WO2017073795A1 - トロンビン・アンチトロンビン複合体の測定試薬及び測定方法 - Google Patents
トロンビン・アンチトロンビン複合体の測定試薬及び測定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54393—Improving reaction conditions or stability, e.g. by coating or irradiation of surface, by reduction of non-specific binding, by promotion of specific binding
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- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/536—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with immune complex formed in liquid phase
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54306—Solid-phase reaction mechanisms
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/544—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being organic
- G01N33/545—Synthetic resin
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/86—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood coagulating time or factors, or their receptors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/81—Protease inhibitors
- G01N2333/8107—Endopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.21-99) inhibitors
- G01N2333/811—Serine protease (E.C. 3.4.21) inhibitors
- G01N2333/8121—Serpins
- G01N2333/8128—Antithrombin III
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
- G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
- G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- G01N2333/974—Thrombin
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/22—Haematology
- G01N2800/226—Thrombotic disorders, i.e. thrombo-embolism irrespective of location/organ involved, e.g. renal vein thrombosis, venous thrombosis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a reagent and method for measuring thrombin (T) / antithrombin (AT) complex (TAT) in a sample.
- Thrombin / antithrombin complex is a protein complex produced in blood when blood coagulation progresses. TAT in blood is quantified by diagnosing thrombosis such as disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC). Useful for. However, since the amount of TAT is about 100,000 times less than the amount of free antithrombin, measurement is not easy.
- the mainstream TAT quantification methods are reagent kits using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) such as Enzygnost (registered trademark) TAT micro of Siemens, and chemiluminescent enzyme immunity such as Stacia (registered trademark) CLEIA TAT of LSI stipulatece.
- ELISA enzyme immunoassay
- CLEIA chemiluminescent enzyme immunity
- There is a method using a reagent kit that uses a measurement method (CLEIA) both of which require solid-phase / liquid-phase separation (B / F separation), require complicated washing operations, and require manual or dedicated equipment. is necessary.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 report a reagent system using a latex agglutination method that does not require B / F separation, but all of them are measurements of samples prepared by diluting TAT synthesized outside the body with a buffer, There is no report of a reagent that can accurately measure the concentration of TAT in human specimens using the latex agglutination method.
- a TAT measurement reagent is constructed depending on the specificity of the antibody, or the influence of the cross-reactivity is avoided by an additive.
- Patent Document 5 discloses TAT measurement by a sandwich measurement method using an antibody having no cross-reactivity, but is not sensitive enough for clinical use. Accordingly, there has been a demand for a reagent and method for measuring TAT in a biological sample with high sensitivity and high accuracy in a latex agglutination method that is easy to measure.
- Patent Documents 6 and 7 The present inventors have reported a reagent that can accurately measure the concentration of TAT in a human sample using a latex agglutination method that does not require B / F separation. There was room for further improvement.
- two types of antibodies are used in TAT measurement by latex agglutination: an antibody that binds to the antithrombin side and recognizes TAT, and an antibody that binds to the thrombin side and recognizes TAT. Is done. In principle, both antibodies bind and latex aggregation occurs only when TAT is present, and TAT can be quantified.
- Such a heparin-antithrombin complex is considered to be closer to the structure of antithrombin when TAT is formed as compared to normal antithrombin, and more likely to form multimers. Therefore, when measuring a specimen of a heparin-administered patient, even if latex particles bound with a monoclonal antibody whose reaction to TAT is 100 times or more of the reaction to antithrombin, it recognizes the heparin-antithrombin complex alone. In this case, aggregation occurs and this is added to the present reaction as a non-specific reaction.
- Such a non-specific reaction due to the heparin-antithrombin complex is a problem that does not occur in a measurement method capable of separating B / F, and is unique to the TAT measurement reagent using the latex agglutination method that was first discovered by the present inventor. It is a problem.
- methods for avoiding the influence of antithrombin in a TAT measurement reagent by latex agglutination method methods such as Patent Documents 1 and 2 are known.
- heparin produces an antithrombin multimer, and heparin multimerizes antithrombin. There is no suggestion of how to avoid the effects of thrombin.
- the present invention accurately measures TAT while avoiding the influence of heparin and the like in a TAT measurement reagent and measurement method in a biological sample using a latex agglutination method that does not require B / F separation or washing. It is providing the reagent and method which can perform.
- the present inventor avoided non-specific aggregation due to the heparin-antithrombin complex by adding a polycation such as hexadimethrin bromide into the TAT measurement reagent, and the biological sample It was found that TAT in the medium could be accurately measured, and the present invention was completed.
- TAT thrombin / antithrombin complex
- the polycation is hexadimethrine bromide, chitosans, modified dextran, aminodextran, hydroxymethylcellulose trimethylamine, lysozyme, spermine, spermidine, polylysine, polyarginine, polyornithine, protamine sulfate, hydroxyethylcellulose trimethylamine, heparin binding protein, Polyallylamine, polyallylamine hydrochloride, poly (diallyldialkylamine), polyamidoamine, polyamine, polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, polyethyleneimine, polypropyleneimine, polypropylethyleneimine, polyimidazoline, polyvinylamine, polyvinylpyridine Poly (acrylamide / methacryloxy bromide bromide) Rutrimethylammonium), poly (diaryldimethylammonium chloride / N-isopropylacrylamide), poly (
- the polycation is selected from the group consisting of polyalkyleneamines such as hexadimethrine bromide, polyethyleneimine, polypropylethyleneimine, protamine sulfate, polylysine, polyornithine, and aminodextran, [1] or [2]
- a first anti-TAT antibody that recognizes TAT by binding to the antithrombin side bound to latex and a second anti-TAT antibody that recognizes TAT by binding to the thrombin side bound to latex The reagent according to any one of [1] to [4].
- TAT measurement by latex agglutination method can be accurately performed even in heparin-administered patient plasma (or plasma collected by a heparin blood collection tube), and TAT in a patient sample to which heparin used for DIC treatment has been administered
- the ability to measure accurately is useful for diagnosis.
- the schematic diagram of the TAT measuring method by latex aggregation method The schematic diagram of the reaction system by indirect inhibition ELISA method.
- the TAT measurement reagent of the present invention comprises: A reagent for measuring thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) in a blood sample derived from a subject by latex agglutination, which contains a polycation.
- TAT thrombin-antithrombin complex
- the TAT measurement reagent of the present invention is preferably an immunoassay reagent by a latex agglutination method in a sandwich system using latex particles to which two kinds of anti-TAT antibodies are bound, respectively, for measuring TAT in a biological sample. It is.
- the antibody that can be used in the present invention is, for example, a combination of an antibody that binds to the antithrombin side and recognizes TAT (first antibody) and an antibody that binds to the thrombin side and recognizes TAT (second antibody).
- the first antibody may be any antibody that can bind to the antithrombin side and recognize TAT.
- An antibody having a difference of at least 100 times between reactivity to TAT and reactivity to free antithrombin is preferably used.
- the reactivity of the first antibody to TAT should be 100 times or more than the reactivity to free antithrombin, more preferably 200 times or more, still more preferably 1,000 times or more, and 10,000 times or more. It is particularly preferred.
- non-human animals may be immunized with free antithrombin or immunized with TAT, and bind to the antithrombin side to recognize TAT. Any antibody that can be used can be used in the present invention.
- binding to the antithrombin side means that the antithrombin in the free state, which is present most in the sample, binds to free thrombin to form a complex (TAT).
- TAT free thrombin
- binding to the antithrombin side means binding to the complex type antithrombin.
- Free structure antithrombin has a structure different from complex structure antithrombin. This is because free structure antithrombin exists in a state in which its structure is changed by binding to free thrombin to form a complex.
