WO2017216726A1 - Substituted pyridines as inhibitors of dnmt1 - Google Patents

Substituted pyridines as inhibitors of dnmt1 Download PDF

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WO2017216726A1
WO2017216726A1 PCT/IB2017/053509 IB2017053509W WO2017216726A1 WO 2017216726 A1 WO2017216726 A1 WO 2017216726A1 IB 2017053509 W IB2017053509 W IB 2017053509W WO 2017216726 A1 WO2017216726 A1 WO 2017216726A1
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alkyl
methyl
fluoro
substituted
independently selected
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French (fr)
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Nicholas David ADAMS
Andrew B. Benowitz
Maria Lourdes RUEDA BENEDE
Karen Anderson Evans
David T. Fosbenner
Bryan Wayne KING
Mei Li
William Henry Miller
Alexander Joseph Reif
Stuart Paul Romeril
Stanley J. Schmidt
Kenneth Wiggall
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GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/73—Unsubstituted amino or imino radicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4412—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/74—Amino or imino radicals substituted by hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to substituted pyridine derivatives that are selective inhibitors of the activity of DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1).
  • DNMT1 DNA methyltransferase1
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of cancer, pre-cancerous syndromes, beta hemoglobinopathy disorders, sickle cell disease, sickle cell anaemia, and beta thalassemia, and other diseases associated with DNMT1 inhibition.
  • DNA methyltransferase family of proteins which is comprised of four family members. Three of the family members, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, contain DNA methyltransferase activity. These three members are responsible for establishing the de novo DNA methylation pattern, while DNMT1 is primarily responsible for maintaining the methylation pattern in daughter strands following DNA replication.
  • DNMT1 DNA methyltransferase
  • DNMT1 is primarily responsible for maintaining the methylation pattern in daughter strands following DNA replication.
  • DNA methylation patterns become aberrant resulting in global hypomethylation and localized hypermethylation within promoter regions. This can result in downstream silencing of tumor suppressor genes (Ting et al. Genes Dev.2006;
  • DNA methylation inhibitors are clinically validated anti-cancer therapies utilized for the treatment of MDS, AML and CMML. While these agents are available, there is still significant opportunity for improvement regarding toxicity, utility in solid tumors and oral bioavailability.
  • a novel DNMT inhibitor would be of interest for the treatment of cancer and/or any disease or condition mediated by DNA methylation.
  • US 2008/0132525 and WO 2006/078752 describe inhibitors of DNA
  • CA 2030875 describes methods and probes for detecting nucleoside transporter and method for producing the probes.
  • Hemoglobin disorders such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassaemia, represent the most common heritable blood diseases in the world.
  • Sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia are characterized by disorders of hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying protein complex in red blood cells.
  • hemoglobin is normally composed of two pairs of proteins plus four molecules of heme.
  • adult hemoglobin which predominantly consists of two alpha-globin proteins paired with two beta-globin proteins plus four molecules of heme.
  • fetal hemoglobin which is composed of two alpha-globin proteins paired with two gamma-globin proteins plus four molecules of heme.
  • G-gamma and A-gamma there are two forms of gamma-globin, termed G-gamma and A-gamma, that are encoded by two different genes (HBG1 and HBG2) but that are functionally equivalent to a large degree; fetal hemoglobin refers to any combination of a pair of G-gamma and/or A-gamma plus a pair of alpha- globin proteins plus four molecules of heme.
  • beta-globin In sickle cell anemia, the gene encoding for beta-globin contains a mutation which results in an abnormal hemoglobin structure and causes red blood cells to adopt a characteristic sickle shape under certain conditions. This sickle shape leads to reduced red cell plasticity, longer capillary transit times, and frequent vaso-occlusive processes that can damage tissues and result in patient morbidity.
  • beta-thalassemia is characterized by inadequate beta-globin production to combine with normally produced alpha-globin. The resulting accumulation of alpha globin is toxic to red blood cell precursors, and results in ineffective erythropoiesis and extensive red blood cell hemolysis. There is currently no approved pharmacologic treatment to cure sickle cell anemia or beta-thalassemia.
  • promoters of the HBG1 and HBG2 loci are highly methylated, resulting in greatly diminished expression of gamma-globin proteins (3).
  • DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B are each expressed in erythroid progenitors, the relatively greater expression of DNMT1, particularly in the final stages of erythroid differentiation suggests that it plays a dominant role in globin gene regulation (2).
  • 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (decitabine) are pan-DNMT inhibitors that are known inducers of fetal hemoglobin in erythroid progenitor cells.
