WO2018008658A1 - フェライト系ステンレス鋼と、その鋼板及びそれらの製造方法 - Google Patents
フェライト系ステンレス鋼と、その鋼板及びそれらの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018008658A1 WO2018008658A1 PCT/JP2017/024557 JP2017024557W WO2018008658A1 WO 2018008658 A1 WO2018008658 A1 WO 2018008658A1 JP 2017024557 W JP2017024557 W JP 2017024557W WO 2018008658 A1 WO2018008658 A1 WO 2018008658A1
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a ferritic stainless steel that maintains an oxide film excellent in electrical conductivity in a long-term high-temperature oxidation environment and also has creep resistance that suppresses material damage, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention also relates to a ferritic stainless steel sheet having both creep resistance and workability that suppresses material damage in a high temperature environment, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention is particularly suitable for a separator of a solid oxide fuel cell and a surrounding high temperature member.
- SOFC solid oxide fuel cells
- the characteristics required of a metal material are that it first has excellent “oxidation resistance” in the temperature range of 600 to 900 ° C., and then has a “thermal expansion coefficient” equivalent to that of a ceramic solid oxide. It is required to have. In addition to these basic characteristics, the metal material is required to exhibit good “electric conductivity” in a state where it is in close contact with the ceramic solid oxide in terms of power generation efficiency at high temperatures.
- the application of a highly versatile metal material that does not impair the electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film in the long-term use of an oxidizing environment has become an issue.
- Patent Documents 1 to 5 disclose ferritic stainless steel having both the above-described oxidation resistance and thermal expansion coefficient.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 disclose high Cr type ferritic stainless steel characterized by containing one or more selected from the group consisting of Y, REM (rare earth elements) and Zr. .
- Y, REM, Zr rare earth elements
- a Cr-based oxide film is formed on the steel surface, and the addition of (Y, REM, Zr) improves the oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film.
- Patent Documents 4, 5, and 7 disclose high Cr type ferritic stainless steels that do not rely on the addition of expensive rare earth elements and impart electrical conductivity without impairing oxidation resistance. Patent Documents 4 and 7 do not require rare earth elements such as (Y, REM, Zr), and are characterized by the addition of highly conductive Cu. Further, in Patent Document 7, from the viewpoint of conductivity, Al: 0.03 to 5% and Ti + Nb: 0.1 to 3% are subjected to preliminary oxidation to form an oxide film enriched with Al.
- Mo 0.5 to 2% is essential, Si: 0.15% or less, Mn: 0.3 to 1%, Al: 1% or less and 2.5 ⁇ Mn / ( It is characterized by adjusting the components so that (Si + Al) ⁇ 8.0.
- SOFC systems with high energy efficiency are expected to be deployed and spread from home use (0.75 kw) to commercial use (3 to 5 kw).
- the SOFC separator and its peripheral members have an integrated structure called a hot module and are continuously operated in a temperature range of 500 to 800 ° C.
- the separator is required to have workability for forming a gas flow path with bending, drawing, and overhanging.
- Patent Document 6 C: 0.02% or less, Si: 2% or less, Mn: 1.5% or less, N: 0.03% or less, Cr: 10 to 30%, one or more of Ti and Nb : In the ferritic stainless steel sheet containing (C + N) to 0.8% in total and Al: 0.1% or less, improvement of workability is disclosed by controlling the texture and reducing in-plane anisotropy and ridging Yes. In addition to being limited to a Cr content of less than 20% in these examples, the creep strength at high temperatures as described above is completely unknown.
- Patent Document 8 discloses a metal material for a current-carrying member in which the average interval between the local peaks of the surface roughness curve of the metal material having a lipid whose passivating film is easily generated by the atmosphere is 0.3 ⁇ m or less. .
- the metal material is characterized by excellent corrosion resistance and excellent electrical conductivity.
- Patent Document 9 discloses that the size of the ⁇ 111 ⁇ -oriented colony in the plate width direction is 100 to 1000 ⁇ m in the plane perpendicular to the plate surface normal at the plate thickness center, and the proportion of the colony in the entire plate width Discloses a ferritic stainless steel sheet having a content of 30 to 95%.
- the stainless steel plate is characterized by excellent ridging resistance (that is, surface quality after cold rolling) and press workability.
- Patent Document 10 discloses a ferritic stainless steel in which the electrical conductivity and adhesion of a target oxide film are improved by defining the relationship between the amount of Mn and the amount of (Si + Al).
- Patent Document 11 discloses a ferritic stainless steel that can have both creep resistance and oxidation resistance of the reformed gas by adding a small amount of B, Mg, and Ca and adding it together with Sn.
- the ferritic stainless steel disclosed in Patent Document 11 is characterized in that the time to reach 1% creep strain is 50 h or more at 750 ° C. and an initial stress of 15 MPa.
- Patent Document 12 discloses a ferritic stainless steel in which an oxide layer having a thickness of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m in which Nb oxide, Ti oxide, and Al oxide are mixed is present between a Cr oxide layer and a base material. Is disclosed.
- the ferritic stainless steel disclosed in Patent Document 12 is characterized by excellent high-temperature electrical conductivity and oxidation resistance.
- Patent Document 13 discloses a ferritic stainless steel for a fuel reformer that has both excellent oxidation resistance and economy.
- the ferritic stainless steel disclosed in Patent Document 13 optimizes the amount of Si, Mn, and Nb in a reformed gas environment, adds a small amount of V, B, and Mg, and adjusts the amount of addition of Al and Ti Thus, the durability of the Cr-based oxide film is improved without relying on rare earth elements or a large amount of Ni addition.
- ferritic stainless steels disclosed in Patent Documents 8 to 10, 12, and 13 are not intended to improve creep strength and workability.
