WO2020019747A1 - 一种中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法 - Google Patents
一种中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020019747A1 WO2020019747A1 PCT/CN2019/080477 CN2019080477W WO2020019747A1 WO 2020019747 A1 WO2020019747 A1 WO 2020019747A1 CN 2019080477 W CN2019080477 W CN 2019080477W WO 2020019747 A1 WO2020019747 A1 WO 2020019747A1
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- rice
- selenium
- cadmium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C14/00—Methods or apparatus for planting not provided for in other groups of this subclass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C1/00—Ammonium nitrate fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C5/00—Fertilisers containing other nitrates
- C05C5/04—Fertilisers containing other nitrates containing calcium nitrate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
- C09K17/42—Inorganic compounds mixed with organic active ingredients, e.g. accelerators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the field of environmental protection, and particularly relates to a method for safe production of rice on soils polluted by moderate to heavy metals.
- Rice is a crop that easily absorbs and accumulates heavy metals; rice is the largest food crop in China, and more than 60% of the country's population uses rice as a staple food. Therefore, it is of great environmental and practical significance to study how to achieve safe production of rice on contaminated rice fields.
- the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings and deficiencies of the prior art and provide a method for the safe production of rice on soils contaminated by heavy metals.
- This method starts from the whole growth period of rice, and aims at the early stage of vegetative growth of rice.
- the root system absorbs heavy metals from the soil solution and accumulates in the vegetative organs.
- the middle and late stages are mainly based on the transport and redistribution of heavy metal elements from vegetative organs to the grains.
- a technical system that controls (“controls") the activity of heavy metals in the soil and inhibits (“blocks”) heavy metal transport in the later stages to ensure the safe production of rice in moderately and lightly polluted paddy fields.
- the purpose of the present invention is achieved by the following technical scheme: a method for safe production of rice on soil with moderate to heavy metal contamination, in which a passivating agent is applied before rice transplanting to reduce soil heavy metal activity, and then the rice tillering stage to the booting stage And spraying of foliar barrier at the rice filling stage.
- the heavy metal contaminated soil is cadmium, lead and / or arsenic contaminated soil.
- the choice of the passivation agent depends on the type of soil pollutants, the degree of pollution, and other factors; preferably, it is bentonite, gypsum powder, lime, biochar, iron-based biochar, slow-release iron-based biochar, and iron-silicon-sulfur. Elemental composite biochar soil heavy metal conditioner (iron-silicon complex biochar), heavy metal cadmium passivating agent that activates the activity of sulfur reducing bacteria in rice fields Cadmium passivation agent and application "prepared) and one or more mixtures of cadmium and arsenic simultaneous passivation agent.
- Elemental composite biochar soil heavy metal conditioner iron-silicon complex biochar
- heavy metal cadmium passivating agent that activates the activity of sulfur reducing bacteria in rice fields Cadmium passivation agent and application "prepared) and one or more mixtures of cadmium and arsenic simultaneous passivation agent.
- the cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent is a cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent with a three-layer structure from the inside to the outside, each of which has an independent coating film; wherein the innermost layer is a hydrogen ion chemical consumer and the middle layer For the reaction of accelerator humus, the outermost layer is the ore-forming precursor.
- the mass ratio of the hydrogen ion chemical consumable, the reaction accelerator humus substance and the ore-forming precursor is 1: 8-30: 1-10.
- the hydrogen ion chemical consumption agent is a chemical agent capable of undergoing an oxidation-reduction reaction in a soil solution and consuming hydrogen ions in the process of being reduced by itself; preferably nitrate and peroxide; more preferably nitrate and peroxide
- the mixture is obtained by mixing the materials in a mass ratio of 2 to 5: 1.
- the nitrate is one or two or more of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, iron nitrate and calcium nitrate.
- the peroxide is one or two or more of calcium peroxide, urea peroxide and zinc peroxide.
- the humus substance of the reaction accelerator is one or two or more of peat soil, humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), humin, fulvic acid, palmitic acid, and black humic acid.
- the ore-forming precursor is reducing iron powder, ferrous salt and / or solid ferrous mineral; preferably a mixture of reducing iron powder, ferrous salt and solid ferrous mineral; more preferably, reducing iron powder and A mixture of solid ferrous minerals with a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 5;
- the solid ferrous mineral is one or two or more of siderite, pyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
- the coating film is composed of a coating material (alkaline coating material), and the coating material is based on the application number 201610071104.0 and the name is "a slow-release iron-based biochar soil heavy metal deactivator" Preparation and Use Method "was prepared in Example 1 of the Chinese patent application.
