than the above upper limit value, the inner wall of the firing means is less likely to corrode. As a result, steps such as replacement of members of the firing means are less likely to occur, and production efficiency is improved.
- the Li content in the product to be fired is measured by the following method.
- the composition analysis of the object to be calcined can be measured by dissolving the powder of the object to be calcined in hydrochloric acid and then using an ICP emission spectrophotometer.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer for example, SPS3000 manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the object to be fired is measured by ICP emission spectroscopic analysis, and the content of Li contained in the object to be fired is determined.
- the "content of Li contained in the object to be fired” is the ratio of Li to the total amount of metal elements contained in the object to be fired.
- the object to be fired is fired using a firing means.
- the firing means includes an inner wall that is in direct contact with the object to be fired.
- the firing means include a rotary kiln or a roller herring squirrel.
- the inner wall is, for example, a cylindrical kiln inner wall.
- the firing means is a roller hearth kiln
- the inner wall is, for example, the inner wall of the firing container.
- the firing means is preferably a rotary kiln.
- the rotary kiln may be a continuous type or a batch type.
- the main material of the inner wall is alloy.
- the term "main material” means the material most abundant in the inner wall.
- the alloy which is the main material of the inner wall will be described.
- the alloy contains Ni and Al.
- the content of Ni with respect to the total amount of the alloy is 93% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.
- the content of Al with respect to the total amount of the alloy is 3% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the inner wall provided by the firing means is less likely to be corroded by the lithium compound.
- the Al content with respect to the total amount of the alloy is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, it is considered that an aluminum oxide film is formed on the surface of the inner wall.
- the aluminum oxide film functions as a protective film, and the inner wall of the firing means is less likely to be corroded by the lithium compound.
- the Al content with respect to the total amount of the alloy is not more than the above upper limit value, it becomes easy to alloy with Ni.
- the inner wall of the firing means is less likely to be corroded by the lithium compound contained in the object to be fired. Therefore, steps such as replacement of the inner wall member and repair of the firing means are unlikely to occur, and LiMO capable of providing a lithium secondary battery exhibiting a high initial discharge capacity can be efficiently produced for a long period of time.
- the alloy may contain either or both of Si and Mn.
- the content of Si with respect to the total amount of the alloy as the main material is preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 2.5% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.7% by mass or more and 2.3% by mass or less. preferable.
- the content of Mn with respect to the total amount of the alloy as the main material is preferably more than 0% by mass and 1.0% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.2% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less. ..
- the total amount of Si and Mn with respect to the total amount of the alloy as the main material is preferably more than 0.5% by mass and 3.5% by mass or less.
- Si or Mn it is considered that the film formed on the surface of the inner wall is less likely to break.
- composition of the alloy is determined by the following method.
- composition analysis of the alloy which is the main material of the inner wall provided in the firing means is performed by using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer. This makes it possible to quantify the amount of metal elements in the alloy.
- the metal elements contained in the alloy are, for example, Ni, Al, Si, and Mn.
- the fluorescent X-ray analyzer for example, a model: X-MET8000, manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech, Inc. can be used. Further, it may be quantified using a glow discharge mass spectrometer.
- the firing conditions may be one-stage firing or two-stage firing.
- LiMO can be obtained by one-stage firing or two-stage firing.
- the one-stage firing is a firing in which the object to be fired is held at a specific firing temperature for a certain period of time.
- the product to be fired is fired by a temporary firing step, and the obtained temporary firing product is fired by the main firing step.
- the firing temperature is different between the temporary firing process and the main firing process.
- the firing at a temperature higher than the firing temperature of the temporary firing step is defined as the main firing step.
- the temporary firing step it is preferable to fire using the firing means.
- LiMO capable of providing a lithium secondary battery exhibiting a high initial discharge capacity can be efficiently produced over a long period of time.
- the main firing step may be fired using the firing means, or may be changed to another firing means. Since the main firing is performed at a higher temperature than the temporary firing, the inner wall is easily damaged during firing. In this case, the inner wall is easily corroded by the lithium compound contained in the object to be fired. Therefore, it is preferable that this firing step is carried out by the firing means.
- the firing temperature is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the firing temperature is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower in either the temporary firing step or the main firing step.
- the firing temperature in the temporary firing step is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower
- the firing temperature in the main firing step is preferably more than 700 ° C. and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the firing time is preferably 1 hour or more and 30 hours or less in total from the start of temperature rise to the end of temperature retention.
- the heating rate of the heating step to reach the maximum holding temperature is preferably 180 ° C./hour or more and 2000 ° C./hour or less, more preferably 200 ° C./hour or more and 1900 ° C./hour or less, and 250 ° C./hour or more and 1800 ° C./hour or less. Especially preferable.
- the maximum holding temperature in the present specification is the maximum holding temperature of the atmosphere in the firing furnace in the firing step, and means the firing temperature in the firing step. In the case of a firing step having a plurality of heating steps, the maximum holding temperature means the maximum temperature of each firing step.
- the heating rate in the present specification is the time from the time when the temperature rise is started to the time when the temperature rise is reached in the firing apparatus, and the temperature from the temperature at the start of the temperature rise in the firing furnace of the firing apparatus to the maximum holding temperature. It is calculated from the temperature difference.
- the oxygen concentration in the firing atmosphere of the firing step is preferably 10% by volume or more.
- the oxygen concentration in the firing atmosphere in the firing step is 50% by volume or more and 60% by volume or more.
- the firing conditions of the temporary firing step and the main firing step are preferably carried out in the following combination.
- the obtained fired product may be washed. Pure water or an alkaline cleaning solution can be used for cleaning.
- the LiMO produced by the production method of the present embodiment is preferably represented by the following general formula (I).
- x is preferably more than 0, more preferably 0.01 or more, still more preferably 0.02 or more. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining a lithium secondary battery having a higher initial Coulomb efficiency, x is preferably 0.1 or less, more preferably 0.08 or less, still more preferably 0.06 or less.
- the upper limit value and the lower limit value of x can be arbitrarily combined. Examples of combinations include x being greater than 0 and 0.1 or less, 0.01 or more and 0.08 or less, and 0.02 or more and 0.06 or less.
- a high cycle characteristic means a high discharge capacity retention rate.
- y is preferably 0.005 or more, more preferably 0.01 or more, still more preferably 0.05 or more. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining a lithium secondary battery having high thermal stability, y is preferably 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.35 or less, still more preferably 0.33 or less.
- the upper limit value and the lower limit value of y can be arbitrarily combined. Examples of combinations include y of 0.005 or more and 0.4 or less, 0.01 or more and 0.35 or less, and 0.05 or more and 0.33 or less.