- ferritic stainless steel disclosed in Patent Document 11 has improved creep resistance and oxidation resistance of the reformed gas, it is not intended to improve electrical conductivity.
- the oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity are improved by adjusting components such as Nb, Ti, Mn, Si, and Al.
- the creep resistance and workability of ferritic stainless steel as a material are important issues for the spread of SOFC systems.
- the present invention has been devised to solve the above-mentioned problems, and does not depend on the addition of rare earth elements or alloy elements, and in a long-term high temperature oxidation environment, the electrical conductivity and creep resistance of the oxide film.
- the present invention provides a ferritic stainless steel having both the resistance and a ferritic stainless steel sheet having both creep resistance and workability.
- the steel is further mass%, Sn: 0.3% or less, Sb: 0.3% or less, Ni: 1% or less, Cu: 1% or less, W: 1% or less, Co: 1 %: B: 0.010% or less, Ga: 0.010% or less, Mg: 0.010% or less, Ca: 0.010% or less, Zr: 0.1% or less, Y: 0.1% or less , REM: 0.1% or less, Ta: 0.1% or less, containing one or more, ferritic stainless steel according to (1).
- a ferritic stainless steel that combines the electrical conductivity and creep resistance of an oxide film, and creep resistance and workability in a long-term high-temperature oxidation environment without depending on the addition of rare earth elements.
- a ferritic stainless steel sheet can also be obtained.
- the inventors of the present invention have the electrical conductivity required in a long-term high-temperature oxidation environment and the creep resistance and processing that suppresses a slight deformation of about 1% occurring near 700 to 750 ° C.
- the present invention was completed through repeated experiments and examinations on ferritic stainless steel having both properties. The knowledge obtained by the present invention will be described below.
- the “plate thickness center portion” is the center of the plate thickness t of the steel plate, that is, the region including the position of (1/2) t, preferably from the center of the plate thickness t of the steel plate. An area of 1 / 8t thickness in the surface direction on both sides of the steel sheet.
- the “(111) ⁇ 15 ° orientation grain” has a crystal orientation in which the angle difference between the normal direction of the plane parallel to the steel plate surface and the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane orientation at the center of the plate thickness is within 15 °.
- a crystal grain Although there are still unclear points regarding the effect of texture on such creep resistance, the mechanism for improving creep resistance based on the results of electron beam backscatter diffraction (hereinafter referred to as EBSD) analysis is as follows. I guess that.
- orientation grain When the former is identified as a ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grain and a crystal grain having other crystal orientation (hereinafter, a crystal grain having a specific crystal orientation is simply referred to as “orientation grain”). Is an effective orientation grain for improving the workability, but the latter orientation grain effectively acts to increase the creep resistance. As a result of comparing the former orientation grain and the latter orientation grain with a crystal orientation map by EBSD in the creep temperature range, the latter orientation grain has a difference in orientation within the grain compared with the former orientation grain. It has been found that it increases within a range that is not recognized as (small-angle grain boundary) (that is, a range of 1 ° to less than 5 °). For this reason, in the creep temperature range, the latter orientation grain contributes to an increase in internal stress accompanying an increase in dislocation density than the former orientation grain.
- the above-described action becomes obvious and slip of the crystal grain boundary is delayed. That is, in order to delay the time to creep strain up to 1%, it is effective to increase the internal stress by increasing the dislocation density in the crystal grains and to delay the slip of the crystal grain boundary.
- the latter orientation grain has the largest amount of formation at the center of the plate thickness where the recrystallization of the steel is delayed, and it is necessary to control the texture at the center of the plate thickness in combination with the above-mentioned shape ratio. Contributes to the improvement of workability and workability.
- ⁇ 001 ⁇ orientation grain means a crystal having a crystal orientation in which the angle difference between the normal direction of the plane parallel to the plate surface at the center of the plate thickness and the ⁇ 001 ⁇ plane orientation is within 10 °. A grain.
- the above-mentioned texture control is performed by performing heat treatment at a temperature lower than the recrystallization temperature of the steel, and thereafter repeating cold rolling and heat treatment at 1100 ° C. or lower, and finishing heat treatment is 1000 ° C. or higher to change the recrystallization structure It is preferable to obtain.
- the compatibility between the creep resistance suitable for the SOFC separator and the workability is a plane parallel to the steel plate surface in the center of the plate thickness without depending on the addition of alloy elements.
- the present invention has been completed based on the examination results described above.
- (C) The addition of a small amount of Al lowers the oxygen potential at the interface between the Cr-based oxide film and the ground iron and reduces the incorporation of Si into the oxide film. Furthermore, B, Ga, Mg, and Ca combine with C, N, S, and O to form a compound to improve the cleanliness of the steel and enhance the protection of the Cr-based oxide film. Here, B also has the effect of delaying the growth of the Cr-based oxide film by segregating at the grain boundaries and suppressing excessive grain boundary diffusion of Cr. In addition, reducing Mn and V and adding an appropriate amount of Al has a great effect of reducing the vapor pressure (volatility) of the Cr-based oxide film and suppressing the generation and growth of defects in the Cr-based oxide film.
- the new characteristics of improving the electrical conductivity in a long-term high-temperature oxidation environment and the creep resistance up to 1% are the addition of a small amount of Al, a small amount of Al
- a small amount of Al We obtained completely new knowledge that this can be achieved by adding elements B, Ga, Mg and Ca and adjusting the components of Mn, V, Al and Si.
- the present inventions (1) to (5) have been completed based on the above-described examination results.