- the proportion of free antithrombin that does not form TAT and TAT in the living body is considered to be between 1: 60,000 to 1: 110,000 with reference to the measured value range of a healthy person. : It is thought that it exists at 100,000. In addition, it is known that the presence ratio changes in patients with sepsis or liver disease, but even when the amount of free antithrombin decreases, it is said to be about 1: 50,000. Therefore, if the first antibody is also reactive with free antithrombin, it becomes difficult to quantify TAT. Therefore, in order to quantify TAT, it is necessary to use an antibody having a low reactivity to free antithrombin. For this reason, an antibody having a reactivity to TAT of 100 times or more of the reactivity to free antithrombin is used.
- the reactivity to TAT is 100 times or more of the reactivity to free antithrombin
- the affinity ratio to each antigen is 100 times or more, or when evaluated by an indirect inhibition ELISA described later.
- the ratio of the amount of antigen necessary to exhibit a certain percentage of inhibition is 100 times or more.
- an antibody having a reactivity to TAT that is 100 times or more of the reactivity to free antithrombin can be obtained by the method described in the examples below.
- the antibody is evaluated or screened by indirect inhibition ELISA. Will be described.
- an antibody that binds to the antithrombin side and recognizes TAT (first antibody candidate antibody) is prepared.
- an antibody that recognizes TAT and whose binding site is on the antithrombin side may be selected after obtaining the antibody by a monoclonal antibody production method using a hybridoma described later.
- it may be used in the following evaluation system.
- a candidate antibody and a solution containing an antigen that can inhibit the TAT reaction in a certain amount (for example, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50 ⁇ g / mL) or a sufficient amount of time (for example, , 12 hours).
- a reaction solution is reacted with a substrate on which TAT is immobilized for a predetermined time.
- the amount of antibody bound to TAT on the substrate is measured using a labeled secondary antibody.
- a certain amount of TAT is solid-phased on a substrate such as a plate under the condition that there is no antigen that inhibits the antibody reaction.
- a person skilled in the art can appropriately set the amount of the antigen (TAT) to be immobilized on the substrate in consideration of the relationship between the dispensed amount of the antigen to be used and the kind of the antibody to be evaluated.
- TAT antigen
- the candidate antibody of the first antibody at each concentration (for example, 0.04 to 1 ⁇ g / mL) is reacted with the substrate on which the TAT is immobilized for a certain period of time.
- the amount of antibody bound to TAT on the substrate is measured using a labeled secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG-HRP).
- the antibody concentration at which the absorbance is around 1.0 1000 in the method described in Table 1.
- This antibody concentration can be used as the antibody concentration at the time of inhibition by the antigen (Table 3; concentration at the time of reaction ( ⁇ g / mL)).
- the candidate antibody at the concentration determined by the above method and a solution containing a certain amount (for example, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50 ⁇ g / mL) of TAT or free antithrombin for a sufficient time For example, 12 hours).
- the reaction solution is reacted with a substrate on which TAT is immobilized for a predetermined time. Thereafter, after washing, the amount of antibody bound to TAT on the substrate (antibody residual ratio) is measured using a labeled secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG-HRP).
- antibody residual ratio can be calculated with the detection value obtained when absorption by the antigen is not performed as 100%.
- the amount of TAT necessary to show the same residual antibody ratio was inhibited by the above TAT. Calculate from the time results.
- the amount of TAT-inhibiting antigen required to achieve 50% of the remaining antibody rate when TAT is inhibited is less than 0.50 ⁇ g / mL
- the reactivity to TAT is 100 times or more the reactivity to free antithrombin. It can be.
- the antibody selected in this way can be selected as the first antibody.
- the first antibody preferably has an affinity (Kd) for TAT of 10 ⁇ 8 or less.
- Kd affinity
- those skilled in the art are suitable for latex reagents with reference to the affinity value for TAT. It is possible to select the antibody appropriately.
- the second antibody may be any antibody that can bind to the thrombin side and recognize TAT.
- Antibodies that react specifically with thrombin can be used. Since there is almost no free thrombin in the sample, even an antibody having cross-reactivity with free thrombin can often be used. A person skilled in the art can select and use as appropriate.
- a non-human animal may be immunized with free thrombin or TAT, and may bind to the thrombin side and recognize TAT. Any antibody that can be used can be used in the present invention.
- binding to the thrombin side means binding of thrombin in a released state existing in a sample to thrombin in a state of binding to antithrombin to form a complex (TAT).
- TAT complex
- thrombin having the structure when the complex is formed is referred to as complex structure thrombin
- free structure thrombin binding to the thrombin side means that complex It means to bind to the body structure thrombin.
- the free structure thrombin may have a structure different from the complex structure thrombin. This is because free structure thrombin exists in a state in which its structure is changed by binding to antithrombin to form a complex.
- the second antibody is not particularly limited as long as it is an antibody that binds to the thrombin side and recognizes TAT.
- the affinity (Kd) for TAT is preferably 10 ⁇ 8 or less.
- those skilled in the art should appropriately select an antibody suitable for a latex reagent with reference to the affinity value for TAT. Is possible.
- an antibody used in the present invention for example, an antibody that specifically binds to TAT, that is, an antibody that does not react with thrombin or antithrombin but specifically reacts only with TAT and has different epitopes. These antibodies can also be used in combination.
- first antibody and the second antibody either a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody can be used.
- Those skilled in the art can obtain these antibodies according to known methods. Sheep, horses, goats, rabbits, mice, rats, etc. can be used as animals to immunize the immunogen for antibody production, and rabbits, goats, etc. are particularly preferred for polyclonal antibody production.
- Monoclonal antibodies can also be obtained by a known method for producing hybridoma cells. In this case, mouse, rat, rabbit or the like is preferable.
- the hybridoma and the monoclonal antibody can be prepared according to a conventional method, for example, a method described in a follow-up biochemistry experiment course (edited by the Japanese Biochemical Society) or an immunobiochemical research method (edited by the Japanese Biochemical Society).
- TAT may be used as the immunogen, and an antibody prepared using VTAT bound with vitronectin as an immunogen can also be used in the present invention.
- antithrombin may be used
- thrombin may be used in the case of the second antibody.
- TAT purified using a sample collected from a living body as a raw material may be used, or TAT synthesized in vitro by mixing free thrombin and free antithrombin may be used.
- Synthetic TAT may be TAT obtained by incubating thrombin and antithrombin, which are available as biologics, in a test tube, known translations such as E.
- coli coli, mammalian cells, and insect cells infected with baculovirus. What collected and refine
- purified what was expressed using the expression system may be used as an immunogen.
- antithrombin in the case of the first antibody, In the case of two antibodies, it can also be prepared using a partial peptide of thrombin.
- known methods can be used for selection of peptide sequences as antigens, peptide fragment synthesis methods, and immunization methods.
- Antibodies used in the present invention include antibody fragments.
- the antibody fragment is a fragment of a desired antibody and has the same reactivity as the original antibody.
- Antibody fragments that can be used in the present invention include, for example, Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′) 2 , or Fv. These fragments can be obtained, for example, by digesting an antibody with a proteolytic enzyme by a conventional method, and subsequently following a conventional method for protein separation and purification. These can be used as they are solid-phased on latex particles, but those prepared as Fab ′ fragments or F (ab ′) 2 fragments can be solid-phased on latex particles. Fab ′ and F (ab ′) 2 are more preferable from the viewpoint of avoiding a non-specific reaction of the antibody against the Fc fragment.
