WO2018211848A1 - 光電変換素子、太陽電池、光電変換素子の製造方法及び感光層形成用組成物 - Google Patents
光電変換素子、太陽電池、光電変換素子の製造方法及び感光層形成用組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018211848A1 WO2018211848A1 PCT/JP2018/014503 JP2018014503W WO2018211848A1 WO 2018211848 A1 WO2018211848 A1 WO 2018211848A1 JP 2018014503 W JP2018014503 W JP 2018014503W WO 2018211848 A1 WO2018211848 A1 WO 2018211848A1
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- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003003 spiro group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940071182 stannate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003696 stearoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000565 sulfonamide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002335 surface treatment layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940116411 terpineol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical group C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GLQWRXYOTXRDNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophen-2-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CS1 GLQWRXYOTXRDNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005068 transpiration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005259 triarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element, a solar cell, a method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element, and a composition for forming a photosensitive layer.
- Photoelectric conversion elements are used in various optical sensors, copiers, solar cells and the like. Solar cells are being put into practical use as non-depleting solar energy. Of these, dye-sensitized solar cells using organic dyes or Ru bipyridyl complexes as sensitizers have been actively researched and developed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency has reached about 11%.
- Patent Document 2 includes a layer containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and poly-TPD (Poly [N, N′-bis (4-butylphenyl) -N, N′-bis (phenyl) -benzidine]).
- a thin-film solar cell comprising a photoelectric conversion layer composed of an organic semiconductor film, a portion containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3, and a portion containing octylphosphonic acid fluoride between the organic semiconductor film is described ing.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a solar cell including a photosensitive layer produced using a perovskite precursor solution to which hypophosphorous acid is added.
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes a solar cell provided with a photosensitive layer produced using a perovskite precursor solution containing butyl 4-ammonium chloride as a cross-linking agent having a perovskite crystal structure.
- Photoelectric conversion elements or solar cells are usually installed outdoors. Therefore, it is required to maintain the photoelectric conversion performance against the temperature change of the surrounding environment.
- a photoelectric conversion element or a solar cell using a compound having a perovskite crystal structure (hereinafter also referred to as a “perovskite compound”) in the photosensitive layer has a decrease in photoelectric conversion performance when environmental temperature changes are repeated.
- the characteristic that suppresses (referred to as temperature change resistance) is not sufficient, and there is room for improvement.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element exhibiting high temperature change resistance while containing a perovskite compound in a photosensitive layer, and a solar cell using the photoelectric conversion element. Moreover, this invention makes it a subject to provide the composition for photosensitive layer formation which can be preferably used for the manufacturing method of the said photoelectric conversion element, and manufacture of the said photoelectric conversion element.
- the present inventors include a compound represented by the formula (A-0) described later in addition to the perovskite compound in the light absorber. (Coexistence) It discovered that the fall of photoelectric conversion performance could be effectively suppressed also with respect to the temperature change repeated. The present invention has been further studied based on these findings and has been completed.
- a photoelectric conversion element having a first electrode having a photosensitive layer containing a light absorber on a conductive support and a second electrode facing the first electrode, Compound having a perovskite type crystal structure in which the light absorber has a cation or an organic cation of a group 1 element of the periodic table, a cation of a metal atom other than the group 1 element of the periodic table, and an anion of an anionic atom or an atomic group And a compound represented by the following formula (A-0).
- a group or salt selected from the group consisting of R a represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- RG represents a substituent
- Ya represents a counter salt.
- p is an integer of 1 or more.
- L represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group. However, L does not have an amino group.
- the molar ratio of the formula the content of (A-0) compound represented by [M PCA] When the content of cations of the metal atoms [M PMC] are within the following ranges ⁇ 1
- [M PCA ]: [M PMC ] 4: 1 to 1: 10000 ⁇ 3>
- [M PCA ]: [M PMC ] 1: 10 to 1: 1000 ⁇ 4>
- [M PCA ]: [M PMC ] 1: 50 to 1: 800 ⁇ 5>
- G is —P ( ⁇ O) (OR a ) 2 or —P ( ⁇ O) (O ⁇ Ya + ) 2 element.
- ⁇ 6> The photoelectric conversion device according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, wherein L is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
- L has a substituent selected from the following group LSG .
- ⁇ Group L SG > Alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, heteroaryloxy group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, heteroarylthio group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, heteroaryloxycarbonyl group, Alkylthiocarbonyl group, arylthiocarbonyl group, heteroarylthiocarbonyl group, alkylcarbonyloxy group, arylcarbonyloxy group, heteroarylcarbonyloxy group, alkylcarbonylthio group, arylcarbonylthio group, heteroarylcarbonylthio group, hydroxy group, Mercapto group, acyl group, halogen atom, cyano group, silyl group, heteroarylthio group, hydroxy group, Mercapto group, acyl group, halogen atom
- a process for producing a photoelectric conversion element comprising a step of applying a composition for forming a photosensitive layer, comprising a body compound and a compound represented by the following formula (A-0) on a conductive support.
- a group or salt selected from the group consisting of R a represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- RG represents a substituent
- Ya represents a counter salt.
- p is an integer of 1 or more.
- L represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group. However, L does not have an amino group.
- R a represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- RG represents a substituent
- Ya represents a counter salt.
- p is an integer of 1 or more.
- L represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group. However, L does not have an amino group.
- M represents a metal atom other than Group 1 elements of the periodic table
- X represents an anionic atom or atomic group.
- A represents a group 1 element of the periodic table or a cationic organic group
- X represents an anionic atom or atomic group.
- each formula may be expressed as a sexual formula in order to understand the chemical structure of the compound. Accordingly, in each formula, the partial structure is referred to as a (substituted) group, ion, atom, or the like. In this specification, these are represented by the above formula in addition to the (substituted) group, ion, atom, or the like. It may mean an element group or an element constituting a (substitution) group or ion.
- the display of a compound is used to mean not only the compound itself but also its salt and its ion. Moreover, about the compound which does not specify substituted or unsubstituted, it is the meaning containing the compound which has arbitrary substituents in the range which does not impair the target effect. The same applies to substituents and linking groups (hereinafter referred to as substituents and the like).
- a numerical range represented by using “to” means a range including numerical values described before and after “to” as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- the photoelectric conversion element and the solar cell of the present invention exhibit high resistance to temperature change even when installed outdoors or the like where temperature changes in the surrounding environment are repeated.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element of this invention and the composition for photosensitive layer formation can manufacture suitably the photoelectric conversion element and solar cell of this invention which have the above-mentioned outstanding characteristic.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, including an enlarged view of a circular portion in a layer.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a preferred embodiment having a thick photosensitive layer of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view schematically showing still another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing still another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing still another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element of this invention has the 1st electrode of the form with which the photosensitive layer was provided on the electroconductive support body, and the 2nd electrode facing this 1st electrode.
- the first electrode and the second electrode face each other means that the first electrode and the second electrode are stacked in contact with each other, and the first electrode and the second electrode are stacked via another layer.
- both the first and second forms that is, the form in which the first electrode and the second electrode are provided so as to face each other across the other layer
- the photosensitive layer is disposed on the second electrode side with respect to the conductive support.
- having a photosensitive layer on a conductive support means an embodiment in which a photosensitive layer is provided (directly provided) in contact with the surface of the conductive support, and another layer is provided above the surface of the conductive support. It includes a mode in which a photosensitive layer is provided.
- the other layer provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer does not deteriorate the battery performance of the solar cell.
- a porous layer, a blocking layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, and the like can be given.
- the photosensitive layer may have a thin film shape (see FIG.
- the photosensitive layer may be provided in a linear or dispersed form, but is preferably provided in a film form.
- the photosensitive layer contains a light absorber containing a perovskite compound and a compound represented by the formula (A-0) described later (hereinafter sometimes referred to as Compound A). That is, the photosensitive layer also contains the perovskite compound and compound A.
- the light absorber (photosensitive layer) containing the perovskite compound and compound A means that the perovskite compound and compound A coexist on the surface or inside of the photosensitive layer.
- the mode in which the perovskite compound and compound A coexist is not particularly limited. For example, the mode in which the perovskite compound and compound A exist independently (in a free state), physical or chemical interaction.
- Ra or Ya may be dissociated or may be in the form of a salt.
- R a or Ya is dissociated, compound A usually becomes an anion.
- the anion of the compound A may be exchanged for an anion of an anionic atom or atomic group that forms the crystal structure of the perovskite compound.
- the light absorber contains the perovskite compound and the compound A, whereby the temperature change resistance of the photoelectric conversion element can be improved, and the photoelectric conversion performance can be improved with respect to the temperature change of the surrounding (external) environment. Reduction can be effectively suppressed.
- the compound A has a group (G in formula (A-0) described later) having a high affinity with the perovskite compound.
- the photoelectric conversion element another layer, preferably a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer, is laminated on the photosensitive layer.
- the thermal shrinkage difference between the photosensitive layer and the other layers is caused by the temperature change, and interface peeling or interface defects are likely to occur.
- the photosensitive layer contains the compound A, it is considered that the thermal contraction difference between the two layers can be buffered to suppress interfacial peeling.
- a photoelectric conversion element or a solar cell provided with a photosensitive layer containing a perovskite compound has a tendency that the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases with time in a high humidity environment.
- the photosensitive layer contains compound A, and preferably further provided with a layer containing compound A on the photosensitive layer (preferably on the surface thereof), while maintaining temperature change resistance, it is possible to maintain a high humidity environment.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is not particularly limited in structure other than the structure defined in the present invention, and a known structure relating to the photoelectric conversion element and the solar cell can be adopted.
- Each layer constituting the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is designed according to the purpose, and may be formed in a single layer or multiple layers, for example.
- a porous layer can be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer (see FIGS. 1, 2 and 6).
- the same reference numerals mean the same components (members). 1, 2, and 6 emphasize the size of the fine particles forming the porous layer 12. These fine particles are preferably clogged (deposited or adhered) in the horizontal and vertical directions with respect to the conductive support 11 to form a porous structure.
- the term “photoelectric conversion element 10” means the photoelectric conversion elements 10A to 10F unless otherwise specified.
- the simple term “photosensitive layer 13” means the photosensitive layers 13A to 13C unless otherwise specified.
- the hole transport layer 3 means the hole transport layers 3A and 3B unless otherwise specified.
- a photoelectric conversion element 10A shown in FIG. A system 100A shown in FIG. 1 is a system applied to a battery for causing an operation circuit M (for example, an electric motor) to perform work by the external circuit 6 using the photoelectric conversion element 10A.
- This photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> A has a first electrode 1 ⁇ / b> A, a second electrode 2, and a hole transport layer 3 ⁇ / b> A between the first electrode 1 ⁇ / b> A and the second electrode 2.
- the first electrode 1A is porous as schematically shown in a conductive support 11 composed of a support 11a and a transparent electrode 11b, a porous layer 12, and an enlarged cross-sectional area a that is an enlarged cross-sectional area a in FIG.
- the surface of the material layer 12 has a photosensitive layer 13A containing a perovskite compound.
- the blocking layer 14 is provided on the transparent electrode 11 b, and the porous layer 12 is formed on the blocking layer 14.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10B shown in FIG. 2 schematically shows a preferred embodiment in which the photosensitive layer 13A of the photoelectric conversion element 10A shown in FIG. In the photoelectric conversion element 10B, the hole transport layer 3B is thinly provided.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10B is different from the photoelectric conversion element 10A shown in FIG. 1 in the film thicknesses of the photosensitive layer 13B and the hole transport layer 3B, but is configured in the same manner as the photoelectric conversion element 10A except for these points. ing.
- a photoelectric conversion element 10C shown in FIG. 3 schematically shows another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10C is different from the photoelectric conversion element 10B illustrated in FIG. 2 in that the porous layer 12 is not provided, but is configured in the same manner as the photoelectric conversion element 10B except for this point. That is, in the photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> C, the photosensitive layer 13 ⁇ / b> C is formed in a thick film shape on the surface of the blocking layer 14. In the photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> C, the hole transport layer 3 ⁇ / b> B can be provided thick like the hole transport layer 3 ⁇ / b> A.
- a photoelectric conversion element 10D shown in FIG. 4 schematically shows another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- This photoelectric conversion element 10D is different from the photoelectric conversion element 10C shown in FIG. 3 in that an electron transport layer 15 is provided instead of the blocking layer 14, but is otherwise configured in the same manner as the photoelectric conversion element 10C.
- the first electrode 1 ⁇ / b> D includes a conductive support 11 and an electron transport layer 15 and a photosensitive layer 13 ⁇ / b> C that are sequentially formed on the conductive support 11.
- This photoelectric conversion element 10D is preferable in that each layer can be formed of an organic material. As a result, the productivity of the photoelectric conversion element is improved, and it is possible to make it thinner or flexible.
- a photoelectric conversion element 10E shown in FIG. 5 schematically shows still another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- a system 100E including the photoelectric conversion element 10E is a system applied to battery use as in the system 100A.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 ⁇ / b> E includes a first electrode 1 ⁇ / b> E, a second electrode 2, and an electron transport layer 4 between the first electrode 1 ⁇ / b> E and the second electrode 2.
- the first electrode 1 ⁇ / b> E includes a conductive support 11 and a hole transport layer 16 and a photosensitive layer 13 ⁇ / b> C that are sequentially formed on the conductive support 11.
- This photoelectric conversion element 10E is preferable in that each layer can be formed of an organic material, like the photoelectric conversion element 10D.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10F shown in FIG. 6 schematically shows still another preferred embodiment of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10F is different from the photoelectric conversion element 10B illustrated in FIG. 2 in that the hole transport layer 3B is not provided, but is configured in the same manner as the photoelectric conversion element 10B except for this point.
- the system 100 to which the photoelectric conversion element 10 is applied functions as a solar cell as follows. That is, in the photoelectric conversion element 10, the light that has passed through the conductive support 11 or passed through the second electrode 2 and entered the photosensitive layer 13 excites the light absorber. The excited light absorber has electrons with high energy and can emit these electrons. The light absorber that has released electrons with high energy becomes an oxidant (cation).
- the photoelectric conversion elements 10A to 10D and 10F electrons emitted from the light absorber move between the light absorbers and reach the conductive support 11. After the electrons that have reached the conductive support 11 work in the external circuit 6, they pass through the second electrode 2 (if there is a hole transport layer 3, further via the hole transport layer 3), and then the photosensitive layer Return to 13. The light absorber is reduced by the electrons returning to the photosensitive layer 13.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10E the electrons emitted from the light absorber reach the second electrode 2 from the photosensitive layer 13C through the electron transport layer 4, and after working in the external circuit 6, the conductive support 11 Then, the light returns to the photosensitive layer 13 through the hole transport layer 16. The light absorber is reduced by the electrons returning to the photosensitive layer 13.
- the system 100 functions as a solar cell by repeating such excitation and electron transfer cycles of the light absorber.
- the way in which electrons flow from the photosensitive layer 13 to the conductive support 11 differs depending on the presence and type of the porous layer 12 and the like.
- the porous layer 12 can be formed of an insulator other than a conventional semiconductor.
- the porous layer 12 is formed of a semiconductor, electron conduction in which electrons move inside and between the semiconductor fine particles of the porous layer 12 also occurs.
- the porous layer 12 is formed of an insulator, electron conduction in the porous layer 12 does not occur.
- a relatively high electromotive force can be obtained by using aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) particles as the insulator particles.
- Al 2 O 3 aluminum oxide
- the blocking layer 14 as the other layer is formed of a conductor or a semiconductor, electron conduction in the blocking layer 14 occurs. Electron conduction also occurs in the electron transport layer 15.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is not limited to the above-described preferred embodiments, and the configuration of each embodiment can be appropriately combined between the embodiments without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- a configuration in which the hole transport layer 3B is not provided as in the photoelectric conversion element 10F with respect to the photoelectric conversion element 10C or 10D may be employed.
- the material and each member which are used for a photoelectric conversion element can be prepared by a conventional method except the material and member prescribed
- photoelectric conversion elements or solar cells using a perovskite compound for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, and J. Org. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (17), p. 6050-6051 and Science, 338, p. 643 (2012).
- it can refer also about the material and each member which are used for a dye-sensitized solar cell.
- the dye-sensitized solar cell for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-291534, US Pat. No.
- the first electrode 1 has a conductive support 11 and a photosensitive layer 13 and functions as a working electrode in the photoelectric conversion element 10. As shown in FIGS. 1 to 6, the first electrode 1 preferably has at least one of a porous layer 12, a blocking layer 14, an electron transport layer 15 and a hole transport layer 16. The first electrode 1 preferably has at least the blocking layer 14 in terms of prevention of short circuit, and more preferably has the porous layer 12 and the blocking layer 14 in terms of light absorption efficiency and prevention of short circuit. Moreover, it is preferable that the 1st electrode 1 has the electron transport layer 15 or the hole transport layer 16 formed with the organic material at the point of the improvement of productivity of a photoelectric conversion element, thickness reduction, or flexibility.