- the cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent is preferably prepared by the following method:
- step (2) coating the hydrogen ion depleting agent core material obtained in step (1) with a coating material to obtain a granulated hydrogen ion depleting agent;
- step (3) mixing the granulated hydrogen ion depleting agent obtained in step (2) with the humus substance of the reaction accelerator, adding a binder and water to mix evenly, granulating and drying to obtain the inner layer hydrogen ion depleting agent and Core material of intermediate reaction accelerator;
- step (4) Mix the two-layer structure obtained in step (4) with the ore-forming precursor, then add a binder and water to mix well, granulate and dry to obtain a three-layer structure of cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation core material ;
- step (5) The three-layer structure of the cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent core material obtained in step (5) is coated with a coating material to obtain a cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent (cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation with a three-layer film structure). ⁇ ).
- the particle size of the hydrogen ion depleting agent core material described in step (1) is 2.5 to 3.5 mm.
- the amount of the binder added in step (1) corresponds to 3 to 5% (w / w) of the hydrogen ion chemical consumable.
- the amount of water added in step (1) corresponds to 50 to 60% (w / w) of the hydrogen ion chemical consumer.
- the binder described in steps (1), (3) and (5) is preferably a biological starch.
- the biological starch is one or two or more of corn flour, sweet potato flour, potato flour and cassava flour.
- the mass-volume ratio of the hydrogen ion depleting agent core material and the coating material described in step (2) is 1: 0.3 to 1.2.
- the thickness of the coating film formed by coating with the coating material described in steps (2), (4), and (6) is 0.5 to 1 mm.
- the amount of the binder added in step (3) corresponds to 3 to 5% (w / w) of the humus substance of the reaction accelerator.
- the amount of water added in step (3) corresponds to 50-60% (w / w) of the humus substance of the reaction accelerator.
- the particle size of the inner layer hydrogen ion depleting agent and the middle layer reaction accelerator core material described in step (3) is 4.5 to 6.5 mm.
- the ratio of the hydrogen ion depleting agent and the reaction accelerator humus substance in step (3) is 1: 8-30.
- the ratio of the inner layer hydrogen ion depleting agent, the middle layer reaction accelerator core material and the coating material described in step (4) is based on a mass-volume ratio of 1: 0.3 to 1.2.
- the amount of the binder added in step (5) corresponds to 3 to 5% (w / w) of the ore-forming precursor.
- the amount of water added in step (5) corresponds to 50 to 60% (w / w) of the ore-forming precursor.
- the inner-layer hydrogen ion depleting agent and the middle-layer reaction accelerator of the two-layer structure described in step (5) and the ore-forming precursor are mixed at a mass ratio of 3-9: 1.
- the particle size of the cadmium-arsenic synchronous passivation core material of the three-layer structure described in step (5) is 8.5-10.5 mm.
- the mass-volume ratio of the three-layer structure of the cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivating core material and the coating material in step (6) is 1: 0.3 to 1.5, and preferably 1: 0.3 to 1.2.
- the foliar barrier agent is one or more of acidic silica sol (pure silica sol), selenium-doped nano silica sol (selenium-silicon composite sol), rare earth composite silica sol, and ferrous modified selenium sol.
- the rare earth composite silica sol is preferably a cerium-doped inorganic nano silica sol (cerium composite silica sol).
- the ferrous modified selenium sol is prepared by the following method:
- step (b) Adding a reducing agent to the mixed solution containing iron and selenium obtained in step (a) under a water bath condition of 35 to 85 ° C, and stirring for 5 to 15 minutes. When precipitation no longer occurs, add carbonate and continue stirring 5 to 15 minutes until no more precipitation occurs, filter, take the precipitate, and wash to obtain selenium element and ferrous carbonate precipitation;
- step (d) adding the selenium element and ferrous carbonate precipitate obtained in step (b) to the emulsified citric acid buffer obtained in step (c) under a water bath condition of 25 to 55 ° C, and stirring to obtain a sol system;
- step (e) The sol system obtained in step (d) is evaporated and concentrated, and the pH is adjusted to 4.5 to 8.5 to obtain a ferrous modified selenium sol; wherein the content of selenium in the ferrous modified selenium sol is 0.25 to 2.5% (w / v), and the content of the iron element is 2.5 to 7.5% (w / v).
- the iron-containing compound described in step (a) is one or a mixture of iron salts and ferrous salts
- the iron salt is preferably iron chloride, iron nitrate or iron citrate.
- the ferrous salt is preferably ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride.
- the selenium-containing compound described in step (a) is one or more of selenic acid, selenate, selenite, and selenite; selenite is preferred.
- the selenite is preferably sodium selenite.