- the antibody used in the present invention is obtained by first obtaining a TAT antibody (candidate antibody) by, for example, a monoclonal antibody production method using a hybridoma, and then, from the TAT antibody (candidate antibody), the method and criteria described above are used. It can be obtained by selecting one antibody and a second antibody.
- the combination of the first antibody and the second antibody is not particularly limited as long as TAT can be measured in the latex agglutination method, but an antibody combination having the least influence of the matrix (background) contained in a biological sample such as plasma is selected. It is preferable to do. Since the sensitivity required for the TAT measurement reagent needs to be able to measure a reference value that can clearly distinguish a healthy person from a patient, or a concentration that is twice that of the reference value, the reagent of the present invention is 10 to 15 ng / in a biological sample.
- the reagent is preferably a reagent capable of quantifying mL TAT, more preferably a reagent capable of quantifying 3-4 ng / mL TAT, and even more preferably a reagent capable of quantifying even at a concentration of about 1 ng / mL.
- the latex particles to which the first antibody and the second antibody are bound are not particularly limited as long as they can be used in the latex agglutination reaction, but the average particle diameter is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m. More preferably, it is 2 to 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the kind of latex particles to be used only one kind of latex particles may be used, or plural kinds of latex particles may be used.
- latex particles having different particle diameters can be used in combination. Since latex particles are substantially difficult to produce with a single particle size, they are defined as the average particle size of the entire particle.
- the average particle diameter is 0.05 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m, even if it contains latex particles not included in the range, it may fall under the present invention.
- latex particles having different particle sizes are included, and those skilled in the art can use latex solutions containing particles having a large and non-biased particle size distribution. It is possible to build.
- the average particle diameter can be measured by a known method, and is calculated by, for example, image analysis using a transmission electron microscope apparatus.
- the latex particles according to the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they are usually used in this field.
- vinyl particles such as styrene, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid ester, and methacrylic acid ester are used.
- Particles made of a single polymer obtained by polymerizing monomers for example, polystyrene, methacrylic acid polymer, acrylic acid polymer, etc.
- monomers for example, polystyrene, methacrylic acid polymer, acrylic acid polymer, etc.
- butadiene-based copolymers for example, styrene-butadiene copolymer, methyl methacrylate-butadiene copolymer
- Particles made of polymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, etc., and other copolymers for example, styrene-styrene sulfonate copolymer, methacrylate ester copolymer, acrylate ester copolymer, vinyl chloride
- Acrylic ester copolymer etc. That.
- Examples thereof include particles having a carboxyl group, a primary amino group, a carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 ), a hydroxyl group, an aldehyde group, etc. as a functional group, and a substrate composed of the organic fine particles.
- the antibody may be solid-phased on the latex particles in accordance with a known method.
- the antibody and latex particles are suspended in a buffer, reacted at 25 ° C. for 1 hour, and then centrifuged. It can be obtained by a process usually performed in this field, such as a blocking process.
- a method in which the antibody and latex particles are solid-phased by chemical bonding or a method in which the antibody is solid-phased by biotin-avidin reaction can be selected.
- the antibody is bound to the latex particles, the antibody is subjected to the conditions that can maintain the reactivity and specificity for the TAT.
- a solid phase latex solution is prepared for each type of antibody as a first latex particle having a first antibody as a solid phase and a second latex particle having a second antibody as a solid phase.
- the reagent can be prepared by immobilizing the first antibody and the second antibody on one type of latex particle.
- a person skilled in the art can appropriately design how the antibody and latex particles are solid-phased to prepare the reagent.
- the test sample that can be applied to the reagent of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a test sample that may contain TAT, but is preferably a biological sample, and is derived from a mammal. More preferably, it is a human-derived sample.
- a sample derived from a living body serum and plasma can be particularly preferably used.
- it is a blood sample derived from a human administered with heparin (for example, a final concentration of 1 to 2 U / mL), and more preferably used for measurement of plasma derived from a human administered with heparin.
- a sample derived from a mammal is preferable, and a sample derived from a human is more preferable.
- the reagent of the present invention may be a one-reagent system or a two-reagent system.
- a reaction solution containing a latex particle suspension in which the first and second antibodies are solid-phased and a polycation such as hexadimethrin bromide is added to a biological sample, By generating an antigen-antibody reaction, TAT in a biological sample can be measured.
- the reagent of the present invention is a two-reagent system, after adding a first reagent mainly composed of a buffer component and containing a polycation such as hexadimethrin bromide to a biological sample, the first antibody and the second antibody are further added.
- an antigen-antibody reaction can be caused and TAT in a biological sample can be measured.
- a polycation may be contained in the second reagent together with the antibody-bound latex particles.
- a two-reagent system is preferred for more accurate measurement.
- Any polycation may be used as long as it binds to heparin in the sample and inhibits the binding between heparin and antithrombin.
- Naturally occurring polycations include chitosans such as methyl glycol chitosan, modified dextrans such as diethylaminoethyl modified dextran, aminodextran, hydroxymethylcellulose trimethylamine, lysozyme, spermine, spermidine, polylysine, polyarginine, polyornithine, protamine sulfate, hydroxy Examples include ethyl cellulose trimethylamine and proteins.
- the protein only needs to have the property of binding to heparin, and BXXB, BBXB, BBXXB, BXXBBXB (where B is a basic amino acid and X is any amino acid) known as heparin binding motif / peptide
- BXXB, BBXB, BBXXB, BXXBBXB (where B is a basic amino acid and X is any amino acid) known as heparin binding motif / peptide
- a protein / peptide having the sequence of Specific examples include activated factor X, heparin-binding growth factor, lactoferrin, transferrin, vitronectin, endonuclease, lipase, steroid receptor, histone and other DNA-binding proteins, PF4, and the like.
- Examples of synthetic polycations are polyallylamine, polyallylamine hydrochloride, poly (diallyldialkylamine), polyamidoamine, polyamine, polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride, hexadimethrin bromide, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, polyethyleneimine, polypropyleneimine, polypropyl Ethyleneimine, polyimidazoline, polyvinylamine, polyvinylpyridine, poly (acrylamide / methacryloxypropyltrimethylammonium bromide), poly (diaryldimethylammonium chloride / N-isopropylacrylamide), poly (dimethylaminoethyl acrylate / acrylamide), polydimethyl Aminoethyl methacrylate, polydimethylamino epichlorohydrin, polyethyleneimino Picrylhydrin, polymethacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium bromide, hydroxypropy
- polyalkyleneamines such as hexadimethrine bromide, polyethyleneimine, polypropylethyleneimine, protamine sulfate, polylysine, polyornithine, aminodextran, etc.
- hexadimethrine bromide or protamine sulfate is used. It is preferable to do.
- the molecular weight of the polycation is known to be several hundred to several million in terms of mass average molecular weight, but those that can be preferably used in the present invention have a molecular weight of 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 1 From 1,000 to 10,000 polycations can be used.
- the polycation is preferably present in the reaction system at a final concentration of 0.0002 to 1 w / v%, more preferably 0.0005 to 0.1 w / v%, and 0.001 to 0.05 w / v. More preferably, it is present at v%.
- the degree of aggregation of latex particles can be quantified by measuring the concentration of latex particles using, for example, absorbance and determining the concentration from a standard calibration curve determined in advance.
- the absorbance measurement wavelength is usually 340 nm to 1000 nm, preferably 500 nm to 900 nm.
- the time during which the latex agglutination reaction is measured can be measured by the rate of change per hour or the amount of change over a certain period of time. For example, when measuring the absorbance, it can be measured by the absorbance change rate per hour from 30 seconds to 5 minutes after the start of the latex agglutination reaction, or the absorbance change amount for a certain time.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 10 to 50 ° C., more preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- the reaction time can be determined as appropriate. For example, in a general-purpose automatic analyzer, the reaction time can be measured with a reaction time of 10 to 15 minutes.