- the conductive support 11 is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity and can support the photosensitive layer 13 and the like.
- the conductive support 11 is composed of a conductive material, for example, a metal, or a glass or plastic support 11a, and a transparent electrode 11b as a conductive film formed on the surface of the support 11a.
- the structure having is preferable.
- a conductive support 11 in which a transparent metal electrode 11b is formed by coating a conductive metal oxide on the surface of a glass or plastic support 11a is more preferable.
- the support 11a formed of plastic include a transparent polymer film described in paragraph No. 0153 of JP-A-2001-291534.
- ceramic Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-135902
- conductive resin Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-160425
- tin oxide As the metal oxide, tin oxide (TO) is preferable, and fluorine-doped tin oxide such as indium-tin oxide (tin-doped indium oxide: ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is particularly preferable.
- the coating amount of the metal oxide at this time is preferably 0.1 to 100 g per 1 m 2 of the surface area of the support 11a. When the conductive support 11 is used, light is preferably incident from the support 11a side.
- the conductive support 11 is preferably substantially transparent.
- “substantially transparent” means that the transmittance of light (wavelength 300 to 1200 nm) is 10% or more, preferably 50% or more, and particularly preferably 80% or more.
- the thickness of the support body 11a and the electroconductive support body 11 is not specifically limited, It sets to appropriate thickness.
- the thickness is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 10 mm, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 mm, and particularly preferably 0.3 ⁇ m to 4 mm.
- the transparent electrode 11b is provided, the thickness of the transparent electrode 11b is not particularly limited, and is preferably 0.01 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.02 to 25 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.025 to 20 ⁇ m. It is particularly preferred that
- the conductive support 11 or the support 11a may have a light management function on the surface.
- the surface of the conductive support 11 or the support 11a may have an antireflection film in which high refractive films and low refractive index oxide films are alternately stacked as described in JP-A-2003-123859.
- the light guide function described in JP-A-2002-260746 may be provided.
- a blocking layer 14 is provided.
- the blocking layer 14 functions to prevent this reverse current.
- the blocking layer 14 is also referred to as a short circuit prevention layer.
- the blocking layer 14 can also function as a scaffold carrying the light absorber.
- This blocking layer 14 may also be provided when the photoelectric conversion element has an electron transport layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10D it may be provided between the conductive support 11 and the electron transport layer 15, and in the case of the photoelectric conversion element 10E, it is provided between the second electrode 2 and the electron transport layer 4. May be.
- the material for forming the blocking layer 14 is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that can perform the above function, and is a substance that transmits visible light, and is an insulating substance for the conductive support 11 (transparent electrode 11b) and the like. It is preferable that Specifically, the “insulating substance with respect to the conductive support 11 (transparent electrode 11b)” specifically refers to a material whose conduction band energy level forms the conductive support 11 (metal oxide forming the transparent electrode 11b). A compound (n-type semiconductor compound) that is higher than the energy level of the conduction band of the material and lower than the energy level of the conduction band of the material constituting the porous layer 12 and the ground state of the light absorber.
- Examples of the material for forming the blocking layer 14 include silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, cesium carbonate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyurethane.
- the material generally used for the photoelectric conversion material may be used, and examples thereof include titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, and tungsten oxide. Of these, titanium oxide, tin oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide and the like are preferable.
- the thickness of the blocking layer 14 is preferably 0.001 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.005 to 1 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the film thickness of each layer can be measured by observing the cross section of the photoelectric conversion element 10 using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the porous layer 12 is preferably provided on the transparent electrode 11b.
- the porous layer 12 is preferably formed on the blocking layer 14.
- the porous layer 12 is a layer that functions as a scaffold for carrying the photosensitive layer 13 on the surface.
- the porous layer 12 is preferably a fine particle layer having pores, in which fine particles of the material forming the porous layer 12 are deposited or adhered.
- the porous layer 12 may be a fine particle layer in which two or more kinds of fine particles are deposited.
- the amount of light absorbent supported (adsorption amount) can be increased.
- the surface area of the porous layer 12 it is preferable to increase the surface area of the individual fine particles constituting the porous layer 12.
- the surface area of the fine particles is preferably 10 times or more, more than 100 times the projected area. It is more preferable.
- the particle diameter of the fine particles forming the porous layer 12 is preferably 0.001 to 1 ⁇ m as the primary particle in the average particle diameter using the diameter when the projected area is converted into a circle.
- the average particle diameter of the fine particles is preferably 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m as the average particle diameter of the dispersion.
- the material for forming the porous layer 12 is not particularly limited with respect to conductivity, and may be an insulator (insulating material), a conductive material, or a semiconductor (semiconductive material).
- Examples of the material for forming the porous layer 12 include metal chalcogenides (eg, oxides, sulfides, selenides, etc.), compounds having a perovskite crystal structure (excluding perovskite compounds used as a light absorber), silicon. These oxides (for example, silicon dioxide, zeolite) or carbon nanotubes (including carbon nanowires and carbon nanorods) can be used.
- the metal chalcogenide is not particularly limited, and is preferably titanium, tin, zinc, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, aluminum or tantalum oxide, cadmium sulfide. , Cadmium selenide and the like.
- Examples of the crystal structure of the metal chalcogenide include an anatase type, brookite type and rutile type, and anatase type and brookite type are preferable.
- the compound having a perovskite crystal structure is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include transition metal oxides.
- transition metal oxides For example, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, barium titanate, lead titanate, barium zirconate, barium stannate, lead zirconate, strontium zirconate, strontium tantalate, potassium niobate, bismuth ferrate, strontium barium titanate , Barium lanthanum titanate, sodium titanate, bismuth titanate.
- strontium titanate, calcium titanate and the like are preferable.
- the carbon nanotube has a shape obtained by rounding a carbon film (graphene sheet) into a cylindrical shape.
- Carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in which one graphene sheet is wound in a cylindrical shape, double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) in which two graphene sheets are wound in a concentric shape, and multiple graphene sheets are concentric
- SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotubes
- DWCNT double-walled carbon nanotubes
- MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- any carbon nanotube is not particularly limited and can be used.
- the material for forming the porous layer 12 is preferably titanium, tin, zinc, zirconium, aluminum or silicon oxide, or carbon nanotube, and more preferably titanium oxide or aluminum oxide.
- the porous layer 12 may be formed of at least one of the above-described metal chalcogenide, compound having a perovskite crystal structure, silicon oxide, and carbon nanotube, and may be formed of a plurality of types. .
- the thickness of the porous layer 12 is not particularly limited, and is usually in the range of 0.05 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m. When used as a solar cell, the thickness is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.2 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the electron transport layer 15 is preferably provided on the surface of the transparent electrode 11b.
- the electron transport layer 15 has a function of transporting electrons generated in the photosensitive layer 13 to the conductive support 11.
- the electron transport layer 15 is formed of an electron transport material that can exhibit this function.
- the electron transport material is not particularly limited, and an organic material (organic electron transport material) is preferable.
- Organic electron transport materials include fullerene compounds such as [6,6] -Phenyl-C61-Butylic Acid Methyl Ester (PC 61 BM), perylene compounds such as perylenetetracarboxydiimide (PTCDI), and other tetracyanoquinodimethanes Examples thereof include a low molecular compound such as (TCNQ) or a high molecular compound.
- the film thickness of the electron transport layer 15 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.001 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the hole transport layer 16 is preferably provided on the surface of the transparent electrode 11b.
- the hole transport layer 16 is the same as the hole transport layer 3 described later except that the position where it is formed is different.
- the photosensitive layer 13 is preferably a porous layer 12 (photoelectric conversion elements 10A, 10B, and 10F), a blocking layer 14 (photoelectric conversion element 10C), an electron transport layer 15 (photoelectric conversion element 10D), or a hole transport layer. 16 (photoelectric conversion element 10E) is provided on the surface of each layer (including the inner surface of the recess when the surface on which the photosensitive layer 13 is provided is uneven).
- the photosensitive layer 13 contains a light absorber. This light absorber contains at least one perovskite compound described later and compound A described later. Therefore, the photosensitive layer 13 contains at least one perovskite compound and a compound A described later. Further, the photosensitive layer may have a light absorbing component such as a metal complex dye or an organic dye in addition to the light absorber.
- the photosensitive layer 13 may be a single layer or a laminated structure of two or more layers.
- the photosensitive layer 13 may be a laminated structure in which layers made of different light absorbers are laminated, and an intermediate including a hole transport material between the photosensitive layer and the photosensitive layer.
- a laminated structure having layers may also be used.
- the photosensitive layer 13 may be contained in any layer as long as at least one layer contains at least one perovskite compound and a compound A described later. It may be contained in the layer.
- the aspect having the photosensitive layer 13 on the conductive support 11 is as described above.
- the photosensitive layer 13 is preferably provided on the surface of each of the layers so that excited electrons flow to the conductive support 11 or the second electrode 2.
- the photosensitive layer 13 may be provided on the entire surface of each of the above layers, or may be provided on a part of the surface.
- the film thickness of the photosensitive layer 13 is appropriately set according to the mode having the photosensitive layer 13 on the conductive support 11 and is not particularly limited. Usually, the film thickness is, for example, preferably 0.001 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the total film thickness with the porous layer 12 is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and 0.3 ⁇ m or more. Particularly preferred.
- the total film thickness is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the total film thickness can be in a range where the above values are appropriately combined.
- the total film thickness of the porous layer 12, the photosensitive layer 13, and the hole transport layer 3 is not particularly limited. 01 ⁇ m or more is preferable, 0.05 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, 0.1 ⁇ m or more is further preferable, and 0.3 ⁇ m or more is particularly preferable.
- the total film thickness is preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the total film thickness can be in a range where the above values are appropriately combined.
- the photosensitive layer is provided in a thick film form (photosensitive layers 13B and 13C)
- the light absorber contained in the photosensitive layer may function as a hole transport material.
- the light absorber in the photosensitive layer 13 is a perovskite compound having a periodic table group 1 element or cationic organic group A, a metal atom M other than the periodic table group 1 element, and an anionic atom or atomic group X. contains.
- the periodic table group I element or the cationic organic group A, the metal atom M, and the anionic atom or atomic group X are each a cation (for convenience, sometimes referred to as cation A), metal, It exists as a constituent ion of a cation (for convenience, sometimes referred to as cation M) and an anion (for convenience, sometimes referred to as anion X).
- the cationic organic group means an organic group having a property of becoming a cation in the perovskite type crystal structure
- the anionic atom or atomic group is an atom or atomic group having a property of becoming an anion in the perovskite type crystal structure.
- the cation A is a cation of a group 1 element of the periodic table or an organic cation composed of a cationic organic group A.
- the cation A may be one kind of cation or two or more kinds of cations. In the case of two or more types of cations, it may be a cation of two or more group 1 elements of the periodic table, two or more types of organic cations, and at least one cation of the group 1 element of the periodic table and at least 1 It may contain a seed organic cation.
- the cation A preferably contains an organic cation, and more preferably an organic cation.
- the abundance ratio of each cation in the case of two or more cations is not particularly limited.
- the cation of the Group 1 element of the periodic table is not particularly limited, and for example, the cation (Li + , Na + , K + of each element of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), or cesium (Cs). Cs + ), and a cesium cation (Cs + ) is particularly preferable.
- the organic cation is not particularly limited as long as it is a cation of an organic group having the above properties, and is more preferably an organic cation of a cationic organic group represented by the following formula (A-1).
- R 1 represents a substituent.
- R 1 is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic group, and can be represented by an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, an aliphatic heterocyclic group, or the following formula (2). Preferred groups are preferred. Among these, an alkyl group and a group that can be represented by the following formula (2) are more preferable.
- R 1a represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, or an aliphatic heterocyclic group. Among these, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group is preferable, and a hydrogen atom is more preferable.
- Xa represents NR ⁇ 1c> , an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom.
- R 1b and R 1c each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- *** represents a binding site with the nitrogen atom of the formula (A-1).
- the organic cation of the cationic organic group A, R 1a is a hydrogen atom, the formula (A-1) R 1 and N (R 1a) 3 and are bonded to become ammonium cationic organic in An organic ammonium cation (R 1 —NH 3 + ) consisting of the group A is preferred.
- the organic ammonium cation can take a resonance structure
- the organic cation includes a cation having a resonance structure in addition to the organic ammonium cation.
- the organic cation is bonded to the group that can be represented by the above formula (2) and NH 3.
- an organic amidinium cation which is one of the resonance structures of the organic ammonium cation is also included.
- Examples of the organic amidinium cation comprising an amidinium cationic organic group include a cation represented by the following formula (A am ).
- a cation represented by the following formula (A am ) may be referred to as “R 1b C ( ⁇ NH) —NH 3 + ” for convenience.
- the alkyl group that can be taken as R 1 and R 1a is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, still more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Is particularly preferred. For example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like can be mentioned.
- the cycloalkyl group that can be used as R 1 and R 1a is preferably a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
- the alkenyl group that can be used as R 1 and R 1a is preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, and still more preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
- the alkynyl group that can be used as R 1 and R 1a is preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, and still more preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- ethynyl, butynyl, hexynyl and the like can be mentioned.
- the aryl group that can be adopted as R 1 and R 1a is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include phenyl.
- the heteroaryl group which can be taken as R 1 and R 1a includes a group consisting only of an aromatic heterocycle and a condensed heterocycle obtained by condensing an aromatic heterocycle with another ring such as an aromatic ring, an aliphatic ring or a heterocycle. And the group.
- a ring-constituting hetero atom constituting the aromatic hetero ring a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom are preferable.
- the number of ring members of the aromatic heterocycle is preferably a 3- to 8-membered ring, more preferably a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring.
- the condensed heterocycle including a 5-membered aromatic heterocycle and a 5-membered aromatic heterocycle include a pyrrole ring, an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, an oxazole ring, a thiazole ring, a triazole ring, a furan ring, and a thiophene ring. , Benzimidazole ring, benzoxazole ring, benzothiazole ring, indoline ring, and indazole ring.
- Examples of the condensed heterocycle including a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle and a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle include, for example, pyridine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyrazine ring, triazine ring, quinoline ring, and quinazoline ring. Is mentioned.
- the aliphatic heterocyclic group that can be adopted as R 1 and R 1a includes a monocyclic group consisting of only an aliphatic heterocyclic ring and an aliphatic condensed heterocyclic group in which another ring (for example, an aliphatic ring) is condensed to an aliphatic heterocyclic ring. And a group consisting of a ring.
- a ring-constituting hetero atom constituting the aliphatic hetero ring a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom are preferable.
- the number of ring members of the aliphatic heterocycle is preferably a 3 to 8 membered ring, more preferably a 5 or 6 membered ring.
- the aliphatic heterocycle preferably has 0 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, still more preferably 2 to 10, and particularly preferably 3 to 5.
- Preferable specific examples of the aliphatic heterocycle include pyrrolidine ring, oxolane ring, thiolane ring, piperidine ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, oxane ring (tetrahydropyran ring), thiane ring, piperazine ring, morpholine ring, quinuclidine ring, pyrrolidine ring, azetidine Ring, oxetane ring, aziridine ring, dioxane ring, pentamethylene sulfide ring, ⁇ -butyrolactone and the like.
- X a represents NR 1c , an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and NR 1c is preferable.
- R 1c represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group, and further a hydrogen atom preferable.
- R 1b represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and preferably a hydrogen atom.
- R 1b examples include an amino group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and an aliphatic heterocyclic group.
- the alkyl group, cycloalkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group or aliphatic heterocyclic group that R 1b and R 1c can each have the same meaning as each group of R 1a above, and are preferable. Is the same.
- the amino group may be unsubstituted or substituted, and includes an alkylamino group, an alkenylamino group, an alkynylamino group, a cycloalkylamino group, a cycloalkenylamino group, an arylamino group, and a heterocyclic amino group.
- the number of carbon atoms of amino is preferably 0-20.
- Examples of the group that can be represented by the formula (2) include (thio) acyl group, (thio) carbamoyl group, imidoyl group, and amidino group.
- the (thio) acyl group includes an acyl group and a thioacyl group.
- the acyl group is preferably an acyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include formyl, acetyl (CH 3 C ( ⁇ O) —), propionyl, hexanoyl and the like.
- the thioacyl group is preferably a thioacyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms in total, and examples thereof include thioformyl, thioacetyl (CH 3 C ( ⁇ S) —), thiopropionyl and the like.
- the (thio) carbamoyl group includes a carbamoyl group (H 2 NC ( ⁇ O) —) and a thiocarbamoyl group (H 2 NC ( ⁇ S) —).
- the amidino group as a group that can be represented by the formula (2) has a structure (—C ( ⁇ NH) NH 2 ) in which R 1b of the imidoyl group is an amino group and R 1c is a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 and R 1a may have is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, and a heterocyclic group (heteroaryl group, aliphatic group) Heterocyclic group), alkoxy group, alkylthio group, amino group (alkylamino group, arylamino group, etc.), acyl group, alkylcarbonyloxy group, aryloxy group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, acylamino group, sulfonamide Group, carbamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, halogen atom, cyano group, hydroxy group or carboxy group.
