WO2016129112A1 - タイヤ予熱装置、タイヤ加硫システム、タイヤ予熱方法、及びタイヤ製造方法 - Google Patents
タイヤ予熱装置、タイヤ加硫システム、タイヤ予熱方法、及びタイヤ製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016129112A1 WO2016129112A1 PCT/JP2015/054004 JP2015054004W WO2016129112A1 WO 2016129112 A1 WO2016129112 A1 WO 2016129112A1 JP 2015054004 W JP2015054004 W JP 2015054004W WO 2016129112 A1 WO2016129112 A1 WO 2016129112A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tire
- temperature
- vulcanization
- heater
- bladder
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/0005—Pretreatment of tyres or parts thereof, e.g. preheating, irradiation, precuring
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/0601—Vulcanising tyres; Vulcanising presses for tyres
- B29D30/0662—Accessories, details or auxiliary operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C33/02—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor with incorporated heating or cooling means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/0601—Vulcanising tyres; Vulcanising presses for tyres
- B29D30/0605—Vulcanising presses characterised by moulds integral with the presses having radially movable sectors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/0601—Vulcanising tyres; Vulcanising presses for tyres
- B29D30/0654—Flexible cores therefor, e.g. bladders, bags, membranes, diaphragms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/0601—Vulcanising tyres; Vulcanising presses for tyres
- B29D30/0662—Accessories, details or auxiliary operations
- B29D2030/0675—Controlling the vulcanization processes
- B29D2030/0677—Controlling temperature differences
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a tire preheating device, a tire vulcanizing system, a tire preheating method, and a tire manufacturing method.
- a green tire molded by a molding machine is vulcanized by a vulcanizer.
- the unvulcanized raw tire is preheated (for example, refer to Patent Documents 1 and 2), or the mold or the bladder for vulcanizing the raw tire is preheated (for example, By referring to Patent Documents 3 and 4, the time required for vulcanization can be shortened.
- portions of the tire having different rubber thicknesses and rubber types for the purpose of exerting desired performance.
- the heat transfer and vulcanization reaction may be different from each other. There will be a vulcanization region) and a region that is difficult to vulcanize (hard vulcanization region).
- the temperature is appropriate near the temperature at which the vulcanization reaction in the raw tire is promoted.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and the raw tire can be preheated with a temperature distribution suitably corresponding to each region with respect to the raw tire having the easy vulcanization region and the hard vulcanization region.
- An object is to provide a tire preheating device, a tire vulcanizing system, a tire preheating method, and a tire manufacturing method.
- the raw tire having an easy vulcanization region and a difficult vulcanization region is surrounded from the outer surface side of the raw tire at a temperature lower than a temperature at which the vulcanization reaction is promoted in the raw tire.
- An outer preheating portion that heats the raw tire to room temperature or higher, and the raw tire from the inner surface side of the raw tire at a temperature lower than a temperature that is disposed inside the raw tire and promotes a vulcanization reaction in the raw tire.
- a first tire heater that heats an outer surface of the easy vulcanization region, and an outer surface of the hard vulcanization region that generates higher heat than the first tire heater.
- a tire preheating device having a second tire heater for heating in an amount.
- the second tire heater heats the outer surface of the difficult vulcanization region with a higher calorific value than the heating by the first tire heater on the outer surface of the easy vulcanization region, from the start of preheating using the tire preheating device More heat can be transferred to the outer surface of the hard vulcanization region than to the outer surface of the easy vulcanization region within the time until the end of preheating.
- a tire preheating apparatus for vulcanizing a raw tire heated by the tire preheating apparatus to a temperature not lower than a normal temperature and lower than a temperature at which a vulcanization reaction is promoted.
- a tire mold that surrounds the outside of the green tire, and is arranged inside the green tire and pressurizes the green tire from the inner surface side of the green tire toward the tire mold side.
- a tire vulcanizing system including a bladder and a bladder preheating portion that heats the outer surface of the bladder at a temperature that is equal to or higher than normal temperature and lower than a temperature at which a vulcanization reaction in the green tire is promoted.
- the bladder preheating unit includes a first bladder heater that heats a region of the outer surface of the bladder that contacts the inner surface of the easy vulcanization region, and a region of the outer surface of the bladder that contacts the inner surface of the difficult vulcanization region.
- the bladder is brought into contact with the inner surface of the raw tire in a state in which a temperature distribution is higher in the region heated by the second bladder heater than in the region heated by the first bladder heater. Therefore, more heat can be transmitted to the inner surface of the hard vulcanization region than the inner surface of the easy vulcanization region to accelerate the vulcanization reaction.
- the amount is relatively small with respect to the easy vulcanization region and relative to the difficult vulcanization region.
- the tire preheating method is characterized in that the green tire is heated to a temperature not lower than a normal temperature and lower than a temperature at which vulcanization of the green tire is promoted by a large amount of heat generation.
- the raw tire having the easy vulcanization region and the hard vulcanization region is subjected to more heat from the outer surface of the hard vulcanization region than the outer surface of the easy vulcanization region. Preheating can be performed from the outer surface side.
- the amount is relatively small with respect to the easy vulcanization region and relative to the difficult vulcanization region.
- this tire manufacturing method it is possible to vulcanize with less unevenness of vulcanization degree even when a raw tire having an easy vulcanization region and a difficult vulcanization region is used as a material.
- the relative aspect is relatively small with respect to the easy vulcanization region.
- the raw tire heated up to the preheating temperature is placed in a tire mold and the bladder is brought into contact with the inner surface of the raw tire heated to the preheating temperature so that the raw tire reaches a temperature exceeding the preheating temperature.