- z is preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.02 or more, still more preferably 0.03 or more. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining a lithium secondary battery having high storage characteristics at a high temperature (for example, in an environment of 60 ° C.), z is preferably 0.89 or less, more preferably 0.88 or less, still more preferably 0.87 or less.
- the upper limit value and the lower limit value of z can be arbitrarily combined. Examples of combinations include z of 0.01 or more and 0.89 or less, 0.02 or more and 0.88 or less, and 0.03 or more and 0.87 or less.
- M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cu, Ti, Mg, Al, W, B, Mo, Nb, Zn, Sn, Zr, Ga and V.
- M is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, W, B, Zr, and Nb, and heat is preferable.
- Mn, Ti, Mg, Al, W, B, Zr, and Nb are preferable.
- composition analysis of LiMO can be measured by dissolving the obtained LiMO powder in hydrochloric acid and then using an ICP emission spectrophotometer.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer for example, SPS3000 manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. can be used.
- LiMO produced by the production method of the present embodiment can be suitably used as CAM.
- Lithium secondary battery The configuration of a lithium secondary battery suitable for using LiMO produced by the production method of the present embodiment as a CAM will be described. Further, a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery suitable for using LiMO produced by the production method of the present embodiment as a CAM will be described. Hereinafter, the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery may be referred to as a positive electrode. Further, a lithium secondary battery suitable for use as a positive electrode will be described.
- An example of a suitable lithium secondary battery when LiMO manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present embodiment is used as a CAM is a positive electrode and a negative electrode, a separator sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Has an electrolyte to be placed.
- An example of a lithium secondary battery has a positive electrode and a negative electrode, a separator sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a lithium secondary battery.
- the cylindrical lithium secondary battery 10 is manufactured as follows.
- a pair of strip-shaped separators 1, a strip-shaped positive electrode 2 having a positive electrode lead 21 at one end, and a strip-shaped negative electrode 3 having a negative electrode lead 31 at one end are divided into a separator 1, a positive electrode 2, and a separator. 1.
- the negative electrode 3 is laminated in this order and wound to form the electrode group 4.
- the lithium secondary battery 10 can be manufactured by sealing the upper part of the battery can 5 with the top insulator 7 and the sealing body 8.
- the shape of the electrode group 4 is, for example, a columnar shape such that the cross-sectional shape when the electrode group 4 is cut in the direction perpendicular to the winding axis is a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, or a rectangle with rounded corners. Can be mentioned.
- the shape of the lithium secondary battery having such an electrode group 4 the shape defined by IEC60086, which is a standard for batteries defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), or JIS C8500 can be adopted. ..
- IEC60086 which is a standard for batteries defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), or JIS C8500
- a cylindrical shape or a square shape can be mentioned.
- the lithium secondary battery is not limited to the above-mentioned winding type configuration, and may be a laminated type configuration in which a laminated structure of a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and a separator is repeatedly laminated.
- the laminated lithium secondary battery include so-called coin-type batteries, button-type batteries, and paper-type (or sheet-type) batteries.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured by first adjusting a positive electrode mixture containing a CAM, a conductive material and a binder, and supporting the positive electrode mixture on a positive electrode current collector.
- a carbon material can be used as the conductive material of the positive electrode.
- the carbon material is, for example, graphite powder, carbon black (for example, acetylene black), or fibrous carbon material.
- the ratio of the conductive material in the positive electrode mixture is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of CAM.
- thermoplastic resin As the binder contained in the positive electrode, a thermoplastic resin can be used.
- thermoplastic resin include polyimide resins, fluororesins, polyolefin resins, and the resins described in WO2019 / 098384A1 or US2020 / 0274158A1.
- the polyimide resin is, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter, may be referred to as PVdF).
- the fluororesin is, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the polyolefin resin is, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, or the like.
- a band-shaped member made of a metal material such as Al, Ni, or stainless steel can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture is made into a paste using an organic solvent, and the obtained positive electrode mixture paste is applied to at least one surface side of the positive electrode current collector and dried.
- Examples thereof include a method of performing an electrode pressing step to fix the electrodes.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- Examples of the method of applying the positive electrode mixture paste to the positive electrode current collector include a slit die coating method, a screen coating method, a curtain coating method, a knife coating method, a gravure coating method, and an electrostatic spray method.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured by the methods listed above.
- the negative electrode of the lithium secondary battery may be capable of doping and dedoping lithium ions at a potential lower than that of the positive electrode.
- an electrode in which a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material is supported on a negative electrode current collector, and an electrode composed of a negative electrode active material alone can be mentioned.
- Negative electrode active material examples include carbon materials, chalcogen compounds (oxides, sulfides, etc.), nitrides, metals or alloys, which can be doped and dedoped with lithium ions at a lower potential than the positive electrode. Be done.
- Examples of the carbon material that can be used as the negative electrode active material include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, cokes, carbon black, carbon fiber, and a calcined organic polymer compound.
- Oxides that can be used as the negative electrode active material include silicon oxides represented by the formula SiO x (where x is a positive real number) such as SiO 2 , SiO; the formula SnO x such as SnO 2 and SnO (here). And x is a positive real number) of tin oxide; a metal composite oxide containing lithium and titanium such as Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , etc.;
- the metal that can be used as the negative electrode active material examples include lithium metal, silicon metal, and tin metal.
- a material that can be used as a negative electrode active material the material described in WO2019 / 098384A1 or US2020 / 0274158A1 may be used.
- These metals and alloys are mainly used alone as electrodes after being processed into a foil, for example.
- a carbon material containing graphite as a main component such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, is preferably used. This is because the potential of the negative electrode hardly changes from the uncharged state to the fully charged state during charging (potential flatness is good), the average discharge potential is low, and the capacity retention rate when repeatedly charged and discharged is high (cycle characteristics). Is good).
- the shape of the carbon material may be, for example, a flaky shape such as natural graphite, a spherical shape such as mesocarbon microbeads, a fibrous shape such as graphitized carbon fiber, or an agglomerate of fine powder.
- the negative electrode mixture may contain a binder, if necessary.
- the binder include thermoplastic resins, and specifically, PVdF, thermoplastic polyimide, carboxymethyl cellulose (hereinafter, may be referred to as CMC), and styrene-butadiene rubber (hereinafter, may be referred to as SBR).
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- examples include polyethylene and polypropylene.
- Negative electrode current collector examples of the negative electrode current collector included in the negative electrode include a band-shaped member made of a metal material such as Cu, Ni, and stainless steel as a forming material.
- separator of the lithium secondary battery for example, a material having a form such as a porous film, a non-woven fabric, or a woven fabric made of a material such as a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, a fluororesin, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer is used. Can be used. Further, two or more kinds of these materials may be used to form a separator, or these materials may be laminated to form a separator. Further, the separator described in JP-A-2000-030686 or US20090111025A1 may be used.