- Each substituent that R 1 and R 1a may have may be further substituted with a substituent.
- the metal cation M is not particularly limited as long as it is a cation of a metal atom other than the Group 1 element of the periodic table and a cation of a metal atom capable of adopting a perovskite crystal structure.
- metal atoms examples include calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), Metal atoms such as palladium (Pd), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), ytterbium (Yb), europium (Eu), indium (In), titanium (Ti), bismuth (Bi) It is done.
- M may be one metal cation or two or more metal cations.
- the metal cation M is preferably a divalent cation, preferably a divalent lead cation (Pb 2+ ), a divalent copper cation (Cu 2+ ), a divalent germanium cation (Ge 2+ ), and a divalent cation. More preferably, it is at least one selected from the group consisting of tin cations (Sn 2+ ), more preferably Pb 2+ or Sn 2+ , and particularly preferably Pb 2+ . In the case of two or more kinds of metal cations, the ratio of the metal cations is not particularly limited.
- the anion X represents an anionic atom or an anion of the atomic group X.
- This anion is preferably an anion of a halogen atom or an anion of each atomic group of NCS ⁇ , NCO ⁇ , HO ⁇ , NO 3 ⁇ , CH 3 COO ⁇ or HCOO ⁇ .
- a halogen atom anion is more preferable.
- a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, etc. are mentioned, for example.
- the anion X may be an anion of one type of anionic atom or atomic group, or may be an anion of two or more types of anionic atom or atomic group.
- an anion of iodine atom is preferable.
- anions of two halogen atoms, particularly anions of chlorine atoms and iodine atoms are preferred.
- the ratio of two or more types of anions is not particularly limited.
- the perovskite compound used in the present invention is preferably a perovskite compound having a perovskite crystal structure having the above-described constituent ions and represented by the following formula (I).
- A represents a periodic table 1st group element or a cationic organic group.
- M represents a metal atom other than Group 1 elements of the periodic table.
- X represents an anionic atom or atomic group.
- a represents 1 or 2
- the periodic table group 1 element or the cationic organic group A forms the cation A having a perovskite crystal structure.
- the Group 1 element of the periodic table and the cationic organic group A are not particularly limited as long as they are elements or groups that can form the perovskite crystal structure by becoming the cation A.
- the Periodic Table Group 1 element or the cationic organic group A has the same meaning as the Periodic Table Group 1 element or the cationic organic group described above for the cation A, and the preferred ones are also the same.
- A may include a group 1 element of the periodic table and a cationic organic group.
- the metal atom M is a metal atom that forms the metal cation M having a perovskite crystal structure. Therefore, the metal atom M is not particularly limited as long as it is an atom other than the Group 1 element of the periodic table and can form the perovskite crystal structure by becoming the metal cation M.
- the metal atom M is synonymous with the metal atom described in the metal cation M, and the preferred ones are also the same.
- the anionic atom or atomic group X forms the anion X having a perovskite crystal structure. Accordingly, the anionic atom or atomic group X is not particularly limited as long as it is an atom or atomic group that can form the perovskite crystal structure by becoming the anion X.
- the anionic atom or atomic group X is synonymous with the anionic atom or atomic group described for the anion X, and the preferred ones are also the same.
- the perovskite compound represented by formula (I) is a perovskite compound represented by the following formula (I-1) when a is 1, and when a is 2, the perovskite compound represented by formula (I-2) It is a perovskite compound represented.
- A represents a group 1 element of the periodic table or a cationic organic group, and is synonymous with A in the formula (I), and preferred ones are also the same.
- M represents a metal atom other than the Group 1 element of the periodic table, and is synonymous with M in the above formula (I), and preferred ones are also the same.
- X represents an anionic atom or an atomic group, and is synonymous with X in the formula (I), and preferred ones are also the same.
- the perovskite compound used in the present invention may be either a compound represented by formula (I-1) or a compound represented by formula (I-2), or a mixture thereof. Accordingly, in the present invention, it is sufficient that at least one perovskite compound exists as a light absorber, and it is not necessary to clearly distinguish exactly which compound is based on the composition formula, molecular formula, crystal structure, and the like. .
- perovskite compounds that can be used in the present invention are illustrated below, but the present invention is not limited thereby.
- the compound represented by the formula (I-1) and the compound represented by the formula (I-2) are described separately.
- the compounds exemplified as the compound represented by the formula (I-1) may be a compound represented by the formula (I-2) depending on the synthesis conditions and the like.
- the mixture is a mixture of the compound represented by -1) and the compound represented by formula (I-2).
- the compounds exemplified as the compound represented by the formula (I-2) may be a compound represented by the formula (I-1), and may be represented by the formula (I-1).
- the mixture is a mixture of the compound represented by formula (I-2).
- the perovskite compound can be synthesized from a compound represented by the following formula (A-3) and a compound represented by the following formula (A-2).
- A represents a group 1 element in the periodic table or a cationic organic group, and has the same meaning as A in the formula (I), and preferred ones are also the same.
- X represents an anionic atom or atomic group, and has the same meaning as X in formula (I), and the preferred ones are also the same.
- the compound represented by the formula (A-3) is usually a compound in which a cation A of a periodic table group 1 element or a cationic organic group and an anionic atom or an atomic group X are ionically bonded.
- M represents a metal atom other than the Group 1 element of the periodic table, and has the same meaning as M in the formula (I), and preferred examples thereof are also the same.
- X represents an anionic atom or atomic group, and has the same meaning as X in formula (I), and the preferred ones are also the same.
- the compound represented by the formula (A-2) is usually a compound in which a cation M of a metal atom other than the Group 1 element of the periodic table and an anionic atom or X of an atomic group are ionically bonded.
- Examples of the method for synthesizing the perovskite compound include the methods described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, and Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2.
- the method described in 6050-6051 is also included.
- the amount of the perovskite light absorber used may be an amount that covers at least a part of the surface of the first electrode 1, and is preferably an amount that covers the entire surface.
- the content of the perovskite compound is usually 1 to 100% by mass.
- the light absorber includes a compound represented by the following formula (A-0).
- This compound A imparts high temperature change resistance to the photoelectric conversion element when used in combination with a perovskite compound.
- Compound A has an amino group in the molecule (a nitrogen atom forming an aliphatic ring or an aromatic ring (a cyclic amino group that can be an aliphatic heterocyclic group or an aromatic heterocyclic group described below which can be taken as L), It preferably has no amino groups combined with other functional groups such as amino groups in the carbamoyl group.
- L represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group that can be taken as L include saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups.
- the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a group composed of a methane hydrocarbon (alkane).
- the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a group having at least one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond at the inside or at the end.
- a group consisting of The saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group and the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be linear, branched or cyclic, respectively.
- Examples of the linear and branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon or a group obtained by removing p hydrogen atoms from a branched aliphatic hydrocarbon.
- the number of carbon atoms of the linear aliphatic hydrocarbon group and the branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited, preferably 1 to 36, more preferably 1 to 18, and still more preferably 1 to 12.
- Examples of the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a group obtained by removing p hydrogen atoms from a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon.
- the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
- Examples of the polycycle include a condensed ring, a spiro ring or a bridged ring, and a condensed ring or a bridged ring is preferable.
- the number of carbon atoms of the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited, preferably 3 to 36, more preferably 3 to 18, and still more preferably 5 to 10.
- Examples of the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a group consisting of a single ring such as a cycloheptane ring, a cyclohexane ring, a cycloheptin ring or a cyclohexene ring, and a group consisting of a bridged ring such as a norbornene ring, a norbornane ring or an adamantane ring.
- a linear or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferable.
- Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group that can be taken as L include groups in which p hydrogen atoms have been removed from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited and is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, more preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Is more preferable.
- a benzene ring group, a naphthalene ring group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group condensed with 3 or more rings (preferably 3 to 6 rings) is more preferable.
- Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring group condensed with three or more rings include a fluorene ring group, an anthracene ring group, a phenanthrene ring group, a chrysene ring group, and a pyrene ring group.
- a fluorene ring group an anthracene ring group, a phenanthrene ring group, a chrysene ring group, and a pyrene ring group.
- a benzene ring group or a naphthalene ring group is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group that can be taken as L include groups in which p hydrogen atoms have been removed from the aromatic heterocyclic ring.
- the aromatic heterocyclic group is not particularly limited, and preferably contains at least one nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, phosphorus atom, silicon atom or selenium atom as a ring-forming hetero atom.
- the aromatic heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic group or a condensed group of two or more rings. In the case of a monocyclic group, the number of ring members is preferably 5 to 7 members, more preferably 5 or 6 members.
- the number of carbon atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 to 22, more preferably 0 to 10, and still more preferably 1 to 6.
- Examples of the 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic group include each ring group composed of a pyrrole ring, an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, an oxazole ring, a thiazole ring, a triazole ring, a furan ring, or a thiophene ring.
- Examples of the condensed ring group containing a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring include each ring group composed of a benzimidazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, a benzothiazole ring, an indoline ring, or an indazole ring.
- each ring group which consists of a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, or a triazine ring is mentioned, for example.
- the condensed ring group containing a 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic group include each ring group composed of a quinoline ring and a quinazoline ring.
- Examples of the aliphatic heterocyclic group that can be taken as L include a group obtained by removing p hydrogen atoms from an aliphatic heterocyclic ring (aliphatic heterocyclic ring).
- the aliphatic heterocyclic group is not particularly limited, and preferably includes at least one nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, phosphorus atom, silicon atom or selenium atom as a ring-forming hetero atom.
- the aliphatic heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic group or a condensed group of two or more rings. In the case of a monocyclic group, the number of ring members is preferably 5 to 7 members, more preferably 5 or 6 members.
- the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic heterocyclic group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 to 22, more preferably 0 to 10, and further preferably 1 to 6.
- Examples of the aliphatic heterocyclic group include pyrrolidine ring, oxolane ring (tetrahydrofuran ring), thiolane ring (tetrahydrothiophene ring), piperidine ring, oxane ring (tetrahydropyran ring), thiane ring (tetrahydrothiopyran ring), piperazine ring. , Morpholine ring, quinuclidine ring, pyrrolidine ring, azetidine ring, oxetane ring, aziridine ring or dioxane ring.
- L is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group, more preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, among the above.
- L is preferably an alkyl group or an aryl group, and more preferably an alkyl group.
- L may have a substituent.
- the substituent that L may have is not particularly limited as long as it is a group other than an amino group, and is preferably a substituent selected from the following group LSG .
- the amino group not having a substituent has the same meaning as the amino group preferably not having the compound A, and examples thereof include an unsubstituted amino group, a mono- or di-alkylamino group, a mono- or di-aryl. An amino group, a mono- or di-heterocyclic amino group may be mentioned.
- Group L SG > Alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, heteroaryloxy group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, heteroarylthio group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, heteroaryloxycarbonyl group, Alkylthiocarbonyl group, arylthiocarbonyl group, heteroarylthiocarbonyl group, alkylcarbonyloxy group, arylcarbonyloxy group, heteroarylcarbonyloxy group, alkylcarbonylthio group, arylcarbonylthio group, heteroarylcarbonylthio group, hydroxy group, Mercapto group, acyl group, halogen atom, cyano group, silyl group, heteroaryl group, aliphatic heterocyclic group, carbamoyl group
- an alkyl group when an alkyl group is described separately from a cycloalkyl group, the alkyl group is used to include a linear alkyl group and a branched alkyl group.
- an alkyl group when simply described as an alkyl group), and unless otherwise specified, an alkyl group is a linear alkyl group or a branched alkyl group And cycloalkyl group.
- an alkyl group (including a cycloalkyl group), an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and an aliphatic heterocyclic group that can be adopted as the group L SG are not particularly limited, and each of the corresponding groups in R 1 It is synonymous with a group, and its preferable range is also the same.
- the acyl group preferably has 1 to 19 carbon atoms, and more preferably 2 to 19 carbon atoms.
- Preferable specific examples of the acyl group include, for example, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, octadecanoyl, benzoyl or acrylyl.
- a halogen atom a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom is mentioned, An iodine atom or a bromine atom is preferable.
- the carbamoyl group an N, N-disubstituted carbamoyl group is preferable, and a carbamoyl group in which an N atom is substituted with any of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and an aliphatic heterocyclic group. preferable.
- an N, N-dialkyl or diarylcarbamoyl group is preferable.
- the carbamoyl group include N, N-dimethylcarbamoyl and N, N-diphenylcarbamoyl.
- the silyl group is not particularly limited, and is preferably a silyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and substituted with an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, or an aryloxy group.
- * represents a linking portion with L in the above formula (A-0) or another substituent selected from group L SG .
- Rw represents any of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group.
- Each of the alkyl group, aryl group and heteroaryl group has the same meaning as the alkyl group (including cycloalkyl group), aryl group and heteroaryl group in R 1 , and the preferred range is also the same.
- Table 1 below shows the correspondence between each of the substituents included in the group LSG and the groups represented by the above formulas (W-1) to (W-6).
- the group L SG includes, in addition to the above groups, a carbonyl group (> C ⁇ O) in the above formulas (W-3) to (W-6), a thiocarbonyl group (> C ⁇ Groups modified to S) are also included.
- Examples thereof include a carbonyloxy group, a heteroarylthiocarbonyloxy group, an alkylthiocarbonylthio group, an arylthiocarbonylthio group, and a heteroarylthiocarbonylthio group.
- Substituents selected from group L SG include alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, alkylthio groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, arylthiocarbonyl groups, halogen atoms, heteroaryl groups, aliphatic heterocycles.
- Group, a carbamoyl group is preferable, and an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heteroaryl group or an aliphatic heterocyclic group is more preferable.
- the substituent selected from the group L SG may further have a substituent. Further, the substituent which may be possessed is not particularly limited, and a substituent selected from the above group LSG is preferable. Furthermore, the preferable range of the substituent which may have is the same as the preferable range of the said group LSG .
- the number of substituents to be combined is not particularly limited. For example, the number of substituents is preferably 2 to 6, and 2 or 3 It is more preferable that Further, when the substituted group contains a halogen atom, the number of substituents is preferably 2 to 19, and more preferably 2 to 13.
- R a represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and preferably a hydrogen atom.
- the substituent that can be taken as Ra is not particularly limited, and is preferably a group other than an amino group, more preferably an alkyl group (the carbon number is preferably 1 to 25, more preferably 1 to 16, More preferably 1-8), an aryl group (carbon number is preferably 6-12, more preferably 6-10), a cycloalkyl group (carbon number is preferably 3-7, more preferably 3-6).
- An alkenyl group (the carbon number is preferably 2 to 16, more preferably 3 to 8) or an alkynyl group (the carbon number is preferably 2 to 16, more preferably 3 to 8).
- R a may be the same as or different from each other.
- —P ( ⁇ O) (OR a ) 2 , —B (OR a ) 2, and —OB (OR a ) 2 one R a can also take the counter salt Ya.
- RG represents a substituent.
- the substituent that can be taken as R G is not particularly limited, and is the same as the substituent that can be taken as R a , and the preferred ones are also the same.
- the counter salt Ya represents a counter salt.
- the counter salt Ya is not particularly limited, and includes various cations or anions. Examples of the cation include lithium ion (Li + ), cesium ion (Cs + ), sodium ion (Na + ), potassium ion (K + ), silver ion (Ag + ), copper ion (Cu + ), and ammonium ion. (NR d 4 + ), phosphonium ion (PR d 4 + ) and the like.
- R d represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. The substituent that can be taken as R d has the same meaning as the substituent that can be taken as R a .
- anions examples include halide ions (fluoride ions (F ⁇ ), iodide ions (I ⁇ ), bromide ions (Br ⁇ ), chloride ions (Cl ⁇ ), etc.), O 2 ⁇ and the like.
- halide ions are preferable, and iodide ions (I ⁇ ) are more preferable.
- R a and Ya may take a dissociated form or may be a salt form. Moreover, you may incorporate in said perovskite type crystal structure.
- the plurality of Gs may be the same as or different from each other.
- the combination of L and G is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a combination of a preferable L and a preferable G.
- the atom (position) at which G is bonded to L is not particularly limited.
- p is an integer of 1 or more, preferably an integer of 1 to 6, more preferably an integer of 1 to 4, and further preferably 1 or 2.
- the molar ratio of the content of compound A [ MPCA ] and the content of the cation M of the metal atom [ MPMC ] is not particularly limited, and the temperature change resistance point is not particularly limited. And preferably within the following range.
- [M PCA ]: [M PMC ] 4: 1 to 1: 10000 The molar ratio is more preferably in the following range.
- [M PCA ]: [M PMC ] 1: 10 to 1: 1000 The molar ratio is more preferably in the following range.
- [M PCA ]: [M PMC ] 1: 50 to 1: 800
- the content of the metal atom cation M is the content of the metal cation M forming the perovskite crystal structure, and the content of the metal cation excessively contained in the photosensitive layer is not considered.
