WO2016052648A1 - 非水電解質蓄電素子用負極、非水電解質蓄電素子、及び蓄電装置 - Google Patents
非水電解質蓄電素子用負極、非水電解質蓄電素子、及び蓄電装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016052648A1 WO2016052648A1 PCT/JP2015/077809 JP2015077809W WO2016052648A1 WO 2016052648 A1 WO2016052648 A1 WO 2016052648A1 JP 2015077809 W JP2015077809 W JP 2015077809W WO 2016052648 A1 WO2016052648 A1 WO 2016052648A1
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- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- nonaqueous electrolyte
- active material
- mixture layer
- storage element
- Prior art date
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- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Fe](F)F SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Pb] JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tin Chemical compound [Li].[Sn] UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRDCEJVOXCGYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O IRDCEJVOXCGYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTWKDFWKALPPII-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;octadecane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O NTWKDFWKALPPII-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JFNAJRJKQQEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;octane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O JFNAJRJKQQEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007903 penetration ability Effects 0.000 description 1
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003196 poly(1,3-dioxolane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical class [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical compound [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOVUARRWDCVURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiirane Chemical compound C1CS1 VOVUARRWDCVURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/20—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materials; by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/10—Multiple hybrid or EDL capacitors, e.g. arrays or modules
- H01G11/12—Stacked hybrid or EDL capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
- H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element, a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element and a storage device using the same.
- non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements represented by lithium ion secondary batteries have been used in a wide range of applications such as electric vehicle power supplies, electronic device power supplies, and power storage power supplies.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, a separator or a lithium ion conductive layer, and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, the separator or lithium ion conductive Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a porous insulating layer having a small compressive deformation rate is provided at least one of an interface between a layer and the negative electrode plate, or an interface between the separator or lithium ion conductive layer and the positive electrode plate (Claim 1), “Because a uniform distribution of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be secured near the surface of the electrode plate through the charge / discharge cycle, the non-aqueous electrolyte has a high capacity and excellent cycle life characteristics.
- a secondary battery can be provided "(paragraph 0012).
- a porous insulating layer containing an inorganic filler was provided on both surfaces of a negative electrode plate using only flaky graphite ground and classified so as to have an average particle size of about 20 ⁇ m as an active material was carried out. It is described as batteries B1 to B9 of Example 1.
- Patent Document 2 includes “a casing, a nonaqueous electrolyte contained in the casing, a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer, and a porous separator, and includes the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the negative electrode.
- the separator is accommodated in the casing so as to be capable of cooperating with the electrolyte, and the porous separator is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode so that both surfaces of the porous separator have the positive electrode active material layer and the positive electrode.
- the battery is configured to be arranged so as to face the negative electrode active material layer, and the porous separator is composed of at least one insulating material particle assembly layer, and the particle assembly includes the particles.
- a binder to be bonded, and the porous separator is directly formed in an integrated form on the surface of at least one active material layer selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, And
- the at least one insulating material particle aggregate layer has a three-dimensional network void structure, whereby pores through which ions can pass are formed in the porous separator.
- Non-aqueous secondary battery “(Claim 1) makes it possible not only to exhibit excellent discharge characteristics at a high current density without impairing safety, but also to be a unit of a battery as compared with a conventional battery. There is a large amount of active material that can be accommodated per volume, and a very high performance can be exhibited as compared with conventional batteries.
- Example 2 an example in which ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 particle aggregates are fixed as a negative electrode active material layer on a negative electrode active material layer containing mesophase pitch carbon fiber graphite and flake graphite in a weight ratio of 90:10 as a negative electrode active material is used as a separator. (Example 2) is described.
- the present inventors have discovered that when a coating layer containing a filler is formed on the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer, a part of the filler enters the negative electrode mixture layer. And it discovered that the area
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe an invention in which a coating layer is provided on the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer. However, there is no mention of a means for overcoming the decrease in insulation due to the penetration of the filler into the negative electrode mixture layer.
- This invention is made in view of said prior art, and makes it a subject to improve the insulation of the coating layer containing the filler provided in at least one part of the surface of a negative mix layer.
- the present invention comprises a negative electrode mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material on a current collector and a negative electrode having a coating layer containing a filler on at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the negative electrode.
- the peak intensity ratio (I (002) / I (100) ) between the diffraction peak attributed to the (002) plane and the diffraction peak attributed to the (100) plane of the negative electrode active material is 219 or more, It is a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte electricity storage element that is 862 or less.
- the insulating property of the coating layer containing a filler provided on at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer can be improved.