- the mass percentage of the iron element in the mixed solution described in step (a) is 5 to 15%; the mass percentage of the selenium element is 0.5 to 5%;
- the temperature of the water bath in step (b) is preferably 45 to 55 ° C.
- the reducing agent described in step (b) is preferably one or more of ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione.
- the molar ratio of the reducing agent to the iron ions in the mixed solution in step (b) is 1.4 to 3: 1.
- the washing in step (b) is washing with deionized water; preferably, washing is performed 3 to 5 times with 10 to 20 times the mass of deionized water.
- the carbonate described in step (b) is preferably one or more of potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and ammonium carbonate.
- the molar ratio of the carbonate to the iron ion in the mixed solution in step (b) is 1.0 to 2.0: 1.
- the emulsifier described in step (c) is preferably one or more of Triton X-100, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, agricultural milk 400 and polyethylene glycol.
- the amount of the emulsifier added in step (c) is calculated based on the mass-volume ratio of the emulsifier to the citric acid buffer solution being 1 to 10: 100.
- the citric acid buffer solution described in step (c) is a citric acid-potassium citrate buffer solution having a pH of 3.0 to 6.0 and a molar concentration of 0.01 to 0.1 mol / L; preferably, it is obtained by the following steps:
- citric acid solution and the potassium citrate solution are mixed uniformly to obtain a citric acid buffer solution, wherein the citric acid buffer solution has a pH of 3.0 to 6.0 and a molar concentration of 0.01 to 0.1 mol / L.
- the stirring rate described in step (d) is 50 to 100 r / min.
- step (d) The addition of the selenium element and the ferrous carbonate precipitation described in step (d) is preferably achieved by the following method: the selenium element and the ferrous carbonate precipitation are slowly and uniformly added to the emulsified citric acid buffer solution, and the rate of addition is controlled at per liter The amount of precipitation added to the solution is 5-10 g / min until a uniform sol system is formed.
- the added amount of the selenium element and the ferrous carbonate precipitation described in step (d) is calculated based on the mass-volume ratio of the selenium element and the ferrous carbonate precipitation to the emulsified citric acid buffer solution being 1: 10-100.
- the pH range in step (e) is preferably 5.5 to 6.5.
- the application of the passivation agent before the rice transplanting is to apply the passivation agent about 10 days before the rice transplanting, and it is preferably implemented by any of the following methods:
- a passivating agent is applied about 10 days before rice transplanting.
- the passivating agent is applied in an amount of 50 to 150 kg when the pollutant exceeds the standard.
- the pollutant exceeds the standard by 2 to 3 times, 100 to 200 kg / mu is applied; wherein, the passivation agent is preferably one or several mixtures of lime, biochar and cadmium arsenic synchronous passivation agent;
- passivation agent When soil pollution is arsenic pollution, or compound pollution of arsenic, cadmium, lead, etc., passivation agent is applied about 10 days before rice transplanting.
- the passivation agent is applied at a dosage of 1 to 2 times the pollutants. 100 to 200 kg / mu for application; 150 to 300 kg / mu for pollutants exceeding 2 to 3 times the standard; wherein the passivation agent is iron-based biochar, slow-release iron-based biochar, iron-silicon One or several mixtures of sulfur multi-element composite biochar soil heavy metal conditioner (iron-sulfur-silicon composite biochar) and cadmium arsenic synchronous passivation agent.
- the biochar described in the method (A) is prepared according to the method for preparing a biochar material in Example 3 of the patent ZL201410538633.8; the heating process is controlled so that the pH of the prepared biochar is 9-11 and the specific surface area is 80cm 2 / g the above.
- the specific surface area is preferably 110 cm 2 / g to 150 cm 2 / g.
- the mass ratio of the hydrogen ion chemical consumption agent, the reaction accelerator humus substance, and the ore-forming precursor in the cadmium-arsenic synchronous passivation agent described in the aspect (A) is 1: 8 to 15: 1 to 5.
- the mass ratio of the hydrogen ion chemical consumption agent, the reaction accelerator humus substance, and the ore-forming precursor in the cadmium-arsenic synchronous passivation agent described in the aspect (B) is 1: 15-30: 5-10.
- the method for safe production of rice on soils polluted by moderate to light heavy metals further includes fertilizing at the rice seedling stage and / or rice tillering stage.
- the top dressing is preferably implemented by the following methods: applying 10-30 kg / mu of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer at the rice seedling stage, and / or applying 10-20 kg / mu of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at the tillering stage of the rice.
- the nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is one or more kinds of potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, phosphorus nitrate fertilizer, calcium ammonium nitrate and nitro compound fertilizer.
- the phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is one or more kinds of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, calcium phosphate and calcium superphosphate.