- C is an unavoidable impurity element contained in the steel, and inhibits the protection of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention, while inhibiting the workability and oxidation resistance, and is the target of the present invention. It works effectively on the formation of texture. Therefore, it is preferable that the amount of C is appropriately included. Moreover, excessive reduction leads to a decrease in the creep resistance strength of the present invention and a significant increase in the refining cost. Therefore, the upper limit is 0.030%. From the viewpoint of formation of texture and manufacturability, the preferred range is 0.002% or more and 0.020% or less. From the viewpoint of electrical conductivity and manufacturability of the Cr-based oxide film, the preferred range is 0.001% or more and 0.015% or less.
- the Si is preferably as low as possible in order to ensure the target processability of the present invention and the electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film. On the other hand, it also has the effect of increasing oxidation resistance and high temperature strength. However, excessive addition leads to a decrease in the creep resistance targeted by the present invention.
- the upper limit is made 1.00%.
- the lower limit is preferably set to 0.01% because of an increase in manufacturing cost considering inevitable impurities from the deoxidizer and chromium raw material. From the standpoint of achieving both the basic characteristics targeted for the present invention and the production cost, the preferred range is 0.05% or more and 0.50% or less, and the more preferred range is 0.10% or more and 0.30% or less.
- the upper limit is preferably 0.30%, and the preferable range of the Si content is 0.05% or more, It is 0.25% or less, and a more preferable range is 0.10% or more and 0.20% or less.
- Mn has an effect of improving oxidation resistance and an effect of improving the electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention.
- the lower limit is preferably 0.05%.
- excessive addition inhibits the long-term oxidation resistance of the Cr-based oxide film, and may impair workability and oxidation resistance, so the upper limit is made 1.00%.
- the preferable range of the Mn content is 0.05% or more and 0.50% or less, and the more preferable range is 0.10% or more and 0.30% or less. is there.
- the upper limit of the Mn content is preferably set to 0.3%.
- a preferable range of the Mn content is 0.05% or more and 0.25% or less. A more preferable range is 0.10% or more and 0.20% or less.
- the upper limit is 0.045%.
- the lower limit is preferably 0.003%. From the viewpoint of manufacturability and weldability, the preferred range is 0.005 to 0.035%, more preferably 0.010 to 0.030%.
- S is an unavoidable impurity element contained in the steel, and lowers the electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention in addition to the lowering of workability.
- the presence of Mn inclusions and solute S not only acts as a starting point for reducing the protection of the Cr-based oxide film in a long-term high-temperature oxidizing environment, but also as a starting point for reducing the oxidation resistance in a high-temperature oxidizing environment. Also works. Therefore, the lower the amount of S, the better. Therefore, the upper limit is made 0.0030%. However, excessive reduction leads to an increase in raw materials and refining costs, so the lower limit is made 0.0001%. From the viewpoint of basic characteristics and manufacturability, the preferred range is 0.0001 to 0.0020%, more preferably 0.0002 to 0.0010%.
- Cr is a constituent element that is fundamental in securing high-temperature characteristics such as electrical conductivity, creep resistance, oxidation resistance, and thermal expansion coefficient of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention.
- the lower limit is 20.0%.
- excessive addition of Cr not only promotes the formation of the ⁇ phase, which is an embrittlement phase when exposed to a high temperature environment, but also promotes Cr evaporation, and the target Cr-based oxide film of the present invention.
- the electrical conductivity may be impaired, and in addition, the manufacturability may be deteriorated and the target processability of the present invention may be impaired.
- the upper limit is set to 25.0% from the viewpoints of basic characteristics, manufacturability and workability, which are targets of the present invention. From the viewpoint of cost effectiveness, the preferable range is 20.0% or more and 23.0% or less.
- Mo is an effective constituent element for securing the target creep resistance and thermal expansion coefficient of the present invention.
- Mo is also a constituent element effective in securing the thermal expansion coefficient, which is a requirement for the metal separator of the present invention.
- it acts as a solid solution strengthening element, and effectively acts on the improvement of the creep resistance targeted by the present invention.
- the lower limit is made 0.3%.
- Excessive addition promotes the formation of the ⁇ phase, which is an embrittlement phase, and leads to a decrease in manufacturability and an increase in raw material costs.
- the upper limit is 2.0% from the viewpoint of high temperature characteristics and manufacturability targeted by the present invention. From the viewpoint of cost effectiveness, the preferable range is 0.7% or more and 1.4% or less.
- N is an unavoidable impurity element contained in the steel, and inhibits the protection of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention, while inhibiting the workability and oxidation resistance, and is the target of the present invention. It works effectively on the formation of texture. Moreover, excessive reduction leads to a decrease in the creep resistance strength of the present invention and a significant increase in the refining cost. Therefore, it is preferable that the amount of N is appropriately included. Therefore, the upper limit is 0.040%. From the viewpoint of formation of texture and manufacturability, the preferred range is 0.002% or more and 0.030% or less.
- the upper limit of the N content is preferably 0.020%, more preferably 0.003% or more and 0.015%. It is as follows.
- the lower limit is preferably 0.01%. Further, from the viewpoint of increasing the oxidation resistance of the Cr-based oxide film, which is the target of the present invention, and ensuring electrical conductivity, the lower limit is preferably 0.05%.
- the upper limit is 0.50%.
- the preferred range is 0.03% or more and 0.30% or less, more preferably 0.05% or more and 0.25% or less.
- the preferred range is 0.10% or more, 0.35% or less, more preferably 0.15% or more, It is 0.25% or less.
- V is preferably as low as possible in order to improve the electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention.
- C and N are fixed as carbonitrides and have an effect of increasing oxidation resistance and high temperature strength.
- the upper limit is made 0.20%.