- a person skilled in the art can analyze the reaction temperature, reaction time, measurement wavelength, measurement time, reagent composition, latex concentration, antibody concentration to be immobilized on latex using an optical instrument or a general-purpose automatic analyzer according to known methods. Various additive concentrations can be appropriately determined.
- the concentration of latex particles used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration applicable to an immunoassay reagent by latex agglutination method, but the latex particles at the time of reaction necessary for measuring TAT are not limited.
- the concentration is preferably 0.005 w / v% to 0.2 w / v%, and more preferably 0.01 w / v% to 0.1 w / v%.
- the reagent of the present invention can be used in addition to latex particles to which an antibody is immobilized, as well as additives that can be added to immunoassay reagents by latex agglutination, such as buffers, aggregation promoters, nonspecific reaction inhibitors, sensitization. An agent or the like can be further contained.
- the sensitizer that can be added to the reagent of the present invention include sodium alginate and propylene glycol alginate.
- the aggregation promoter that can be added to the reagent of the present invention water-soluble polymers and proteins are preferably used.
- Examples include water-soluble polymers such as dextran, dextran sulfate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, albumins such as bovine serum albumin, and globulins such as ⁇ -globulin.
- water-soluble polymers such as dextran, dextran sulfate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone
- albumins such as bovine serum albumin
- globulins such as ⁇ -globulin.
- a buffer solution having a buffer capacity at pH 5.8 to 6.6 can be used. It is more preferably 6.0 to 6.4, still more preferably 6.1 to 6.3, and particularly preferably 6.15 to 6.25.
- the pH of the reagent may be adjusted to the above range, and in the case of a two-reagent system, the pH may be configured to be in the above range when mixed.
- the pH of the first reagent is adjusted to the above range, A mode in which the pH of the mixed solution falls within the above range when mixed is exemplified.
- the pH may be adjusted with a pH adjusting agent, but is preferably adjusted with a buffer.
- Tris buffer, bis-Tris buffer, phosphate buffer, Good's buffer, or the like is preferably used, and the buffer concentration during the reaction is preferably 10 to 500 mmol / L, preferably 20 to 200 mmol / L. More preferably.
- Nonspecific reaction inhibitors that can be added to the reagent of the present invention include antibodies and receptors for substances causing nonspecific reactions, Tris buffer, phosphate buffer, glycine buffer, borate buffer, citrate buffer, Buffers such as acetate buffer or Good buffer, chelating agents such as EDTA, CyDTA, DTPA, EGTA, NTA, NTP, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, etc.
- Tris buffer Tris buffer, phosphate buffer, glycine buffer, borate buffer, citrate buffer, Buffers such as acetate buffer or Good buffer
- chelating agents such as EDTA, CyDTA, DTPA, EGTA, NTA, NTP, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, etc.
- Nonionic surfactants such as alkyl glycosides and the like.
- the reagent of the present invention may contain TAT that can be used as a standard substance.
- TAT may be TAT purified from a living body, or TAT synthesized by gene recombination. Synthetic TAT can be obtained, for example, by incubating thrombin and antithrombin available as biologics in a test tube.
- TAT can be synthesized by mixing and purifying what was expressed using a known translational expression system in E. coli, mammalian cells, insect cells infected with baculovirus, and the like. .
- Example 1 Preparation of Synthetic TAT
- Commercially available human thrombin preparation manufactured by Japan Blood Products Organization
- antithrombin preparation manufactured by Japan Blood Products Organization
- PBS Denbecco PBS (-) powder "Nissui (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)" , Dissolved at 9.6 g / L), mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 3, and reacted at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- DFP diisopropyl fluorophosphate, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- Example 2 Preparation of Anti-TAT Antibody The cell fusion method was performed according to Tamie Ando and Ikuzaki Ikuzaki / Author “Monoclonal Antibody / Hybridoma and ELISA” (Kodansha). 50 ⁇ g of the synthetic TAT prepared in Example 1 was mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant (manufactured by DIFCO) to obtain an administration antigen. BALB / c mice (female, 4 weeks old) were administered 3 times at 2-week intervals, and the fourth dose was intravenously injected with a half amount of 25 ⁇ g. One week later, lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen and myeloma cells P3x63-Ag. After mixing with No.
- cell fusion was performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000, manufactured by Merck). Hybridomas were selected using a HAT selection medium, and one week later, hybridomas producing the desired antibody were screened using the binding activity to synthetic TAT as an indicator. Specifically, synthetic TAT was diluted to 0.2 ⁇ g / mL with 0.05 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.5), and 50 ⁇ L / well was added to an immunoplate (Maxisorp, manufactured by NUNC). After reaction at 4 ° C. and Over Night, the plate was washed 3 times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20, and 100 ⁇ L of PBS containing 1.0% BSA was added to each well for blocking.
- PEG 4000 polyethylene glycol
- Hybridomas were selected using a HAT selection medium, and one week later, hybridomas producing the desired antibody were screened using the binding activity to synthetic TAT as an indicator.
- synthetic TAT was diluted to 0.2 ⁇ g / mL with 0.05 M carbon
- the immunogen as thrombin In a manner similar to example 2 Example 3 antithrombin antibodies, to obtain antithrombin antibodies. An antibody that specifically reacts with thrombin was selected, and one of these clones was used as an antithrombin antibody (T-1).
- a schematic diagram of the reaction system by the indirect inhibition ELISA is shown in FIG.
- An antibody (anti-TAT antibody) candidate that recognizes TAT at a concentration of 0.04 to 0.4 ⁇ g / mL to be evaluated is mixed with an inhibitory antigen (prothrombin (Enzyme Research), thrombin, antithrombin, synthetic TAT). Incubated.
- the partially inhibited antibody candidate was bound as a primary antibody to synthetic TAT immobilized on a 96-well plate.
- a peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody (manufactured by Dako) was bound as a secondary antibody, a chromogenic substrate was added, and the absorbance was measured.
- the residual ratio of the antibody was calculated from the color change rate.
- TAT-5 the absorbance when each inhibitory antigen was used is shown in Table 1, and the residual ratio of the antibody calculated from the absorbance is shown in Table 2.
- the residual rate was calculated for each antigen concentration of each antibody.
- Pro-T represents prothrombin
- T represents thrombin
- AT antithrombin.
- the TAT antigen amount which becomes the inhibition rate equivalent to the residual rate when inhibiting with antithrombin 50 microgram / mL was calculated, and the TAT reactivity difference (magnification) with respect to antithrombin was calculated
- magnification was calculated for 27 types of antibody clones. There were 13 types of antibodies in which the difference (magnification) between the amount of added TAT and antithrombin was 100 times or more, 7 types of antibodies having 1000 times or more, and 2 types of antibodies having 10,000 times or more. Table 5 shows the five types of antibodies.
- Example 5 Effect of hexadimethrin bromide on heparinized plasma (model sample)
- First reagent 100 mM Bis-tris (manufactured by Dojin Chemical) pH 6.2, 700 mM NaCl (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries), 0.05% Emulgen 150 (Kao Corporation), 0.20% sodium alginate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries), 0.15% BSA (Sigma Aldrich), 0.05% Hexadimethrine bromide (Sigma Aldrich) as the first reagent Using.