- the spraying of the foliar barrier agent during the tillering stage to the booting stage of rice and the filling stage of rice is preferably implemented by any of the following methods:
- the foliar barrier agent sprayed from the tillering stage to the booting stage of the rice is acidic silica sol (pure silica sol) or rare earth composite silica sol (which can inhibit rice absorption Rare earth composite silica sol of heavy metals);
- the foliar barrier sprayed during the rice filling stage is a ferrous modified selenium sol;
- the foliar barrier applied during the tillering stage to the booting stage of the rice is selenium-doped nano-silica sol (selenium-silicon composite sol) ;
- the foliar barrier sprayed during the rice filling stage is a ferrous modified selenium sol.
- the mass percentage of silica in the acidic silica sol (pure silica sol) described in the aspect (i) is 15 to 20%.
- the mass percentage of silica in the rare earth composite silica sol described in the aspect (i) is 5 to 10%, and the content of the rare earth element is 1% (w / w) or less; preferably, the mass percentage of silica is 5 to 10 %, And the content of the rare earth element is 0.01 to 1% (w / w).
- the rare earth element includes cerium and the like.
- the rare earth composite silica sol described in the aspect (i) is preferably a cerium-doped inorganic nano silica sol (cerium composite silica sol).
- the content of the selenium element in the ferrous-modified selenium sol described in the aspect (i) is 0.25 to 0.5% (w / v), and the content of the iron element is 5 to 7.5% (w / v).
- the spraying amount of the foliar barrier agent in the method (i) is 500-1000 ml / mu.
- the method for spraying the foliar barrier in the method (i) is: spraying the foliar silicon barrier after being diluted 100 times after sunny or cloudy at 4 or 4 pm.
- the mass percentage of silicon dioxide in the selenium-doped nano-silica sol (selenium-silica composite sol) described in the aspect (ii) is 5-10%, and the content of the selenium element is 1.5-2.5% (w / w).
- the content of selenium in the ferrous-modified selenium sol described in mode (ii) is 1.0 to 2.5% (w / v), and the content of iron is 2.5 to 5% (w / v); ferrous-modified selenium
- the content of the selenium element in the sol is preferably 1.0 to 2% (w / v), and the content of the iron element is 2.5 to 3.5% (w / v).
- the spraying amount of the foliar barrier agent in the method (ii) is 500-1000 ml / mu;
- the method for spraying the foliar barrier in the method (ii) is: spraying the foliar silicon barrier after being diluted 100 times on a sunny or cloudy afternoon at 4 or 4 pm.
- the tillering period described in the present invention When the tillering increases fastest, it is called the tillering period.
- the present invention has the following advantages and effects:
- the present invention Compared with passivation technology that controls soil heavy metal activity alone or physiological barrier technology that separately blocks heavy metal transport, the present invention “controls" soil heavy metal activity through the vegetative growth phase of rice, and “resists” heavy metals from moving above the ground during the reproductive growth phase of rice And grain transport; “control” and “resistance” are used in synergy, in which "control” (vegetative growth phase of rice): before transplanting rice, adopt inactivating agent to reduce soil heavy metal activity; use topdressing during rice seedling to tillering stage Technology to further control the activity of heavy metals; “blocking” (reproductive growth period of rice): during the tillering stage of rice to booting, it uses spraying foliar barrier technology to inhibit the transfer of heavy metals to the ground; foliar spraying barrier is used during rice filling stage Technology inhibits heavy metal transport to grains.
- the combined technical effect of the invention is far superior to that of separate treatment, and it is also significantly superior to the simple addition of the two, which can ensure the safe production
- the present invention regulates the regulation of heavy metal absorption and accumulation at different stages of the rice growth period; the technical measures are highly targeted, the effect is significant, and the application is convenient, economical and efficient; and it is suitable for the safety utilization requirements of large and moderately polluted rice fields in China .
- the present invention adopts the combination of "resistance” and “control”, which can coordinately control the pollution of various heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, lead, etc., and can be used in heavy metal compound polluted rice fields; meanwhile, the preferred biochar-based material for passivation agents, It can improve soil structure and increase production.
- the present invention has a wide range of applications. It can be applied to single cadmium, arsenic, lead and other heavy metal contaminated rice fields, as well as composite heavy metal contaminated rice fields. It can also be applied to lightly contaminated rice fields. It can also be used on moderately polluted paddy soil; it can achieve the standard production of moderately and slightly polluted paddy fields.
- the cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent in the present invention contains a three-layer structure from the inside to the outside, and each layer has an independent coating film; wherein the innermost layer is a hydrogen ion chemical consumer, and the middle layer is a reaction accelerator humus substance.
- the outermost layer is the ore-forming precursor.