- the lower limit is preferably set to 0.005% because of an increase in raw material cost in consideration of inevitable impurities from the chromium raw material. From the viewpoint of achieving both the target characteristics of the present invention and the raw material cost, the preferred range is 0.01% or more and 0.10% or less, and the more preferred range is 0.01% or more and 0.05% or less.
- Nb and Ti fix C and N as carbonitrides, and have the effect of increasing texture control and creep resistance, which are targets of the present invention. Moreover, Nb and Ti have the effect
- the stainless steel of the present invention may further contain Sn: 0.30% or less, Sb: 0.30% or less, Ni: 1.00% or less, Cu: 1.00% or less, and W: 1 as necessary. 0.0% or less, Co: 1.00% or less, B: 0.0100% or less, Ga: 0.0100% or less, Mg: 0.0100% or less, Ca: 0.0100% or less, Zr: 0.10 % Or less, La: 0.10% or less, Y: 0.10% or less, REM: 0.10% or less, Ta: 0.10% or less good.
- B, Ga, Mg, and Ca are additive elements that are effective for controlling the texture that is the target of the present invention, as described above, and are added as necessary.
- each upper limit is made into B: 0.0100%, Ga: 0.0100%, Mg: 0.0100%, Ca: 0.0100%.
- B and Ga are preferably added as elements contributing to the improvement of creep resistance, B: 0.0003% or more and Ga: 0.0005% or more. More preferable addition ranges are B: 0.0005% or more and 0.0030% or less, Ga: 0.001% or more and 0.0050% or less.
- the lower limit for Mg and Ca is preferably 0.0002%. From the viewpoint of improving the protection and creep resistance of the Cr-based oxide film of the present invention, the preferred range is 0.0005% or more and 0.0050% or less, and the contents of Mg and Ca are controlled by the refining conditions. You can also
- B, Ga, Mg, Ca addition conditions (a) B, Ga, Mg, Ca addition conditions (a)
- B, Ga, Mg, and Ca are additive elements that are useful for enhancing the protective property of the Cr-based oxide film targeted by the present invention and exhibiting creep resistance.
- excessive addition causes a decrease in manufacturability and corrosion resistance of steel.
- the upper limit of each is B: 0.0050%, Ga: 0.0100%, Mg: 0.0100%, Ca: 0.0100%
- the formula (1) is preferably 0.030 or more, more preferably 0.050 to 0.080.
- the upper limit of Formula (1) is not specifically prescribed
- the formula (2) is preferably less than 0.30, and more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.
- 0.45 or more is preferable, and a more preferable range is 0.50 to 2.50.
- Sn, Sb, Ni, Cu, W, and Co are effective elements for increasing the creep resistance and corrosion resistance of the steel, and are added as necessary.
- excessive addition leads to an increase in alloy costs and obstructs manufacturability, so the upper limit of Sn and Sb is 0.30% and the upper limit of Ni, Cu, W and Co is 1.00%.
- the lower limit of the more preferable content of any element is 0.10%.
- Zr, REM, and Ta are elements that have been conventionally effective in enhancing oxidation resistance and hot workability, and enhancing the protection and electrical conductivity of Cr-based oxide films, and may be added as necessary. .
- the addition of these elements is not relied on because of the technical idea of the present invention, the idea, and the alloy cost reduction.
- the upper limit is preferably 0.10%, and the lower limit is preferably 0.001%.
- REM is an element belonging to two elements of Sc and Y and atomic numbers 57 to 71, such as Y, La, Ce, Pr, and Nd.
- the ferritic stainless steel sheet of the present invention may contain two or more types of REMs as long as the total content of elements belonging to REM is 0.10% or less.
- the elements of the present invention can be contained within a range not impairing the effects. It is preferable to reduce as much as possible Zn, Bi, Pb, Se, H, Tl, etc. as well as the aforementioned P and S, which are general impurity elements. On the other hand, the content ratio of these elements is controlled within the limit of solving the problems of the present invention, and, if necessary, Zn ⁇ 100 ppm, Bi ⁇ 100 ppm, Pb ⁇ 100 ppm, Se ⁇ 100 ppm, H ⁇ 100 ppm, Tl One or more of ⁇ 500 ppm may be contained.
- the reasons for limiting the texture of the ferritic stainless steel sheet of the present invention will be described below.
- the ferritic stainless steel sheet of the present invention is manufactured from the ferritic stainless steel of the present invention having the above-described steel components.
- the ferritic stainless steel sheet of the present invention is defined by the texture at the center of the sheet thickness from the viewpoint of contributing to both the creep resistance and the workability targeted by the present invention. Is done.
- the texture can be analyzed using EBSD as described above.
- the EBSD measures and analyzes the crystal orientation of each crystal grain in the micro region on the sample surface at high speed.
- the crystal orientation group that contributes to creep resistance and workability is digitized by displaying a crystal orientation map divided into two regions of ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grains and the other orientation grains at the center of the plate thickness. be able to. For example, in a plane parallel to the steel plate surface in the center of the plate thickness, EBSD measurement is performed with a magnification of 100 in a measurement region of 850 ⁇ m in the plate width direction and 2250 ⁇ m in the rolling direction, and the method of the plane parallel to the steel plate surface as shown in FIG.
- a crystal orientation map of crystal grains (that is, ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grains) whose angle difference between the linear direction and the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane orientation is within 15 ° is displayed to display the area ratio. Further, the orientation grains excluding the ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grains correspond to the white areas in FIG. 1, and the shape is the length in the rolling direction (L) and the length in the rolling vertical direction from the EBSD orientation analysis system. (D) is displayed in a histogram format and the maximum value is adopted.
- ⁇ 111 ⁇ oriented grains are a typical recrystallized texture of ferritic stainless steel and have the effect of improving workability.