- Tire heating A vulcanizing step of vulcanizing in a tire mold the raw tire Te is a tire manufacturing method comprising. According to this tire manufacturing method, it is possible to vulcanize with little unevenness of vulcanization degree even when a raw tire having an easy vulcanization region and a difficult vulcanization region is used as a material.
- a tire preheating device a tire vulcanization system, and a tire that can preheat a raw tire with a temperature distribution suitably corresponding to each region with respect to a raw tire having an easy vulcanization region and a difficult vulcanization region.
- a preheating method and a tire manufacturing method can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tire vulcanizing system including the tire preheating device of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing another configuration example of the inner radiant heat heater provided in the tire preheating device.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing still another configuration of the inner radiant heat heater of the tire preheating device.
- the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1 includes a known tire vulcanizing apparatus 1 and a tire preheating apparatus 50 that preheats a raw tire 40X carried into the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1.
- a tire preheating apparatus 50 that preheats a raw tire 40X carried into the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1.
- the configuration of the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1 is not particularly limited, detailed illustration and description thereof are omitted.
- the tire preheating device 50 includes an outer preheating portion 51 and an inner preheating portion 54.
- the outer preheating unit 51 is disposed so as to surround the outside of the raw tire 40X, thereby heating the raw tire 40X from the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X.
- the outer preheating unit 51 heats the raw tire 40X to the room temperature or higher from the outer surface 40a side of the raw tire 40X at a temperature lower than the temperature at which the vulcanization reaction in the raw tire 40X is promoted.
- the temperature at which the vulcanization reaction is promoted in the raw tire 40X is a temperature that is determined according to the rubber type of the raw tire 40X and the like and has a lower limit as a minimum temperature at which a vulcanization reaction suitable for vulcanization of the raw tire 40X occurs. .
- the outer preheating unit 51 includes a first tire heater 52 and a second tire heater 53.
- the first tire heater 52 and the second tire heater 53 heat the raw tire 40X from the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X with a calorific value corresponding to the configuration of the raw tire 40X to be vulcanized.
- the structure which can pre-heat the raw tire 40X in the case of vulcanizing the raw tire 40X in which the tread part 41 is formed thicker than the sidewall 42 will be exemplified.
- the sidewall 42 is the easy vulcanization region A2
- the tread portion 41 is the difficult vulcanization region A1.
- the easy vulcanization region A2 and the difficult vulcanization region A1 may be defined in correspondence with the configuration of the raw tire 40X without depending on the above example.
- a configuration in which the shoulder portion 44 of the tire 40 is thick can be suitably applied to a run flat tire.
- the shoulder portion 44 is generally thick with respect to the sidewall 42, and the side The shoulder portion 44 can be defined as the difficult vulcanization region A1 in contrast to the wall 42 being the easy vulcanization region A2.
- the rubber types are different from each other in the tread width direction X, or when the tread portion 41 partially contains silica, fats and oils, and the like in the tread width direction X, the processing depending on these cases is performed.
- the easy vulcanization region A2 and the difficult vulcanization region A1 can be defined in the tread portion 41.
- the first tire heater 52 is a heater that preheats the outer surface 42a of the sidewall 42 of the raw tire 40X.
- the heat generation method of the first tire heater 52 is not particularly limited.
- the first tire heater 52 may be a heater that contacts the outer surface 42a of the sidewall 42 of the raw tire 40X and heats the sidewall 42.
- the first tire heater 52 may be a heater that heats the sidewall 42 via a gaseous heating medium in contact with the outer surface 42a of the sidewall 42 of the raw tire 40X.
- the first tire heater 52 may be a heater that emits radiant heat toward the outer surface 42a of the sidewall 42 of the raw tire 40X.
- Examples of the heater that emits radiant heat include an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a wavelength that is easily absorbed by the tire.
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a peak within a range of 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m that is the absorption wavelength of the tire may be employed as the first tire heater 52 of the present embodiment.
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a peak within a range of 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m of the absorption wavelength of the tire may be employed as the first tire heater 52 of the present embodiment.
- An example of such an infrared heater is a ceramic heater.
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a peak different from the absorption wavelength of the additive is employed as the first tire heater 52. May be.
- the second tire heater 53 is a heater that preheats the outer surface 41a of the tread portion 41 of the raw tire 40X.
- the second tire heater 53 is a heater that generates a larger amount of heat than the first tire heater 52.
- the heat generation method of the second tire heater 53 is not particularly limited.
- the second tire heater 53 may be a heater that contacts the outer surface 41a of the tread portion 41 of the raw tire 40X and heats the tread portion 41.
- the second tire heater 53 may be a heater that heats the tread portion 41 via a gaseous heating medium in contact with the outer surface 41a of the tread portion 41 of the raw tire 40X.
- the second tire heater 53 may be a heater that emits radiant heat toward the outer surface 41a of the tread portion 41 of the raw tire 40X.
- Examples of the heater that emits radiant heat include an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a wavelength that is easily absorbed by the tire.
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a peak in the range of 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m that is the absorption wavelength of the tire may be employed as the second tire heater 53 of the present embodiment.
- An example of such an infrared heater is a ceramic heater.
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a wavelength different from the absorption wavelength of the additive is employed as the second tire heater 53. May be.
- the heating capacity per unit area on the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X to be preheated is considered.
- the magnitude relationship between the heat generation amount of the first tire heater 52 and the heat generation amount of the second tire heater 53 in this specification is preheated when both the first tire heater 52 and the second tire heater 53 are infrared heaters.