- the comparative example used what remove
- Second reagent Adsorbed polystyrene latex particles adsorbing mouse monoclonal antibody TAT-1, which reacts with the antithrombin side of TAT whose reactivity to TAT is 100 times or more of the reactivity with antithrombin, and antithrombin mouse monoclonal antibody Polystyrene latex particles diluted and mixed with 0.05% sodium azide solution such that each antibody-sensitized particle has an absorbance at 700 nm of 1.0 (second reagent A: latex particle concentration 0.01%) Alternatively, only polystyrene latex particles adsorbed with a mouse monoclonal antibody that reacts with the antithrombin side of TAT, which has a reactivity with respect to TAT of 100 times or more with respect to antithrombin, are adjusted so that the absorbance at 700 nm is 1.0. 05% horse mackerel It was used as the second reagent of a mixture diluted with sodium solution (second reagent B), respectively.
- Measuring instrument 7170S (manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) Parameters: Sample volume 12 ⁇ L, first reagent 90 ⁇ L, second reagent 90 ⁇ L, main wavelength 570nm, subwavelength 800nm, measured by subtracting absorbance at 20th point from absorbance at 34th photometric point as ⁇ Abs did.
- Example 6 Examination of Addition Amount of Hexadimethrin Bromide First Reagent: Same as Example 5 except that the addition amount of hexadimethrin bromide was changed between 0 and 0.05 w / v%. Second reagent: The second reagent A of Example 5 was used. Sample: normal human pool plasma with 2 U / mL of heparin sodium injection “Tanabe” or normal human pool plasma with 2 U / mL of heparin sodium injection “Tanabe” added with serum so that the TAT concentration is 50 ng / mL Parameters: Performed in the same manner as in Example 5.
- Example 7 Effect of Protamine Sulfate First Example : Example 5 except that the addition amount of protamine sulfate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was changed between 0 to 0.01 w / v% instead of hexadimethrin bromide. Prepared in the same manner.
- Second reagent The second reagent A of Example 5 was used. Sample: normal human pooled plasma to which 2 U / mL of heparin sodium injection “Tanabe” was added Measuring instrument / parameter: The same as in Example 5.
- protamine sulfate is preferably 0.001% (final concentration 0.0005%) or more, more preferably 0.01% (final concentration 0.005%) or more.
- Example 8 Effect of Hexadimethrine Bromide on Real Specimen First Reagent: Same as Example 5.
- Second reagent Second reagents A and B of Example 5 were used.
- Sample Two samples of Na citrate plasma (samples 1 and 2) presumed that heparin preparation was administered because non-specific reaction was observed.
- Measuring equipment and parameters Performed in the same manner as in Example 5.
- the antithrombin multimer generated by binding of heparin to antithrombin in the sample is dissociated by a polycation such as hexadimethrin bromide.
- a polycation such as hexadimethrin bromide.
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Abstract
Description
現在主流のTAT定量法は、シーメンス社のエンザイグノスト(登録商標)TAT micro等の酵素免疫測定法(ELISA)を用いる試薬キット、およびLSIメディエンス社のステイシア(登録商標) CLEIA TAT等の化学発光酵素免疫測定法(CLEIA)を用いる試薬キットを用いる方法があるが、いずれも固相・液相分離(B/F分離)が必要な測定法で、煩雑な洗浄作業が要り、手作業あるいは専用機器が必要である。
従って、測定が簡便なラテックス凝集法において、高感度・高精度に生体試料中のTATを測定する試薬及び方法が求められていた。
しかしながら、特許文献6,7で用いられているようなTATのアンチトロンビン側に結合する抗体として、TATに対する反応がアンチトロンビンに対する反応の100倍以上のモノクローナル抗体を用いたときでも、血栓塞栓症やDICの治療などで抗凝固薬として用いられるヘパリン(特に未分画ヘパリン)の影響で非特異的な反応が生じ、不正確な測定結果となることが本発明者らの検討で明らかとなった。これはおそらくヘパリンが血中でアンチトロンビンと複合体を形成しアンチトロンビンを多量体化することに起因すると考えられる。このようなヘパリン-アンチトロンビン複合体は通常のアンチトロンビンに比べ、よりTATを形成した際のアンチトロンビンの構造に近いと考えられ、さらに多量体を形成していると考えられる。よって、ヘパリン投与患者の検体を測定すると、TATに対する反応がアンチトロンビンに対する反応の100倍以上のモノクローナル抗体を結合したラテックス粒子を用いても、それがヘパリン-アンチトロンビン複合体を認識し、それ単独で凝集が生じ、これが非特異反応として本反応に上乗せされてしまう。このようなヘパリン-アンチトロンビン複合体による非特異的反応はB/F分離が可能な測定法では生じない問題であり、本発明者が初めて発見したラテックス凝集法を用いたTAT測定試薬に特有の問題である。
従来ラテックス凝集法によるTAT測定試薬におけるアンチトロンビンの影響回避法としては特許文献1,2のような方法が知られているが、ヘパリンによりアンチトロンビン多量体が生じること、ヘパリンにより多量体化したアンチトロンビンの影響回避策については何ら示唆されていない。