- the mass ratio of the hydrogen ion chemical consumable, the reaction accelerator humus substance and the ore-forming precursor is 1: 8-30: 1-10.
- the hydrogen ion chemical consumption agent is a chemical agent capable of undergoing an oxidation-reduction reaction in a soil solution and consuming hydrogen ions in the process of being reduced by itself; preferably nitrate and peroxide; more preferably nitrate and peroxide
- the mixture is obtained by mixing the materials in a mass ratio of 2 to 5: 1.
- the nitrate is one or two or more of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, iron nitrate and calcium nitrate.
- the peroxide is one or two or more of calcium peroxide, urea peroxide and zinc peroxide.
- the humus substance of the reaction accelerator is one or two or more of peat soil, humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), humin, fulvic acid, palmitic acid, and black humic acid.
- the ore-forming precursor is reducing iron powder, ferrous salt and / or solid ferrous mineral; preferably a mixture of reducing iron powder, ferrous salt and solid ferrous mineral; more preferably, reducing iron powder and A mixture of solid ferrous minerals with a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 5;
- the solid ferrous mineral is one or two or more of siderite, pyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
- the coating film is composed of a coating material (alkaline coating material), and the coating material is based on the application number 201610071104.0 and the name is "a slow-release iron-based biochar soil heavy metal deactivator" Preparation and Use Method "was prepared in Example 1 of the Chinese patent application.
- the core material and the coating material (the chitosan pH is 9 and the mass fraction is 0.3%) are coated with the core material at a mass-to-volume ratio of 1: 0.5, and the thickness of the coating is controlled to 0.8 mm To obtain an inner layer hydrogen ion depleting agent with a membrane structure.
- the core material and the coating material (pH 10, 2.5% by mass of chitosan) of the above-mentioned inner layer hydrogen ion depleting agent and middle-layer reaction accelerator are coated with the core material at a mass-volume ratio of 1: 0.5 to control
- the thickness of the coating is 0.8mm, and an inner layer hydrogen ion consuming agent and a middle layer reaction accelerator with a two-layer film structure are prepared.
- the core material and the coating material (pH 11 and 5% by mass of chitosan) with the above three-layer structure of cadmium and arsenic synchronous passivation agent are coated with the core material at a mass-to-volume ratio of 1: 0.5 to control
- the thickness of the coating is 0.8mm, and a cadmium-arsenic synchronous passivation agent with a three-layer film structure is prepared.
- ferrous modified selenium sol foliar barrier agent (ferrous modified selenium sol) involved in the embodiment of the present invention is prepared by the following method:
- the sol was concentrated by rotary evaporation to 200 mL, and the pH was adjusted to 4.5 with potassium hydroxide; a ferrous modified selenium sol was obtained; the sol had an iron content of 7.5% (mass-volume ratio) and a selenium content of 0.5% ( Mass-volume ratio).
- the test site is located in a paddy field in Quantang Town, Xiangxiang Town, Hunan province.
- the soil in this paddy field is slightly polluted with cadmium.
- the surface soil (0-30cm) of this field was collected and analyzed.
- the soil pH was 5.3 and the Cd content was 0.378mg kg -1 .
- the test crop was rice and the variety was Liangyou.
- the test consists of 7 treatments, which are:
- control treatment with separate passivation technology, recorded as T1;
- step (1) of Example 1 The method of preparing the biochar material in step (1) of Example 1 was prepared as follows: the palms were dried, weighed 10 kg and crushed, placed in a high-temperature furnace, slowly heated to 200 ° C, and held at a constant temperature for 2 hours.
- the temperature was increased at a rate of °C / minute, and then heated to 800 ° C, and kept at this temperature for 3 hours, and the heating was stopped to prepare a biochar material; the biochar material had a pH of about 9.0 and a specific surface area of about 150 cm 2 / g;
- biochar is reference patent ZL201410538633.8 in the method of preparing the biochar material in Example 3, and the specific method is as follows: Dry the chaff 10kg was weighed and crushed, placed in a high-temperature furnace, slowly heated to 200 ° C, constant temperature for 2 hours, heated at a rate of 5 ° C / min, and then heated to 300 ° C, and kept at this temperature for 12 hours, stopped heating, and prepared Biochar material; the biochar material has a pH of about 11 and a specific surface area of about 110 cm 2 / g); topdressing once during the tillering stage of rice, topdressing fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the amount is 10 kg / mu ("control" : Passive + topdressing technology treatment, recorded as T3);
- the cadmium content of rice after lime + biochar (T2) was 0.228mg / kg, which was a decrease of 15.9% compared with the control.
- the cadmium content of rice treated with T1 and T2 was higher than the food hygiene standard (rice cadmium ⁇ 0.2mg / kg).