- the absorption wavelength characteristic on the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X that is a target to be measured may be considered. That is, for example, even if the outputs of the first tire heater 52 and the second tire heater 53 made of infrared heaters are equal to each other, if the peak wavelengths of the emitted infrared rays are different from each other, the unit area on the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X Heating capacity for hit is different.
- the absorption wavelength characteristic on the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X to be preheated differs depending on the part.
- the heating capability with respect to the unit area in the outer surface 40a of the raw tire 40X differs corresponding to the part.
- the first tire heater 52 and the second tire heater 53 may be heaters having the same maximum heat generation amount, or the first tire heater 52 having a larger maximum heat generation amount than the second tire heater 53. In these cases, the heat generation state is controlled so that the heat generation amount of the second tire heater 53 is larger than the heat generation amount of the first tire heater 52 during preheating of the raw tire 40X.
- the inner side preheating part 54 has the inner side radiant heater 55 arrange
- the inner preheating unit 54 may be configured to preheat the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X using a heating medium such as high-temperature steam or gas, instead of including the inner radiant heater 55.
- the inner radiant heat heater 55 is formed with a radiating surface 56 that emits radiant heat toward the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X.
- the heat generated by the inner radiant heater 55 is radiated mainly in the normal direction of the radiating surface 56.
- the radiation surface 56 of the inner radiant heat heater 55 is configured corresponding to the rubber type, thickness, or shape of the tire 40.
- the radiating surface 56 of the inner radiant heat heater 55 is directed to an area that needs to be heated relatively much in order to uniformly heat the entire raw tire 40X.
- the radiating surface 56 of the inner radiant heat heater 55 is a portion (in the present embodiment, the side wall 42) where the rubber thickness is smaller than the portion (the tread portion 41 in the present embodiment) where the rubber thickness of the raw tire 40X is large. ) So as to transmit more radiant heat than the surface).
- the configuration of the radiation surface 56 is not limited to the above.
- the radiating surface 56 of the inner radiant heater 55 is configured by a rubber type having a high vulcanization temperature when the rubber type of the raw tire 40 ⁇ / b> X differs depending on the part. It has a surface directed to a part constituted by a rubber type having a high vulcanization temperature so that more radiant heat is transmitted to the part than a part constituted by a rubber type having a low vulcanization temperature.
- the radiating surface 56 of the inner radiant heat heater 55 corresponds to the size of the raw tire 40X, and the portion far from the inner radiant heat heater 55 is away from the inner radiant heat heater 55. It has a surface defined according to the distance between the inner radiant heat heater 55 and the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X so as to transmit more radiant heat than the part located at a close position.
- the shape of the inner radiant heater 55 is not particularly limited as long as it has the radiating surface 56 described above.
- the inner radiant heater 55 has a substantially rod shape that is long in the tread width direction X of the raw tire 40 ⁇ / b> X when the raw tire 40 ⁇ / b> X is attached to the tire preheating device 50. .
- the outer surface shape of the inner radiant heater 55 is a shape having a cylindrical surface radiating surface 56 (see FIG. 1), and a curved surface radiating surface 56 in which an intermediate portion in the center line direction of the cylindrical surface is recessed radially inward. 2 (see FIG. 2), a shape having a radial surface 56 (see FIG. 3) that forms a spindle-like curved surface in which an intermediate portion in the center line direction of the cylindrical surface swells radially outward.
- the inner radiant heat heater 55 includes a plurality of heaters arranged in the tread width direction X (for example, heater 55-1, heater 55-2, heater 55-3, heater 55-4, heater 55). 55-5).
- the amount of heat generated from a plurality of heaters is individually controlled, so that the life shown in FIG. The amount of heat reaching the inner surface 40b of the tire 40X can be adjusted.
- the inner radiant heat heater 55 a known heat generation method that generates heat when supplied with electric power may be appropriately selected and applied. That is, as the inner radiant heat heater 55 of the present embodiment, an infrared heater, a ceramic heater, a carbon heater, or the like may be employed.
- the wavelength of the radiant heat from the inner radiant heater 55 is preferably a wavelength that can efficiently heat the raw tire 40X (for example, infrared having a peak in the range of 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m).
- the example of a structure of said inner side radiant heater 55 is an illustration to the last, and the inner side radiant heater 55 of this embodiment is not limited to the said structure.
- the raw tire 40X is in the tire preheating device 50 in a state where, for example, the bead 43 of the raw tire 40X is supported by the tire holding mechanism 60 as schematically shown in FIG. Retained.
- the tread portion 41 is less likely to be warmed than the sidewall 42.
- part formed thickly in the raw tire 40X when it heats with the uniform calorific value from the outer surface 40a side of the raw tire 40X, the temperature between the outer surface 40a and the intermediate part 40c rather than the site
- the outer surface 42 a of the sidewall 42 is preheated by the first tire heater 52
- the outer surface 41 a of the tread portion 41 is preheated by the second tire heater 53
- the inner surface 40 b of the raw tire 40 ⁇ / b> X is formed by the inner radiant heat heater 55.
- Preheated For this reason, more heat can be transmitted to the tread portion 41 which is the hard vulcanization region A1 of the raw tire 40X than the sidewall 42 which is the easy vulcanization region A2 of the raw tire 40X (tire preheating step).
- the vulcanization reaction starts in the easy vulcanization region A2 in the process of heating the hard vulcanization region A1 from room temperature to a temperature below the vulcanization acceleration temperature.
- the tire preheating device 50 of the present embodiment can have different temperature distributions in the hardly vulcanized region A1 (for example, the tread portion 41) and the easily vulcanized region A2 (for example, the sidewall 42). Therefore, as a whole of the raw tire 40X, the raw tire 40X can be preheated to a temperature near the vulcanization start temperature below the vulcanization acceleration temperature.