そこで、本発明は、B/F分離や洗浄作業を必須としないラテックス凝集法を用いた、生体試料中のTATの測定試薬および測定方法において、ヘパリン等の影響を回避して正確にTATの測定を行うことのできる試薬及び方法を提供することである。
[1] 被検者由来の血液試料中のトロンビン・アンチトロンビン複合体(TAT)をラテックス凝集法によって測定するための試薬であって、ポリカチオンを含むことを特徴とする、試薬。
[2] 前記被検者がヘパリン投与された患者である、[1]に記載の試薬。
[3] 前記ポリカチオンが、臭化ヘキサジメトリン、キトサン類、変性デキストラン、アミノデキストラン、ヒドロキシメチルセルローストリメチルアミン、リゾチーム、スペルミン、スペルミジン、ポリリジン、ポリアルギニン、ポリオルニチン、硫酸プロタミン、ヒドロキシエチルセルローストリメチルアミン、ヘパリン結合タンパク質、ポリアリルアミン、塩酸ポリアリルアミン、ポリ(ジアリルジアルキルアミン)、ポリアミドアミン、ポリアミン、塩化ポリビニルベンジルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化ポリジアリルジメチルアンモニウム、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロピレンイミン、ポリプロピルエチレンイミン、ポリイミダゾリン、ポリビニルアミン、ポリビニルピリジン、ポリ(アクリルアミド/臭化メタクリルオキシプロピルトリメチルアンモニウム)、ポリ(塩化ジアリールジメチルアンモニウム/N-イソプロピルアクリルアミド)、ポリ(ジメチルアミノエチルアクリレート/アクリルアミド)、ポリジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ポリジメチルアミノエピクロルヒドリン、ポリエチレンイミノエピクロルヒドリン、臭化ポリメタクリルオキシエチルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリロイルオキシエチルジメチルアンモニウム、ポリ(メチルジエチルアミノエチルメタクリレート/アクリルアミド)、ポリ(メチル/グアニジン)、臭化ポリメチルビニルピリジニウム、ポリ(ビニルピロリドン-ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート)および臭化ポリビニルメチルピリジニウムからなる群より選択される、[1]又は[2]に記載の試薬。
[4]前記ポリカチオンが臭化ヘキサジメトリン、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロピルエチレンイミンなどのポリアルキレンアミン、硫酸プロタミン、ポリリジン、ポリオルニチン、およびアミノデキストランからなる群より選択される、[1]又は[2]に記載の試薬。
[5] 前記試薬が、ラテックスに結合したアンチトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識する第1抗TAT抗体と、ラテックスに結合したトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識する第2抗TAT抗体とを含む、[1]乃至[4]のいずれかに記載の試薬。
[6] 前記第1抗TAT抗体が、TATに対する反応性が遊離アンチトロンビンに対する反応性の100倍以上である抗体である、[5]に記載の試薬。
[7] 被検者由来の血液試料中に存在するTATを測定する方法であって、[1]乃至[6]のいずれかに記載の試薬を用いてラテックス凝集法を行うことによりTATを測定することを特徴とする方法。
[8] 前記被検者がヘパリン投与された患者である、[7]に記載の方法。
被検者由来の血液試料中のトロンビン・アンチトロンビン複合体(TAT)をラテックス凝集法によって測定するための試薬であって、ポリカチオンを含む。
本発明のTAT測定試薬は、好ましくは、生体試料中のTATを測定するための、2種類の抗TAT抗体をそれぞれ結合させたラテックス粒子を用いた、サンドイッチ系でのラテックス凝集法による免疫測定試薬である。
第1抗体としては、アンチトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識することができる抗体であればよい。TATに対する反応性と遊離アンチトロンビンに対する反応性に少なくとも100倍以上の差を有する抗体が好ましく用いられる。第1抗体のTATに対する反応性は遊離アンチトロンビンに対する反応性より100倍以上であればよく、200倍以上がより好ましく、1,000倍以上であることがさらに好ましく、10,000倍以上であることが特に好ましい。交差反応性は少ないほどよいので上限は特にないが、例えば、100,000倍未満、または50,000倍未満であってもよい。
該抗体を調製するにあたっては、ヒト以外の動物に対して、遊離アンチトロンビンを免疫したものであっても、TATを免疫したものであってもよく、アンチトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識することができる抗体であれば、本発明に使用することができる。
遊離型構造アンチトロンビンは、複合体型構造アンチトロンビンと異なる構造を有する。それは、遊離型構造アンチトロンビンは、遊離トロンビンと結合して複合体を形成することによってその構造が変化した状態で存在するためである。
まず、アンチトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識する抗体(第1抗体の候補抗体)を用意する。このような抗体は、後述のハイブリドーマによるモノクローナル抗体産生法等により抗体を得たのち、結合部位がアンチトロンビン側である、TATを認識する抗体を選択すればよい。もちろん、あらかじめ、結合部位がアンチトロンビン側である、TATを認識する抗体が存在する場合はそれを以下の評価系に供すればよい。
該抗体の反応を阻害する抗原が存在しない条件で、各濃度(例えば0.04~1μg/mL)の上記第1抗体の候補抗体を、上記TATを固定化した基材と一定時間反応させる。その後、洗浄操作を行った後、標識2次抗体(抗マウスIgG-HRP)を用いて、基材上のTATに結合した抗体の量を測定する。吸光度が1.0付近(表1の記載方法だと1000)となる抗体濃度を決定する。この抗体濃度を、抗原による阻害時の抗体濃度とすることができる(表3;反応時濃度(μg/mL))。
次に上記方法で決定した濃度の候補抗体と一定量(例えば、0.1、0.5、1、5、10、50μg/mL)のTATまたは遊離アンチトロンビンを含む溶液とを十分な時間(例えば、12時間)反応させる。次いで、前記反応液をTATを固定化した基材と一定時間反応させる。その後、洗浄操作を行った後、標識2次抗体(抗マウスIgG-HRP)を用いて基材上のTATに結合した抗体の量(抗体残存率)を測定する。
なお、抗体残存率は、抗原による吸収が未実施の時に得られる検出値を100%として算出できる。
この抗体残存率を、最初にTATと抗体とを反応させた(阻害反応をTATで行った)後に、反応液を固体化TATと反応させたときの抗体残存率と比較する。
このようにして選択された抗体を第1抗体として選択することができる。なお、第1抗体は、モノクローナル抗体の場合、TATに対する親和性(Kd)が10-8以下であることが好ましいが、当業者であればTATに対する親和性の値を参考としてラテックス試薬に適した抗体の選択を適宜することが可能である。
該抗体を調製するにあたっては、ヒト以外の動物に対して、遊離トロンビンを免疫したものであっても、TATを免疫したものであってもよく、トロンビン側に結合してTATを認識することができる抗体であれば、本発明に使用することができる。
ここで、本発明においてトロンビン側に結合するとは、試料中に存在している遊離した状態のトロンビンが、アンチトロンビンに結合して複合体(TAT)を形成している状態のトロンビンに結合することを意味する。従って、複合体を形成した時の構造を有するトロンビンを複合体型構造トロンビン、複合体を形成していない時の構造を有するトロンビンを遊離型構造トロンビンと称した場合、トロンビン側に結合するとは、複合体型構造トロンビンに結合することを意味する。
遊離型構造トロンビンは、複合体型構造トロンビンと異なる構造を有する可能性が考えられる。それは、遊離型構造トロンビンは、アンチトロンビンと結合して複合体を形成することによってその構造が変化した状態で存在することによる。
抗体作製用に免疫原を免疫する動物としては、ヒツジ、ウマ、ヤギ、ウサギ、マウス、ラット等が使用可能であり、特にポリクローナル抗体作製にはウサギ、ヤギなどが好ましい。また、ハイブリドーマ細胞を作製する公知の方法によりモノクローナル抗体を得ることも可能であり、この場合はマウス、ラット或いはウサギ等が好ましい。ハイブリドーマ及びモノクローナル抗体の調製は、定法、例えば、続生化学実験講座(日本生化学会編)又は免疫生化学研究法(日本生化学会編)に記載の方法に従って行うことができる。