- Passivation + topdressing technology treatment, (T3), "Control” (T4), and "T5" alone can reduce rice cadmium to food hygiene standards (rice cadmium ⁇ 0.2mg / kg), compared with the control Rice cadmium was reduced by 31.0%, 57.6%, and 48.0%, respectively.
- C1 is the percentage of cadmium reduction that is "resistance” alone
- C2 is the percentage of cadmium reduction that is "control” alone.
- the test site is located in a paddy field in Gongzhuang Town, Huizhou City, Guangdong province.
- the soil pollution in this paddy field is moderately polluted by cadmium, arsenic, and lead.
- the surface soil (0-30cm) of this field is collected and analyzed.
- the soil pH is 5.61 and the Cd content is 0.813mg kg. -1 , As content 49.4 mg kg -1 , Pb content 193 mg kg -1 .
- the test crop was rice and the variety was Huang Lizhan.
- the test consists of 7 treatments, which are:
- topdressing fertilizer was a nitro compound fertilizer with a dosage of 30 kg / mu; the topdressing fertilizer was applied once during the tillering stage of rice; the topdressing fertilizer was calcium superphosphate at a rate of 20kg / mu; at the same time, the rice tillering till the booting stage Period, spray selenium-silicon composite sol (same as T5) on the foliar surface; spray 1 time with ferrous modified selenium sol foliar barrier (same as T5) during the rice filling stage; two sprays at a dose of 1000mL / mu, mixed with water After 100 times, spray at around 4 pm ("Stop" and "Control" synergy: soil passivation + topdressing technology
- the “Cad” plus “Control” co-processing (T6) had the lowest content of cadmium, inorganic arsenic and lead in rice, only 0.102, 0.089, and 0.104 mg / kg; and only the “Cd” plus “Control” co-processing (T6)
- the contents of cadmium, inorganic arsenic and lead in rice were all lowered to food hygiene standards (rice cadmium ⁇ 0.2mg / kg, inorganic arsenic ⁇ 0.2mg / kg, lead ⁇ 0.2mg / kg), and had a significant increase in rice yield.
- the yield increase reached 9.3%, and the significant difference was reached between the control and the control.
- inorganic arsenic and lead in rice treated with "control” (T4) alone was reduced to food hygiene standards (inorganic arsenic ⁇ 0.2mg / kg, lead ⁇ 0.2mg / kg), but the cadmium content in rice was still higher than the food hygiene standard (rice cadmium> 0.2mg / kg); the content of cadmium and lead in “T5” rice alone was higher than the food hygiene standards (rice cadmium> 0.2mg / kg, rice lead ⁇ 0.2mg / kg).
- the test site was located in a moderate cadmium-contaminated farmland in Zhangshi Town, Qujiang District, Shaoguan City, Guangdong province; the pH of the farmland soil was 5.32, and the total Cd content was 0.645 mg / kg -1 .
- the test crop was rice and the variety was Meixiangzhan.
- the test consists of 7 treatments, which are:
- control treatment with separate passivation technology, recorded as T2;
- cerium composite silica sol that is, cerium-doped inorganic nano-silica sol
- cerium composite silica sol was prepared in accordance with the method of Example 1 of Chinese patent ZL200610036994.8 during the tillering stage to the booting stage of rice.
- the pH was adjusted to 7.0, and silica sol with a solid content of 10% and cerium sol with a solid content of 1% were mixed after mixing at a volume ratio of 1: 1.
- Cerium-silica composite sol spraying ferrous-modified selenium sol foliar barrier once during the rice filling stage (the preparation method refers to the preparation method of the above ferrous-modified selenium sol foliar barrier, and controlling the iron content in the sol system 5% (w / v) and selenium content of 0.25% (w / v)); two spraying doses of 1000mL / mu, 100 times water, spraying at about 4 pm ("resistance": leaf Spray the barrier agent on the surface and record it as T5);
- the test site was located in a moderately cadmium and arsenic compound contaminated paddy field in Hongxing Village, Dongtang Town, Renhua County, Shaoguan City, Guangdong province.
- the surface soil (0-30cm) of this field was collected and analyzed.
- the soil pH was 5.86 and the Cd content was 1.85mg kg -1 As content is 38.20 mg kg -1 .