- the ⁇ 111 ⁇ orientation grains are crystal grains having a crystal orientation in which the angle difference between the normal direction of the plane parallel to the steel sheet surface and the vertical direction of the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane orientation is 0 °, that is, ⁇ 111 ⁇ planes It refers to crystal grains that are parallel to the steel sheet surface.
- the condition that the orientation difference from the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane orientation of the ⁇ 111 ⁇ orientation grains is within 15 ° exceeds the condition that the orientation grains of the ⁇ 001 ⁇ plane orientation and the ⁇ 101 ⁇ plane orientation lead to a decrease in workability. Therefore, the orientation grains that fall within an inclination of ⁇ 15 ° from the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane orientation of the ⁇ 111 ⁇ orientation grains are targeted.
- orientation grains other than ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grains act to improve creep resistance.
- the area ratio of ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° oriented grains is reduced to less than 60%.
- excessive reduction impairs the workability of the material, so the lower limit is made 30%.
- the orientation grains other than the ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grains have a shape extended in the rolling direction effective for the expression of creep resistance: 1.5 ⁇ L / d.
- L / d ⁇ 8 is set in order to inhibit processability.
- L is the average length ( ⁇ m) of ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° -oriented grains in the rolling direction
- d is the average length ( ⁇ m) of ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° -oriented grains in the rolling direction.
- the workability targeted by the present invention is to suppress the decrease in elongation in the 45 ° and 90 ° directions from the rolling direction.
- the decrease in elongation in the 45 ° and 90 ° directions compared to the rolling direction is less than 4%, preferably less than 3%, more preferably less than 2%.
- the ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 10 ° orientation grains acting on workability reduction are preferably less than 10%, more preferably 5%. Is less than.
- the ferritic stainless steel of the present invention is mainly intended for cold-rolled annealed steel sheets that have been hot-rolled steel strips after annealing or descaling by omitting annealing or annealing, followed by finish annealing and descaling. Yes.
- a hot-rolled annealed plate that is not subjected to cold rolling may be used.
- a welding rod manufactured from a steel plate is also included.
- the pipe is not limited to a weld rod, and may be a seamless rod manufactured by hot working.
- the finish annealing of the steel described above is preferably performed at 800 to 1050 ° C.
- the recrystallization temperature of the steel is Tr
- annealing is performed in the range of Tr-100 ⁇ T ⁇ Tr [° C.]. After that, it is preferable to finish by repeating cold rolling and heat treatment at 1050 ° C. or lower.
- the recrystallization temperature is a temperature at which new crystal grains are generated from the processed structure and the recrystallization rate is 90% or more.
- Tr-100 ° C or lower insufficient recrystallization of steel remains after finishing heat treatment and the workability is hindered. If it exceeds Tr ° C., it is effective for recrystallization of the hot-rolled steel sheet, but it is more preferable to satisfy T ⁇ Tr [° C.] in order to improve the creep resistance due to the metal structure.
- T ⁇ Tr [° C.] in order to improve the creep resistance due to the metal structure.
- a suitable hot-rolled sheet annealing temperature range for obtaining these effects is Tr-70 ⁇ T ⁇ Tr-30 [° C.].
- the heat treatment for finishing after cold rolling after the hot-rolled sheet annealing is 1000 ° C. or more, and the crystal grain size is GSNo. Growing to 8 or more is preferable for improving creep characteristics.
- the recrystallization temperature of steel is defined as the lower limit temperature at which a grain size number can be assigned in a microscopic test method for crystal grain size in accordance with JISJG 0551 in the vicinity of a thickness of 1 ⁇ 4 mm.
- the cooling conditions after annealing in the range of Tr-100 ⁇ T ⁇ Tr [° C.] and the cooling conditions after the heat treatment at 1050 ° C. or lower are not particularly limited. However, in consideration of production in an industrial continuous annealing furnace such as gas cooling, it is preferable to set the cooling rate to air cooling or higher.
- Example 1 of ferritic stainless steel Ferritic stainless steels having the components shown in Table 1 are melted and hot rolled, annealed pickled, and cold rolled. Cold rolled steel sheets having a thickness of 0.3 to 2.0 mm under the conditions shown in Table 2 (No. 1-19). In addition, all the finish annealing after cold rolling was implemented at 1050 degrees C or less.
- the steels I to R are out of the component ranges defined in the present invention. Test pieces were cut out from these cold-rolled steel plates and subjected to evaluation of the electrical conductivity of the Cr-based oxide film by an oxidation test and the creep resistance strength by a plate-like creep test.
- each of the cold-rolled steel plates (Nos. 1 to 19) was held for 100 hours in air that was humidified so that the absolute humidity at 20 ° C. was about 2.3% and heated at 850 ° C. And then cooled to room temperature.
- the contact resistivity ( ⁇ R ⁇ S, S: current-carrying area) was calculated and used as an evaluation index for electrical conductivity.
- Contact determination of resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ m 2) is commercially available SOFC interconnector ferritic alloy Crofer22APU (rare earth element added 22% Cr steel) 0.5 was measured under the same conditions of 1.0 ⁇ 10 - The case where it is in the same range as 3 ⁇ ⁇ m 2 is “ ⁇ ”, the case where it is lower is “ ⁇ ”, and the case where it is higher is “ ⁇ ”.
- the electrical conductivity targeted by the present invention is “ ⁇ ” and “ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ”.
- the oxide film on the surface generated in the oxidation test can be obtained by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDS analysis), and the thickness of Cr ⁇ 50% and the maximum Si concentration in the oxide film can be obtained in atomic percent ratio.
- GDS analysis glow discharge mass spectrometry
- the profile of each element in the depth direction from the surface is measured with Fe, Cr, Si, Mn, Al, Nb, Ti, Mo, and V, which are constituent elements of steel, together with light elements such as O and C. Therefore, by removing C and creating a profile of the detection element including O, the thickness of Cr ⁇ 50% by atomic percentage and the maximum Si concentration in the oxide film were obtained.