- the electrolytic solution contained in the lithium secondary battery contains an electrolyte and an organic solvent.
- Examples of the electrolyte contained in the electrolytic solution include lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , and LiBF 4 , and a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- organic solvent contained in the electrolytic solution for example, carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate can be used.
- the organic solvent it is preferable to use a mixture of two or more of these.
- a mixed solvent containing carbonates is preferable, and a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and acyclic carbonate and a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and ethers are more preferable.
- the electrolytic solution it is preferable to use an electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt containing fluorine such as LiPF 6 and an organic solvent having a fluorine substituent because the safety of the obtained lithium secondary battery is enhanced.
- a lithium salt containing fluorine such as LiPF 6
- an organic solvent having a fluorine substituent because the safety of the obtained lithium secondary battery is enhanced.
- the electrolyte and the organic solvent contained in the electrolytic solution the electrolyte and the organic solvent described in WO2019 / 098384A1 or US2020 / 0274158A1 may be used.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an all-solid-state lithium secondary battery.
- the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 shown in FIG. 2 has a positive electrode 110, a negative electrode 120, a laminated body 100 having a solid electrolyte layer 130, and an exterior body 200 containing the laminated body 100.
- the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 may have a bipolar structure in which a CAM and a negative electrode active material are arranged on both sides of a current collector.
- Specific examples of the bipolar structure include the structure described in JP-A-2004-95400. The materials constituting each member will be described later.
- the laminated body 100 may have an external terminal 113 connected to the positive electrode current collector 112 and an external terminal 123 connected to the negative electrode current collector 122.
- the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 may have a separator between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120.
- the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 further has an insulator (not shown) that insulates the laminate 100 and the exterior body 200, and a sealant (not shown) that seals the opening 200a of the exterior body 200.
- a container formed of a metal material having high corrosion resistance such as aluminum, stainless steel or nickel-plated steel can be used as the exterior body 200. Further, as the exterior body 200, a container obtained by processing a laminated film having a corrosion resistant treatment on at least one surface into a bag shape can also be used.
- Examples of the shape of the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 include a coin type, a button type, a paper type (or a sheet type), a cylindrical type, a square type, and a laminated type (pouch type).
- the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 is shown as an example having one laminated body 100, but the present embodiment is not limited to this.
- the all-solid-state lithium secondary battery 1000 may have a structure in which the laminated body 100 is a unit cell and a plurality of unit cells (laminated body 100) are enclosed inside the exterior body 200.
- the positive electrode 110 has a positive electrode active material layer 111 and a positive electrode current collector 112.
- the positive electrode active material layer 111 contains the above-mentioned CAM and solid electrolyte. Further, the positive electrode active material layer 111 may contain a conductive material and a binder.
- Solid electrolyte As the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode active material layer 111, a solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity and used in a known all-solid lithium secondary battery can be adopted. Examples of such a solid electrolyte include an inorganic electrolyte and an organic electrolyte.
- Examples of the inorganic electrolyte include an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, and a hydride-based solid electrolyte.
- organic electrolyte examples include polymer-based solid electrolytes.
- each electrolyte examples include the compounds described in WO2020 / 208872A1, US2016 / 0235510A1, US2012 / 0251871A1, and US2018 / 0159169A1, and examples thereof include the following compounds.
- oxide-based solid electrolyte examples include perovskite-type oxides, NASICON-type oxides, LISION-type oxides, and garnet-type oxides. Specific examples of each oxide include the compounds described in WO2020 / 208872A1, US2016 / 0235510A1, and US2020 / 0259213A1, and examples thereof include the following compounds.
- garnet-type oxide examples include Li-La-Zr-based oxides such as Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (also referred to as LLZ).
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte may be a crystalline material or an amorphous material.
- Examples of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 series compounds, Li 2 S—SiS 2 series compounds, Li 2 S—GeS 2 series compounds, Li 2 SB 2 S 3 series compounds, and LiI-. Examples thereof include Si 2 SP 2 S 5 series compounds, LiI-Li 2 SP 2 O 5 series compounds, LiI-Li 3 PO 4-P 2 S 5 series compounds , and Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 series. ..
- system compound which refers to a sulfide-based solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte mainly containing raw materials such as "Li 2 S” and "P 2 S 5 " described before “system compound”. It is used as a general term for.
- the Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound mainly contains Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 , and further contains a solid electrolyte containing other raw materials.
- the ratio of Li 2S contained in the Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound is, for example, 50 to 90% by mass with respect to the entire Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound .
- the ratio of P 2 S 5 contained in the Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound is, for example, 10 to 50% by mass with respect to the entire Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound.
- the ratio of other raw materials contained in the Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound is, for example, 0 to 30% by mass with respect to the entire Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound.
- the Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compound also contains a solid electrolyte having a different mixing ratio of Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 .
- Li 2 SP 2 S 5 system compounds examples include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiI, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiCl, and Li 2 SP 2 .
- examples thereof include S 5 -LiBr, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -LiI-LiBr, and the like.
- Li 2 S-SiS 2 compounds include Li 2 S-SiS 2 , Li 2 S-SiS 2 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -LiBr, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -LiCl, and Li 2 S-SiS. 2 -B 2 S 3 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -P 2 S 5 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -P 2 S 5 -LiCl and the like can be mentioned.
- Li 2 S-GeS 2 compound examples include Li 2 S-GeS 2 and Li 2 S-GeS 2 -P 2 S 5 .
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be a crystalline material or an amorphous material.
- Two or more types of solid electrolytes can be used in combination as long as the effects of the invention are not impaired.
- the conductive material contained in the positive electrode active material layer 111 the material described in the above (conductive material) can be used. Further, as for the ratio of the conductive material in the positive electrode mixture, the ratio described in the above-mentioned (conductive material) can be similarly applied. Further, as the binder contained in the positive electrode, the material described in the above-mentioned (binder) can be used.
- Positive electrode current collector 112 included in the positive electrode 110 As the positive electrode current collector 112 included in the positive electrode 110, the material described in the above (positive electrode current collector) can be used.
- a method of pressure molding the CAM layer 111 on the positive electrode current collector 112 can be mentioned.
- a cold press or a hot press can be used for pressure molding.
- a mixture of CAM, a solid electrolyte, a conductive material and a binder is made into a paste using an organic solvent to form a positive electrode mixture, and the obtained positive electrode mixture is applied onto at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector 112, dried and pressed.
- the positive electrode active material layer 111 may be supported on the positive electrode current collector 112 by sticking to the positive electrode collector 112.
- a mixture of CAM, a solid electrolyte and a conductive material is made into a paste using an organic solvent to form a positive electrode mixture, and the obtained positive electrode mixture is applied onto at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector 112, dried and sintered. Therefore, the positive electrode active material layer 111 may be supported on the positive electrode current collector 112.