- the above molar ratio can be calculated from each content in the composition for forming a photosensitive layer when using the composition for forming a photosensitive layer described later.
- the photosensitive layer is quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and each compound extracted from the photosensitive layer based on a conventional method is used for nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR), high-speed liquid. It can be calculated by quantification by chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), wave inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), or a combination thereof.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention preferably has a layer containing compound A (also referred to as a surface treatment layer) on the surface of the photosensitive layer.
- Compound A is as described above.
- the compound A may be present on the surface of the photosensitive layer, and examples of the existing state include a film shape, a linear shape, a dispersed state, a state in which these are mixed, and the like.
- This layer does not necessarily have to form a layer or film that uniformly covers the surface of the photosensitive layer.
- the layer containing Compound A can be formed by surface-treating the photosensitive layer, and is usually a thin film (for example, a film thickness of 5 nm or less).
- the hole transport layer 3 is provided between the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2 as in the photoelectric conversion elements 10A to 10D.
- the hole transport layer 3 is preferably in contact (laminated) with the photosensitive layer 3C.
- the hole transport layer 3 is preferably provided between the photosensitive layer 13 of the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2.
- the hole transport layer 3 has a function of replenishing electrons to the oxidant of the light absorber, and is preferably a solid layer (solid hole transport layer).
- the hole transport material forming the hole transport layer 3 may be a liquid material or a solid material as long as it exhibits the above functions, and is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include inorganic materials such as CuI and CuNCS, and organic hole transport materials described in paragraph numbers 0209 to 0212 of JP-A-2001-291534, for example.
- the organic hole transport material is preferably a conductive polymer such as polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and polysilane, a spiro compound in which two rings share a central atom having a tetrahedral structure such as C and Si, and a triarylamine And aromatic amine compounds such as triphenylene compounds, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, and liquid crystalline cyano compounds.
- the hole transporting material is preferably an organic hole transporting material that can be applied by solution and becomes solid.
- 2,2 ′, 7,7′-tetrakis- (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenyl) Amino) -9,9′-spirobifluorene also referred to as spiro-MeOTAD
- 4- (diethylamino) benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), etc. Is mentioned.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer 3 is not particularly limited and is preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m, still more preferably 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer 3 corresponds to the average distance between the second electrode 2 and the surface of the photosensitive layer 13, and the cross section of the photoelectric conversion element is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the like. Can be measured.
- the photoelectric conversion element of this invention has the electron carrying layer 4 between the 1st electrode 1 and the 2nd electrode 2 like the photoelectric conversion element 10E.
- the electron transport layer 4 is preferably in contact (laminated) with the photosensitive layer 3C.
- the electron transport layer 4 is the same as the electron transport layer 15 except that the electron transport destination is the second electrode and the position where the electron transport layer 4 is formed is different.
- the second electrode 2 functions as a positive electrode in the solar cell.
- the 2nd electrode 2 will not be specifically limited if it has electroconductivity, Usually, it can be set as the same structure as the electroconductive support body 11. FIG. If the strength is sufficiently maintained, the support 11a is not necessarily required.
- the structure of the second electrode 2 is preferably a structure having a high current collecting effect. In order for light to reach the photosensitive layer 13, it is preferable that at least one of the conductive support 11 and the second electrode 2 is substantially transparent. In the solar cell of this invention, it is preferable that the electroconductive support body 11 is transparent and sunlight etc. are entered from the support body 11a side. In this case, it is more preferable that the second electrode 2 has a property of reflecting light.
- Examples of the material for forming the second electrode 2 include platinum (Pt), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), indium (In), ruthenium (Ru), palladium ( Examples thereof include metals such as Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osnium (Os), and aluminum (Al), the above-described conductive metal oxides, carbon materials, and conductive polymers.
- the carbon material may be a conductive material formed by bonding carbon atoms to each other, and examples thereof include fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphite, and graphene.
- the carbon material may be a conductive material formed by bonding carbon atoms to each other, and examples thereof include fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphite, and graphene.
- the second electrode 2 is preferably a metal or conductive metal oxide thin film (including a thin film formed by vapor deposition), or a glass substrate or plastic substrate having this thin film.
- glass substrate or plastic substrate glass having a gold or platinum thin film or glass on which platinum is vapor-deposited is preferable.
- the film thickness of the second electrode 2 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m.
- a spacer or a separator can be used instead of the blocking layer 14 or together with the blocking layer 14 or the like.
- a hole blocking layer may be provided between the second electrode 2 and the hole transport layer 3.
- the solar cell of this invention is comprised using the photoelectric conversion element of this invention.
- a photoelectric conversion element 10 configured to cause the external circuit 6 to work can be used as a solar cell.
- the external circuit 6 connected to the first electrode 1 (conductive support 11) and the second electrode 2 known ones can be used without particular limitation.
- the present invention is disclosed in, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, J. Pat. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (17), p. 6050-6051 and Science, 338, p. 643 (2012).
- the photoelectric conversion element and the solar cell of the present invention are prepared by a known production method, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2, Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, J.P. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (17), p. 6050-6051, and Science, 338, p. 643 (2012) or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention includes a step of applying a photosensitive layer forming composition containing the perovskite precursor compound for forming the above-described perovskite compound and the above-described compound A on a conductive support. It is preferable to manufacture by the photoelectric conversion element manufacturing method.
- applying the photosensitive layer forming composition on the conductive support means applying the photosensitive layer forming composition to the surface of the conductive support to provide a photosensitive layer ( Directly provided) and a mode in which a photosensitive layer is provided by applying a composition for forming a photosensitive layer via another layer above the surface of the conductive support.
- applying the photosensitive layer forming composition means bringing the photosensitive layer forming composition into contact with the surface of the layer on which the photosensitive layer forming composition is provided.
- the method of making it contact is not specifically limited, A well-known method can be especially used without a restriction
- the blocking layer 14 is formed on the surface of the conductive support 11 as desired.
- the blocking layer 14 can be formed by, for example, a method of applying a dispersion containing the insulating material or a precursor compound thereof to the surface of the conductive support 11 and baking it, or a spray pyrolysis method.
- the material forming the porous layer 12 is preferably used as fine particles, and more preferably used as a dispersion containing fine particles.
- the method for forming the porous layer 12 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a wet method, a dry method, and other methods (for example, a method described in Chemical Review, Vol. 110, page 6595 (2010)). It is done. In these methods, the dispersion (paste) is applied to the surface of the conductive support 11 or the surface of the blocking layer 14, and then fired at a temperature of 100 to 800 ° C. for 10 minutes to 10 hours, for example, in air. preferable. Thereby, microparticles
- the firing temperature other than the last firing is preferably performed at a temperature lower than the last firing temperature (the last firing temperature).
- the firing temperature other than the last can be set within a range of 50 to 300 ° C.
- the final firing temperature can be set to be higher than the firing temperature other than the last within the range of 100 to 600 ° C.
- the firing temperature is preferably 60 to 500 ° C.
- the amount of the porous material applied when forming the porous layer 12 is appropriately set according to the thickness of the porous layer 12 and the number of times of application, and is not particularly limited.
- the coating amount of the porous material per 1 m 2 of the surface area of the conductive support 11 is preferably 0.5 to 500 g, and more preferably 5 to 100 g.
- the electron transport layer 15 or the hole transport layer 16 When the electron transport layer 15 or the hole transport layer 16 is provided, it can be formed in the same manner as the hole transport layer 3 or the electron transport layer 4 described later.
- the photosensitive layer 13 is provided.
- a perovskite precursor compound capable of synthesizing a perovskite compound and the compound A are used.
- the perovskite precursor compound may be any compound that can synthesize the perovskite compound.
- the compound AX represented by the above formula (A-3) and the compound MX 2 represented by the following formula (A-2) include: Can be mentioned. Each of these compounds may be used alone or in combination, and may be used as a composition (including forms such as solutions, suspensions and pastes). These compounds can also be used in the form of ions to be formed.
- an organic cation R 1 —N (R 1a ) 3 + represented by the above formula (A-1) or a cation of a Group 1 element of the periodic table can be used.
- an anion X can also be used.
- Compound A is as described above.
- a photosensitive layer forming composition (referred to as a photosensitive layer forming composition of the present invention) containing the perovskite precursor compound and compound A.
- a photosensitive layer forming composition of the present invention containing the perovskite precursor compound and compound A.
- the perovskite precursor compound It is more preferable to use a photosensitive layer forming composition comprising a compound represented by A-2) and a compound represented by the following formula (A-3).
- G, p, L, M, X and A are as described above.
- the ratio is appropriately set according to the purpose.
- [M CCA ]: [M CMC ] 1: 10 to 1: 1000
- the molar ratio is more preferably in the following range.
- [M CCA ]: [M CMC ] 1: 50 to 1: 800
- the molar ratio between MX 2 represented by formula (A-2) and compound AX represented by formula (A-3) is appropriately adjusted according to the purpose.
- the molar ratio of AX to MX 2 (AX: MX 2 ) is not particularly limited, and is preferably 1: 1 to 10: 1.
- composition for forming a photosensitive layer of the present invention instead of the compound AX represented by the formula (A-3), an organic cation represented by the formula (A-1) and a cation of the first group element of the periodic table;
- the anion X when used, the molar ratio of the content of the cation A and the anion X is set to a molar ratio capable of forming the compound AX represented by the formula (A-3). In general, the ratio is 1: 1, but can be set to 0.1 to 10:10 to 0.1.
- Photosensitive layer forming composition of the present invention a a compound MX 2 with a compound AX and Compound A were mixed in a predetermined molar ratio and heated, if desired, it can be prepared.
- the composition for forming a photosensitive layer of the present invention is usually a solution (light absorber solution), but may be a suspension.
- the conditions for heating are not particularly limited.
- the heating temperature is preferably 30 to 200 ° C, more preferably 70 to 150 ° C.
- the heating time is preferably 0.5 to 100 hours, more preferably 1 to 3 hours.
- the solvent or dispersion medium those described later can be used.
- the photosensitive layer AX compositions containing compounds AX (hereinafter, the composition also referred to as "organic ammonium salt composition.") And, MX 2 compositions containing compounds MX 2 and (metal salt composition) It is also possible to form the photosensitive layer 13 by using it. In this case, even if compound A is contained in at least one of the AX composition and the MX 2 composition, the third composition (also referred to as the compound A composition) is separate from the organic ammonium salt composition and the MX 2 composition. May be contained).
- the organic ammonium salt composition, metal salt composition, and compound A composition are all preferably in the form of a solution, suspension, paste, or the like.
- the said composition should just contain at least 1 type of each compound, and may contain 2 or more types. Any of the above compositions may contain other components in addition to the above compounds.
- the composition When the composition is in the form of powder, granules or the like, it can be used after dissolving the composition in a solvent to prepare a solution with an appropriate concentration and, if necessary, carrying out filtration, purification and the like.
- the composition When the composition is a solution, it can be used as it is or after concentration, dilution, filtration, purification, or the like. Any of the above compositions can be suitably used for forming a photosensitive layer in the production of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention.
- the solid content concentration of each of the above compositions is not particularly limited.
- the solid content concentration of the photosensitive layer forming composition is preferably 0.05 to 99% by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 55% by mass.
- the solid content concentration of the organic ammonium salt composition is preferably 0.05 to 90% by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 55% by mass.
- the solid content concentration of the metal salt composition is preferably 0.05 to 95% by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 80% by mass.
- the method for providing the photosensitive layer 13 includes a wet method and a dry method, and is not particularly limited. In the present invention, a wet method is preferable. For example, a layer that forms the photosensitive layer 13 on the surface (in the photoelectric conversion element 10, any one of the porous layer 12, the blocking layer 14, the electron transport layer 15 and the hole transport layer 16). A method of bringing the composition for forming a photosensitive layer into contact with the surface of the layer) is preferred.
- the method for bringing the composition for forming a photosensitive layer into contact with the surface preferably coats or immerses the composition for forming a photosensitive layer on the surface.
- the contacting temperature is preferably 5 to 100 ° C.
- the immersion time is preferably 5 seconds to 24 hours, more preferably 20 seconds to 1 hour.
- the coated photosensitive layer forming composition is dried, it is preferably dried by heating, and is usually dried by heating to 20 to 300 ° C., preferably 50 to 170 ° C.
- the photosensitive layer can also be formed according to the method for synthesizing the perovskite compound.
- Examples of the method for providing the photosensitive layer 13 include a method in which an ammonium salt composition and a metal salt composition are separately applied (including a dipping method) and dried if necessary.
- compound A is contained in an ammonium salt composition or a metal salt composition, or a composition containing compound A is used.
- any solution may be applied first, but preferably the metal salt composition is applied first.
- the molar ratio of compound AX to compound MX 2 in this method, the molar ratio of the content [M CCA ] of compound A to the content [M CMC ] of compound MX 2 , the coating conditions and the drying conditions are the same as in the above method. It is.
- AX or MX 2 can be deposited.
- Still another method includes a dry method such as vacuum deposition using a mixture from which the solvent for the photosensitive layer forming composition has been removed.
- a dry method such as vacuum deposition using a mixture from which the solvent for the photosensitive layer forming composition has been removed.
- the compound AX and the compound MX 2 simultaneously or sequentially, and a method of depositing.
- a perovskite compound is formed as a photosensitive layer on the surface of the porous layer 12, the blocking layer 14, the electron transport layer 15 or the hole transport layer 16.
- a layer containing Compound A can be provided on the photosensitive layer 13 thus obtained.
- a Compound A composition containing Compound A is prepared.
- Compound A is as described above, and one or more compounds can be used.
- the content of Compound A in the composition is not particularly limited, and is preferably 100 mmol / L or less, and more preferably 0.001 to 10 mmol / L, for example.
- the compound A composition contains a solvent. It does not specifically limit as a solvent, The solvent or dispersing agent mentioned later is mentioned. Examples of the method for forming the layer containing Compound A include a method in which the Compound A composition and the photosensitive layer 13 are brought into contact with each other.
- the method of bringing them into contact is the same as the method of providing the photosensitive layer 13, and the preferred method is also the same. It is preferable to apply or immerse the compound A composition in the photosensitive layer 13.
- the contacting temperature is not particularly limited, and is preferably 0 to 100 ° C.
- the immersion time is not particularly limited, and is preferably 1 second to 24 hours.
- the drying is preferably performed by heating, and is usually performed by heating to 30 to 200 ° C., preferably 40 to 110 ° C. In this way, a layer containing Compound A is formed.
- the hole transport layer 3 or the electron transport layer 4 is preferably formed on the photosensitive layer 13 or the layer containing the compound A thus provided.
- the hole transport layer 3 can be formed by applying a hole transport material solution containing a hole transport material and drying it.
- the concentration of the hole transport material is 0.1 to 1.0 M in that the hole transport material solution has excellent coating properties, and when the porous layer 12 is provided, it easily penetrates into the pores of the porous layer 12. (Mol / L) is preferred.
- the electron transport layer 4 can be formed by applying an electron transport material solution containing an electron transport material and drying it.
- the second electrode 2 After forming the hole transport layer 3 or the electron transport layer 4, the second electrode 2 is formed, and a photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell are manufactured.
- the film thickness of each layer can be adjusted by appropriately changing the concentration of each dispersion or composition (solution) and the number of coatings. For example, when the thick photosensitive layers 13B and 13C are provided, the photosensitive layer forming composition, or the ammonium salt composition or the metal salt composition may be applied and dried a plurality of times.
- Each of the above-mentioned dispersions and compositions may contain additives such as a dispersion aid and a surfactant as necessary.
- Examples of the solvent or dispersion medium used in the method for producing a photoelectric conversion element include the solvents described in JP-A No. 2001-291534, but are not particularly limited thereto.
- an organic solvent is preferable, and an alcohol solvent, an amide solvent, a nitrile solvent, a hydrocarbon solvent, a lactone solvent, a halogen solvent, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these are preferable.
- the mixed solvent a mixed solvent of an alcohol solvent and a solvent selected from an amide solvent, a nitrile solvent, or a hydrocarbon solvent is preferable.
- methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ⁇ -butyrolactone, chlorobenzene, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide, or a mixed solvent thereof is preferable.
- the coating method of the composition or dispersant forming each layer is not particularly limited, and spin coating, extrusion die coating, blade coating, bar coating, screen printing, stencil printing, roll coating, curtain coating, spray coating, dip coating, A known coating method such as an inkjet printing method or a dipping method can be used. Of these, spin coating and screen printing are preferred.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may be subjected to an efficiency stabilization treatment such as annealing, light soaking, and leaving in an oxygen atmosphere as necessary.
- the photoelectric conversion element produced as described above can be used as a solar cell by connecting an external circuit 6 to the first electrode 1 and the second electrode 2.
- Example 1 The photoelectric conversion element 10A shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following procedure. When the film thickness of the photosensitive layer 13 is large, it corresponds to the photoelectric conversion element 10B shown in FIG.