- the creep test was a constant load test in accordance with JIS Z 2271, and a plate-like test piece having a parallel part of 10 mm width and a length of 35 mm was used.
- the test conditions were 700 ° C. and an initial stress of 20 MPa, and the time to reach a creep strain of up to 1% was measured in order to evaluate the creep strength against slight high temperature deformation, which is the subject of the present invention.
- the time to reach 1% creep strain was evaluated as creep resistance, with “x” indicating less than 2500 h, “ ⁇ ” indicating 2500 h or more, and “ ⁇ ” indicating exceeding 3000 h.
- the target creep resistance strength of the present invention is “ ⁇ ” and “ ⁇ ”.
- Steel No. Nos. 10, 11, 13, 15 to 18, 20, and 21 are steel components defined in the present invention and any one of formulas (1) to (3) is excluded, and the preferred production method defined in the present invention is carried out. Regardless of this, the electrical conductivity and creep resistance targeted by the present invention could not be compatible, and either evaluation was “x”.
- the electrical conductivity can be remarkably improved by adding trace elements and adjusting the components to a surface where the depth of Cr ⁇ 50% is less than 2 ⁇ m and the maximum Si concentration is less than 2%.
- the creep resistance it is extremely effective to implement a preferable production method by setting the value of the formula (1) to 0.050 or more, and further 0.030 or more.
- Example 2 of ferritic stainless steel sheet Ferritic stainless steels with the components shown in Table 3 are melted and hot rolled, annealed pickled, and cold rolled to produce cold rolled steel sheets with a thickness of 0.2 to 0.6 mm under the conditions shown in Table 4. did.
- the finish annealing after cold rolling was performed in the range of 1000 to 1050 ° C.
- the steels K to R are out of the component ranges defined in the present invention.
- Test pieces were cut out from the above cold-rolled steel sheets, and subjected to analysis of texture by EBSD, evaluation of creep strength by a plate-like creep test, and evaluation of mechanical properties by a JIS No. 13 tensile test.
- the texture analysis is performed by using EBSD to display a crystal orientation map of ⁇ 111 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ° orientation grains in a plane parallel to the steel surface at the center of the plate thickness, and the area ratio of the orientation grains. And the shape (L / d) of the orientation grain excluding it was determined. Further, a crystal orientation map of ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 10 ° orientation grains was displayed to determine the area ratio of the orientation grains.
- the creep test was a constant load test in accordance with JIS Z 2271, and a plate-like test piece having a parallel part of 10 mm width and a length of 35 mm was used.
- the test conditions were 750 ° C. and initial stress 15 MPa, and the time to reach a creep strain of up to 1% was measured in order to evaluate the creep strength related to slight high temperature deformation, which is the subject of the present invention.
- the time to reach 1% creep strain was evaluated as creep resistance strength, with “x” indicating less than 1000 h, “ ⁇ ” indicating 1000 h or more, and “ ⁇ ” indicating exceeding 1500 h.
- the target creep resistance strength of the present invention is “ ⁇ ” and “ ⁇ ”.
- tensile test a JIS No. 13 B test piece having a width of 12.5 mm and a length of 50 mm from the rolling direction and 45 ° direction and 90 ° direction was used.
- test conditions tensile strength and elongation were measured according to JIS Z 2411.
- the elongation is “x” when the difference between the elongation in the 45 ° direction and the minimum value in the 90 ° direction from the rolling direction is 4% or more, “ ⁇ ”, and less than 4% “ ⁇ ”, 2% Less than one was evaluated as “ ⁇ ”.
- the workability targeted by the present invention is “ ⁇ ” and “ ⁇ ”.
- No. Nos. 3 and 10 satisfy the steel components defined in the present invention, but the target texture of the present invention was not obtained, and the evaluation of either creep resistance or workability was “x”. It was. No. No. 3 had an excessively high hot-rolled sheet annealing temperature (Tr> 50 [° C.]), and did not satisfy the target texture of the present invention, so that no creep resistance was obtained. On the other hand, no. No. 10 had an excessively low hot-rolled sheet annealing temperature (Tr ⁇ 100 [° C.]), did not satisfy the target texture of the present invention, and did not provide workability.
- the target creep strength and workability of the present invention can be achieved by satisfying the components and texture of the present invention.
- a ferritic stainless steel for a solid oxide fuel cell that combines the electrical conductivity and creep resistance of a Cr-based oxide film in a long-term high-temperature oxidation environment without relying on the addition of rare earth elements.
- a high Cr type ferritic stainless steel sheet having both creep resistance and workability can be obtained by controlling the texture parallel to the plate surface at the center of the plate thickness. Therefore, high-temperature members used in fuel cells, gas turbines, power generation systems, etc., exhaust manifolds, converters, mufflers, turbochargers, EGR coolers, front pipes, center pipes and other automotive parts, stove / fan heaters and other combustion equipment, pressure cookers, etc. It is possible to provide a material suitable for all members used in a high temperature environment, such as a pressure vessel.