- the side wall 42 of the raw tire 40X since the side wall 42 of the raw tire 40X is thinner than the tread portion 41, it may be deformed by its own weight when the temperature becomes too high.
- the sidewall 42 since the sidewall 42 is preheated by the first tire heater 52 having a heat generation amount lower than that of the second tire heater 53, the possibility that the raw tire 40X is deformed by its own weight before vulcanization can be suppressed. it can.
- the preheated raw tire 40X is carried into a tire vulcanizing apparatus 1 equipped with a known tire mold and vulcanized under a predetermined temperature condition (vulcanization step).
- the raw tire 40X is vulcanized and a tread pattern, a pattern, and the like are formed on the raw tire 40X.
- preheating corresponding to the positions of the easy vulcanization region A2 and the hard vulcanization region A1 in the raw tire 40X is tire preheating so that the preheating temperature is lower than the vulcanization acceleration temperature and near the vulcanization start temperature. Since it is performed in the process, the raw tire can be preheated with a temperature distribution suitably corresponding to each region with respect to the raw tire having the easy vulcanization region A2 and the difficult vulcanization region A1.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a part of the tire vulcanizing system of the present embodiment.
- 6 and 7 are schematic views showing a bladder preheating device of a tire vulcanizing system.
- the tire vulcanizing system 100A (see FIG. 5) of the present embodiment is applied to the tire preheating device 50 (shown in FIG. 1) disclosed in the first embodiment and the tire preheated by the tire preheating device 50.
- a tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A (see FIGS. 5 and 6) that performs vulcanization is provided. Since the configuration of the tire preheating device 50 of the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment, the description thereof is omitted.
- the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A of the present embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 includes a tire mold 2, a bladder 10, a center mechanism 14, a mold fixing mechanism 17, a mold lifting mechanism 18, a tire heating mechanism 20, A pressurizing medium supply unit 26 and a bladder preheating unit 30 are provided.
- the tire mold 2 includes an upper side mold 3, a lower side mold 4, an upper bead ring 5, a lower bead ring 6, and a tread mold 7.
- the upper side mold 3 and the lower side mold 4 are molds for forming both sidewalls 42 of the tire 40.
- the upper side mold 3 is attached to the mold lifting mechanism 18.
- the lower side mold 4 is attached to the mold fixing mechanism 17.
- the upper bead ring 5 and the lower bead ring 6 are molds for molding both beads 43 of the tire 40.
- the tread mold 7 has a tread segment 8 and a slide segment 9.
- the tread segment 8 is a mold for transferring a tread pattern to the tread portion 41 of the raw tire 40X.
- the slide segment 9 holds the tread segment 8 so that the tread segment 8 can move in the radial direction of the tire 40.
- the slide segment 9 is connected to the mold lifting mechanism 18.
- the structure of the tire mold 2 is not limited to said structure.
- the configuration of the tire mold 2 may be appropriately selected according to the shape of the tire to be produced.
- the bladder 10 is a hollow member for pressing the raw tire 40X disposed in the tire mold 2 against the tire mold 2 from the inside when the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A is used.
- the bladder 10 includes a main body portion 11 having a shape corresponding to the inner surface shape of the raw tire 40X vulcanized by the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A of the present embodiment, and an upper clamp portion 12 and a lower clamp portion connected to the central mechanism 14. 13.
- a pressurized medium gas and liquid
- the bladder 10 presses the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X.
- the bladder 10 is heated by a heater 23 described later, and the raw tire 40X can be heated from the inner surface 40b side through the bladder 10.
- the configuration of the bladder 10 is not limited to the above configuration.
- the center mechanism 14 includes a pair of bladder clamp rings 15 connected to the upper clamp portion 12 and the lower clamp portion 13 of the bladder 10 and a center post 16 connected to the pair of bladder clamp rings 15.
- the center mechanism 14 deforms the bladder 10 so that the bladder 10 can be inserted into and removed from the raw tire 40X by relatively moving the pair of bladder clamp rings 15 in the direction of the center line 16a of the center post 16.
- the configuration of the central mechanism 14 is not limited to the above configuration.
- the mold fixing mechanism 17 can support the center mechanism 14 and the lower side mold 4, and supports the bladder preheating unit 30 to be movable.
- the mold lifting mechanism 18 moves the upper side mold 3 and the tread mold 7 forward and backward in the direction of the center line 16 a of the center post 16 with respect to the lower side mold 4.
- the slide segment 9 of the tread mold 7 moves toward the center post 16 as the mold lifting mechanism 18 brings the tread mold 7 closer to the mold fixing mechanism 17.
- the structure of the mold raising / lowering mechanism 18 is not limited to said structure.
- the tire heating mechanism 20 is attached to the center post 16 and the external heating mechanism 21 that heats the raw tire 40X from the outer surface 40a side of the raw tire 40X through the upper side mold 3, the lower side mold 4, and the tread mold 7. And an internal heating mechanism 22 that heats the raw tire 40X from the inner surface 40b side of the tire 40X.
- the external heating mechanism 21 has, for example, a high-temperature steam channel, and heats the raw tire 40X from the outside with the heat of the high-temperature steam.
- the configuration of the external heating mechanism 21 is not limited to the above configuration.
- the internal heating mechanism 22 has a heater 23 attached to the center post 16 and a wiring 25 for supplying electric power to the heater 23.
- the heater 23 heats the tire 40 by radiant heat from the inside of the tire 40 supported by the upper and lower bead rings 5 and 6. In the present embodiment, the heater 23 heats the tire 40 via the bladder 10. In the case of the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A that does not include the bladder 10, the heater 23 may directly heat the tire 40 from the inside of the tire 40.