これらの免疫原は、生体から採取された試料を原料として精製されたTATを使用してもよいし、遊離トロンビンと遊離アンチトロンビンを混合してinvitroで合成したTATを使用してもよい。合成TATとしては、例えば、生物製剤として入手可能なトロンビンとアンチトロンビンを試験管内でインキュベートして得られるTATでもよいし、大腸菌や哺乳動物細胞、バキュロウイルスを感染させた昆虫細胞等、既知の翻訳発現系を使用して発現させたものを回収して精製したものを免疫原として使用してもよい。
また、立体構造の違いを部分的なペプチドのみで免疫させることが可能である場合、具体的に抗体の結合部位を特定して抗体を作製したい場合には第1抗体の場合はアンチトロンビン、第2抗体の場合はトロンビンの部分ペプチドを用いて作製することもできる。その場合の抗原としてのペプチド配列の選択やペプチド断片の合成方法、免疫方法は既知の方法を使用することができる。
TAT測定試薬に求められる感度は、健常人と患者とを明確に区別できる基準値、或いはその2倍の濃度を測定できることが必要であるため、本発明の試薬は生体試料中の10~15ng/mLのTATを定量できる試薬であることが好ましく、3~4ng/mLのTATを定量できる試薬であることがより好ましく、1ng/mL程度の濃度でも定量できる試薬であることがさらに好ましい。
使用するラテックス粒子の種類は、1種類のラテックス粒子のみを使用してもよいし、複数種のラテックス粒子を使用してもよい。例えば、粒子径の異なるラテックス粒子を組み合わせて使用することができる。ラテックス粒子は単一粒径で製造することは実質的に困難であることから、粒子全体の平均粒子径として規定される。従って、平均粒子径0.05μm~0.5μmという場合、当該範囲に含まれないラテックス粒子を含む場合であっても、本発明に該当する場合がある。当業者にとって、粒径が異なるラテックス粒子が含まれることは常識の範囲内であり、当業者であれば、その粒径の分布に大きく偏りの無い粒子群を含む溶液を使用してラテックス試薬の構築することが可能である。
なお、この平均粒子径は、公知の方法で測定することが可能であり、例えば、透過型電子顕微鏡装置を用いた画像解析により算出される。
ラテックス粒子に抗体を結合させる際には、抗体が、上記のTATに対する反応性および特異性を維持できる条件で行う。
好適な試薬の調製が行いやすいことから、第1抗体を固相した第1のラテックス粒子、第2抗体を固相した第2のラテックス粒子として、抗体の種類ごとに固相ラテックス液を調製することもできるし、1種類のラテックス粒子に第1の抗体と第2の抗体を固相させて試薬の調製を行うこともできる。抗体とラテックス粒子をどのように固相させて試薬の調製を行うかは、当業者であれば適宜設計することができる。
天然に生じるポリカチオンとしては、メチルグリコールキトサン等のキトサン類、ジエチルアミノエチル変性デキストランなどの変性デキストラン、アミノデキストラン、ヒドロキシメチルセルローストリメチルアミン、リゾチーム、スペルミン、スペルミジン、ポリリジン、ポリアルギニン、ポリオルニチン、硫酸プロタミン、ヒドロキシエチルセルローストリメチルアミンおよびタンパク質が挙げられる。
タンパク質としては、ヘパリンに結合する性質を有していればよく、ヘパリン結合モチーフ・ペプチドとして既知の、BXXB、BBXB、BBBXXB、BXXBBXB(ここでBは塩基性アミノ酸、Xは任意のアミノ酸を意味する)の配列を有するタンパク質・ペプチドを使用することができる。具体的には、活性化第X因子、ヘパリン結合性成長因子、ラクトフェリン、トランスフェリン、ビトロネクチン、エンドヌクレアーゼ、リパーゼ、ステロイドレセプター、ヒストン等のDNA結合タンパク質、PF4等である。
合成ポリカチオンの例は、ポリアリルアミン、塩酸ポリアリルアミン、ポリ(ジアリルジアルキルアミン)、ポリアミドアミン、ポリアミン、塩化ポリビニルベンジルトリメチルアンモニウム、臭化ヘキサジメトリン、塩化ポリジアリルジメチルアンモニウム、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロピレンイミン、ポリプロピルエチレンイミン、ポリイミダゾリン、ポリビニルアミン、ポリビニルピリジン、ポリ(アクリルアミド/臭化メタクリルオキシプロピルトリメチルアンモニウム)、ポリ(塩化ジアリールジメチルアンモニウム/N-イソプロピルアクリルアミド)、ポリ(ジメチルアミノエチルアクリレート/アクリルアミド)、ポリジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ポリジメチルアミノエピクロルヒドリン、ポリエチレンイミノエピクロルヒドリン、臭化ポリメタクリルオキシエチルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリロイルオキシエチルジメチルアンモニウム、ポリ(メチルジエチルアミノエチルメタクリレート/アクリルアミド)、ポリ(メチル/グアニジン)、臭化ポリメチルビニルピリジニウム、ポリ(ビニルピロリドン-ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート)および臭化ポリビニルメチルピリジニウムである。
これらのポリカチオンの中では、臭化ヘキサジメトリン、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロピルエチレンイミンなどのポリアルキレンアミン、硫酸プロタミン、ポリリジン、ポリオルニチン、アミノデキストランなどが挙げられ、特に、臭化ヘキサジメトリン或いは硫酸プロタミンを使用することが好ましい。
ポリカチオンの分子量としては、質量平均分子量で数百~数百万が知られているが、本発明において好ましく用いることができるものは、分子量1,000~100,000であり、より好ましくは1,000~10,000のポリカチオンを使用することができる。
ポリカチオンは、反応系に最終濃度0.0002~1w/v%で存在させることが好ましく、0.0005~0.1w/v%で存在させることがより好ましく、0.001~0.05w/v%で存在させることがさらに好ましい。
pHはpH調節剤によって調節されてもよいが、緩衝液により調整されることが好ましい。トリス緩衝液、ビス-トリス緩衝液、リン酸緩衝液、又はグッド緩衝液などが好適に使用され、反応時の緩衝液濃度は10~500mmol/Lであることが好ましく、20~200mmol/Lであることがより好ましい。
市販のヒトトロンビン製剤(日本血液製剤機構製)とアンチトロンビン製剤(日本血液製剤機構製)をPBS(ダルベッコPBS(-)粉末「ニッスイ(日水製薬株式会社製)」、を9.6g/Lで溶解)で希釈し、1:3のモル比で混合後、37℃で30分間反応させた。30分後、DFP(フルオロリン酸ジイソプロピル、和光純薬社製)を0.75mMになるように添加し反応を停止した。
得られた反応物には未反応のトロンビン、アンチトロンビンが含まれるため、予め500mMのNaClを含む50mM Tris-HCl緩衝液(pH7.4)で平衡化したHiload 26/60 Superdex 200 HR(GEヘルスケア社製)によって精製した。
TAT画分はSDS-PAGEで確認した後、回収した。得られたTATは0.5%のBSAを含む生理食塩水で希釈し、CLEIA試薬(ステイシア(登録商標) CLEIA TAT、LSIメディエンス社製)を用いて値付けした。これを合成TATとして使用した。
細胞融合法は、安藤民衛・岩崎辰夫/著「単クローン抗体/ハイブリドーマとELISA」(講談社)に従って実施した。
実施例1で調製した合成TAT 50μgをフロインド完全アジュバント(DIFCO社製)と混合し、投与抗原とした。
BALB/cマウス(メス、4週令)に2週間間隔で3回投与し、4回目の投与は半量の25μgを静注した。
1週間後、脾臓よりリンパ球を分離し、ミエローマ細胞P3x63-Ag.8と混合した後、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG4000、メルク社製)を用いて細胞融合を実施した。
HAT選択培地によりハイブリドーマを選択し、1週間後目的の抗体を産生しているハイブリドーマを合成TATに対する結合活性を指標にスクリーニングした。すなわち、0.05M炭酸緩衝液(pH9.5)で合成TATをそれぞれ0.2μg/mLに希釈し、イムノプレート(Maxisorp、NUNC社製)に50μL/ウェル添加した。4℃、Over Nightで反応後、0.05% Tween-20を含むPBSで3回洗浄し、1.0%BSAを含むPBSを各ウェルに100μL添加しブロッキングを行った。 次に、培養上清各ウェルに50μL添加し、37℃で1時間反応させた後、0.05%Tween-20を含むPBSで3回洗浄した。ペルオキシダーゼ標識抗マウスイムノグロブリン抗体(Dako社製)を、0.05% Tween-20を含むPBSで1000倍に希釈し、各ウェルに50μL添加した。
37℃、1時間反応後、同様に5回洗浄しo-フェニレンジアミン溶液(和光純薬社製)を各ウェル50μL添加した。室温で5~10分間反応後、2N硫酸溶液で反応を停止した。