- the organic solvent that can be used for the positive electrode mixture the same organic solvent that can be used when the positive electrode mixture described above (positive electrode current collector) is made into a paste can be used.
- Examples of the method of applying the positive electrode mixture to the positive electrode current collector 112 include the method described in the above-mentioned (positive electrode current collector).
- the positive electrode 110 can be manufactured by the method described above. Specific examples of the combination of materials used for the positive electrode 110 include the above-mentioned CAM and the combination of the solid electrolyte, the binder and the conductive material shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- the negative electrode 120 has a negative electrode active material layer 121 and a negative electrode current collector 122.
- the negative electrode active material layer 121 contains a negative electrode active material. Further, the negative electrode active material layer 121 may contain a solid electrolyte and a conductive material. As the negative electrode active material, the negative electrode current collector, the solid electrolyte, the conductive material and the binder, those described above can be used.
- a method by pressure molding and a paste-like negative electrode mixture containing the negative electrode active material are applied on the negative electrode current collector 122 as in the case of the positive electrode 110.
- Examples thereof include a method of applying, drying and then pressing and crimping, and a method of applying a paste-like negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material on the negative electrode current collector 122, drying and then sintering.
- Solid electrolyte layer 130 has the above-mentioned solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte layer 130 can be formed by depositing an inorganic solid electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 111 of the above-mentioned positive electrode 110 by a sputtering method.
- the solid electrolyte layer 130 can be formed by applying a paste-like mixture containing a solid electrolyte to the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 111 of the above-mentioned positive electrode 110 and drying it. After drying, the solid electrolyte layer 130 may be formed by press molding and further pressurizing by a cold isotropic pressure pressurization method (CIP).
- CIP cold isotropic pressure pressurization method
- the negative electrode 120 is laminated on the solid electrolyte layer 130 provided on the positive electrode 110 as described above by using a known method so that the negative electrode active material layer 121 is in contact with the surface of the solid electrolyte layer 130. It can be manufactured by letting it.
- composition analysis of LiMO was carried out by the method described in the above ⁇ composition analysis>.
- ⁇ Measurement of Li content in the object to be fired> The content of Li contained in the object to be fired was determined by the method described in ⁇ Measurement of the content of Li contained in the object to be fired>.
- the corrosion rate was determined by the method described in ⁇ Measurement of Corrosion Rate and Growth Rate of Corrosion Products>. Specifically, the following metal test pieces 1 to 3 were prepared as metal test pieces.
- the metal test pieces 1 to 3 had a size of 20 mm in length, 25 mm in width, and 3 mm in thickness.
- the metal test piece 1 is a metal test piece having a Ni content of 94% by mass, an Al content of 4% by mass, a Si content of 1.5% by mass, and a Mn content of 0.5% by mass. be.
- the metal test piece 2 is a metal test piece having a Ni content of 62% by mass, a Cr content of 22% by mass, a W content of 14% by mass, and a Mo content of 2% by mass.
- the metal test piece 3 is a metal test piece having a Ni content of 100% by mass.
- Example 1 After putting water in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and an overflow pipe, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to maintain the liquid temperature at 50 ° C.
- An aqueous solution of nickel sulfate, an aqueous solution of cobalt sulfate, and an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate were mixed at a ratio of Ni, Co, and Al at an atomic ratio of 88: 9: 3 to prepare a mixed raw material solution.
- the mixed raw material solution and the ammonium sulfate aqueous solution were continuously added as a complexing agent into the reaction vessel under stirring.
- An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise at appropriate times so that the pH of the solution in the reaction vessel was 11.6 (when measured at a liquid temperature of 40 ° C.) to obtain a nickel-cobalt-aluminum composite hydroxide.
- the nickel-cobalt-aluminum composite hydroxide was washed, dehydrated in a centrifuge, isolated and dried at 105 ° C. to obtain nickel-cobalt-aluminum composite hydroxide 1.
- the Li content of the product 1 to be fired was 6.3% by mass.
- Alloy 1 has a Ni content of 94% by mass, an Al content of 4% by mass, a Si content of 1.5% by mass, and a Mn content of 0.5% by mass with respect to the total amount of the alloy. % was used.
- the object to be fired 1 was placed on the alloy 1 and the object to be fired 1 was tentatively fired. At this time, the object to be fired 1 was fired in a state of being in contact with the alloy 1 and not in contact with the inner wall of the firing furnace.
- the conditions for temporary firing were 680 ° C. for 12 hours under an oxygen atmosphere.
- the obtained calcination product was main-baked at 740 ° C. for 6 hours under an oxygen atmosphere, and sieved to obtain LiMO of Example 1.
- LiMO of Comparative Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the alloy 1 was changed to the alloy 2.
- the alloy 2 an alloy having a Ni content of 62% by mass, a Cr content of 22% by mass, a W content of 14% by mass, and a Mo content of 2% by mass was used. Further, the corrosion rate and the growth rate of the corrosion product were measured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the metal test piece 1 was changed to the metal test piece 2.
- LiMO of Comparative Example 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the alloy 1 was changed to a metal having a Ni content of 100% by mass. Further, the corrosion rate and the growth rate of the corrosion product were measured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the metal test piece 1 was changed to the metal test piece 3.
- LiMO of Comparative Example 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the object to be fired 1 was changed to the object to be fired 2 having a Li content of 0.7% by mass. Further, the corrosion rate and the growth rate of the corrosion product were measured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 g of the object to be fired 2 was used and the number of times of firing was 4 times in total.
- LiMO of Comparative Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the product 1 to be fired was changed to the product 3 to be fired having a Li content of 10.9% by mass. Further, the corrosion rate and the growth rate of the corrosion product were measured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 g of the object to be fired 3 was used and the number of times of firing was 3 times in total.
- Table 4 shows the composition of LiMO produced in Examples 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the Li content of the object to be calcined, the composition of the alloy, the corrosion rate of the metal test piece, and the growth rate of the corrosion product. Further, Table 4 shows the initial discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery using LiMO produced in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 as a CAM. In Examples 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, the Ni content in the total amount of LiMO was 80% or more, so the above-mentioned criterion A was used for the evaluation of the initial discharge capacity.
- Example 1 the Li content in the total amount of LiMO was 6.5% by mass or less, so that the above-mentioned criterion 1 was used for the evaluation of the growth rate of the corrosion product.
- Comparative Example 4 since the content of Li in the total amount of LiMO exceeded 6.5% by mass, the above-mentioned criterion 2 was used for the evaluation of the growth rate of the corrosion product.
- Example 1 is a method capable of efficiently producing LiMO. Further, in Example 1, the initial charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery can be set to 180 mAh / g or more, and the performance of the lithium secondary battery can be improved.