- Illustration of scaly graphite particles 1 is an external perspective view showing an embodiment of a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the present invention. Schematic showing a power storage device configured by assembling a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte power storage elements
- the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element includes a negative electrode mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material on a current collector and a coating layer containing a filler on at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer.
- the negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte electricity storage element has a peak intensity ratio between a diffraction peak attributed to the (002) plane and a diffraction peak attributed to the (100) plane in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement ( I (002) / I (100) ) is 219 or more and 862 or less.
- the filler in the coating layer penetrates into the negative electrode mixture layer. Therefore, the insulation of the coating layer is improved.
- the specific measuring method of peak intensity ratio it describes in the Example mentioned later.
- the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage element contains flake graphite as the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode mixture layer.
- the ratio of the scale-like graphite which exists in a negative electrode active material is 10 mass% or more and 60 mass% or less.
- the ratio of the flaky graphite in the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode mixture layer exceeds 10% by mass and 20% by mass or less because the charge / discharge characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element are improved.
- the ratio of the flake graphite contained in the negative electrode mixture layer increases, the ratio of the flake graphite existing near the negative electrode mixture layer surface also increases. Thereby, even if the pressing conditions of the negative electrode mixture layer are relaxed, the peak intensity ratio (I (002) / I (100) ) is 219 or more and 862 or less, and the penetration of the filler into the negative electrode mixture layer is suppressed. Since it is thought that it is possible, it is guessed that the insulation of a coating layer improves. From this, it is preferable that the ratio of the flaky graphite to the negative electrode active material of the negative electrode mixture layer is 20% by mass or more.
- the ratio of the scaly graphite contained in a negative electrode active material can measure with the following method. After disassembling the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element discharged until the state of charge (SOC) of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element reached 0% (end-of-discharge state) in an environment with a dew point of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower, and taking out the negative electrode, A portion not facing the positive electrode is cut out, and the attached electrolyte component is washed away using a solvent such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and then the solvent is dried. By observing a cross-sectional portion of the cross-section processed by a cross-section polisher or the like with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the ratio of scaly graphite contained in the negative electrode active material can be confirmed.
- SOC state of charge
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- the flake graphite in the embodiment of the present invention is a particle that satisfies the following conditions (1) to (3).
- (1) It has three length parameters (r1, r2, b).
- (2) The three parameters satisfy the relationship r1 ⁇ r2> b.
- (3) When the average value of r1 and r2 is a, the aspect ratio (a / b) is 5 or more.
- the aspect ratio of the flake graphite is preferably 5 ⁇ a / b ⁇ 80.
- the aspect ratio of the flake graphite is preferably 5 ⁇ a / b ⁇ 80.
- the aspect ratio of the flake graphite is preferably 5 ⁇ a / b ⁇ 80.
- Examples of the method for measuring the aspect ratio of the flaky graphite contained in the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the embodiment of the present invention include the following methods.
- the electrolytic solution component is washed away using a solvent such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and then the solvent is dried.
- the cross section processed by a cross section polisher or the like is observed at about five places with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the part not facing the positive electrode is immersed in a solvent, and after separating the negative electrode active material and the solution containing the binder by filtration, The negative electrode active material is observed with an optical microscope.
- the average value may be calculated by measuring r1, r2, b of a plurality of scaly graphite particles.
- the ratio (d1 / d2) of d1 and d2 is 1. It is preferably 0 or less. In this way, it is preferable to reduce the penetration region of the filler in the coating layer into the negative electrode mixture layer, since the insulating properties of the coating layer can be further improved.
- Examples of the measurement method of d1 and d2 include the following methods.
- the electrolytic solution component is washed away using a solvent such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and then the solvent is dried.
- a cross section processed by a cross section polisher or the like is observed at a plurality of positions with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From the obtained SEM image, respective average values are calculated for the filler intrusion area (invasion distance) and the thickness of the coating layer, and the ratio (d1 / d2) is obtained.
- d1 and d2 may be specified by analyzing the negative electrode whose cross section is processed by an electron beam microanalyzer (EPMA).
- EPMA electron beam microanalyzer
- the negative electrode active material other than the flaky graphite contained in the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as the particle shape is not flaky, and occludes lithium ions or Any form that can be released may be selected.