  • the invention is directed to substituted pyridine derivatives. Specifically, the invention is directed to compounds according to Formula (Iar):
  • Y ar , X 1ar , X 2ar , R 1ar , R 2ar , R 3ar , R 4ar and R 5ar are as defined below; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to the discovery that the compounds of Formula (I) are active as inhibitors of DNMT1, and selective against DNMT3A and DNMT3B.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating cancer, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a DNMT1 inhibiting compound of Formula (I); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating pre-cancerous syndromes, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a DNMT1 inhibiting compound of Formula (I); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating beta hemoglobinopathies, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a DNMT1 inhibiting compound of Formula (I); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating sickle cell disease, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a DNMT1 inhibiting compound of Formula (I); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating sickle cell anemia, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a DNMT1 inhibiting compound of Formula (I); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • This invention also relates to a method of treating beta thalassemia, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a DNMT1 inhibiting compound of Formula (I); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of pre-cancerous syndromes.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of beta hemoglobinopathies.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of sickle cell disease.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of sickle cell anemia.
  • the invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment of beta thalassemia.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pre-cancerous syndromes.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of beta hemoglobinopathies.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of sickle cell disease.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of sickle cell anemia.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of beta thalassemia.
  • pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a pharmaceutical carrier and a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition as defined above for use in therapy. Also included in the present invention are methods of co-administering the presently invented DNMT1 inhibiting compounds with a further anti-neoplastic agent or agents.
  • the invention also relates to a combination for use in therapy which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) at least one anti-neoplastic agent.
  • the invention also relates to a combination for use in therapy which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) at least one further fetal hemoglobin inducing agent.
  • the invention also relates to a combination for use in therapy which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) at least one further agent that lessens the severity of beta hemoglobinopathies.
  • the invention also relates to a combination for use in therapy which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) at least one further agent that lessens the severity of sickle cell anemia.
  • the invention also relates to a combination for use in therapy which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) at least one further agent that lessens the severity of sickle cell disease.
  • the invention also relates to a combination for use in therapy which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) at least one further agent that lessens the severity of beta thalassemia.
  • EPCs Erythroid progenitor cells
  • vehicle gray bars
  • Compound A black bars
  • genomic DNA was extracted and bisulfite sequenced for nine loci in the promoter regions of HBG1 and HBG2 that were previously described to be sites of DNMT1 cytosine methylation. Sites of methylation are labeled as positions relative to respective start sites
  • Figure– 2A depicts the effect of Compound A on fetal hemoglobin in the transgenic mouse model.
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • Figure– 2B depicts the effect of Compound A on fetal hemoglobin in the transgenic mouse model.
  • Compound A administered orally to SCD transgenic mice at 10 or 50 mg/kg, BID daily caused dose dependent increases in %F- reticulocytes and %F-RBCs, measured by flow cytometry.
  • BID daily caused dose dependent increases in %F- reticulocytes and %F-RBCs, measured by flow cytometry.
  • This invention relates to compounds of Formula (Iar) and to the use of compounds of Formula (Iar) in the methods of the invention:
  • X 1ar and X 2ar are independently selected from: hydrogen,
  • Y ar is selected from: S, NH, NR z , O, S(O) and S(O)2;
  • R 1ar is selected from: amino,
  • R 2ar is selected from: hydrogen
  • R 3ar is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 4ar is selected from: hydrogen
  • R 5ar is selected from: amino,
  • R b and R c are independently selected from:
  • R b and R c are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, and optionally from 1 to 3 additional heteroatoms, to form a heterocycloalkyl, which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from:
  • each R d is independently selected from: fluoro
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, cycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, heterocycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, aryl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, oxo,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, - NHC(O)NR x1 R x2 ,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R e ach R e is independently selected from:
  • - OC 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R xx is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH2, and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, -NHC(O)NHR xp ,
  • R xp is selected from heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from: -COOH, -NH 2 , and –-CN,
  • R x3 and R x4 are each independently selected from heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, a nd C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, each R h is independently heteroaryl optionally substituted from 1 to 5 times by R x ,
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, h eteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN, and R z is selected from
  • R zz is selected from
  • R 2ar , R 3ar and R 4ar is hydrogen
  • R 2ar , R 3ar and R 4ar are not all hydrogen
  • X 1ar and X 2ar are not both hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • R 2ar is -C(O)NH 2 .
  • R 3ar is aryl optionally substituted from 1 to 4 times by R d .