- the firing conditions for the temporary firing and the main firing of Example 1 reproduce the case of firing using a firing means provided with an inner wall in which the main material is alloy 1. That is, from the results of Example 1, even when firing using a firing means in which the main material of the inner wall is alloy 1, LiMO can be efficiently produced, and the initial charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery is 180 mAh / g or more. It can be fully inferred that the performance of the lithium secondary battery will be improved.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 Although the initial charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery could be increased, the corrosion rate of the metal test piece exceeded 5 mm / year in Comparative Example 2, and the corrosion product in Comparative Example 1. The growth rate of was over 0.9 mm / year. Therefore, it was shown that the inner wall of the firing means is easily corroded even when firing is performed by the firing means in which the main material of the inner wall is the alloy 2. Therefore, it can be seen that Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are more inefficient manufacturing methods than those of Example 1. In Comparative Example 3, since the Li content of the object to be fired was low, the values of the corrosion rate of the metal test piece and the growth rate of the corrosion product could be lowered. However, it is considered that the initial charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery is lowered due to the small amount of the lithium conductive layer of LiMO obtained.
- Comparative Example 4 the corrosion rate of the alloy was as high as 43.8 mm / year because the Li content of the object to be fired was high. In addition, the growth rate of corrosion products was as high as 41.4 mm / year. Therefore, it was shown that the inner wall of the firing means is easily corroded even when firing using the firing means in which the main material of the inner wall is Ni metal. Therefore, it can be seen that Comparative Example 4 is a more inefficient manufacturing method than Example 1. In Comparative Example 4, the object to be fired adhered to the alloy 1 which is a model of the inner wall of the firing means, LiMO could not be recovered, and the battery could not be evaluated.
- Example 2 After putting water in a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer and an overflow pipe, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to maintain the liquid temperature at 50 ° C.
- An aqueous solution of nickel sulfate, an aqueous solution of cobalt sulfate, and an aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were mixed at a ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn at an atomic ratio of 60:20:20 to prepare a mixed raw material solution.
- this mixed raw material solution and an aqueous ammonium sulfate solution were continuously added as a complexing agent into the reaction vessel under stirring.
- An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise at appropriate times so that the pH of the solution in the reaction vessel was 11.6 (when measured at a liquid temperature of 40 ° C.) to obtain a nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide.
- the nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide was washed, dehydrated with a centrifuge, isolated and dried at 105 ° C. to obtain nickel-cobalt-manganese composite hydroxide 1.
- the Li content of the product 11 to be fired was 6.6% by mass.
- LiMO of Example 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conditions for the main firing were set at 955 ° C. for 5 hours under an oxygen atmosphere. Further, the corrosion rate and the growth rate of the corrosion product were measured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 g of the object to be fired 11 was used.
- Table 5 shows the composition of LiMO produced in Example 2, the Li content of the object to be calcined, the composition of the alloy, the corrosion rate of the metal test piece, and the growth rate of the corrosion product. Further, Table 5 shows the initial discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery using LiMO produced in Example 2 as a CAM.