- the shape of the heater 23 is a cylindrical shape that surrounds the center post 16 and is coaxial with the center line 16 a of the center post 16.
- a radiation surface 24 that emits radiant heat toward the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X is formed.
- the heater 23 a known heat generation method that generates heat when supplied with electric power may be appropriately selected and applied. That is, as the heater 23 of the present embodiment, an infrared heater, a ceramic heater, a carbon heater, or the like may be employed.
- the wavelength of the radiant heat from the heater 23 preferably corresponds to the absorption wavelength characteristic of the bladder 10 and is a wavelength that can efficiently heat the bladder 10.
- a heater that can suitably heat the bladder 10 in accordance with the absorption wavelength characteristics of a resin such as rubber constituting the bladder 10 includes an infrared heater having a peak in the wavelength range of 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- an infrared heater having a peak at a wavelength of about 3.5 ⁇ m can be cited.
- a ceramic heater has a peak of the wavelength of radiant heat in the range from 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m, and thus is particularly suitable for the heater 23 of the present embodiment.
- Carbon heaters may have a shorter radiant heat wavelength peak than ceramic heaters, but the time required to rise to the optimum temperature for vulcanization and stabilization is shorter, and than with ceramic heaters. This is effective in that heating at a high temperature is possible.
- the heater 23 may have the same configuration as that of the inner radiant heat heater 55 disclosed in the first embodiment (FIGS. 2, 3, and 4).
- the wiring 25 is arranged inside the center post 16 and connects the heater 23 and a power source (not shown).
- the pressurized medium supply unit 26 supplies the pressurized medium into the bladder 10 during vulcanization of the raw tire 40 ⁇ / b> X, and collects the pressurized medium after vulcanization from the bladder 10.
- the pressurizing medium supply unit 26 pressurizes the pressurizing medium and the pressurizing medium conduit 27 provided in one or both of the pair of bladder clamp rings 15 and communicating with the inside of the bladder 10.
- a compressor 28 that is taken in and out through the medium pipe line 27 and a pressurized medium container 29 are provided.
- the pressurizing medium high-temperature steam, dry gas, or the like may be selected.
- the pressurizing medium accommodating unit 29 has a water tank and a boiler.
- nitrogen gas is employed as the pressurizing medium
- the pressurizing medium storage unit 29 has a tank that holds the nitrogen gas.
- the bladder preheating unit 30 illustrated in FIG. 6 is disposed, for example, in the mold fixing mechanism 17 so as to be movable with respect to the bladder 10.
- the bladder preheating unit 30 includes a first bladder heater 31 and a second bladder heater 32.
- the first bladder heater 31 and the second bladder heater 32 heat the bladder 10 from the outer surface of the bladder 10 with a calorific value corresponding to the configuration of the raw tire 40X (see FIG. 5) to be vulcanized.
- a calorific value corresponding to the configuration of the raw tire 40X (see FIG. 5) to be vulcanized.
- the structure which can pre-heat the raw tire 40X in the case of vulcanizing the raw tire 40X in which the tread part 41 is formed thicker than the sidewall 42 as in the first embodiment will be exemplified.
- the sidewall 42 is the easy vulcanization region A2
- the tread portion 41 is the difficult vulcanization region A1.
- the first bladder heater 31 is a heater that heats the region 11a of the outer surface of the bladder 10 that contacts the inner surface of the easy vulcanization region A2 (side wall 42 in the present embodiment) of the raw tire 40X.
- the heat generation method of the first bladder heater 31 is not particularly limited.
- the first bladder heater 31 may be a heater that contacts the outer surface of the bladder 10 and heats the bladder 10.
- the first bladder heater 31 may be a heater that heats the bladder 10 via a gaseous heating medium in contact with the outer surface of the bladder 10.
- the first bladder heater 31 may be a heater that emits radiant heat toward the outer surface of the bladder 10. When a heating medium is used and when radiant heat is used, even if the bladder 10 is in an expanded shape (see FIG. 6), the bladder 10 is in a contracted shape (see FIG. 7). Can be heated uniformly.
- the heater that emits radiant heat examples include an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a wavelength that is easily absorbed by the bladder 10 (for example, a ceramic heater or a carbon heater may be used).
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a peak within the range of 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m that is the absorption wavelength of the bladder 10 may be employed as the first bladder heater 31 of the present embodiment.
- An example of such an infrared heater is a ceramic heater.
- the second bladder heater 32 heats the region 11b of the outer surface of the bladder 10 that is in contact with the inner surface of the hardly vulcanized region A1 (the tread portion 41 in this embodiment) of the raw tire 40X with a higher calorific value than the first bladder heater 31. It is a heater.
- the heat generation method of the second bladder heater 32 is not particularly limited.
- the second bladder heater 32 may be a heater that contacts the outer surface of the bladder 10 and heats the bladder 10.
- the second bladder heater 32 may be a heater that heats the bladder 10 via a gaseous heating medium in contact with the outer surface of the bladder 10.
- the second bladder heater 32 may be a heater that emits radiant heat toward the outer surface of the bladder 10. When a heating medium is used and when radiant heat is used, the outer surface of the bladder 10 can be uniformly heated regardless of whether the bladder 10 is in an expanded shape or a shape in which the bladder 10 is contracted. .
- the heater that emits radiant heat examples include an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a wavelength that is easily absorbed by the bladder 10 (for example, a ceramic heater or a carbon heater may be used).
- an infrared heater that emits infrared light having a peak within the range of 3 ⁇ m to 6 ⁇ m that is the absorption wavelength of the bladder 10 may be employed as the first bladder heater 31 of the present embodiment.