  • X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from: hydrogen,
  • Y is selected from: S, NH, NR z , O, S(O) and S(O)2;
  • R 1 is selected from: amino,
  • R 2 is selected from: hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R 3 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 4 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 5 is selected from: amino,
  • R b and R c are independently selected from:
  • R b and R c are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, and optionally from 1 to 3 additional heteroatoms, to form a heterocycloalkyl, which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from:
  • each R d is independently selected from: fluoro
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, cycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, heterocycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH2, and–-CN, aryl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH2, and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, -S(O)2NR x1 R x2 ,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH2, and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, oxo, hydroxy,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, - NR x1 R x2 ,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, - NHC(O)NR x1 R x2 ,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R e ach R e is independently selected from:
  • - OC 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R xx is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R xp is selected from heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from: -COOH, -NH 2 , and –-CN,
  • R x3 and R x4 are each independently selected from heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, a nd C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6
  • each R f is independently C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted from 1 to 6 times b y R e ; each R g is independently aryl optionally substituted from 1 to 5 times by R x ,
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, e ach R h is independently heteroaryl optionally substituted from 1 to 5 times by R x ,
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, h eteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN, and R z is selected from
  • R zz is selected from
  • R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen
  • R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are not all hydrogen
  • X 1 and X 2 are not both hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • X 1 and X 2 are not both hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • X 21 and X 22 are independently selected from: hydrogen,
  • Y 1 is selected from: S, NH, NR z , S(O) and S(O)2;
  • R 21 is selected from: amino,
  • R 22 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 23 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 24 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 25 is selected from: amino,
  • R b and R c are independently selected from:
  • R b and R c are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, and optionally from 1 to 3 additional heteroatoms, to form a heterocycloalkyl, which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from:
  • h eterocycloalkyl substituted from 1 to 4 times by R d , C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkoxy substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, –-CN,
  • each R d is independently selected from: fluoro
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, cycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, heterocycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, aryl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, oxo,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, - NR x1 R x2 ,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, - NHC(O)NR x1 R x2 ,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from a ryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R e ach R e is independently selected from:
  • - OC 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, mercapto,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R xx is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R xy and R xz are independently s elected from: hydrogen, aryl, C 1-5 alkyl and C 1-5 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - OC 1-5 alkyl, -OC 1-5 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro and–COOH,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C1-6alkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x1 and R x2 are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 Substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R xp is selected from heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from: -COOH, -NH 2 , and –-CN,
  • R x3 and R x4 are each independently selected from heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, a nd C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6
  • each R f is independently C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted from 1 to 6 times b y R e ; each R g is independently aryl optionally substituted from 1 to 5 times by R x ,
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, each R h is independently heteroaryl optionally substituted from 1 to 5 times by R x ,
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, h eteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents Independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN, and R z is selected from
  • R zz is selected from
  • X 21 and X 22 are not both hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. Included in the compounds of the invention and used in the methods of the invention are compounds of Formula (III): X 31
  • X 31 and X 32 are independently selected from: hydrogen,
  • Y 2 is selected from: S, NH, NR z and S(O);
  • R 31 is selected from: C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R 32 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 33 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 34 is selected from: hydrogen,
  • R 35 is selected from: amino
  • R b1 and R c1 are independently selected from:
  • h eterocycloalkyl substituted from 1 to 4 times by R d1 , or R b1 and R c1 are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, and optionally from 1 to 3 additional heteroatoms, to form a heterocycloalkyl, which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from:
  • each R d1 is independently selected from: fluoro
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, h eterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro; each R e1 is independently selected from:
  • - OC 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, mercapto,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro, oxo,
  • R xx is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R x1x and R x2x are each independently s elected from C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-4 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, and–OH,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyloalkyl
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro, heteroaryl,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro, cycloalkyl,
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • heterocycloalkyl heterocycloalkyl substituted from 1 to 4 times by R x
  • R x is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, - COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted from 1 to 6 times by fluoro,
  • R xa is selected from heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyloalkyl, nitro, and
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, c ycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, -NH 2 , and–-CN, each R h is independently heteroaryl optionally substituted from 1 to 5 times by R x ,
  • R x is independently selected from aryl, h eteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyloalkyl, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 1-6 alkyl substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents Independently selected from: fluoro, oxo, -OH, -COOH, - NH 2 , and–-CN, and R z is selected from
  • R zz is selected from
  • R 32 , R 33 and R 34 is hydrogen
  • R 32 , R 33 and R 34 are not all hydrogen
  • X 31 and X 32 are not both hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • X 31 and X 32 are hydrogen.
  • compounds of Formula (IVar) Included in the compounds of the invention and used in the methods of the invention are compounds of Formula (IVar):
  • X 41ar and X 42ar are independently selected from: --CN, fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo;
  • Y 4ar is selected from: S and NH; R 41ar is selected from: C 1-6 alkyl,

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