- Example 2 since the content of Ni in the total amount of LiMO was less than 80%, the above-mentioned criterion B was used for the evaluation of the initial discharge capacity. In Example 2, since the content of Li in the total amount of LiMO exceeded 6.5% by mass, the above-mentioned criterion 2 was used for the evaluation of the growth rate of the corrosion product.
- Example 2 As shown in Table 5, in Example 2, the corrosion rate of the metal test piece is 5 mm / year or less, the growth rate of the corrosion product is 2.6 mm / year or less, the corrosion rate is slow, and the alloy is hard to corrode. I was able to confirm that. Therefore, Example 2 was shown to be a method capable of efficiently producing LiMO. Further, in Example 2, the initial charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery can be 170 mAh / g or more, and the performance of the lithium secondary battery can be improved.
- Negative electrode 4 Electrode group 5: Battery can, 6: Electrolyte, 7: Top insulator, 8: Seal, 10: Lithium secondary battery, 21: Positive electrode lead, 100: Laminate, 110: Positive electrode, 111: Positive electrode active material layer, 112: Positive electrode current collector, 113: External terminal, 120: Negative electrode, 121: Negative electrode active material layer, 122: Negative electrode current collector, 123: External terminal, 130: Solid electrolyte Layer, 200: Exterior, 200a: Opening, 1000: All-solid-state lithium secondary battery
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2020年11月24日に、日本に出願された特願2020-194235号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
焼成工程には、連続焼成炉や流動式焼成炉が用いられる。
本発明は上記事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、初回放電容量が高いリチウム二次電池が得られるリチウム金属複合酸化物を効率的に製造する方法を提供することを目的とする。
[1]焼成手段を用いて被焼成物を焼成する焼成工程において、前記被焼成物は、金属複合化合物とリチウム化合物との混合物、または前記金属複合化合物と前記リチウム化合物との反応物を含む混合物原料であり、前記被焼成物は、Liの含有率が5質量%を超え10質量%以下であり、前記焼成手段は、内壁を備え、前記内壁の主材は合金であり、前記合金は、Ni及びAlを含有し、前記合金の全量に対する前記Niの含有率は93質量%以上95質量%以下であり、前記合金の全量に対する前記Alの含有率は3質量%以上5質量%以下である、リチウム金属複合酸化物の製造方法。
[2]前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は下記の一般式(I)で表される、[1]に記載の製造方法。
Li[Lix(Ni(1-y-z)CoyMz)1-x]O2 …(I)
(-0.1≦x≦0.2、0≦y≦0.5、0≦z≦0.9、y+z<1、Mは、Mn、Cu、Ti、Mg、Al、W、B、Mo、Nb、Zn、Sn、Zr、Ga及びVからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素を表す。)
[3]前記合金は、Si又はMnのいずれか一方又は両方を含む、[1]又は[2]に記載の製造方法。
[4]前記合金の全量に対する前記Siの含有率は0.5質量%以上2.5質量%以下である、[3]に記載の製造方法。
[5]前記合金の全量に対する前記Mnの含有率は0質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である、[3]に記載の製造方法。
[6]前記焼成工程における焼成温度は、100℃以上900℃以下である、[1]~[5]のいずれか1つに記載の製造方法。
[7]前記焼成手段はロータリーキルンである、[1]~[6]のいずれか1つに記載の製造方法。
[8]前記焼成工程は仮焼成工程と本焼成工程とを有し、少なくとも前記仮焼成工程において、前記焼成手段を用いて焼成し、前記仮焼成工程の焼成温度は100℃以上700℃以下であり、前記本焼成工程の焼成温度は700℃を超え1000℃以下である、[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の製造方法。
リチウム金属複合酸化物(lithium metal composite oxide)を以下「LiMO」と称する。
リチウム二次電池用正極活物質(cathode active material for lithium secondary batteries)を以下「CAM」と称する。
(リチウム二次電池用正極の作製)
本実施形態の製造方法により製造されるLiMOをCAMとして用いる。CAMと導電材とバインダーとを、CAM:導電材:バインダー=92:5:3(質量比)の組成となる割合で加えて混練し、ペースト状の正極合剤を調製する。正極合剤の調製時には、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンを有機溶媒として用いる。導電材にはアセチレンブラックを用いる。バインダーには、ポリフッ化ビニリデンを用いる。
以下の操作を、アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス内で行う。
(リチウム二次電池用正極の作製)で作製されるリチウム二次電池用正極を、コイン型電池R2032用のパーツ(宝泉株式会社製)の下蓋にアルミ箔面を下に向けて置き、その上にセパレータ(ポリエチレン製多孔質フィルム)を置く。ここに電解液を300μl注入する。電解液は、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートの30:35:35(体積比)混合液に、LiPF6を1.0mol/lとなる割合で溶解したものを用いる。
リチウム二次電池を室温で12時間静置することでセパレータ及び正極合剤層に充分電解液を含浸させる。
試験温度25℃において、充電及び放電ともに電流設定値0.2CAとし、それぞれ定電流定電圧充電と定電流放電を行う。負極を金属Liとし、充電最大電圧は、4.3V、放電最小電圧は2.5Vとする。放電容量を測定し、得られた値を「初回放電容量」(mAh/g)とする。
放電容量の判定基準は、リチウム金属複合酸化物の組成により判定基準が異なる場合がある。具体的には、下記の判定基準A又は判定基準Bのいずれかにより判定する。
判定基準A:初回放電容量が180mAh/g以上であると、初回放電容量が高いと評価する。
判定基準B:初回放電容量が170mAh/g以上であると、初回放電容量が高いと評価する。
本明細書においてLiMOを効率的に製造できるか否かは、金属試験片の腐食速度および腐食生成物の成長速度を測定して確認する。金属試験片は、焼成手段が備える内壁の主材である合金のモデルである。金属試験片の腐食速度および腐食生成物の成長速度の値が小さいほど、製造効率が高いことを示す。腐食速度及び腐食生成物の成長速度は下記の方法により測定する。
未焼成の金属試験片はマイクロメーターで金属試験片の厚みを測定する。この時の厚みをL1(mm)とする。
金属試験片の厚みとは、金属試験片について、試験片中央の厚みを測定したときの値を意味する。
L1とL2との差(L1-L2)を、肉厚変化(mm)とする。
さらに、得られた肉厚変化から、下記の式により腐食速度を算出する。
腐食速度(mm/年)=[肉厚変化(mm)×24×365]/[保持時間(h)×焼成回数]
また、得られた腐食生成物の厚さから、下記の式により腐食生成物の成長速度を算出する。
腐食生成物の成長速度(mm/年)=[腐食生成物厚さ(mm)×24×365]/[保持時間(h)×焼成回数]
判定基準1:腐食生成物の成長速度が0.9mm/年以下であると、腐食速度が遅く、焼成手段が備える内壁が腐食されにくいと評価する。