プレート分光光度計(EL312e、BIO-TEK INSTRUMENTS社製)で492nmの吸光度を測定した。合成TATとの反応が良好な抗体を産生している細胞を選択し、限界希釈法によりクローニングを行った。10日後、スクリーニングを行い、合成TATと反応する抗体を産生するハイブリドーマを取得した。
実施例2と同様の方法で免疫抗原をトロンビンとして、抗トロンビン抗体を得た。トロンビンに対して特異的に反応する抗体を選択し、このうちの1クローンを抗トロンビン抗体(T-1)として使用した。
間接阻害ELISA法によって、各抗体の反応性の評価を行った。間接阻害ELISA法による反応系の模式図を図2に示す。
評価しようとする0.04~0.4μg/mLの濃度のTATを認識する抗体(抗TAT抗体)候補を阻害抗原(プロトロンビン(エンザイムリサーチ社製)、トロンビン、アンチトロンビン、合成TAT)と混合し、インキュベートした。一部阻害された該抗体候補を一次抗体として、96ウェルプレートに固相化した合成TATと結合させた。さらにペルオキシダーゼ標識抗マウスイムノグロブリン抗体(Dako社製)を二次抗体として結合させ、発色基質を添加し吸光度を測定した。また、発色の変化率から、抗体の残存率を計算した。
特定の抗体(TAT-5)について、各阻害抗原を用いた時の吸光度を表1に、吸光度から計算された抗体の残存率を表2に示した。
例えば、TATの阻害抗原濃度が10μg/mLの時の残存率は、285/1066×100=26.7(%)となる。各抗体の各抗原濃度について残存率を算出した。なお、表中において、Pro-Tはプロトロンビンを、Tはトロンビンを、ATはアンチトロンビンを示す。
例えば、TAT-5の場合、アンチトロンビン 50 μg/mLの残存率は、74.0%でありその残存率と同様となるTAT抗原量は1.144 μg/mLである。すなわち、反応性の差は50/1.144=44倍となる。(図3)。
第1試薬:100mM Bis-tris(同仁化学社製) pH6.2、700mM NaCl(和光純薬社製)、0.05% エマルゲン150(花王社製)、0.20% アルギン酸ナトリウム(和光純薬社製)、0.15% BSA(シグマアルドリッチ社製)、0.05% 臭化ヘキサジメトリン(シグマアルドリッチ社製)を第1試薬として用いた。また、比較例は上記第1試薬より臭化ヘキサジメトリンを除いたものを用いた。
パラメータ:サンプル量12μL、第1試薬90μL、第2試薬90μL、主波長570nm、副波長800nmに設定し、測光ポイント34ポイント目の吸光度から20ポイント目の吸光度を差し引きしたものをΔAbsとして測定を実施した。
結果を図4に示す。比較例(臭化ヘキサジメトリンなし)の第1試薬を用いた場合、第2試薬A、Bともにヘパリンの濃度依存的な非特異的凝集が同程度認められたのに対し、実施例(臭化ヘキサジメトリンあり)の第1試薬を用いた場合はいずれも凝集を認めなかった。このことから、ヘパリン-アンチトロンビン複合体による非特異的凝集はTATのアンチトロンビン側を認識する抗体を吸着した粒子により引き起こされ、臭化ヘキサジメトリンを添加することでヘパリン-アンチトロンビン複合体が解消されることが示唆された。
第1試薬:臭化ヘキサジメトリン添加量を0~0.05w/v%の間で変化させたこと以外は実施例5と同様。
第2試薬:実施例5の第2試薬Aを用いた。
サンプル:ヘパリンナトリウム注「タナベ」を2U/mL添加した正常ヒトプール血漿またはヘパリンナトリウム注「タナベ」を2U/mL添加し、TAT濃度が50ng/mLになるように血清を添加した正常ヒトプール血漿
測定機器・パラメータ:実施例5と同様に行った。
なお、図6(a)に示されるように、ポリカチオンの添加によっても、目的とするTAT検出反応に大きな影響を及ぼさないことが確認された。図6(b)は、ベースライン付近を拡大した図である。
第1試薬:臭化ヘキサジメトリンに代えて硫酸プロタミン(和光純薬社製)の添加量を0~0.01w/v%の間で変化させたこと以外は実施例5と同様に調製した。
第2試薬:実施例5の第2試薬Aを用いた。
サンプル:ヘパリンナトリウム注「タナベ」を2U/mL添加した正常ヒトプール血漿 測定機器・パラメータ:実施例5と同様に行った。
結果を図7に示す。硫酸プロタミンを添加しなかった場合に比べて、硫酸プロタミンを0.001%(終濃度0.0005%)以上添加した場合には、ヘパリン添加血漿の吸光度が大幅に減少し改善が見られた。更に、硫酸プロタミンを0.01%(終濃度0.005%)添加した場合には臭化ヘキサジメトリン添加時同様に、ヘパリン添加による非特異的凝集がほぼ抑えられることが確認された。したがって、硫酸プロタミンは0.001%(終濃度0.0005%)以上が好ましく、0.01%(終濃度0.005%)以上がより好ましいことが分かった。
第1試薬:実施例5と同様。
第2試薬:実施例5の第2試薬A、Bを用いた。
サンプル:非特異反応が認められたことから、ヘパリン製剤が投与されたと推定される、クエン酸Na血漿(検体1、2)2検体を用いた。
測定機器・パラメータ:実施例5と同様に行った。
結果を図8に示す。臭化ヘキサジメトリンを添加しないときは第2試薬A、第2試薬Bのいずれを用いた場合でも高いシグナルが検出された。一方、臭化ヘキサジメトリンの添加により非特異的凝集が解消され、第2試薬A、すなわち、2種類の抗体を使用した場合にTAT特異的な検出が可能になった。以上より、実際の血漿検体でも臭化ヘキサジメトリンの効果が確認された。
Claims (8)
- 被検者由来の血液試料中のトロンビン・アンチトロンビン複合体(TAT)をラテックス凝集法によって測定するための試薬であって、ポリカチオンを含むことを特徴とする、試薬。
- 前記被検者がヘパリン投与された患者である、請求項1に記載の試薬。
- 前記ポリカチオンが、臭化ヘキサジメトリン、キトサン類、変性デキストラン、アミノデキストラン、ヒドロキシメチルセルローストリメチルアミン、リゾチーム、スペルミン、スペルミジン、ポリリジン、ポリアルギニン、ポリオルニチン、硫酸プロタミン、ヒドロキシエチルセルローストリメチルアミン、ヘパリン結合タンパク質、ポリアリルアミン、塩酸ポリアリルアミン、ポリ(ジアリルジアルキルアミン)、ポリアミドアミン、ポリアミン、塩化ポリビニルベンジルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化ポリジアリルジメチルアンモニウム、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロピレンイミン、ポリプロピルエチレンイミン、ポリイミダゾリン、ポリビニルアミン、ポリビニルピリジン、ポリ(アクリルアミド/臭化メタクリルオキシプロピルトリメチルアンモニウム)、ポリ(塩化ジアリールジメチルアンモニウム/N-イソプロピルアクリルアミド)、ポリ(ジメチルアミノエチルアクリレート/アクリルアミド)、ポリジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ポリジメチルアミノエピクロルヒドリン、ポリエチレンイミノエピクロルヒドリン、臭化ポリメタクリルオキシエチルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化ヒドロキシプロピルメタクリロイルオキシエチルジメチルアンモニウム、ポリ(メチルジエチルアミノエチルメタクリレート/アクリルアミド)、ポリ(メチル/グアニジン)、臭化ポリメチルビニルピリジニウム、ポリ(ビニルピロリドン-ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート)および臭化ポリビニルメチルピリジニウムからなる群より選択される、請求項1又は2に記載の試薬。
- 前記ポリカチオンが臭化ヘキサジメトリン、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリプロピルエチレンイミンなどのポリアルキレンアミン、硫酸プロタミン、ポリリジン、ポリオルニチン、およびアミノデキストランからなる群より選択される、請求項1又は2に記載の試薬。
- 前記試薬が、ラテックスに結合したアンチトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識する第1抗TAT抗体と、ラテックスに結合したトロンビン側に結合してTATを認識する第2抗TAT抗体とを含む、請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の試薬。
- 前記第1抗TAT抗体が、TATに対する反応性が遊離アンチトロンビンに対する反応性の100倍以上である抗体である、請求項5に記載の試薬。
- 被検者由来の血液試料中に存在するTATを測定する方法であって、請求項1乃至6のいずれか一項に記載の試薬を用いてラテックス凝集法を行うことによりTATを測定することを特徴とする方法。
- 前記被検者がヘパリン投与された患者である、請求項7に記載の方法。
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