- ⁇ Preparation of solution for blocking layer> A 15% isopropanol solution of titanium diisopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) (Aldrich) was diluted with 1-butanol to prepare a 0.02M blocking layer solution.
- a blocking layer 14 (thickness 50 nm) made of titanium oxide is formed on the SnO 2 conductive film of the conductive support 11 at 450 ° C. by spray pyrolysis using the prepared 0.02M blocking layer solution. did.
- the prepared light absorber solution A is applied to the porous layer 12 formed on the conductive support 11 by spin coating (application speed: 60 ° C. for 60 seconds), and then the applied light absorption is applied.
- the agent solution A is dried on a hot plate at 100 ° C. for 60 minutes, and the photosensitive layer 13A containing a perovskite compound of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and the compound A1 (thickness 300 nm (including the thickness 250 nm of the porous layer 12 is included) )).
- the first electrode 1A was produced.
- the hole transport material solution is applied onto the photosensitive layer 13 of the first electrode 1 by spin coating, and the applied hole transport material solution is dried to form a hole transport layer 3A (film thickness: 100 nm). Formed.
- ⁇ Surface treatment of photosensitive layer 3A> A 5 mM chlorobenzene solution of Compound A1 (Compound A composition) was applied to the surface of the photosensitive layer 3A by spin coating, and then dried at 100 ° C. for 20 minutes to surface-treat the photosensitive layer 3A (containing Compound A). A thin film layer was formed).
- the surface from which the second electrode was peeled off was lightly rubbed with a cotton swab soaked in chlorobenzene, or the surface from which the second electrode was peeled off was scraped with a glass plate to expose the surface of the photosensitive layer.
- the content of the exposed photosensitive layer was calculated by quantifying Pb atoms, P atoms, S atoms and O atoms by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
- the photosensitive layer is eluted with an organic solvent, and this is eluted with a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) or wave.
- ICP Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency was determined by measuring the current-voltage characteristics of each photoelectric conversion element irradiated with simulated sunlight using a source meter “Keithley 2401” (manufactured by Tektronix). Sample No. All of the initial photoelectric conversion efficiencies ⁇ I of the photoelectric conversion elements 101 to 124 sufficiently functioned as solar cells.
- Sample No. for each of the photoelectric conversion elements the average of the reduction rates of 6 specimens was calculated. The calculated value was defined as the average decrease rate.
- Each of the photoelectric conversion elements 101 to 124 has a small decrease in photoelectric conversion efficiency with respect to a temperature change, and exhibits high resistance to temperature change.
- the temperature change resistance of the photoelectric conversion element is determined by the molar ratio of the compound A content [ MPCA ] to the metal atom cation content [ MPMC ] ([ MPCA ]: [ MPMC ]) in the photosensitive layer. In the range where 4 is included in the range of 4: 1 to 1: 10000, then in the range of 1:10 to 1: 1000, particularly in the range of 1:50 to 1: 800, the range becomes higher.
- the compound A having —P ( ⁇ O) (OR a ) 2 can impart higher temperature change resistance to the photoelectric conversion element than the compound A having —SO 3 R a .
- the photoelectric conversion element has excellent temperature change resistance.
- compound A1 is contained in the photosensitive layer, as described above, an excellent improvement effect with respect to temperature change resistance is exhibited.
- high humidity resistance can be imparted to the photoelectric conversion element.
- Example 2 [Production of Photoelectric Conversion Element (Sample No. 201)] Sample No. 1 in Example 1 In the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, sample No. 1 was changed except that the light absorbent solution A was changed to the following light absorbent solution B. In the same manner as in the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, the sample No. 201 photoelectric conversion elements 10A were manufactured.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- Example 3 [Production of Photoelectric Conversion Element (Sample No. 301)] Sample No. 1 in Example 1 In the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, sample No. 1 was changed except that the light absorbent solution A was changed to the following light absorbent solution C. In the same manner as in the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, the sample No. 301 photoelectric conversion elements 10A were manufactured.
- ⁇ Preparation of light absorber solution C> Purified CH 3 NH 3 I, PbI 2 , SnI 2 and compound A shown in Table 4 were mixed and mixed at the following molar ratio in DMF at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, followed by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Example 4 [Production of Photoelectric Conversion Element (Sample No. 401)] Sample No. 1 in Example 1 In the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, sample No. 1 was changed except that the light absorbent solution A was changed to the following light absorbent solution D. In the same manner as in the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, the sample No. A photoelectric conversion element 10A 401 was manufactured.
- ⁇ Preparation of light absorber solution D> Formamidine hydroiodide, lead iodide and compound A shown in Table 5 were mixed and mixed in DMF at 60 ° C. for 12 hours under the following molar ratio, and then polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Example 5 [Production of Photoelectric Conversion Element (Sample No. 501)] Sample No. 1 in Example 1 In the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, sample No. 1 was changed except that the light absorbent solution A was changed to the following light absorbent solution E. In the same manner as in the manufacture of the photoelectric conversion element 10A of No. 113, the sample No. 501 photoelectric conversion element 10A was manufactured. ⁇ Preparation of light absorber solution E> Purified CH 3 NH 3 I, purified BuNH 3 I synthesized in the same manner as purified CH 3 NH 3 I, PbI 2 , SnI 2 and compound A shown in Table 6 were mixed in the following molar ratio.
- First electrode 11 Conductive support 11a Support 11b Transparent electrode 12 Porous layer 13A to 13C Photosensitive layer 14 Blocking layer 2 Second electrode 3A, 3B, 16 Hole transport layer 4, 15 Electron transport layer 6 External Circuit (Lead) 10A to 10F Photoelectric conversion elements 100A to 100F System M using a solar cell Electric motor
Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、アニオンの少なくとも一部がC(=O)O-アニオン又はC(=S)S-アニオンで置換されたペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する化合物を光吸収剤として含有する感光層を備えた光電変換素子が記載されている。この光電変換素子は、耐湿性と製造安定性(素子間における耐久性(耐湿性)の均一性)に優れることが記載されている。特許文献2には、CH3NH3PbI3を含む層と、poly-TPD(Poly[N,N’-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N’-bis(phenyl)-benzidine])を含む有機半導体膜と、CH3NH3PbI3を含む層と有機半導体膜との間の、フッ化オクチルホスホン酸を含有する部位と、で構成された光電変換層を備えた薄膜太陽電池が記載されている。
また、非特許文献1には、次亜リン酸(hypophosphorous acid)を添加したペロブスカイト前駆体溶液を用いて作製した感光層を備えた太陽電池が記載されている。非特許文献2には、ペロブスカイト型結晶構造の架橋剤としてのリン酸ブチル 4-アンモニウムクロライドを含有するペロブスカイト前駆体溶液を用いて作製した感光層を備えた太陽電池が記載されている。
また、本発明は、上記光電変換素子の製造方法及び上記光電変換素子の製造に好ましく用いることのできる感光層形成用組成物を提供することを課題とする。
<1>光吸収剤を含有する感光層を導電性支持体上に有する第一電極と、第一電極に対向する第二電極とを有する光電変換素子であって、
光吸収剤が、周期表第一族元素のカチオン又は有機カチオンと、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子のカチオンと、アニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンとを有するペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する化合物と、下記式(A-0)で表される化合物と、を含む光電変換素子。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式中、Gは、-SO3Ra、-SO3 -Ya+、-P(=O)(ORa)2、-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2、-P(=O)RG(ORa)、-P(=O)RG(O-Ya+)、-B(ORa)2、-OB(ORa)2及び-B(ORa)3 -Ya+からなる群より選択される基又は塩を示す。Raは水素原子又は置換基を示す。RGは置換基を示し、Yaは対塩を示す。pは1以上の整数である。Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。ただし、Lはアミノ基を有していない。
<2>感光層中、式(A-0)で表される化合物の含有量[MPCA]と金属原子のカチオンの含有量[MPMC]とのモル比が、下記範囲内にある<1>に記載の光電変換素子。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=4:1~1:10000
<3>上記モル比が、下記範囲内にある<2>に記載の光電変換素子。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=1:10~1:1000
<4>上記モル比が、下記範囲内にある<2>又は<3>に記載の光電変換素子。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=1:50~1:800
<5>Gが、-P(=O)(ORa)2又は-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2である<1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
<6>Lが、脂肪族炭化水素基又は芳香族炭化水素基である<1>~<5>のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
<7>Lが、下記群LSGから選択される置換基を有する<1>~<6>のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
<群LSG>
アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、ヘテロアリールオキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、ヘテロアリールチオ基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アリールオキシカルボニル基、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル基、アルキルチオカルボニル基、アリールチオカルボニル基、ヘテロアリールチオカルボニル基、アルキルカルボニルオキシ基、アリールカルボニルオキシ基、ヘテロアリールカルボニルオキシ基、アルキルカルボニルチオ基、アリールカルボニルチオ基、ヘテロアリールカルボニルチオ基、ヒドロキシ基、メルカプト基、アシル基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、シリル基、ヘテロアリール基、脂肪族ヘテロ環基、カルバモイル基
<8>上記<1>~<7>のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子を用いた太陽電池。
周期表第一族元素のカチオン又は有機カチオンと、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子のカチオンと、アニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンとを有するペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する化合物を形成するペロブスカイト前駆体化合物と、下記式(A-0)で表される化合物とを含有する感光層形成用組成物を、導電性支持体上に適用する工程を有する光電変換素子の製造方法。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式中、Gは、-SO3Ra、-SO3 -Ya+、-P(=O)(ORa)2、-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2、-P(=O)RG(ORa)、-P(=O)RG(O-Ya+)、-B(ORa)2、-OB(ORa)2及び-B(ORa)3 -Ya+からなる群より選択される基又は塩を示す。Raは水素原子又は置換基を示す。RGは置換基を示し、Yaは対塩を示す。pは1以上の整数である。Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。ただし、Lはアミノ基を有していない。
式(A-2) MX2
式(A-3) AX
式(A-2)中、Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を示し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を示す。式(A-3)中、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を示し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を示す。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式(A-2) MX2