判定基準2:腐食生成物の成長速度が2.6mm/年以下であると、腐食速度が遅く、焼成手段が備える内壁が腐食されにくいと評価する。
本実施形態のLiMOの製造方法は、焼成手段を用いて被焼成物を焼成する焼成工程を必須工程とする。LiMOの製造方法は、MCCを得る工程及び混合物を得る工程を備えることが好ましい。以下、MCCを得る工程、混合物を得る工程、及び焼成工程の順に説明する。
まず、リチウム以外の金属元素、すなわち、Niと、任意金属であるCo、Al、及び元素Mとを含むMCCを調製する。
MCCは、通常公知のバッチ共沈殿法又は連続共沈殿法により製造することが可能である。以下、金属として、Ni、Co及びAlを含む金属複合水酸化物を例に、その製造方法を詳述する。
連続式共沈殿法で用いる反応槽は、形成された反応沈殿物を分離のためオーバーフローさせるタイプの反応槽を用いることができる。
反応槽内の雰囲気制御をガス種で行う場合、所定のガス種を反応槽内に通気するか、反応液を直接バブリングすればよい。
上記の方法により得られたMCCと、リチウム化合物とを混合し、MCCとリチウム化合物との混合物を得る。
リチウム化合物としては、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム、水酸化リチウム一水和物からなる群より選択される1種以上が使用できる。
MCCとリチウム化合物との混合物を加熱する際の加熱温度は、例えば、300℃以上700℃以下である。
また、本発明の一態様において被焼成物のLiの好ましい含有率は、5質量%を超え9.0質量%以下、5質量%を超え8.0質量%以下、5質量%を超え7.0質量%以下が挙げられる。
被焼成物のLiの含有率が上記上限値以下であると、焼成手段が備える内壁が腐食しにくくなる。これにより、焼成手段の部材交換等の工程が発生しにくく、生産効率が向上する。
被焼成物の組成分析は、被焼成物の粉末を塩酸に溶解させた後、ICP発光分光分析装置を用いて測定できる。ICP発光分光分析装置としては、例えばエスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー株式会社製、SPS3000が使用できる。被焼成物をICP発光分光分析で測定し、被焼成物に含まれるLiの含有率を求める。「被焼成物に含まれるLiの含有率」とは、被焼成物に含まれる金属元素の全量に対する、Liの割合である。
焼成手段を用いて前記被焼成物を焼成する。
焼成手段は、被焼成物と直接接する内壁を備える。
焼成手段は、例えばロータリーキルン又はローラーハースキルンが挙げられる。焼成手段がロータリーキルンである場合、内壁は例えば円筒状のキルン内壁である。焼成手段がローラーハースキルンである場合、内壁は例えば焼成容器の内壁である。
本明細書において「主材」とは、内壁に最も多く含まれる材料を意味する。
以下、内壁の主材である合金について説明する。
合金の全量に対するNiの含有率は、93質量%以上95質量%以下である。合金の全量に対するAlの含有率は3質量%以上5質量%以下である。
合金がSiを含む場合、主材である合金の全量に対するSiの含有率は、0.5質量%以上2.5質量%以下が好ましく、0.7質量%以上2.3質量%以下がより好ましい。
・Ni及びAlからなる合金
・Ni、Al及びSiからなる合金
・Ni、Al及びMnからなる合金
・Ni、Al、Si及びMnからなる合金
焼成手段が備える内壁の主材である合金の組成分析は、蛍光X線分析装置を用いて行う。これにより、合金中の金属元素の量を定量できる。合金に含まれる金属元素は、例えば、Ni、Al、Si、Mnである。
一段焼成は、被焼成物を特定の焼成温度で一定時間保持する焼成である。
なかでも、仮焼成工程の焼成温度は100℃以上700℃以下が好ましく、本焼成工程は700℃を超え1000℃以下とすることが好ましい。
(仮焼成工程)
焼成温度:600℃以上700℃以下
焼成時間:1時間以上15時間以下
焼成雰囲気:酸素雰囲気
(本焼成工程)
焼成温度:700℃を超え800℃以下
焼成時間:5時間以上7時間以下
焼成雰囲気:酸素雰囲気
焼成後に、得られた焼成物を洗浄してもよい。洗浄には、純水やアルカリ性洗浄液を用いることができる。
本実施形態の製造方法により製造されるLiMOは、下記の一般式(I)で表されるものが好ましい。
Li[Lix(Ni(1-y-z)CoyMz)1-x]O2 …(I)
(-0.1≦x≦0.2、0≦y≦0.5、0≦z≦0.9、y+z<1、Mは、Mn、Cu、Ti、Mg、Al、W、B、Mo、Nb、Zn、Sn、Zr、Ga及びVからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素を表す。)
サイクル特性が高いリチウム二次電池を得る観点から、xは0を超えることが好ましく、0.01以上がより好ましく、0.02以上がさらに好ましい。また、初回クーロン効率がより高いリチウム二次電池を得る観点から、xは0.1以下が好ましく、0.08以下がより好ましく、0.06以下がさらに好ましい。
xの上限値と下限値は任意に組み合わせることができる。
組み合わせの例としては、xは、0を超え0.1以下、0.01以上0.08以下、0.02以上0.06以下が挙げられる。
サイクル特性が高いとは、放電容量維持率が高いことを意味する。
yは電池の内部抵抗が低いリチウム二次電池を得る観点から、0.005以上が好ましく、0.01以上がより好ましく、0.05以上がさらに好ましい。また、熱的安定性が高いリチウム二次電池を得る観点から、yは0.4以下が好ましく、0.35以下がより好ましく、0.33以下がさらに好ましい。
yの上限値と下限値は任意に組み合わせることができる。
組み合わせの例としては、yは0.005以上0.4以下、0.01以上0.35以下、0.05以上0.33以下が挙げられる。
また、サイクル特性が高いリチウム二次電池を得る観点から、zは0.01以上が好ましく、0.02以上がより好ましく、0.03以上がさらに好ましい。また、高温(例えば60℃環境下)での保存特性が高いリチウム二次電池を得る観点から、zは0.89以下が好ましく、0.88以下がより好ましく、0.87以下がさらに好ましい。
zの上限値と下限値は任意に組み合わせることができる。
組み合わせの例としては、zは0.01以上0.89以下、0.02以上0.88以下、0.03以上0.87以下が挙げられる。
LiMOの組成分析は、得られたLiMOの粉末を塩酸に溶解させた後、ICP発光分光分析装置を用いて測定できる。
ICP発光分光分析装置としては、例えばエスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー株式会社製、SPS3000が使用できる。
本実施形態の製造方法により製造されるLiMOは、CAMとして好適に用いることができる。
本実施形態の製造方法により製造されるLiMOをCAMとして用いる場合に好適なリチウム二次電池の構成を説明する。
さらに、本実施形態の製造方法により製造されるLiMOをCAMとして用いる場合に好適なリチウム二次電池用正極について説明する。以下、リチウム二次電池用正極を正極と称することがある。
さらに、正極の用途として好適なリチウム二次電池について説明する。
(正極)
正極は、まずCAM、導電材及びバインダーを含む正極合剤を調整し、正極合剤を正極集電体に担持させることで製造できる。
正極が有する導電材には、炭素材料を用いることができる。炭素材料は、例えば黒鉛粉末、カーボンブラック(例えばアセチレンブラック)、繊維状炭素材料である。
正極が有するバインダーとしては、熱可塑性樹脂を用いることができる。この熱可塑性樹脂としては、ポリイミド樹脂、フッ素樹脂、ポリオレフィン樹脂、WO2019/098384A1またはUS2020/0274158A1に記載の樹脂を挙げることができる。
正極が有する正極集電体には、Al、Ni、ステンレスなどの金属材料を形成材料とする帯状の部材を用いることができる。
リチウム二次電池が有する負極は、正極よりも低い電位でリチウムイオンのドープかつ脱ドープが可能であればよい。例えば、負極活物質を含む負極合剤が負極集電体に担持されてなる電極、及び負極活物質単独からなる電極を挙げることができる。
負極が有する負極活物質としては、炭素材料、カルコゲン化合物(酸化物、硫化物など)、窒化物、金属又は合金で、正極よりも低い電位でリチウムイオンのドープかつ脱ドープが可能な材料が挙げられる。
負極活物質として使用可能な材料として、WO2019/098384A1またはUS2020/0274158A1に記載の材料を用いてもよい。
負極が有する負極集電体としては、Cu、Ni、ステンレスなどの金属材料を形成材料とする帯状の部材を挙げることができる。
リチウム二次電池が有するセパレータとしては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂、フッ素樹脂、含窒素芳香族重合体などの材質からなる、多孔質膜、不織布、織布などの形態を有する材料を用いることができる。また、これらの材質を2種以上用いてセパレータを形成してもよいし、これらの材料を積層してセパレータを形成してもよい。また、JP-A-2000-030686やUS20090111025A1に記載のセパレータを用いてもよい。
リチウム二次電池が有する電解液は、電解質及び有機溶媒を含有する。
電解液に含まれる電解質および有機溶媒として、WO2019/098384A1またはUS2020/0274158A1に記載の電解質および有機溶媒を用いてもよい。
次いで、全固体リチウム二次電池の構成を説明しながら、本実施形態の製造方法により製造されるLiMOを全固体リチウム二次電池のCAMとして用いた正極、及びこの正極を有する全固体リチウム二次電池について説明する。
正極110は、正極活物質層111と正極集電体112とを有している。