- titanium-based materials such as lithium titanate having a spinel crystal structure typified by Li [Li 1/3 Ti 5/3 ] O 4 , alloy-based materials such as Si, Sb, and Sn-based materials, lithium metal, lithium Alloys (lithium metal-containing alloys such as lithium-silicon, lithium-aluminum, lithium-lead, lithium-tin, lithium-aluminum-tin, lithium-gallium and wood alloys), oxides such as silicon oxide, carbon Examples thereof include materials (eg, graphite, hard carbon, low-temperature fired carbon, amorphous carbon, etc.). Among these, carbon materials are preferable from the viewpoint of charge / discharge capacity for titanium-based materials, and from the viewpoint of cycle characteristics for alloy-based materials and lithium
- a transition metal element such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Ta, Hf, Nb, and W. Is not to be excluded.
- the binder used for the negative electrode mixture layer may be either an aqueous binder or an organic solvent binder.
- the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), methyl methacrylate-butadiene rubber (MBR), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), poly Examples include acrylonitrile (PAN).
- the addition amount of the binder is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 30% by mass with respect to the total mass of the negative electrode.
- the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer is preferably 30 to 120 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics.
- the filler used for the coating layer is preferably an inorganic oxide that is electrochemically stable even at the negative electrode potential of a fully charged nonaqueous electrolyte storage element.
- the inorganic oxide which has the heat resistance of 250 degreeC or more is more preferable from a viewpoint of improving the heat resistance of a coating layer.
- alumina, silica, zirconia, titania and the like can be mentioned. Of these, alumina and titania are particularly preferable.
- the filler one kind of the above may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be mixed and used.
- the shape of the filler used in the coating layer is preferably polycrystalline particles having a dendritic shape, a cocoon shape, a tuft shape, etc., in order to prevent the coating layer from being excessively filled. However, it is not limited to these.
- the particle size (mode diameter) of the filler used for the coating layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more. Furthermore, 1 micrometer or more is especially preferable from a viewpoint of reducing the penetration
- binder for the coating layer examples include the following, but are not limited thereto.
- fluorine resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyacrylonitrile derivatives, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- polyacrylic acid derivatives polyacrylonitrile derivatives
- polyethylene polyacrylonitrile derivatives
- styrene-butadiene examples include rubber binders such as rubber, and polyacrylonitrile derivatives.
- the polyacrylic acid derivative or the polyacrylonitrile derivative is at least one selected from the group consisting of a methyl acrylate unit, an ethyl acrylate unit, a methyl methacrylate unit, and an ethyl methacrylate unit in addition to the acrylic acid unit or / and the acrylonitrile unit. It is preferable to contain. Above all, the flexibility of the coating layer is improved, and it is possible to prevent the cracking of the negative electrode and the dropping of the negative electrode mixture layer that occur during the winding operation during the production of the electrode group, so that polyacrylonitrile is a polymer containing acrylonitrile units. Derivatives are preferred.
- an aqueous binder In order to suppress the mixing of the coating layer and the negative electrode mixture layer, when an aqueous binder is used for the negative electrode mixture layer, it is preferable to use an organic solvent-based binder for the coating layer. Similarly, when an organic solvent-based binder is used for the negative electrode mixture layer, an aqueous binder is preferably used for the coating layer.
- the ratio of the binder contained in the coating layer is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the filler. More preferably, they are 1 mass part or more and 5 mass parts or less.
- the thickness of the coating layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of the energy density of the battery. Furthermore, 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less are more preferable from the viewpoint of improving the reliability of the battery, and 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element.
- the porosity of the negative electrode mixture layer is preferably 15% or more and 40% or less. From the viewpoint of reducing the penetration of the filler into the negative electrode mixture layer, it is more preferably 15% or more and 30% or less.
- the insulating property of the negative electrode coating layer is preferably 188 ⁇ / cm 2 or more. It is preferable to use a negative electrode having such an insulating property because it is possible to improve the safety at the time of an internal short circuit due to an unexpected situation. More preferably, it is 218 ⁇ / cm 2 or more. Further, from the viewpoint of charge-discharge characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery elements, insulating the negative electrode coating layer is preferably 567 ⁇ / cm 2 or less, more preferably 472 ⁇ / cm 2 or less.
- Examples of the material of the current collector such as a current collector foil used for the negative electrode include metal materials such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel, and chrome-plated steel. Among these, copper is preferable from the viewpoints of ease of processing, cost, and electrical conductivity.
- the method for producing the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but for example, the following method can be used. As shown in the examples described later, by applying a negative electrode paste containing a negative electrode active material, a binder and a solvent on a current collector, drying is performed to produce a negative electrode mixture layer, and further pressing is performed.