- An example of such an infrared heater is a ceramic heater.
- the bladder preheating unit 30 preheats the bladder 10 as shown in FIG. 6 (a bladder preheating step).
- the tire preheating device 50 is vulcanizing the preceding raw tire 40X
- the subsequent raw tire 40X is preheated as disclosed in the first embodiment. (Tire preheating process).
- the raw tire 40X is heated to a temperature at which the vulcanization reaction is accelerated, and the vulcanization time corresponding to the desired degree of vulcanization is reached. Later, the vulcanized tire 40 is cooled for the purpose of preventing overvulcanization. Even in the cooling process of the vulcanized tire 40, the vulcanization reaction proceeds to some extent. As the vulcanized tire 40 is cooled, the bladder 10 is also cooled. Furthermore, after the vulcanized tire 40 is removed from the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A, the temperature of the bladder 10 further decreases.
- the first bladder heater 31 and the second bladder heater 32 of the bladder preheating unit 30 are disposed so as to surround the bladder 10. Is done.
- the bladder 10 has a contracted shape for extracting the bladder 10 from the vulcanized tire 40, and the bladder preheating unit 30 heats the bladder 10 from the outer surface side of the contracted bladder 10. Thereby, the outer surface of the bladder 10 is kept at a temperature that does not significantly exceed the vulcanization acceleration temperature of the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X.
- the surface that contacts the easy vulcanization region A2 (side wall 42 in the present embodiment) and the surface that contacts the difficult vulcanization region A1 (tread portion 41 in the present embodiment) of the outer surface of the bladder 10 are different from each other. Keep warm at temperature.
- the surface of the outer surface of the bladder 10 that contacts the inner surface of the tread portion 41 is kept at a higher temperature than the surface of the outer surface of the bladder 10 that contacts the inner surface of the sidewall 42.
- the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X and the outer surface of the bladder 10 are preheated by the tire preheating device 50 and the bladder preheating unit 30 so that the temperature difference is reduced at the mutual contact position.
- the first bladder heater 31 and the second bladder heater 32 heat the outer surface of the bladder 10 at a temperature equal to or higher than normal temperature and lower than the temperature at which the vulcanization reaction in the raw tire 40X is promoted.
- the bladder 10 is slightly lower than the vulcanization start temperature of the raw tire 40X. It may be preheated at a high temperature.
- the bladder 10 starts vulcanizing the raw tire 40X. It may be preheated at a temperature slightly higher than the temperature. That is, the bladder 10 may be preheated by the first bladder heater 31 and the second bladder heater 32 to a temperature higher than the temperature of the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X (normal temperature or preheated inner surface temperature).
- the subsequent raw tire 40X is carried into the tire vulcanizing apparatus 1A.
- the bladder preheating part 30 is removed from the bladder 10, and then the raw tire 40X is placed on the lower side mold 4, and then the members constituting the tire mold 2 are combined so as to surround the raw tire 40X. It is.
- the tire mold 2 and the bladder 10 are heated, and the bladder 10 is pressurized, whereby vulcanization of the raw tire 40X is started.
- the outer surface of the bladder 10 is preheated by the bladder preheating unit 30 so that the temperature is higher than normal temperature, and the inner surface 40b of the raw tire 40X is preheated by the tire preheating device 50. Higher temperature.
- the temperature difference is small at the contact position between the bladder 10 and the raw tire 40X, the amount of heat transfer between the raw tire 40X and the bladder 10 is small.
- vulcanization is performed from a state in which the sidewall 42 (easy vulcanization region A2) and the tread portion 41 (hard vulcanization region A1) are preheated with a suitable temperature distribution. Will be started.
- vulcanization is started from a state in which the raw tire 40X is preheated with a suitable temperature distribution for each of the easy vulcanization region A2 and the difficult vulcanization region A1. Therefore, the raw tire 40X is vulcanized so that the vulcanization degree is appropriate for the easy vulcanization region A2 and the hard vulcanization region A1 in a shorter time than when the raw tire 40X is heated from room temperature. Can be sulfurized.
- the present invention can be used to optimize the temperature distribution at the start of vulcanization in a system for vulcanizing raw tires.