式(A-3) AX
式(A-0)中、Gは、-SO3Ra、-SO3 -Ya+、-P(=O)(ORa)2、-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2、-P(=O)RG(ORa)、-P(=O)RG(O-Ya+)、-B(ORa)2、-OB(ORa)2及び-B(ORa)3 -Ya+からなる群より選択される基又は塩を示す。Raは水素原子又は置換基を示す。RGは置換基を示し、Yaは対塩を示す。pは1以上の整数である。Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。ただし、Lはアミノ基を有していない。
式(A-2)中、Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を示し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を示す。
式(A-3)中、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を示し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を示す。
<12>式(A-0)で表される化合物の含有量[MCCA]と、式(A-2)で表される化合物MX2の含有量[MCMC]とのモル比が、下記範囲内にある<11>に記載の感光層形成用組成物。
[MCCA]:[MCMC]=1:10~1:1000
<13>有機溶媒を含有する<11>又は<12>に記載の感光層形成用組成物。
本発明の光電変換素子は、導電性支持体上に感光層が設けられた形態の第一電極と、この第一電極に対向する第二電極とを有する。ここで、第一電極と第二電極が対向するとは、第一電極と第二電極が互いに接した状態で積層された形態と、第一電極と第二電極とが他の層を介して積層された形態(すなわち第一電極と第二電極が他の層を挟んで互いに対向して設けられた形態)との両形態を含む意味である。また、第一電極において、上記感光層は、導電性支持体よりも第二電極側に配される。
導電性支持体の表面上方に他の層を介して感光層を有する態様において、導電性支持体と感光層との間に設けられる他の層としては、太陽電池の電池性能を低下させないものであれば特に限定されない。例えば、多孔質層、ブロッキング層、電子輸送層及び正孔輸送層等が挙げられる。
本発明において、導電性支持体の表面上方に他の層を介して感光層を有する態様としては、例えば、感光層が、多孔質層の表面に薄い膜状(図1参照)又は厚い膜状(図2及び図6参照)に設けられる態様、ブロッキング層の表面に薄い膜状又は厚い膜状に設けられる態様(図3参照)、電子輸送層の表面に薄い膜状又は厚い膜状(図4参照)に設けられる態様、及び、正孔輸送層の表面に薄い膜状又は厚い膜状(図5参照)に設けられる態様が挙げられる。感光層は、線状又は分散状に設けられてもよいが、好ましくは膜状に設けられる。
本発明において、光吸収剤(感光層)がペロブスカイト化合物と化合物Aとを含有しているとは、感光層の表面又は内部にペロブスカイト化合物と化合物Aとが共存していることを意味する。ペロブスカイト化合物と化合物Aとが共存する態様は、特に限定されず、例えば、ペロブスカイト化合物と化合物Aとが、互いに独立して(遊離状態で)存在している態様、物理的又は化学的な相互作用により凝集、密着、担持若しくは吸着等し、又は、複合体等を形成している態様を含む。更には、化合物A又はその一部が、ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶構造に取り込まれた態様を含む。
光吸収剤(感光層)中において、化合物Aは、式中Gで示される基又は塩のうち、Ra又はYaが解離していてもよく、塩の形態をとっていてもよい。Ra又はYaが解離している場合、化合物Aは通常アニオンとなる。この化合物Aのアニオンは、上記ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶構造を形成するアニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンと交換していてもよい。
図1~図6において、同じ符号は同じ構成要素(部材)を意味する。
なお、図1、図2及び図6は、多孔質層12を形成する微粒子の大きさを強調して示してある。これらの微粒子は、好ましくは、導電性支持体11に対して水平方向及び垂直方向に詰まり(堆積又は密着して)、多孔質構造を形成している。
この光電変換素子10Aは、第一電極1Aと、第二電極2と、第一電極1Aと第二電極2の間に正孔輸送層3Aとを有している。
第一電極1Aは、支持体11a及び透明電極11bからなる導電性支持体11と、多孔質層12と、図1において断面領域aを拡大した拡大断面領域aに模式的に示されるように多孔質層12の表面に、ペロブスカイト化合物を含む感光層13Aとを有している。また透明電極11b上にブロッキング層14を有し、ブロッキング層14上に多孔質層12が形成される。このように多孔質層12を有する光電変換素子10Aは、感光層13Aの表面積が大きくなるため、電荷分離及び電荷移動効率が向上すると推定される。
光電変換素子10Eは、第一電極1Eと、第二電極2と、第一電極1E及び第二電極2の間に電子輸送層4とを有している。第一電極1Eは、導電性支持体11と、導電性支持体11上に順に形成された、正孔輸送層16及び感光層13Cとを有している。この光電変換素子10Eは、光電変換素子10Dと同様に、各層を有機材料で形成できる点で、好ましい。
すなわち、光電変換素子10において、導電性支持体11を透過して、又は第二電極2を透過して感光層13に入射した光は光吸収剤を励起する。励起された光吸収剤はエネルギーの高い電子を有しており、この電子を放出できる。エネルギーの高い電子を放出した光吸収剤は酸化体(カチオン)となる。
光電変換素子10においては、このような、上記光吸収剤の励起及び電子移動のサイクルを繰り返すことにより、システム100が太陽電池として機能する。
上記他の層としてのブロッキング層14が導体又は半導体により形成された場合もブロッキング層14での電子伝導が起こる。また、電子輸送層15でも電子伝導が起こる。
また、色素増感太陽電池に用いられる材料及び各部材についても参考にすることができる。色素増感太陽電池について、例えば、特開2001-291534号公報、米国特許第4,927,721号明細書、米国特許第4,684,537号明細書、米国特許第5,084,365号明細書、米国特許第5,350,644号明細書、米国特許第5,463,057号明細書、米国特許第5,525,440号明細書、特開平7-249790号公報、特開2004-220974号公報、特開2008-135197号公報を参照することができる。
第一電極1は、導電性支持体11と感光層13とを有し、光電変換素子10において作用電極として機能する。
第一電極1は、図1~図6に示されるように、多孔質層12、ブロッキング層14、電子輸送層15及び正孔輸送層16の少なくとも1つの層を有することが好ましい。
第一電極1は、短絡防止の点で少なくともブロッキング層14を有することが好ましく、光吸収効率の点及び短絡防止の点で多孔質層12及びブロッキング層14を有していることが更に好ましい。
また、第一電極1は、光電変換素子の生産性の向上、薄型化又はフレキシブル化の点で、有機材料で形成された、電子輸送層15又は正孔輸送層16を有することが好ましい。
導電性支持体11は、導電性を有し、感光層13等を支持できるものであれば特に限定されない。導電性支持体11は、導電性を有する材料、例えば金属で形成された構成、又は、ガラス若しくはプラスチックの支持体11aと、この支持体11aの表面に形成された導電膜としての透明電極11bとを有する構成が好ましい。
支持体11a及び導電性支持体11の厚みは、特に限定されず、適宜の厚みに設定される。例えば、0.01μm~10mmであることが好ましく、0.1μm~5mmであることが更に好ましく、0.3μm~4mmであることが特に好ましい。
透明電極11bを設ける場合、透明電極11bの膜厚は、特に限定されず、例えば、0.01~30μmであることが好ましく、0.02~25μmであることが更に好ましく、0.025~20μmであることが特に好ましい。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10A~10C及び10Fのように、好ましくは、透明電極11bの表面に、すなわち、導電性支持体11と、多孔質層12、感光層13又は正孔輸送層3等との間に、ブロッキング層14を有している。
光電変換素子において、例えば感光層13又は正孔輸送層3と、透明電極11b等とが電気的に接続すると逆電流を生じる。ブロッキング層14は、この逆電流を防止する機能を果たす。ブロッキング層14は短絡防止層ともいう。
ブロッキング層14を、光吸収剤を担持する足場として機能させることもできる。
このブロッキング層14は、光電変換素子が電子輸送層を有する場合にも設けられてもよい。例えば、光電変換素子10Dの場合、導電性支持体11と電子輸送層15との間に設けられてもよく、光電変換素子10Eの場合、第二電極2と電子輸送層4との間に設けられてもよい。
ブロッキング層14を形成する材料は、例えば、酸化ケイ素、酸化マグネシウム、酸化アルミニウム、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸セシウム、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリウレタン等が挙げられる。また、一般的に光電変換材料に用いられる材料でもよく、例えば、酸化チタン、酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛、酸化ニオブ、酸化タングステン等も挙げられる。中でも、酸化チタン、酸化スズ、酸化マグネシウム、酸化アルミニウム等が好ましい。
ブロッキング層14の膜厚は、0.001~10μmが好ましく、0.005~1μmが更に好ましく、0.01~0.1μmが特に好ましい。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10A、10B及び10Fのように、好ましくは、透明電極11b上に多孔質層12を有している。ブロッキング層14を有している場合、多孔質層12はブロッキング層14上に形成されることが好ましい。
多孔質層12は、表面に感光層13を担持する足場として機能する層である。太陽電池において、光吸収効率を高めるためには、少なくとも太陽光等の光を受ける部分の表面積を大きくすることが好ましく、多孔質層12の全体としての表面積を大きくすることが好ましい。
多孔質層12の表面積を大きくするには、多孔質層12を構成する個々の微粒子の表面積を大きくすることが好ましい。本発明では、多孔質層12を形成する微粒子を導電性支持体11等に塗設した状態で、この微粒子の表面積が投影面積に対して10倍以上であることが好ましく、100倍以上であることがより好ましい。この上限には特に制限はなく、通常5000倍程度である。多孔質層12を形成する微粒子の粒径は、投影面積を円に換算したときの直径を用いた平均粒径において、1次粒子として0.001~1μmが好ましい。微粒子の分散物を用いて多孔質層12を形成する場合、微粒子の上記平均粒径は、分散物の平均粒径として0.01~100μmが好ましい。
多孔質層12を形成する材料としては、例えば、金属のカルコゲニド(例えば酸化物、硫化物、セレン化物等)、ペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する化合物(光吸収剤として用いるペロブスカイト化合物を除く。)、ケイ素の酸化物(例えば、二酸化ケイ素、ゼオライト)、又はカーボンナノチューブ(カーボンナノワイヤ及びカーボンナノロッド等を含む)を用いることができる。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10Dのように、好ましくは、透明電極11bの表面に電子輸送層15を有している。
電子輸送層15は、感光層13で発生した電子を導電性支持体11へと輸送する機能を有する。電子輸送層15は、この機能を発揮することができる電子輸送材料で形成される。電子輸送材料としては、特に限定されず、有機材料(有機電子輸送材料)が好ましい。有機電子輸送材料としては、[6,6]-Phenyl-C61-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester(PC61BM)等のフラーレン化合物、ペリレンテトラカルボキシジイミド(PTCDI)等のペリレン化合物、その他、テトラシアノキノジメタン(TCNQ)等の低分子化合物、又は、高分子化合物等が挙げられる。
電子輸送層15の膜厚は、特に限定されず、0.001~10μmが好ましく、0.01~1μmがより好ましい。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10Eのように、好ましくは、透明電極11bの表面に正孔輸送層16を有している。正孔輸送層16は、形成される位置が異なること以外は、後述する正孔輸送層3と同じである。
感光層13は、好ましくは、多孔質層12(光電変換素子10A、10B及び10F)、ブロッキング層14(光電変換素子10C)、電子輸送層15(光電変換素子10D)、又は、正孔輸送層16(光電変換素子10E)の各層の表面(感光層13が設けられる表面が凹凸の場合の凹部内表面を含む。)に設けられる。
本発明において、感光層13中には光吸収剤が含まれる。この光吸収剤は、後述するペロブスカイト化合物と後述する化合物Aとをそれぞれ少なくとも1種含有している。したがって、感光層13は、ペロブスカイト化合物と後述する化合物Aとをそれぞれ少なくとも1種含有している。
また、感光層は上記光吸収剤以外に、例えば金属錯体色素、有機色素等の光吸収成分を有してもよい。
多孔質層12を有する場合、多孔質層12の膜厚との合計膜厚は、0.01μm以上が好ましく、0.05μm以上がより好ましく、0.1μm以上が更に好ましく、0.3μm以上が特に好ましい。また、合計膜厚は、100μm以下が好ましく、50μm以下がより好ましく、30μm以下が更に好ましい。合計膜厚は、上記値を適宜に組み合わせた範囲とすることができる。
光電変換素子10において、多孔質層12及び正孔輸送層3を有する場合、多孔質層12と感光層13と正孔輸送層3との合計膜厚は、特に限定されず、例えば、0.01μm以上が好ましく、0.05μm以上がより好ましく、0.1μm以上が更に好ましく、0.3μm以上が特に好ましい。また、この合計膜厚は、200μm以下が好ましく、50μm以下がより好ましく、30μm以下が更に好ましく、5μm以下が特に好ましい。合計膜厚は、上記値を適宜に組み合わせた範囲とすることができる。
本発明において、感光層を厚い膜状に設ける場合(感光層13B及び13C)、この感光層に含まれる光吸収剤は正孔輸送材料として機能することもある。
- ペロブスカイト化合物 -
感光層13中の光吸収剤は、周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基Aと、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子Mと、アニオン性原子又は原子団Xとを有するペロブスカイト化合物を含有する。ペロブスカイト化合物の周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基A、金属原子M及びアニオン性原子又は原子団Xは、それぞれ、ペロブスカイト型結晶構造において、カチオン(便宜上、カチオンAということがある)、金属カチオン(便宜上、カチオンMということがある)及びアニオン(便宜上、アニオンXということがある)の各構成イオンとして存在する。本発明において、カチオン性有機基とは、ペロブスカイト型結晶構造においてカチオンになる性質を有する有機基をいい、アニオン性原子又は原子団とはペロブスカイト型結晶構造においてアニオンになる性質を有する原子又は原子団をいう。
周期表第一族元素のカチオンは、特に限定されず、例えば、リチウム(Li)、ナトリウム(Na)、カリウム(K)又はセシウム(Cs)の各元素のカチオン(Li+、Na+、K+、Cs+)が挙げられ、特にセシウムのカチオン(Cs+)が好ましい。
有機カチオンは、上記性質を有する有機基のカチオンであれば特に限定されず、下記式(A-1)で表されるカチオン性有機基の有機カチオンであることが更に好ましい。
式(A-1): R1-N(R1a)3 +
また、R1aは、水素原子、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基又は脂肪族へテロ環基を示す。中でも、水素原子又はアルキル基が好ましく、水素原子がより好ましい。
R1及びR1aとして採りうるシクロアルキル基は、炭素数が3~10のシクロアルキル基が好ましく、3~8のシクロアルキル基がより好ましく、例えば、シクロプロピル、シクロペンチル又はシクロヘキシル等が挙げられる。
R1及びR1aとして採りうるアルキニル基は、炭素数が2~36のアルキニル基が好ましく、2~18のアルキニル基がより好ましく、2~4のアルキニル基が更に好ましい。例えば、エチニル、ブチニル又はヘキシニル等が挙げられる。
R1及びR1aとして採りうるヘテロアリール基は、芳香族ヘテロ環のみからなる基と、芳香族ヘテロ環に他の環、例えば、芳香環、脂肪族環又はヘテロ環が縮合した縮合ヘテロ環からなる基とを包含する。芳香族ヘテロ環を構成する環構成ヘテロ原子としては、窒素原子、酸素原子、硫黄原子が好ましい。また、芳香族ヘテロ環の環員数としては、3~8員環が好ましく、5員環又は6員環がより好ましい。5員環の芳香族ヘテロ環及び5員環の芳香族ヘテロ環を含む縮合ヘテロ環としては、例えば、ピロール環、イミダゾール環、ピラゾール環、オキサゾール環、チアゾール環、トリアゾール環、フラン環、チオフェン環、ベンゾイミダゾール環、ベンゾオキサゾール環、ベンゾチアゾール環、インドリン環、インダゾール環の各環基が挙げられる。また、6員環の芳香族ヘテロ環及び6員環の芳香族ヘテロ環を含む縮合ヘテロ環としては、例えば、ピリジン環、ピリミジン環、ピラジン環、トリアジン環、キノリン環、キナゾリン環の各環基が挙げられる。
R1bは、水素原子又は置換基を表し、水素原子が好ましい。R1bとして採り得る置換基は、アミノ基、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基又は脂肪族ヘテロ環基が挙げられる。
R1b及びR1cがそれぞれ採り得る、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基又は脂肪族ヘテロ環基は、上記R1aの各基と同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。
本発明において、アミノ基は、無置換でも置換アミノ基でもよく、アルキルアミノ基、アルケニルアミノ基、アルキニルアミノ基、シクロアルキルアミノ基、シクロアルケニルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基、ヘテロ環アミノ基を含む。アミノの炭素数は0~20が好ましい。
式(2)で表すことができる基としては、例えば、(チオ)アシル基、(チオ)カルバモイル基、イミドイル基又はアミジノ基が挙げられる。
(チオ)アシル基は、アシル基及びチオアシル基を包含する。アシル基は、総炭素数が1~7のアシル基が好ましく、例えば、ホルミル、アセチル(CH3C(=O)-)、プロピオニル、ヘキサノイル等が挙げられる。チオアシル基は、総炭素数が1~7のチオアシル基が好ましく、例えば、チオホルミル、チオアセチル(CH3C(=S)-)、チオプロピオニル等が挙げられる。
(チオ)カルバモイル基は、カルバモイル基(H2NC(=O)-)及びチオカルバモイル基(H2NC(=S)-)を包含する。
式(2)で表すことができる基としてのアミジノ基は、上記イミドイル基のR1bがアミノ基でR1cが水素原子である構造(-C(=NH)NH2)を有する。
Mは1種の金属カチオンであってもよく、2種以上の金属カチオンであってもよい。中でも、金属カチオンMは、2価のカチオンであることが好ましく、2価の鉛カチオン(Pb2+)、2価の銅カチオン(Cu2+)、2価のゲルマニウムカチオン(Ge2+)及び2価のスズカチオン(Sn2+)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることがより好ましく、Pb2+又はSn2+であることが更に好ましく、Pb2+であることが特に好ましい。2種以上の金属カチオンである場合、金属カチオンの割合は特に限定されない。
アニオンXは、1種のアニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンであってもよく、2種以上のアニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンであってもよい。1種のアニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンである場合には、ヨウ素原子のアニオンが好ましい。一方、2種以上のアニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンである場合には、2種のハロゲン原子のアニオン、特に塩素原子のアニオン及びヨウ素原子のアニオンが好ましい。2種以上のアニオンの割合は特に限定されない。
式中、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を表す。Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を表す。Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を表す。
aは1又は2を表し、mは1を表し、a、m及びxはa+2m=xを満たす。
式(I-1):AMX3
式(I-2):A2MX4
式(I-1)及び式(I-2)において、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を表し、上記式(I)のAと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。Mは、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を表し、上記式(I)のMと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。Xは、アニオン性原子又は原子団を表し、上記式(I)のXと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。
式(A-3):AX
式(A-2):MX2
式(A-3)中、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を表し、式(I)のAと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。式(A-3)中、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を表し、式(I)のXと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。式(A-3)で表される化合物は、通常、周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基のカチオンAと、アニオン性原子又は原子団のXとがイオン結合してなる化合物である。