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Abstract
Description
(2)前記鋼が、さらに質量%にて、Sn:0.3%以下、Sb:0.3%以下、Ni:1%以下、Cu:1%以下、W:1%以下、Co:1%以下、B:0.010%以下、Ga:0.010%以下、Mg:0.010%以下、Ca:0.010%以下、Zr:0.1%以下、Y:0.1%以下、REM:0.1%以下、Ta:0.1%以下の1種または2種以上含有していることを特徴とする(1)に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(3)更に下記(a)及び(b)の両方の条件を満たすか、又は(b)の条件を満たすことを特徴とする(1)または(2)に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(a)B:0.0050%以下、Ga:0.010%以下、Mg:0.010%以下、Ca:0.010%以下の1種または2種以上を満たす範囲で含有し、且つ式(1)を満足すること。
10(B+Ga)+Mg+Ca>0.010・・・式(1)
(b)下記式(2)および(3)を満足すること。
Si/(Mn+Al+V)<0.35・・・式(2)
0.40<Al/(Si+Mn+V)<3.00・・・式(3)
但し、式(1)~(3)中、B、Ga、Mg、Ca、Si、Mn、Al、Vはそれぞれの元素の含有量(質量%)を意味し、対応する元素が含まれていない場合には、0を代入する。
(4)20℃における重量絶対湿度が約2.3%になるように加湿された空気中、850℃にて100時間保持した後で室温へ冷却したとき、その表面に原子%比率でCr≧50%の厚さが2.0μm未満である酸化皮膜が形成され、かつ酸化皮膜中の最大Si濃度が原子%比率で2%未満になることを特徴とする(1)~(3)に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(5)原子%比率でCr≧50%の厚さが2.0μm未満である酸化皮膜が形成されており、かつ酸化皮膜中の最大Si濃度が原子%比率で2%未満であることを特徴とする(1)~(3)に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(6)700℃、初期応力20MPaにおいて、1%のクリープ歪に到達する時間が2500時間以上であることを特徴とする(1)~(3)に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(7)固体酸化物型燃料電池に用いられることを特徴とする(1)~(6)のうちいずれかに記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(8)板厚中心部の集合組織が下記の(a)および(b)を満たすことを特徴とする(1)~(3)のうちいずれかに記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
(a)板厚中心部における鋼板表面に平行な面の法線方向と{111}面方位との角度差が15°以内である{111}±15°方位粒の面積率が30%超60%未満
(b)(a)で定義した{111}±15°方位粒を除く方位粒の形状が下記式を満足する。
1.5<L/d<8;但し、Lは{111}±15°方位粒の圧延方向の平均長さ(μm)、dは{111}±15°方位粒の圧延垂直方向の平均長さ(μm)とする。
(9)前記鋼の集合組織が、さらに下記の(c)を満たすことを特徴とする(8)に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
(c)前記板厚中心部における鋼板表面に平行な面の法線方向と{001}面方位との角度差が10°以内である{001}±10°方位粒の面積率が10%未満である。
(10)750℃、初期応力15MPaにおいて、1%のクリープ歪に到達する時間が1000時間以上であることを特徴とする(8)又は(9)に記載の耐熱性と加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
(11)固体酸化物型燃料電池に用いられることを特徴とする(8)~(10)のうちいずれかに記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
(12)(1)~(3)のうちいずれかに記載の組成を有するステンレス鋼を、冷間圧延前においてTr-100<T<Trの範囲で熱処理を行い、その後冷間圧延と1100℃以下の熱処理を繰り返し、仕上げの熱処理は1000℃以上とすることを特徴とする耐熱性と加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼材の製造方法。
Tr(℃):鋼の再結晶温度、T:冷間圧延前の熱処理温度
(a)通常、SOFCシステムは、発電部の高温域において700~750℃で連続運転される場合が多い。セルスタックの大型化とセパレーターの薄肉化に伴って、高温運転中で課題となる僅かな変形を抑止するには、材料の高温強度やクリープ破断寿命そのものを上昇させるよりも、750℃付近の定荷重下で生じる1%までのクリープ歪に到達する時間を遅延させることが極めて効果的である。
更に、本発明者らは、前記した課題を解決するために、長期の高温酸化環境下において求められる電気導電性ならびに700℃付近で生じる1%程度の僅かな変形を抑止する耐クリープ強さを兼備するフェライト系ステンレス鋼について鋭意実験と検討を重ね、以下の知見を得た。
B、Ga、Mg、Caは、前記した通り、本発明の目標とするCr系酸化皮膜の保護性を高めて耐クリープ強さを発現するために有用な添加元素である。一方、過度な添加は、製造性と鋼の耐食性の低下を招く。このため、B、Ga、Mg、Caを添加する場合、それぞれの上限は、B:0.0050%、Ga:0.0100%、Mg:0.0100%、Ca:0.0100%とし、1種または2種以上を含み、以下の式(1)を満たすように、本発明の固体酸化物型燃料電池用フェライト系ステンレス鋼に含有させることが好ましい。但し、該当する元素が含まれていない場合、0を代入する。
10(B+Ga)+Mg+Ca>0.010・・・式(1)
前述した通り、脱酸剤およびクロム原料から混入するMn、Vを低下し、AlとSiの添加量を調整することは、Cr系酸化皮膜の保護性の向上に効果的である。また、Mn、Vを低下して適量のAlを添加することは、Cr系酸化皮膜の揮発性を低減させてCr系酸化皮膜の欠陥生成や成長を抑制させる効果が大きい。そこで、本発明の目標とする基本特性を得るために、Al、Si、Mn、Vの含有量は、前記した含有量の範囲とし、更に、以下の式(2)及び(3)を満たすことが好ましい。
Si/(Mn+Al+V)<0.35・・・式(2)但し、該当する元素が含まれていない場合、0を代入する。
0.40<Al/(Si+Mn+V)<3.00・・・式(3)
Cr系酸化皮膜の電気伝導性を向上させる視点から、式(2)は、0.30未満が好ましく、より好ましい範囲は0.05~0.25である。式(3)は、0.45以上が好ましく、より好ましい範囲は0.50~2.50である。
本発明のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板は、上述した鋼成分を有する本発明のフェライト系ステンレス鋼から製造される。上述した鋼成分の限定条件に加えて、本発明のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板は、本発明の目標とする耐クリープ強さと加工性を両立に寄与するという観点から、板厚中心部の集合組織が規定される。