正極活物質層111に含まれる固体電解質としては、リチウムイオン伝導性を有し、公知の全固体リチウム二次電池に用いられる固体電解質を採用することができる。このような固体電解質としては、無機電解質及び有機電解質を挙げることができる。
酸化物系固体電解質としては、例えば、ペロブスカイト型酸化物、NASICON型酸化物、LISICON型酸化物及びガーネット型酸化物などが挙げられる。各酸化物の具体例は、WO2020/208872A1、US2016/0233510A1、US2020/0259213A1に記載の化合物が挙げられ、例えば、以下の化合物が挙げられる。
硫化物系固体電解質としては、Li2S-P2S5系化合物、Li2S-SiS2系化合物、Li2S-GeS2系化合物、Li2S-B2S3系化合物、LiI-Si2S-P2S5系化合物、LiI-Li2S-P2O5系化合物、LiI-Li3PO4-P2S5系化合物及びLi10GeP2S12などを挙げることができる。
正極活物質層111が有する導電材としては、上述の(導電材)で説明した材料を用いることができる。また、正極合剤中の導電材の割合についても同様に上述の(導電材)で説明した割合を適用することができる。また、正極が有するバインダーとしては、上述の(バインダー)で説明した材料を用いることができる。
正極110が有する正極集電体112としては、上述の(正極集電体)で説明した材料を用いることができる。
負極120は、負極活物質層121と負極集電体122とを有している。負極活物質層121は、負極活物質を含む。また、負極活物質層121は、固体電解質及び導電材を含んでいてもよい。負極活物質、負極集電体、固体電解質、導電材及びバインダーは、上述したものを用いることができる。
固体電解質層130は、上述の固体電解質を有している。
LiMOの組成分析は、前記<組成分析>において説明した方法により実施した。
被焼成物に含まれるLiの含有率は、前記<被焼成物に含まれるLiの含有率の測定>において説明した方法により実施した。
焼成手段が備える合金または金属の組成分析は、前記<合金の組成分析>において説明した方法により実施した。
腐食速度は、前記<腐食速度及び腐食生成物の成長速度の測定>において説明した方法により実施した。
具体的には、金属試験片として、下記の金属試験片1~3を用意した。
金属試験片1~3は、縦20mm、横25mm、厚さ3mmのサイズとした。
金属試験片1は、Niの含有率が94質量%、Alの含有率が4質量%、Siの含有率が1.5質量%、Mnの含有率が0.5質量%の金属試験片である。
金属試験片2は、Niの含有率が62質量%、Crの含有率が22質量%、Wの含有率が14質量%、Moの含有率が2質量%の金属試験片である。
金属試験片3は、Niの含有率が100質量%の金属試験片である。
リチウム二次電池の初回放電容量は、前記<初回放電容量の測定>において説明した方法により実施した。
攪拌器およびオーバーフローパイプを備えた反応槽内に水を入れた後、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加し、液温を50℃に保持した。
ニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合水酸化物を洗浄した後、遠心分離機で脱水し、単離して105℃で乾燥することで、ニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合水酸化物1を得た。
合金1は、合金の全量に対するNiの含有率が94質量%であり、Alの含有率が4質量%であり、Siの含有率が1.5質量%、Mnの含有率が0.5質量%である合金を用いた。
また、3gの上記被焼成物1を金属試験片1の片面に載置し、酸素雰囲気下、680℃で12時間焼成した。焼成終了後、得られた焼成物を回収し、新たに被焼成物1を積載して同様の条件で焼成する作業を、さらに7回繰り返し、腐食速度および腐食生成物の成長速度の評価を行った。実施例1において、焼成回数の合計は8回である。
合金1を合金2に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に比較例1のLiMOを得た。合金2は、Niの含有率は62質量%であり、Crの含有率は22質量%であり、Wの含有率が14質量%、Moの含有率が2質量%である合金を用いた。また、金属試験片1を金属試験片2に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に腐食速度及び腐食生成物の成長速度を測定した。
合金1をNiの含有率が100質量%である金属に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に比較例2のLiMOを得た。また、金属試験片1を金属試験片3に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に腐食速度及び腐食生成物の成長速度を測定した。
被焼成物1を、Liの含有率が0.7質量%である被焼成物2に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に比較例3のLiMOを得た。また、3gの被焼成物2を用い、焼成回数を合計4回とした以外は、実施例1と同様に腐食速度及び腐食生成物の成長速度を測定した。
被焼成物1を、Liの含有率が10.9質量%である被焼成物3に変更した以外は実施例1と同様に比較例4のLiMOを得た。また、3gの被焼成物3を用い、焼成回数を合計3回とした以外は、実施例1と同様に腐食速度及び腐食生成物の成長速度を測定した。
実施例1、比較例1~4は、いずれもLiMOの全量中のNiの含有率が80%以上であったため、初回放電容量の評価には、上記判定基準Aを用いた。
実施例1、比較例1~3は、LiMOの全量中のLiの含有率が6.5質量%以下であったため、腐食生成物の成長速度の評価には、上記判定基準1を用いた。
比較例4は、LiMOの全量中のLiの含有率が6.5質量%を超えたため、腐食生成物の成長速度の評価には、上記判定基準2を用いた。
比較例3は、被焼成物のLiの含有率が低いために、金属試験片の腐食速度と腐食生成物の成長速度の値を低くすることができた。しかし、得られるLiMOのリチウム導電層が少ないために、リチウム二次電池の初回充電容量が低下したと考えられる。
攪拌器およびオーバーフローパイプを備えた反応槽内に水を入れた後、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加し、液温を50℃に保持した。
ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物を洗浄した後、遠心分離機で脱水し、単離して105℃で乾燥することで、ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物1を得た。
実施例2は、LiMOの全量中のLiの含有率が6.5質量%を超えたため、腐食生成物の成長速度の評価には、上記判定基準2を用いた。
Claims (8)
- 焼成手段を用いて被焼成物を焼成する焼成工程において、前記被焼成物は、金属複合化合物とリチウム化合物との混合物、または前記金属複合化合物と前記リチウム化合物との反応物を含む混合物原料であり、前記被焼成物は、Liの含有率が5質量%を超え10質量%以下であり、前記焼成手段は、内壁を備え、前記内壁の主材は合金であり、前記合金は、Ni及びAlを含有し、前記合金の全量に対する前記Niの含有率は93質量%以上95質量%以下であり、前記合金の全量に対する前記Alの含有率は3質量%以上5質量%以下である、リチウム金属複合酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は下記の一般式(I)で表される、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
Li[Lix(Ni(1-y-z)CoyMz)1-x]O2 …(I)
(-0.1≦x≦0.2、0≦y≦0.5、0≦z≦0.9、y+z<1、Mは、Mn、Cu、Ti、Mg、Al、W、B、Mo、Nb、Zn、Sn、Zr、Ga及びVからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素を表す。) - 前記合金は、Si又はMnのいずれか一方又は両方を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の製造方法。
- 前記合金の全量に対する前記Siの含有率は0.5質量%以上2.5質量%以下である、請求項3に記載の製造方法。
- 前記合金の全量に対する前記Mnの含有率は0質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である、請求項3に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼成工程における焼成温度は、100℃以上900℃以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼成手段はロータリーキルンである、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼成工程は仮焼成工程と本焼成工程とを有し、少なくとも前記仮焼成工程において、前記焼成手段を用いて焼成し、前記仮焼成工程の焼成温度は100℃以上700℃以下であり、前記本焼成工程の焼成温度は700℃を超え1000℃以下である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
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