- the test crop was rice and the variety was Wufengyou 615. There are 4 treatments in the test, which are:
- the selenium-doped nano-silica sol of selenium-enriched rice was prepared according to the method of Example 1 of the Chinese invention patent ZL201310737996.X, and the final silicon dioxide content was controlled at 5% and the selenium content was 1.5%); sprayed during the rice filling stage Apply the ferrous-modified selenium sol foliar barrier once (the preparation method refers to the method for preparing the ferrous-modified selenium sol foliar barrier, and control the iron content in the sol system to 2.5% (w / v), and the selenium content 1.0% (w / v)); the two spraying doses are 1000 mL / mu, and after spraying water 100 times, spraying at about 4 pm ("resistance" and "control" synergy: soil passivation + topdressing technology + Foliar is
- the content of cadmium and inorganic arsenic in rice was the lowest after "T” plus “control” co-treatment (T3), the contents were only 0.187mg / kg and 0.081mg / kg; T3)
- the contents of cadmium and inorganic arsenic in rice were all lowered to food hygiene standards (rice cadmium ⁇ 0.2mg / kg, rice inorganic arsenic ⁇ 0.2mg / kg).
- the content of cadmium in rice treated with "T1" and "T2" alone was higher than the food hygiene standard (rice cadmium> 0.2mg / kg).
- the test site was located in a rice field contaminated with Cd in Tongxi Village, Shuitou Town, Fogang County, Qingyuan City, Guangdong province.
- the surface soil (0-30cm) of this field was collected and analyzed.
- the soil pH was 4.58
- the Cd content was 2.86mg kg -1
- the arsenic content was 22.6 mg kg -1 .
- the plot is a moderately cadmium-contaminated rice field typically affected by mining.
- the test crop was rice and the variety was Tianyou 998. There are five treatments in the test, which are:
- the "C” and “Control” co-processing (T4) had the lowest content of cadmium and inorganic arsenic in rice, only 0.183 mg / kg and 0.173 mg / kg; and only the "C” and “Control” co-processing ( T4)
- the contents of cadmium and inorganic arsenic in rice were reduced to food hygiene standards (rice cadmium ⁇ 0.2mg / kg, rice inorganic arsenic ⁇ 0.2mg / kg).
- the content of cadmium in rice treated with "control” (T1, T2) and “resistance” (T3) alone was higher than the food hygiene standard (rice cadmium> 0.2mg / kg).
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Abstract
Description
Claims (10)
- 一种中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于:为在水稻插秧前施用钝化剂以降低土壤重金属活性,然后在水稻分蘖盛期至孕穗期、以及水稻灌浆期喷施叶面阻隔剂。
- 根据权利要求1所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于:还包括在水稻苗期和/或水稻分蘖期追肥。
- 根据权利要求2所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于,所述的在水稻苗期和/或水稻分蘖期追肥通过如下方法实现:在水稻苗期施加10~30公斤/亩的硝态氮肥,和/或在水稻分蘖期追施10~20公斤/亩的磷钾肥;所述的硝态氮肥为硝酸钾、硝酸铵、硝酸钠、硝酸钙、硝酸磷肥、硝酸铵钙和硝基复合肥中的一种或几种混合物;所述的磷钾肥为磷酸二氢钾、钙镁磷肥、磷酸钙和过磷酸钙中的一种或几种混合物。