式(A-2)中、Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を表し、式(I)のMと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。式(A-2)中、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を表し、式(I)のXと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。式(A-2)で表される化合物は、通常、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子のカチオンMと、アニオン性原子又は原子団のXとがイオン結合してなる化合物である。
感光層13中、ペロブスカイト化合物の含有量は、通常1~100質量%である。
上記光吸収剤は、下記式(A-0)で表される化合物を含む。この化合物Aは、ペロブスカイト化合物と併用することにより、光電変換素子に高い温度変化耐性を付与する。化合物Aは、分子中にアミノ基(脂肪族環若しくは芳香族環を形成する窒素原子(Lとして採りうる後述の脂肪族複素環基若しくは芳香族複素環基となりうる環状アミノ基)、更には、カルバモイル基中のアミノ基等のような他の官能基と組み合わされたアミノ基を除く。)を有していないことが好ましい。
式(A-0)において、Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。
Lとして採りうる脂肪族炭化水素基としては、飽和脂肪族炭化水素基及び不飽和脂肪族炭化水素基を含む。飽和脂肪族炭化水素基としてはメタン系炭化水素(アルカン)からなる基が挙げられる。不飽和脂肪族炭化水素基としては、内部又は末端に炭素-炭素不飽和結合を少なくとも1個有する基が挙げられ、エチレン系炭化水素(アルケン)からなる基、又は、アセチレン系炭化水素(アルキン)からなる基が好ましく挙げられる。飽和脂肪族炭化水素基及び不飽和脂肪族炭化水素基は、それぞれ、直鎖状、分岐状及び環状いずれであってもよい。直鎖状及び分岐状の脂肪族炭化水素基としては、直鎖状の脂肪族炭化水素又は分岐状の脂肪族炭化水素から水素原子をp個取り除いた基が挙げられる。直鎖状の脂肪族炭化水素基及び分岐状の脂肪族炭化水素基の炭素数は、特に限定されず、それぞれ、1~36が好ましく、1~18がより好ましく、1~12が更に好ましい。環状の脂肪族炭化水素基としては、環状の脂肪族炭化水素から水素原子をp個取り除いた基が挙げられる。環状の脂肪族炭化水素は、単環でも多環でもよい。多環としては、例えば、縮合環、スピロ環又は架橋環が挙げられ、縮合環又は架橋環が好ましい。環状の脂肪族炭化水素基の炭素数は、特に限定されず、3~36が好ましく、3~18がより好ましく、5~10が更に好ましい。環状の脂肪族炭化水素基としては、例えば、シクロヘプタン環、シクロヘキサン環、シクロヘプチン環又はシクロヘキセン環等の単環からなる基、ノルボルネン環、ノルボルナン環又はアダマンタン環等の架橋環からなる基が挙げられる。
脂肪族炭化水素基としては、直鎖状又は分岐状の飽和脂肪族炭化水素基が好ましい。
芳香族炭化水素基としては、ベンゼン環基又はナフタレン環基が特に好ましい。
5員環の芳香族複素環基としては、例えば、ピロール環、イミダゾール環、ピラゾール環、オキサゾール環、チアゾール環、トリアゾール環、フラン環又はチオフェン環からなる各環基が挙げられる。また、5員環の芳香族複素環を含む縮環の基としては、例えば、ベンゾイミダゾール環、ベンゾオキサゾール環、ベンゾチアゾール環、インドリン環又はインダゾール環からなる各環基が挙げられる。また、6員環の芳香族複素環基としては、例えば、ピリジン環、ピリミジン環、ピラジン環又はトリアジン環からなる各環基が挙げられる。また、6員環の芳香族複素環基を含む縮環の基としては、例えば、キノリン環及びキナゾリン環からなる各環基が挙げられる。
脂肪族複素環基としては、例えば、ピロリジン環、オキソラン環(テトラヒドロフラン環)、チオラン環(テトラヒドロチオフェン環)、ピペリジン環、オキサン環(テトラヒドロピラン環)、チアン環(テトラヒドロチオピラン環)、ピペラジン環、モルホリン環、キヌクリジン環、ピロリジン環、アゼチジン環、オキセタン環、アジリジン環又はジオキサン環からなる各環基が挙げられる。
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アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、ヘテロアリールオキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、ヘテロアリールチオ基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アリールオキシカルボニル基、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル基、アルキルチオカルボニル基、アリールチオカルボニル基、ヘテロアリールチオカルボニル基、アルキルカルボニルオキシ基、アリールカルボニルオキシ基、ヘテロアリールカルボニルオキシ基、アルキルカルボニルチオ基、アリールカルボニルチオ基、ヘテロアリールカルボニルチオ基、ヒドロキシ基、メルカプト基、アシル基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、シリル基、ヘテロアリール基、脂肪族ヘテロ環基、カルバモイル基
アシル基は、炭素数1~19が好ましく、2~19がより好ましい。アシル基の好ましい具体例としては、例えば、ホルミル、アセチル、プロピオニル、ブタノイル、オクタデカノイル、ベンゾイル又はアクリリルが挙げられる。
カルバモイル基としては、N,N-ジ置換カルバモイル基が好ましく、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基及び脂肪族ヘテロ環基のいずれかでN原子が置換されたカルバモイル基が好ましい。特に、N,N-ジアルキル若しくはジアリールカルバモイル基が好ましい。カルバモイル基の好ましい具体例としては、例えば、N,N-ジメチルカルバモイル、N,N-ジフェニルカルバモイルが挙げられる。
シリル基としては、特に限定されず、好ましくは、炭素数1~20で、アルキル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基若しくはアリールオキシ基が置換したシリル基である。
群LSGから選択される置換基が更に置換基を有する場合、組み合わされる置換基の数は、特に限定されず、例えば、置換基数は2~6個であることが好ましく、2個又は3個であることがより好ましい。更に有する置換基がハロゲン原子を含む場合、置換基数は2~19個が好ましく、2~13個であることがより好ましい。
RGは、置換基を示す。RGとして採りうる置換基としては、特に限定されず、上記Raとして採りうる置換基と同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。
Ra及びYaは、上述のように、解離した形を採っていてもよく、塩の形態であってもよい。また、上記のペロブスカイト型結晶構造中に組み込まれていてもよい。
GがLに結合する原子(位置)は、特に限定されない。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=4:1~1:10000
上記モル比は、より好ましくは、下記範囲内にある。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=1:10~1:1000
上記モル比は、更に好ましくは、下記範囲内にある。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=1:50~1:800
上記モル比において、金属原子のカチオンMの含有量は、ペロブスカイト型結晶構造を形成している金属カチオンMの含有量であり、感光層中に過剰に含有される金属カチオンの含有量は考慮しない。
本発明の光電変換素子は、感光層の表面に、化合物Aを含有する層(表面処理層ともいう。)を有することも好ましい。化合物Aは上述の通りである。
この層は、感光層の表面に化合物Aが存在していればよく、存在する状態は、膜状、線状若しくは分散状、又は、これらが混在した状態等が挙げられる。この層は、必ずしも、感光層の表面を一様に覆うような層又は膜を形成していなくてもよい。
化合物Aを含有する層は、感光層を表面処理することにより形成でき、通常、薄膜(例えば膜厚は5nm以下)である。
本発明の光電変換素子は、光電変換素子10A~10Dのように、第一電極1と第二電極2との間に正孔輸送層3を有することが好ましい態様の1つである。この態様において、正孔輸送層3は感光層3Cと接触(積層)していることが好ましい。正孔輸送層3は、好ましくは第一電極1の感光層13と第二電極2の間に設けられる。
正孔輸送層3は、光吸収剤の酸化体に電子を補充する機能を有し、好ましくは固体状の層(固体正孔輸送層)である。
正孔輸送材料は、溶液塗布可能で固体状になる有機正孔輸送材料が好ましく、具体的には、2,2’,7,7’-テトラキス-(N,N-ジ-p-メトキシフェニルアミノ)-9,9’-スピロビフルオレン(spiro-MeOTADともいう)、ポリ(3-ヘキシルチオフェン-2,5-ジイル)、4-(ジエチルアミノ)ベンズアルデヒド ジフェニルヒドラゾン、ポリエチレンジオキシチオフェン(PEDOT)等が挙げられる。
本発明の光電変換素子は、光電変換素子10Eのように、第一電極1と第二電極2との間に電子輸送層4を有することも好ましい態様の1つである。この態様において、電子輸送層4は感光層3Cと接触(積層)していることが好ましい。
電子輸送層4は、電子の輸送先が第二電極である点、及び、形成される位置が異なること以外は、上記電子輸送層15と同じである。
第二電極2は、太陽電池において正極として機能する。第二電極2は、導電性を有していれば特に限定されず、通常、導電性支持体11と同じ構成とすることができる。強度が十分に保たれる場合は、支持体11aは必ずしも必要ではない。
第二電極2の構造としては、集電効果が高い構造が好ましい。感光層13に光が到達するためには、導電性支持体11と第二電極2との少なくとも一方は実質的に透明であることが好ましい。本発明の太陽電池においては、導電性支持体11が透明であって太陽光等を支持体11a側から入射させるのが好ましい。この場合、第二電極2は光を反射する性質を有することが更に好ましい。
第二電極2としては、金属若しくは導電性の金属酸化物の薄膜(蒸着してなる薄膜を含む)、又は、この薄膜を有するガラス基板若しくはプラスチック基板が好ましい。ガラス基板若しくはプラスチック基板としては、金若しくは白金の薄膜を有するガラス、又は、白金を蒸着したガラスが好ましい。
本発明においては、第一電極1と第二電極2との接触を防ぐために、ブロッキング層14に代えて、又は、ブロッキング層14等とともに、スペーサーやセパレータを用いることもできる。
また、第二電極2と正孔輸送層3の間に正孔ブロッキング層を設けてもよい。
本発明の太陽電池は、本発明の光電変換素子を用いて構成される。例えば図1~図6に示されるように、外部回路6に対して仕事させるように構成した光電変換素子10を太陽電池として用いることができる。第一電極1(導電性支持体11)及び第二電極2に接続される外部回路6は、公知のものを特に制限されることなく、用いることができる。
本発明は、例えば、特許文献1及び2、非特許文献1及び2、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2009,131(17),p.6050-6051及びScience,338,p.643(2012)に記載の各太陽電池に適用することができる。
本発明の太陽電池は、構成物の劣化及び蒸散等を防止するために、側面をポリマーや接着剤等で密封することが好ましい。
本発明の光電変換素子及び太陽電池は、感光層、及び化合物Aを含有する層の形成以外は、公知の製造方法、例えば、特許文献1及び2、非特許文献1及び2、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2009,131(17),p.6050-6051、並びに、Science,338,p.643(2012)等に記載の方法によって製造できる。
本発明の光電変換素子の製造方法において、導電性支持体上に感光層形成用組成物を適用するとは、導電性支持体の表面に感光層形成用組成物を適用して感光層を設ける(直接設ける)態様、及び、導電性支持体の表面上方に他の層を介して感光層形成用組成物を適用して感光層を設ける態様を含む意味である。導電性支持体の表面上方に他の層を介して感光層を有する態様は、上述の通りである。
本発明の光電変換素子の製造方法において、感光層形成用組成物を適用するとは、感光層形成用組成物を設ける層の表面に、感光層形成用組成物を接触させることを意味する。接触させる方法は、特に限定されず、公知の方法を特に制限なく用いることができる。具体的には、上記表面に感光層形成用組成物を塗布する方法、上記表面を感光層形成用組成物中に浸漬させる方法等が挙げられる。
ブロッキング層14は、例えば、上記絶縁性物質又はその前駆体化合物等を含有する分散物を導電性支持体11の表面に塗布し、焼成する方法又はスプレー熱分解法等によって、形成できる。
多孔質層12を形成する方法としては、特に限定されず、例えば、湿式法、乾式法、その他の方法(例えば、Chemical Review,第110巻,6595頁(2010年刊)に記載の方法)が挙げられる。これらの方法において、導電性支持体11の表面又はブロッキング層14の表面に分散物(ペースト)を塗布した後に、100~800℃の温度で10分~10時間、例えば空気中で焼成することが好ましい。これにより、微粒子同士を密着させることができる。
焼成を複数回行う場合、最後の焼成以外の焼成の温度(最後以外の焼成温度)を、最後の焼成の温度(最後の焼成温度)よりも低い温度で行うのがよい。例えば、酸化チタンペーストを用いる場合、最後以外の焼成温度を50~300℃の範囲内に設定することができる。また、最後の焼成温度を、100~600℃の範囲内において、最後以外の焼成温度よりも高くなるように、設定することができる。支持体11aとしてガラス支持体を用いる場合、焼成温度は60~500℃が好ましい。
感光層13の形成には、ペロブスカイト化合物を合成可能なペロブスカイト前駆体化合物と、上記化合物Aとを用いる。
ペロブスカイト前駆体化合物としては、上記ペロブスカイト化合物を合成可能な化合物であればよく、上記式(A-3)で表される化合物AXと上記下記式(A-2)で表される化合物MX2が挙げられる。これらの化合物は、それぞれ、単独で用いてもよく、複数用いてもよく、また、組成物(溶液、懸濁液、ペースト等の形態を含む)として用いてもよい。また、これらの化合物は、形成するイオンの形態として用いることもできる。例えば、化合物AXに代えて、カチオンAとして、上記式(A-1)で表される有機カチオンR1-N(R1a)3 +又は周期表第一族元素のカチオンを用いることができ、更にアニオンXを用いることもできる。
化合物Aは上記の通りである。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式(A-2) MX2
式(A-3) AX
上記式中、G、p、L、M、X及びAは上述の通りである。
感光層形成用組成物中、化合物Aの含有量[MCCA]と、式(A-2)で表される化合物MX2の含有量[MCMC]とのモル比は、特に限定されず、温度変化耐性の点で、下記範囲内にあることが好ましい。
[MCCA]:[MCMC]=4:1~1:10000
上記モル比は、より好ましくは、下記範囲内にある。
[MCCA]:[MCMC]=1:10~1:1000
上記モル比は、更に好ましくは、下記範囲内にある。
[MCCA]:[MCMC]=1:50~1:800
感光層形成用組成物において、式(A-2)で表されるMX2と、式(A-3)で表される化合物AXとのモル比は目的に応じて適宜に調整される。AXとMX2のモル比(AX:MX2)は、特に限定されず、1:1~10:1であることが好ましい。
上記組成物は、いずれも、上記化合物に加えて、他の成分を含んでもよい。
上記組成物は、いずれも、本発明の光電変換素子の製造において、感光層の形成に好適に用いることができる。
また、上記ペロブスカイト化合物の合成方法に準じて感光層を形成することもできる。
化合物Aを含有する層を形成するには、化合物Aを含有する化合物A組成物を調製する。化合物Aは上述の通りであり、1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。組成物中の、化合物Aの含有量は、特に限定されず、例えば、100mmol/L以下であることが好ましく、0.001~10mmol/Lがより好ましい。化合物A組成物は、溶媒を含有する。溶媒としては、特に限定されず、後述する溶媒又は分散剤が挙げられる。化合物Aを含有する層を形成する方法は、化合物A組成物と感光層13とを接触させる方法が挙げられる。これらを接触させる方法としては、感光層13を設ける方法と同じであり、好ましい方法も同じであり、感光層13に化合物A組成物を塗布又は浸漬することが好ましい。接触させる温度は、特に限定されず、0~100℃であることが好ましい。浸漬時間も、特に限定されず、1秒~24時間であるのが好ましい。化合物A組成物を乾燥させる場合、乾燥は熱による乾燥が好ましく、通常は、30~200℃、好ましくは40~110℃に加熱することで乾燥させる。
このようにして、化合物Aを含有する層が形成される。
正孔輸送層3は、正孔輸送材料を含有する正孔輸送材料溶液を塗布し、乾燥して、形成することができる。正孔輸送材料溶液は、塗布性に優れる点、及び多孔質層12を有する場合は多孔質層12の孔内部まで侵入しやすい点で、正孔輸送材料の濃度が0.1~1.0M(モル/L)であるのが好ましい。
電子輸送層4は、電子輸送材料を含有する電子輸送材料溶液を塗布し、乾燥して、形成することができる。
以下に示す手順により、図1に示される光電変換素子10Aを製造した。感光層13の膜厚が大きい場合は、図2に示される光電変換素子10Bに対応することになる。
<導電性支持体11の作製>
ガラス基板(支持体11a、厚さ2mm)上にフッ素ドープされたSnO2導電膜(透明電極11b、膜厚300nm)を形成し、導電性支持体11を作製した。
チタニウム ジイソプロポキシド ビス(アセチルアセトナート)の15質量%イソプロパノール溶液(アルドリッチ社製)を1-ブタノールで希釈して、0.02Mのブロッキング層用溶液を調製した。
<ブロッキング層14の形成>
調製した0.02Mのブロッキング層用溶液を用いてスプレー熱分解法により、450℃にて、導電性支持体11のSnO2導電膜上に酸化チタンからなるブロッキング層14(膜厚50nm)を形成した。
酸化チタン(アナターゼ、平均粒径20nm)のエタノール分散液に、エチルセルロース、ラウリン酸及びテルピネオールを加えて、酸化チタンペーストを調製した。
<多孔質層12の形成>
調製した酸化チタンペーストをブロッキング層14の上にスクリーン印刷法で塗布し、空気中、500℃で3時間焼成した。その後、得られた酸化チタンの焼成体を、40mMのTiCl4水溶液に浸した後、60℃で1時間加熱し、続けて500℃で30分間加熱して、TiO2からなる多孔質層12(膜厚250nm)を形成した。
メチルアミンの40質量%メタノール溶液(27.86mL)と、57質量%のヨウ化水素の水溶液(ヨウ化水素酸、30mL)を、フラスコ中、0℃で2時間攪拌した後、濃縮して、CH3NH3Iの粗体を得た。得られたCH3NH3Iの粗体をエタノールに溶解し、ジエチルエーテルで再結晶した。析出した結晶をろ取し、60℃で5時間減圧乾燥して、精製CH3NH3Iを得た。
次いで、精製CH3NH3IとPbI2と上記化合物A1とを、混合モル比を下記の通りとして、DMF中、60℃で12時間攪拌混合した後、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)シリンジフィルターでろ過して、40質量%の光吸収剤溶液(本発明の感光層形成用組成物)Aを調製した。
精製CH3NH3I(CH3NH3 +):PbI2=3:1
化合物A1:PbI2([MCCA]:[MCMC])=3:1
精製CH3NH3I(CH3NH3 +):PbI2([MCCA]):化合物A1([MCMC])=3:1:3
光吸収剤溶液における、化合物A1とPbI2とのモル比([MCCA]:[MCMC])を表2に示す。
調製した光吸収剤溶液Aを導電性支持体11上に成膜した多孔質層12上に、スピンコート法(2000rpmで60秒)により塗布(塗布温度:60℃)した後、塗布した光吸収剤溶液Aをホットプレートにより100℃で60分間乾燥して、CH3NH3PbI3のペロブスカイト化合物と化合物A1とを含有する感光層13A(膜厚300nm(多孔質層12の膜厚250nmを含む))を設けた。
こうして第一電極1Aを作製した。
正孔輸送材料としてのspiro-MeOTAD(180mg)をクロロベンゼン(1mL)に溶解した。このクロロベンゼン溶液に、リチウム-ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(170mg)をアセトニトリル(1mL)に溶解させたアセトニトリル溶液(37.5μL)と、t-ブチルピリジン(TBP、17.5μL)とを加えて混合し、正孔輸送材料溶液を調製した。
次いで、正孔輸送材料溶液を、スピンコート法により、第一電極1の感光層13上に塗布し、塗布した正孔輸送材料溶液を乾燥して、正孔輸送層3A(膜厚100nm)を形成した。
正孔輸送層3A上に蒸着法により金を蒸着して、第二電極2(膜厚100nm)を作製した。
このようにして、光電変換素子10A(試料No.101)を製造した。
各膜厚は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)により観察して、決定した。
上述した試料No.101の光電変換素子の製造において、表2に示すように、使用する化合物A、又は、モル比[MCCA]:[MCMC]を変更したこと以外は、試料No.101の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.102~120、123及び124の光電変換素子10Aをそれぞれ製造した。
表2において、「表面処理」欄の「-」は感光層13Aの表面処理を行っていないことを意味する。
上述した試料No.101の光電変換素子の製造において、表2に示すように、モル比[MCCA]:[MCMC]を変更し、更に下記のようにして、感光層3Aの表面処理をしたこと以外は、試料No.101の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.121及び122の光電変換素子10Aを製造した。
<感光層3Aの表面処理>
化合物A1の5mMクロロベンゼン溶液(化合物A組成物)を、感光層3Aの表面にスピンコート法により塗布した後に、100℃で20分乾燥して、感光層3Aを表面処理した(化合物Aを含有する薄膜の層を形成した)。