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Abstract
Description
生タイヤに対する加硫が開始される前に、未加硫の生タイヤを予熱したり(たとえば特許文献1,2参照)、生タイヤを加硫するための金型やブラダを予熱したり(たとえば特許文献3,4参照)することにより、加硫に要する時間を短縮することができる。
この場合、ブラダの外面のうち、第一ブラダヒータにより加熱される領域よりも第二ブラダヒータにより加熱される領域の方が高温となる温度分布が生じている状態でブラダを生タイヤの内面に接触させることができるので、難加硫領域の内面に対して易加硫領域の内面よりも多くの熱を伝えて加硫反応を促進することができる。
このタイヤ製造方法によれば、易加硫領域及び難加硫領域を有する生タイヤを材料としても加硫度のムラの少ない加硫が可能である。
本発明の第1実施形態のタイヤ予熱装置について、タイヤ予熱装置を備えたタイヤ加硫システムを例示して説明する。図1は、本実施形態のタイヤ予熱装置を備えたタイヤ加硫システムの模式図である。図2は、タイヤ予熱装置に設けられた内側放射熱ヒータの他の構成例を示す模式図である。図3は、タイヤ予熱装置の内側放射熱ヒータのさらに他の構成を示す模式図である。
第一タイヤヒータ52及び第二タイヤヒータ53は、加硫される対象となる生タイヤ40Xの構成に対応した発熱量で生タイヤ40Xの外面40aから生タイヤ40Xを加熱する。以下では、トレッド部41がサイドウォール42よりも厚く形成されている生タイヤ40Xを加硫する場合の生タイヤ40Xの予熱を好適に行うことができる構成を例示する。この場合、サイドウォール42が易加硫領域A2であり、トレッド部41が難加硫領域A1である。
なお、易加硫領域A2及び難加硫領域A1は、上記の例によらず生タイヤ40Xの構成に対応して規定されてよい。たとえば、タイヤ40のショルダー部44が肉厚とされた構成はランフラットタイヤに好適に適用可能であるが、この場合のショルダー部44は一般的にサイドウォール42に対して肉厚であり、サイドウォール42が易加硫領域A2であることに対してショルダー部44を難加硫領域A1として規定できる。また、トレッド幅方向Xにおいてゴム種が互いに異なる場合や、トレッド幅方向Xにおいてトレッド部41内に部分的にシリカや油脂その他の添加物が含まれている場合等には、これらの場合による加硫への影響を考慮して、トレッド部41内に対する予熱温度に分布を設けることが求められることがある。これらの場合には、トレッド部41内に易加硫領域A2及び難加硫領域A1を規定できる。
さらに別の例としては、内側放射熱ヒータ55の放射面56は、生タイヤ40Xの大きさに対応して、内側放射熱ヒータ55から遠い位置にある部位に対して、内側放射熱ヒータ55から近い位置にある部位よりも多くの放射熱を伝達するように、内側放射熱ヒータ55と生タイヤ40Xの内面40bとの距離に応じて規定された面を有する。
なお、上記の内側放射熱ヒータ55の構成の例はあくまでも例示であり、本実施形態の内側放射熱ヒータ55は上記構成には限定されない。
本実施形態では、加硫促進温度未満であって加硫開始温度近傍の予熱温度となるように、生タイヤ40Xにおける易加硫領域A2及び難加硫領域A1の位置に対応した予熱がタイヤ予熱工程において行われるので、易加硫領域A2及び難加硫領域A1を有する生タイヤに対して各領域に好適に対応した温度分布で生タイヤを予熱できる。
本発明の第2実施形態について説明する。図5は、本実施形態のタイヤ加硫システムの一部を示す模式図である。図6及び図7は、タイヤ加硫システムのブラダ予熱装置を示す模式図である。
本実施形態のタイヤ加硫システム100A(図5参照)は、上記第1実施形態に開示されたタイヤ予熱装置50(図1に示す)と、このタイヤ予熱装置50によって予熱されたタイヤに対して加硫を行うタイヤ加硫装置1A(図5,図6参照)とを備えている。
本実施形態のタイヤ予熱装置50の構成は上記第1実施形態と同様なのでその説明を省略する。
図5及び図6に示す本実施形態のタイヤ加硫装置1Aは、タイヤモールド2と、ブラダ10と、中心機構14と、モールド固定機構17と、モールド昇降機構18と、タイヤ加熱機構20と、加圧媒体供給部26と、ブラダ予熱部30とを備える。
トレッドセグメント8は、生タイヤ40Xのトレッド部41に対してトレッドパターンを転写する金型である。
スライドセグメント9は、タイヤ40の径方向にトレッドセグメント8が移動可能となるようにトレッドセグメント8を保持する。スライドセグメント9は、モールド昇降機構18に連結されている。
なお、タイヤモールド2の構成は上記の構成には限定されない。たとえば、タイヤモールド2の構成は、生産されるタイヤの形状等に対応して適宜選択されてよい。
なお、ブラダ10の構成は上記の構成には限定されない。
なお、中心機構14の構成は上記の構成には限定されない。
なお、モールド昇降機構18の構成は上記の構成には限定されない。
加圧媒体としては、高温水蒸気やドライガス等が選択されてよい。たとえば加圧媒体として高温水蒸気が採用されている場合には、加圧媒体収容部29は、水タンク及びボイラを有する。また、加圧媒体として窒素ガスが採用されている場合には、加圧媒体収容部29は、窒素ガスを保持するタンクを有する。
ブラダ予熱部30は、第一ブラダヒータ31と、第二ブラダヒータ32とを備える。
加硫済みタイヤ40が冷却されるのに伴って、ブラダ10も冷却される。さらに、加硫済みタイヤ40がタイヤ加硫装置1Aから取り外された後は、ブラダ10の温度はさらに低下する。
すなわち、第一ブラダヒータ31及び第二ブラダヒータ32によって、ブラダ10が、生タイヤ40Xの内面40bの温度(常温、又は予熱された内面温度)よりも高い温度に予熱されていてもよい。
2 タイヤモールド
3 上サイドモールド
4 下サイドモールド
5 上ビードリング
6 下ビードリング
7 トレッドモールド
8 トレッドセグメント
9 スライドセグメント
10 ブラダ
11 本体部
12 上部クランプ部
13 下部クランプ部
14 中心機構
15 ブラダクランプリング
16 センターポスト
17 モールド固定機構
18 モールド昇降機構
20 タイヤ加熱機構
21 外部加熱機構
22 内部加熱機構
23 ヒータ
24 放射面
25 配線
26 加圧媒体供給部
27 加圧媒体管路
28 コンプレッサ
29 加圧媒体収容部
30 ブラダ予熱部
31 第一ブラダヒータ
32 第二ブラダヒータ
40 タイヤ
40X 生タイヤ
41 トレッド部
42 サイドウォール
43 ビード
44 ショルダー部
50 タイヤ予熱装置
51 外側予熱部
52 第一タイヤヒータ
53 第二タイヤヒータ
54 内側予熱部
55 内側放射熱ヒータ
56 放射面
60 タイヤ保持機構
100,100A タイヤ加硫システム
A1 難加硫領域
A2 易加硫領域
Claims (6)
- 易加硫領域及び難加硫領域を有する生タイヤの外部を囲み前記生タイヤにおける加硫反応が促進される温度未満の温度で前記生タイヤの外面側から前記生タイヤを常温以上に加熱する外側予熱部と、