- 根据权利要求1所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于:所述的钝化剂为膨润土、石膏粉、石灰、生物炭、铁基生物炭、缓释型铁基生物炭、铁硅硫多元素复合生物炭土壤重金属调理剂、激活稻田土壤硫还原菌活性的重金属镉钝化剂和镉砷同步钝化剂中的一种或几种混合物;所述的叶面阻隔剂为酸性硅溶胶、硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶、稀土复合硅溶胶和亚铁改性硒溶胶中的一种或两种以上。
- 根据权利要求4所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于:所述的镉砷同步钝化剂为从内到外含有三层结构的镉砷同步钝化剂,每层具有独立的包衣膜;其中,最内层为氢离子化学消耗剂,中间层为反应加速器腐殖质类物质,最外层为成矿前驱物;所述的氢离子化学消耗剂为硝酸盐和过氧化物;所述的反应加速器腐殖质类物质为泥炭土、胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素、黄腐酸、棕腐酸、黑腐酸中的一种或两种以上;所述的成矿前驱物为还原性铁粉、亚铁盐和/或固体亚铁矿物。
- 根据权利要求5所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法, 其特征在于:所述的氢离子化学消耗剂、反应加速器腐殖质类物质和成矿前驱物的质量比为1:8~30:1~10;所述的氢离子化学消耗剂为硝酸盐和过氧化物按质量比2~5:1配比得到的混合物;所述的硝酸盐为硝酸钠、硝酸钾、硝酸镁、硝酸铁和硝酸钙中的一种或两种以上;所述的过氧化物为过氧化钙、过氧化尿素和过氧化锌中的一种或两种以上;所述的成矿前驱物为还原性铁粉和固体亚铁矿物按质量比1:1~5配比得到的混合物;所述的固体亚铁矿物为菱铁矿、蓝铁矿、硫铁矿和磁铁矿中的一种或两种以上。
- 根据权利要求5或6所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于,所述的在水稻插秧前施用钝化剂通过如下任一种方式实现:(A)当土壤污染物为镉和/或铅时,在水稻插秧10天前施用钝化剂,钝化剂的施用剂量为:污染物超标1~2倍时,施用50~150公斤/亩;污染物超标2~3倍时,施用100~200公斤/亩;其中,所述的钝化剂为石灰、生物炭和镉砷同步钝化剂中的一种或几种混合物;所述的镉砷同步钝化剂中氢离子化学消耗剂、反应加速器腐殖质类物质和成矿前驱物的质量比为1:8~15:1~5;(B)当土壤污染物为砷污染,或砷与镉、铅复合污染时,在水稻插秧10天前施用钝化剂,钝化剂的施用剂量为:污染物超标1~2倍时,施用100~200公斤/亩;污染物超标2~3倍时,施用150~300公斤/亩;其中,所述的钝化剂为铁基生物炭、缓释型铁基生物炭、铁硅硫多元素复合生物炭土壤重金属调理剂和镉砷同步钝化剂中的一种或几种混合物;所述的镉砷同步钝化剂中氢离子化学消耗剂、反应加速器腐殖质类物质和成矿前驱物的质量比为1:15~30:5~10。
- 根据权利要求4所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于,所述的亚铁改性硒溶胶通过如下方法制备得到:(a)将含铁化合物和含硒化合物加入到水中,搅拌溶解,得到含铁硒的混合溶液;(b)在35~85℃水浴条件下,向步骤(a)中得到的含铁硒的混合溶液中加入还原剂,搅拌5~15分钟,待不再产生沉淀时加入碳酸盐,持续搅拌5~15 分钟至不再产生沉淀,过滤、取沉淀、洗涤,得到硒单质和碳酸亚铁沉淀;(c)将乳化剂加入到柠檬酸缓冲溶液中,得到乳化柠檬酸缓冲液;(d)在25~55℃水浴条件下,将步骤(b)中得到的硒单质和碳酸亚铁沉淀加入到步骤(c)中得到的乳化柠檬酸缓冲液中,搅拌均匀,得到溶胶体系;(e)将步骤(d)中得到的溶胶体系蒸发浓缩,并调节pH至4.5~8.5,得到亚铁改性硒溶胶;其中,亚铁改性硒溶胶中硒元素的含量为0.25~2.5%(w/v),铁元素的含量为2.5~7.5%(w/v)。
- 根据权利要求8所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的含铁化合物为铁盐和亚铁盐中的一种或两种混合物;步骤(1)中所述的含硒化合物为硒酸、硒酸盐、亚硒酸和亚硒酸盐中的一种以上;步骤(2)中所述的还原剂为抗坏血酸和还原型谷胱甘肽中的一种以上;步骤(2)中所述的碳酸盐为碳酸钾、碳酸钠和碳酸铵中的一种以上;步骤(3)中所述的柠檬酸缓冲溶液为pH 3.0~6.0、摩尔浓度0.01~0.1mol/L的柠檬酸-柠檬酸钾缓冲溶液;步骤(3)中所述的乳化剂为曲拉通X-100,烷基苯磺酸钠,农乳400和聚乙二醇中的一种以上。
- 根据权利要求8或9所述的中轻度重金属污染土壤上稻米安全生产的方法,其特征在于,所述的在水稻分蘖盛期至孕穗期、以及水稻灌浆期喷施叶面阻隔剂通过如下任一种方式实现:(i)当土壤污染物为镉和/或铅时,在水稻分蘖盛期至孕穗期喷施的叶面阻隔剂为酸性硅溶胶或稀土复合硅溶胶;在水稻灌浆期喷施的叶面阻隔剂为亚铁改性硒溶胶;所述酸性硅溶胶中二氧化硅的质量百分数为15~20%;稀土复合硅溶胶中二氧化硅的质量百分数为5~10%,稀土元素的含量为1%(w/w)以下;亚铁改性硒溶胶中硒元素的含量为0.25~0.5%(w/v),铁元素的含量为5~7.5%(w/v);(ii)当土壤污染物为砷污染,或砷与镉、铅复合污染时,在水稻分蘖盛期至孕穗期喷施的叶面阻隔剂为硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶;在水稻灌浆期喷施的叶面阻隔剂为亚铁改性硒溶胶;所述硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶中二氧化硅的质量百分数为5~10%,硒元素的含量为1.5~2.5%(w/w);亚铁改性硒溶胶中硒元素的含量为1.0~2.5%(w/v),铁元素的含量为2.5~5%(w/v)。
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