上述した試料No.101の光電変換素子10Aの製造において、表2に示すように、化合物Aに代えて表2に示す化合物を用いて、この化合物と金属原子のカチオンの含有量[MCMC]とのモル比を表2の「[MCCA]:[MCMC]」欄に示す値に変更したこと、又は化合物Aを用いなかったこと以外は、試料No.101の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.c101~c104の光電変換素子10Aをそれぞれ製造した。
なお、表2において、化合物Aに代えて用いた化合物を便宜上、「化合物A」欄に示し、この化合物と金属原子のカチオンの含有量[MCMC]とのモル比を「[MCCA]:[MCMC]」欄に示す。また、表2の「化合物A」欄の「-」は化合物Aを用いていないことを意味し、「[MCCA]:[MCMC]」欄の「-」は算出不能であることを示す(表3~表6において同じ。)。
上記試料No.c104の光電変換素子の製造において、上記試料No.121の光電変換素子の製造と同様にして感光層3Aの表面処理をしたこと以外は、試料No.c104の光電変換素子の製造と同様にして、試料No.c105の光電変換素子を製造した。
製造した光電変換素子を分解して、光吸収剤(感光層)中の各成分の含有量を下記のようにして測定した。得られた含有量から、光吸収剤中の、化合物Aの含有量[MPCA]と金属カチオン含有量[MPMC]とのモル比([MPCA]:[MPMC])を算出したところ、表2に記載のモル比([MCCA]:[MCMC])値とほぼ一致した。
- 光電変換素子の分解及び各成分の定量 -
製造した各光電変換素子について、第二電極を粘着剤に粘着させて剥離し、更に必要に応じて物理的に削ぎ落として、光電変換素子から除去した。その後、クロロベンゼンを染みこませた綿棒で、第二電極を剥離した表面を軽くこすり、又は、ガラス製の板で第二電極を剥離した表面を削って、感光層の表面を露出させた。露出した感光層に対して、X線光電子分光法にて、Pb原子、P原子、S原子及びO原子を定量して、含有量を算出した。X線電子分光法による検出が困難なものに関しては、感光層を有機溶媒にて溶出し、これを核磁気共鳴スペクトル(NMR)、高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)、ガスクロマトグラフィー(GC)若しくは波誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析法(ICP)、又は、これらを組み合わせて、定量した。
<温度変化耐性の評価>
各試料No.の光電変換素子について、電池特性試験を行い、温度変化耐性を評価した。その結果を表2に示す。
具体的には、上記のようにして、各試料No.の光電変換素子を、それぞれ、6検体製造した。製造した6検体の光電変換素子について、電池特性試験を行い、光電変換効率を求めた。この測定結果を初期の光電変換効率ηIとした。
電池特性試験は、ソーラーシミュレーター「PEC-L15」(ペクセル・テクノロジーズ社製)を用いて、AM1.5Gフィルタを通したキセノンランプから1000W/m2の擬似太陽光を、各光電変換素子に照射することにより行った。光電変換効率は、ソースメーター「Keithley2401」(テクトロニクス社製)を用いて、擬似太陽光を照射した各光電変換素子の電流-電圧特性を測定することにより求めた。
試料No.101~124の光電変換素子についての、初期の光電変換効率ηIは、いずれも、太陽電池として十分に機能するものであった。
低下率=1-(温度変化サイクル後の光電変換効率ηA/初期の光電変換効率ηI)
次いで、試料No.c104の光電変換素子の平均低下率を1としたときの、各試料No.の光電変換素子の相対平均低下率を求めた。各試料No.の光電変換素子の相対平均低下率は、各試料No.の光電変換素子の平均低下率を、試料No.c104の平均低下率で除した値である。
得られた相対平均低下率が下記の評価基準のいずれに含まれるかを判定した。
本評価において、評価「E」以上が実用上求められ、評価「D」以上が好ましい。相対平均低下率が低いほど、温度変化耐性が良好であることを示している。
- 評価基準 -
A:0.26未満
B:0.38未満、0.26以上
C:0.50未満、0.38以上
D:0.62未満、0.50以上
E:0.75未満、0.62以上
F:0.88未満、0.75以上
G:1.01未満、0.88以上
H:1.01以上
上記のようにして、各試料No.114、121、122、c104及びc105の光電変換素子を7検体製造したこと以外は、上記<温度変化耐性の評価>と同様にして、初期の光電変換効率ηIを測定した。
次いで、これらの検体を、45℃、相対湿度55%の条件下で24時間保存した後に、電池特性試験を再度行い、光電変換効率を求めた。この測定結果を湿度環境下放置後の光電変換効率ηBとした。下記式により、各々の検体の光電変換効率の低下率を算出した。
低下率=1-(湿度環境下放置後の光電変換効率ηB/初期の光電変換効率ηI)
次いで、試料No.c104の平均低下率を1としたときの、各試料No.の光電変換素子の相対平均低下率を求めた。各試料No.の光電変換素子の相対平均低下率は、各試料No.の光電変換素子の平均低下率を、試料No.c104の平均低下率で除した値である。
得られた相対平均低下率が下記の評価基準のいずれに含まれるかを判定した。結果を表2に示す。なお、表2において、「耐湿性」欄の「-」は耐湿性の評価を行っていないことを意味する。
本評価において、評価「D」以上が実用上求められ、評価「C」以上が好ましい。相対平均低下率が低いほど、耐湿性が良好であることを示している。
- 評価基準 -
A:0.65未満
B:0.70未満、0.65以上
C:0.75未満、0.70以上
D:0.80未満、0.75以上
E:0.80以上
光吸収剤(感光層)が本発明で規定する化合物Aを含有していない、試料No.c101~c104の光電変換素子は、いずれも、温度変化に対して光電変換効率が大きく低下するものである。この点は、感光層を表面処理した試料No.c105の光電変換素子においても同様である。
これに対して、光吸収剤(感光層)が本発明で規定する化合物Aを備えている、試料No.101~124の光電変換素子は、いずれも、温度変化に対して光電変換効率の低下量が小さく、高い温度変化耐性を示す。
光電変換素子の温度変化耐性は、感光層中の、化合物Aの含有量[MPCA]と金属原子のカチオンの含有量[MPMC]とのモル比([MPCA]:[MPMC])が含まれる範囲が、4:1~1:10000の範囲、次いで1:10~1:1000の範囲、特に1:50~1:800の範囲であると、順次高くなる。また、-P(=O)(ORa)2を有する化合物Aは、-SO3Raを有する化合物Aに対して、より高い温度変化耐性を光電変換素子に付与できる。更に、式(A-0)中のLが脂肪族炭化水素基又は芳香族炭化水素基であると、光電変換素子の温度変化耐性が優れるものとなる。
試料No.114と121及び122、並びに、試料No.c104とc105との光電変換素子を対比すると、化合物A1を光吸収剤に含有させることにより、温度変化耐性が改善されることが分かる。すなわち、感光層の表面を化合物A1で表面処理しても(化合物A1を含有する層を感光層上に設けても)、温度変化耐性については優れた改善効果は示さない。これに対して、化合物A1を感光層中に含有させると、上述のように、温度変化耐性について優れた改善効果を示す。また、化合物A1を含有する層を感光層13A上に設けると、光電変換素子に高い耐湿性を付与できる。
実施例2
[光電変換素子(試料No.201)の製造]
実施例1における試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを下記光吸収剤溶液Bに変更したこと以外は、試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.201の光電変換素子10Aを製造した。
<光吸収剤溶液Bの調製>
ヨウ化セシウムと、ホルムアミジンヨウ化水素酸塩(Formamidine Hydroiodide)と、CH3NH3Brと、ヨウ化鉛と、表3に示す化合物Aとを、混合モル比を下記の通りとして、DMFとDMSO(ジメチルスルホキシド)との混合溶媒(DMF/DMSO=4/1(体積比))に溶解した。得られた液をポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)シリンジフィルターでろ過して、40質量%の光吸収剤溶液Bを調製した。
Cs:FA:精製CH3NH3Br(CH3NH3 +)=0.10:0.20:0.75
(Cs+FA+精製CH3NH3Br):PbI2=1:1
化合物A:PbI2([MCCA]:[MCMC])=1:50
(Cs+FA+精製CH3NH3Br):PbI2:化合物A=1:1:0.02
Br:I=0.75:2.40
上記モル比及び表3において、「FA」はホルムアミジノ基(-C(=NH)NH2)を示す(以下、同じ。)。なお、表3におけるペロブスカイト化合物のCsとFAとCH3NH3とのモル比、及び、BrとIとのモル比は、上記の通りであり、記載を省略する。
実施例1における試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを上記光吸収剤溶液Bに変更したこと以外は、試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造と同様にして、試料No.c201及びc202の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。
製造した各光電変換素子について、実施例1と同様にして、温度変化耐性を評価した。評価は、試料No.c202の光電変換素子の平均低下率に対する相対値を算出して、行った。その結果を表3に示す。
[光電変換素子(試料No.301)の製造]
実施例1における試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを下記光吸収剤溶液Cに変更したこと以外は、試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.301の光電変換素子10Aを製造した。
<光吸収剤溶液Cの調製>
精製CH3NH3IとPbI2とSnI2と表4に示す化合物Aとを、混合モル比を下記の通りとして、DMF中、60℃で12時間攪拌混合した後、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)シリンジフィルターでろ過して、40質量%の光吸収剤溶液Cを調製した。
精製CH3NH3I(CH3NH3 +):(PbI2+SnI2)=1:1(0.90+0.10)
化合物A:(PbI2+SnI2)([MCCA]:[MCMC])=1:50
精製CH3NH3I:PbI2:SnI2:化合物A=1:0.90:0.10:0.02
実施例1における試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを上記光吸収剤溶液Cに変更したこと以外は、試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造と同様にして、試料No.c301及びc302の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。
製造した各光電変換素子について、実施例1と同様にして、温度変化耐性を評価した。評価は、試料No.c302の光電変換素子の平均低下率に対する相対値を算出して、行った。その結果を表4に示す。
[光電変換素子(試料No.401)の製造]
実施例1における試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを下記光吸収剤溶液Dに変更したこと以外は、試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.401の光電変換素子10Aを製造した。
<光吸収剤溶液Dの調製>
ホルムアミジンヨウ化水素酸塩とヨウ化鉛と表5に示す化合物Aとを、混合モル比を下記の通りとして、DMF中、60℃で12時間攪拌混合した後、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)シリンジフィルターでろ過して、40質量%の光吸収剤溶液Dを調製した。
FA:PbI2=1:1
化合物A:PbI2([MCCA]:[MCMC])=1:50
FA:PbI2:化合物A=1:1:0.02
実施例1における試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを上記光吸収剤溶液Dに変更したこと以外は、試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造と同様にして、試料No.c401及びc402の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。
製造した各光電変換素子について、実施例1と同様にして、温度変化耐性を評価した。評価は、試料No.c402の光電変換素子の平均低下率に対する相対値を算出して、行った。その結果を表5に示す。
[光電変換素子(試料No.501)の製造]
実施例1における試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを下記光吸収剤溶液Eに変更したこと以外は、試料No.113の光電変換素子10Aの製造と同様にして、試料No.501の光電変換素子10Aを製造した。
<光吸収剤溶液Eの調製>
精製CH3NH3Iと、精製CH3NH3Iと同様にして合成した精製BuNH3Iと、PbI2と、SnI2と、表6に示す化合物Aとを、混合モル比を下記の通りとして、DMF中、60℃で12時間攪拌混合した後、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)シリンジフィルターでろ過して、40質量%の光吸収剤溶液Eを調製した。
精製CH3NH3I(CH3NH3 +):精製BuNH3I(BuNH3 +)=0.95:0.05
PbI2+SnI2=0.90:0.10
(精製CH3NH3I+精製BuNH3I):(PbI2+SnI2)=1:1
化合物A:(PbI2+SnI2)([MCCA]:[MCMC])=1:50
精製CH3NH3I:精製BuNH3I:PbI2:SnI2:化合物A=0.95:0.05:0.90:0.10:0.02
上記モル比及び表6において、「Bu」はブチルを示す。なお、表6におけるCH3NH3 +とBuNH3 +とのモル比は、上記の通りであり、記載を省略する。
実施例1における試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造において、光吸収剤溶液Aを上記光吸収剤溶液Eに変更したこと以外は、試料No.c101又はc104の光電変換素子の製造と同様にして、試料No.c501及びc502の光電変換素子をそれぞれ製造した。
製造した各光電変換素子について、実施例1と同様にして、温度変化耐性を評価した。評価は、試料No.c502の光電変換素子の平均低下率に対する相対値を算出して、行った。その結果を表6に示す。
11 導電性支持体
11a 支持体
11b 透明電極
12 多孔質層
13A~13C 感光層
14 ブロッキング層
2 第二電極
3A、3B、16 正孔輸送層
4、15 電子輸送層
6 外部回路(リード)
10A~10F 光電変換素子
100A~100F 太陽電池を利用したシステム
M 電動モーター
Claims (13)
- 光吸収剤を含有する感光層を導電性支持体上に有する第一電極と、前記第一電極に対向する第二電極とを有する光電変換素子であって、
前記光吸収剤が、周期表第一族元素のカチオン又は有機カチオンと、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子のカチオンと、アニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンとを有するペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する化合物と、下記式(A-0)で表される化合物と、を含む光電変換素子。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式中、Gは、-SO3Ra、-SO3 -Ya+、-P(=O)(ORa)2、-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2、-P(=O)RG(ORa)、-P(=O)RG(O-Ya+)、-B(ORa)2、-OB(ORa)2及び-B(ORa)3 -Ya+からなる群より選択される基又は塩を示す。Raは水素原子又は置換基を示す。RGは置換基を示し、Yaは対塩を示す。pは1以上の整数である。Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。ただし、Lはアミノ基を有していない。 - 前記感光層中、前記式(A-0)で表される化合物の含有量[MPCA]と前記金属原子のカチオンの含有量[MPMC]とのモル比が、下記範囲内にある請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=4:1~1:10000 - 前記モル比が、下記範囲内にある請求項2に記載の光電変換素子。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=1:10~1:1000 - 前記モル比が、下記範囲内にある請求項2又は3に記載の光電変換素子。
[MPCA]:[MPMC]=1:50~1:800 - 前記Gが、-P(=O)(ORa)2又は-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記Lが、脂肪族炭化水素基又は芳香族炭化水素基である請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記Lが、下記群LSGから選択される置換基を有する請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
<群LSG>
アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、アルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、ヘテロアリールオキシ基、アルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、ヘテロアリールチオ基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アリールオキシカルボニル基、ヘテロアリールオキシカルボニル基、アルキルチオカルボニル基、アリールチオカルボニル基、ヘテロアリールチオカルボニル基、アルキルカルボニルオキシ基、アリールカルボニルオキシ基、ヘテロアリールカルボニルオキシ基、アルキルカルボニルチオ基、アリールカルボニルチオ基、ヘテロアリールカルボニルチオ基、ヒドロキシ基、メルカプト基、アシル基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、シリル基、ヘテロアリール基、脂肪族ヘテロ環基、カルバモイル基 - 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子を用いた太陽電池。
- 感光層を導電性支持体上に有する第一電極と、前記第一電極に対向する第二電極とを有する光電変換素子を製造する方法であって、
周期表第一族元素のカチオン又は有機カチオンと、周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子のカチオンと、アニオン性原子又は原子団のアニオンとを有するペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する化合物を形成するペロブスカイト前駆体化合物と、下記式(A-0)で表される化合物とを含有する感光層形成用組成物を、前記導電性支持体上に適用する工程を有する光電変換素子の製造方法。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式中、Gは、-SO3Ra、-SO3 -Ya+、-P(=O)(ORa)2、-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2、-P(=O)RG(ORa)、-P(=O)RG(O-Ya+)、-B(ORa)2、-OB(ORa)2及び-B(ORa)3 -Ya+からなる群より選択される基又は塩を示す。Raは水素原子又は置換基を示す。RGは置換基を示し、Yaは対塩を示す。pは1以上の整数である。Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。ただし、Lはアミノ基を有していない。 - 前記ペロブスカイト前駆体化合物が、下記式(A-2)で表される化合物、及び、下記式(A-3)で表される化合物を含む請求項9に記載の光電変換素子の製造方法。
式(A-2) MX2
式(A-3) AX
式(A-2)中、Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を示し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を示す。式(A-3)中、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を表し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を表す。 - 下記式(A-0)で表される化合物と、下記式(A-2)で表される化合物と、下記式(A-3)で表される化合物とを含有する感光層形成用組成物。
式(A-0) (G)p-L
式(A-2) MX2
式(A-3) AX
式(A-0)中、Gは、-SO3Ra、-SO3 -Ya+、-P(=O)(ORa)2、-P(=O)(O-Ya+)2、-P(=O)RG(ORa)、-P(=O)RG(O-Ya+)、-B(ORa)2、-OB(ORa)2及び-B(ORa)3 -Ya+からなる群より選択される基又は塩を示す。Raは水素原子又は置換基を示す。RGは置換基を示し、Yaは対塩を示す。pは1以上の整数である。Lは、脂肪族炭化水素基、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基又は脂肪族複素環基を示す。ただし、Lはアミノ基を有していない。
式(A-2)中、Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を示し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を示す。
式(A-3)中、Aは周期表第一族元素又はカチオン性有機基を表し、Xはアニオン性原子又は原子団を表す。 - 前記式(A-0)で表される化合物の含有量[MCCA]と、前記式(A-2)で表される化合物MX2の含有量[MCMC]とのモル比が、下記範囲内にある請求項11に記載の感光層形成用組成物。
[MCCA]:[MCMC]=1:10~1:1000 - 有機溶媒を含有する請求項11又は12に記載の感光層形成用組成物。
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