前記生タイヤの内部に配され前記生タイヤにおける加硫反応が促進される温度未満の温度で前記生タイヤの内面側から前記生タイヤを常温以上に加熱する内側予熱部と、
を備え、
前記外側予熱部は、
前記易加硫領域の外面を加熱する第一タイヤヒータと、
前記難加硫領域の外面を前記第一タイヤヒータよりも高い発熱量で加熱する第二タイヤヒータと、
を有する、
タイヤ予熱装置。 - 請求項1に記載のタイヤ予熱装置と、
常温以上且つ加硫反応が促進される温度未満の温度まで前記タイヤ予熱装置により加熱された生タイヤに対して加硫するタイヤ加硫装置と、
を備え、
前記タイヤ加硫装置は、
前記生タイヤの外部を囲むタイヤモールドと、
前記生タイヤの内部に配され前記生タイヤの内面側から前記生タイヤを前記タイヤモールド側へ加圧するブラダと、
常温以上且つ前記生タイヤにおける加硫反応が促進される温度未満の温度で前記ブラダの外面を加熱するブラダ予熱部と、
を有する
タイヤ加硫システム。 - 前記ブラダ予熱部は、
前記ブラダの外面のうち前記易加硫領域の内面に接触する領域を加熱する第一ブラダヒータと、
前記ブラダの外面のうち前記難加硫領域の内面に接触する領域を前記第一ブラダヒータよりも高い発熱量で加熱する第二ブラダヒータと、
を有する
請求項2に記載のタイヤ加硫システム。 - 易加硫領域及び難加硫領域を有する生タイヤの外面側から、前記易加硫領域に対しては相対的に少なく前記難加硫領域に対しては相対的に多い発熱量によって、常温以上且つ前記生タイヤの加硫が促進される温度未満の温度まで前記生タイヤを加熱することを特徴とするタイヤ予熱方法。
- 易加硫領域及び難加硫領域を有する生タイヤの外面側から、前記易加硫領域に対しては相対的に少なく前記難加硫領域に対しては相対的に多い発熱量によって、常温以上且つ前記生タイヤの加硫が促進される温度未満の予熱温度まで前記生タイヤを加熱する予熱工程と、
前記予熱温度まで加熱された前記生タイヤに対して前記予熱温度を超える温度となるように加熱して前記生タイヤをタイヤモールド内で加硫する加硫工程と、
を備えるタイヤ製造方法。 - 易加硫領域及び難加硫領域を有する生タイヤの外面側から、前記易加硫領域に対しては相対的に少なく前記難加硫領域に対しては相対的に多い発熱量によって、常温以上且つ前記生タイヤの加硫が促進される温度未満の予熱温度まで前記生タイヤを加熱するタイヤ予熱工程と、
前記生タイヤを加硫するために前記生タイヤの内部に配されるブラダを、前記易加硫領域に接する面が相対的に低温であり前記難加硫領域に接する面が相対的に高温となるように加熱するブラダ予熱工程と、
前記予熱温度まで加熱された前記生タイヤをタイヤモールド内に配置するとともに前記予熱温度まで加熱された前記生タイヤの内面に前記ブラダを接触させて前記生タイヤが前記予熱温度を超える温度となるように前記生タイヤを加熱して前記生タイヤをタイヤモールド内で加硫する加硫工程と、
を備えるタイヤ製造方法。
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US15/108,574 US20160354985A1 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2015-02-13 | Tire preheating apparatus, tire vulcanizing system, tire preheating method, and tire manufacturing method |
CN201580075852.XA CN107206638A (zh) | 2015-02-13 | 2015-02-13 | 轮胎预热装置、轮胎硫化系统、轮胎预热方法、及轮胎制造方法 |
EP15871289.3A EP3078467A4 (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2015-02-13 | Tire preheating apparatus, tire vulcanization system, tire preheating method, and tire manufacturing method |
KR1020177020303A KR20170097181A (ko) | 2015-02-13 | 2015-02-13 | 타이어 예열 장치, 타이어 가황 시스템, 타이어 예열 방법, 및 타이어 제조 방법 |
JP2016528042A JP6114476B2 (ja) | 2015-02-13 | 2015-02-13 | タイヤ予熱装置、タイヤ加硫システム、タイヤ予熱方法、及びタイヤ製造方法 |
PCT/JP2015/054004 WO2016129112A1 (ja) | 2015-02-13 | 2015-02-13 | タイヤ予熱装置、タイヤ加硫システム、タイヤ予熱方法、及びタイヤ製造方法 |
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- 2015-02-13 WO PCT/JP2015/054004 patent/WO2016129112A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2015-02-13 KR KR1020177020303A patent/KR20170097181A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2015-02-13 CN CN201580075852.XA patent/CN107206638A/zh active Pending
- 2015-02-13 EP EP15871289.3A patent/EP3078467A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-02-13 JP JP2016528042A patent/JP6114476B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-02-13 US US15/108,574 patent/US20160354985A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20170097181A (ko) | 2017-08-25 |
EP3078467A1 (en) | 2016-10-12 |
JP6114476B2 (ja) | 2017-04-12 |
JPWO2016129112A1 (ja) | 2017-04-27 |
US20160354985A1 (en) | 2016-12-08 |
EP3078467A4 (en) | 2017-01-04 |
CN107206638A (zh) | 2017-09-26 |
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