- the negative electrode mixture layer has a predetermined thickness
- a coating paste containing a filler, a binder, and a solvent is applied onto the negative electrode mixture layer, followed by drying, followed by pressing to produce a coating layer, The negative electrode.
- a negative electrode mixture layer is prepared by applying a negative electrode paste containing a negative electrode active material, a binder, and a solvent on the current collector, followed by drying.
- the peak intensity ratio (I (002)) of the X-ray diffraction peak of a negative electrode / I (100) ) can be set to 219 or more and 862 or less, and the effect of the present invention is exhibited. Furthermore, the step of pressing after the preparation of the negative electrode mixture layer can be omitted, which is preferable because the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
- the negative electrode paste may contain a conductive agent and various additives.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as the reversible potential due to charging / discharging is more noble than the negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode is made by adding a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder and an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone and toluene or water and kneading to make a positive electrode paste. It is preferably produced by applying the coating on the substrate and heat-treating it at a temperature of about 50 to 250 ° C.
- the application method for example, it is desirable to apply to any thickness and any shape using means such as roller coating such as applicator roll, screen coating, doctor blade method, spin coating, bar coater, etc. It is not limited.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte used in the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of this embodiment is not limited, and those generally proposed for use in lithium batteries and the like can be used.
- Nonaqueous solvents used for the nonaqueous electrolyte include cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate; cyclic esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone; dimethyl carbonate, Chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate; chain esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and methyl butyrate; tetrahydrofuran or derivatives thereof; 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxy Ethers such as ethane, 1,4-dibutoxyethane and methyldiglyme; Nitriles such as acetonitrile and
- electrolyte salt used for the non-aqueous electrolyte examples include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiSCN, LiBr, LiI, Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , NaClO 4 , NaI, NaSCN, and NaBr.
- LiCF 3 SO 3 LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 (SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , (CH 3 ) 4 NBF 4 , ( CH 3 ) 4 NBr, (C 2 H 5 ) 4 NClO 4 , (C 2 H 5 ) 4 NI, (C 3 H 7 ) 4 NBr, (n-C 4 H 9 ) 4 , NClO 4 , (nC 4 H 9 ) 4 NI, (C 2 H 5 ) 4 N-maleate, (C 2 H 5 ) 4 N-benzoate, (C 2 H 5 ) 4 N-phthalate Organic ion salts such as
- the viscosity of the electrolyte can be further reduced, The low temperature characteristics can be further improved, and self-discharge can be suppressed, which is more desirable.
- a room temperature molten salt or ionic liquid may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the concentration of lithium ions (Li + ) in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably from 0.1 mol / l to 5 mol / l, more preferably from 0.1 mol / l to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte electricity storage device having high charge / discharge characteristics. It is 5 mol / l to 2.5 mol / l, particularly preferably 0.8 mol / l to 1.0 mol / l.
- the separator it is preferable to use a porous film or a non-woven fabric exhibiting excellent high rate discharge performance alone or in combination.
- the material constituting the separator include polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
- polymer gel comprised by polymers and electrolytes, such as acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, and polyvinylidene fluoride, can be mentioned.
- a polymer gel in combination with the porous film or nonwoven fabric as described above because the liquid retention of the electrolyte is improved. That is, by forming a film in which the surface of the polyethylene microporous membrane and the microporous wall are coated with a solvophilic polymer having a thickness of several ⁇ m or less, and holding the electrolyte in the micropores of the film, Gels.
- the solvophilic polymer include polyvinylidene fluoride, an acrylate monomer having an ethylene oxide group or an ester group, an epoxy monomer, a polymer having a monomer having an isocyanate group, and the like crosslinked.
- the monomer can be subjected to a crosslinking reaction using a radical initiator in combination with heating or ultraviolet rays (UV), or using an actinic ray such as an electron beam (EB).
- a surface layer containing an inorganic filler may be provided on the surface of the separator.
- Examples of the inorganic filler include inorganic oxides, inorganic nitrides, sparingly soluble ion binding compounds, covalent bonding compounds, clay minerals such as montmorillonite, and the like.
- Examples of the inorganic oxide include iron oxide, silica (SiO 2 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ).
- Examples of the inorganic nitride include aluminum nitride and silicon nitride.
- Examples of the poorly soluble ion binding compound include calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, barium sulfate and the like.
- the inorganic oxide may be a material derived from mineral resources such as boehmite, zeolite, apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, mica, or an artificial product thereof.
- the inorganic oxide has electrical insulation on the surface of conductive materials such as metals, SnO 2 , tin-indium oxide (ITO) and other carbonaceous materials such as carbon black and graphite.