表1に成分を示すフェライト系ステンレス鋼を溶製し、熱間圧延、焼鈍酸洗、冷間圧延を行い、表2に示す条件で板厚0.3~2.0mmの冷延鋼板(No.1~19)を製造した。なお、冷間圧延後の仕上げ焼鈍は、いずれも1050℃以下で実施した。ここで、鋼I~Rは、本発明の規定する成分範囲から外れるものである。これら冷延鋼板から試験片を切り出し、酸化試験によるCr系酸化皮膜の電気伝導性と板状のクリープ試験による耐クリープ強さの評価に供した。
表3に成分を示すフェライト系ステンレス鋼を溶製し、熱間圧延、焼鈍酸洗、冷間圧延を行い、表4に示す条件で板厚0.2~0.6mmの冷延鋼板を製造した。なお、冷間圧延後の仕上げ焼鈍は、1000~1050℃の範囲で実施した。ここで、鋼K~Rは、本発明の規定する成分範囲から外れるものである。以上の冷延鋼板から試験片を切り出し、集合組織のEBSDによる解析、板状のクリープ試験による耐クリープ強さの評価、JIS13号引張試験による機械的性質の評価に供した。
Claims (12)
- 質量%にて、C:0.030%以下、Si:1.00%以下、Mn:1.00%以下、P:0.045%以下、S:0.0030%以下、Cr:20.0~25.0%、Mo:0.3~2.0%、N:0.040%以下、Al:0.50%以下、V:0.20%以下を有し、Nb:0.001~0.500%及び/又はTi:0.001~0.50%を含み、残部がFeおよび不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とするフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 前記鋼が、さらに質量%にて、Sn:0.30%以下、Sb:0.30%以下、Ni:1.00%以下、Cu:1.00%以下、W:1.0%以下、Co:1.00%以下、B:0.0100%以下、Ga:0.0100%以下、Mg:0.0100%以下、Ca:0.0100%以下、Zr:0.10%以下、Y:0.10%以下、REM:0.10%以下、Ta:0.10%以下の1種または2種以上含有していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 更に下記(a)及び(b)の両方の条件を満たすか、又は(b)の条件を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
(a)B:0.0050%以下、Ga:0.0100%以下、Mg:0.0100%以下、Ca:0.0100%以下の1種または2種以上を満たす範囲で含有し、且つ式(1)を満足すること。
10(B+Ga)+Mg+Ca>0.010・・・式(1)
(b)下記式(2)および(3)を満足すること。
Si/(Mn+Al+V)<0.35・・・式(2)
0.40<Al/(Si+Mn+V)<3.00・・・式(3)
但し、式(1)~(3)中、B、Ga、Mg、Ca、Si、Mn、Al、Vはそれぞれの元素の含有量(質量%)を意味し、対応する元素が含まれていない場合、0を代入する。 - 20℃における重量絶対湿度が約2.3%になるように加湿された空気中、850℃にて100時間保持した後で室温へ冷却したとき、その表面に原子%比率でCr≧50%の厚さが2.0μm未満である酸化皮膜が形成され、かつ酸化皮膜中の最大Si濃度が原子%比率で2%未満になることを特徴とする請求項1~3に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 原子%比率でCr≧50%の厚さが2.0μm未満である酸化皮膜が形成されており、かつ酸化皮膜中の最大Si濃度が原子%比率で2%未満であることを特徴とする請求項1~3に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 700℃、初期応力20MPaにおいて、1%のクリープ歪に到達する時間が2500時間以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~3に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 固体酸化物型燃料電池に用いられることを特徴とする請求項1~6のうちいずれか1項に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼。
- 板厚中心部の集合組織が下記の(a)および(b)を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~3のうちいずれか1項に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
(a)板厚中心部における鋼板表面に平行な面の法線方向と{111}面方位との角度差が15°以内である{111}±15°方位粒の面積率が30%超60%未満
(b)(a)で定義した{111}±15°方位粒を除く方位粒の形状が下記式を満足する。
1.5<L/d<8;但し、Lは{111}±15°方位粒の圧延方向の平均長さ(μm)、dは{111}±15°方位粒の圧延垂直方向の平均長さ(μm)とする。 - 前記鋼の集合組織が、さらに下記の(c)を満たすことを特徴とする請求項8に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
(c)前記板厚中心部における鋼板表面に平行な面の法線方向と{001}面方位との角度差が10°以内である{001}±10°方位粒の面積率が10%未満である。 - 750℃、初期応力15MPaにおいて、1%のクリープ歪に到達する時間が1000時間以上であることを特徴とする請求項8又は9に記載の耐熱性と加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
- 固体酸化物型燃料電池に用いられることを特徴とする請求項8~10のうちいずれか1項に記載のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板。
- 請求項1~3のうちいずれか1項に記載の組成を有するステンレス鋼を、冷間圧延前においてTr-100<T<Trの範囲で熱処理を行い、その後冷間圧延と1100℃以下の熱処理を繰り返し、仕上げの熱処理は1000℃以上とすることを特徴とする耐熱性と加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼材の製造方法。
Tr(℃):鋼の再結晶温度、T:冷間圧延前の熱処理温度
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JPWO2018008658A1 (ja) | 2019-05-16 |
KR20200015820A (ko) | 2020-02-12 |
KR102141291B1 (ko) | 2020-08-04 |
EP3480334B1 (en) | 2021-10-20 |
CN109196133A (zh) | 2019-01-11 |
CN111850421B (zh) | 2022-05-24 |
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JP6588163B2 (ja) | 2019-10-09 |
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