- covering with material may be sufficient.
- silica, alumina, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and boehmite are particularly preferably used.
- the surface layer containing the inorganic filler it is more preferable to dispose the surface layer containing the inorganic filler so as to face the positive electrode because the safety of the power storage element can be further improved.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably 98% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength. Further, the porosity is preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a rectangular nonaqueous electrolyte storage element 1 which is an embodiment of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the present invention.
- the electrode group 2 is housed in an exterior body 3.
- the electrode group 2 is formed by winding a positive electrode and a negative electrode including a coating layer through a separator.
- the positive electrode is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 4 via the positive electrode lead 4 ′
- , and the negative electrode is electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal 5 via the negative electrode lead 5 ′.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is hold
- the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include cylindrical, rectangular (rectangular), flat, and other nonaqueous electrolyte storage elements.
- the present invention can also be realized as a power storage device including a plurality of the above non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements.
- a power storage device is shown in FIG. In FIG. 3, the power storage device 30 includes a plurality of power storage units 20. Each power storage unit 20 includes a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1.
- the power storage device 30 can be mounted as a power source for vehicles such as an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid vehicle (HEV), and a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV).
- EV electric vehicle
- HEV hybrid vehicle
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- a lithium ion secondary battery is exemplified as the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element, but the present invention is not limited to the lithium ion secondary battery, and can be applied to other nonaqueous electrolyte storage elements. .
- Example 1 Preparation of negative electrode mixture layer
- a negative electrode paste was prepared using spherical graphite and scaly graphite (aspect ratio of 50) as negative electrode active materials, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as binders, and water as a solvent.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the mass ratio of spherical graphite to scaly graphite was 85:15
- the mass ratio of SBR and CMC was 5: 3
- the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material and the binder was 92: 8.
- the negative electrode paste was prepared through a kneading step using a multi-blender mill by adjusting the amount of water to adjust the solid content (% by mass).
- the solid content concentration of the negative electrode paste was adjusted to 50% by mass.
- This negative electrode paste was applied to both sides of the copper foil leaving an uncoated part (negative electrode mixture layer non-formation region) and dried at 120 ° C. to prepare a negative electrode mixture layer. After preparing the negative electrode mixture layer as described above, roll pressing was performed so that the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer was 70 ⁇ m.
- a coating paste was prepared using alumina (mode diameter 1 ⁇ m) as a filler, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (PVDF # 9130 manufactured by Kureha Corporation) as a binder, and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent.
- the mass ratio of the filler to the binder was 94: 6 (solid content conversion).
- the coating paste was prepared through a kneading step using a multi-blender mill by adjusting the amount of the solvent to adjust the solid content (% by mass). In this example, the solid content concentration of the coating paste was adjusted to 30% by mass.
- the coating paste was applied so as to cover the negative electrode mixture layer, and vacuum dried (100 ° C., 24 hours) to prepare a negative electrode.
- the thickness of the coating layer in this negative electrode was 7 ⁇ m, and the porosity of the negative electrode mixture layer was 30%.
- Example 2 A negative electrode of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mass ratio of spherical graphite and scaly graphite as the negative electrode active material was 80:20.
- Example 3 A negative electrode of Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mass ratio of spherical graphite and scaly graphite as the negative electrode active material was set to 70:30.
- Example 4 A negative electrode of Example 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mass ratio of spherical graphite and scaly graphite as the negative electrode active material was 60:40.
- Example 5 A negative electrode of Example 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mass ratio of spherical graphite and scaly graphite as the negative electrode active material was 40:60.
- Example 6 A negative electrode of Example 6 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mass ratio of spherical graphite and scaly graphite as the negative electrode active material was 90:10.
- Example 7 (Example 7) Implementation was performed except that the negative electrode active material spherical graphite and scaly graphite had a mass ratio of 90:10, a negative electrode mixture layer was prepared, and then the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer was 70 ⁇ m by a flat plate press. A negative electrode of Example 7 was produced in the same manner as Example 1.
- Comparative Example 1 A negative electrode of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only spherical graphite was used as the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the negative electrode active material spherical graphite and scaly graphite had a mass ratio of 90:10 and the negative electrode mixture layer was produced and then not pressed. Produced.
- the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer was 97 ⁇ m.
- Lithium cobalt nickel manganese composite oxide composition formula LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- acetylene black AB
- polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder
- a positive electrode paste was prepared using PVDF) and NMP which is a non-aqueous solvent.
- NMP a 12% NMP solution (# 1100 manufactured by Kureha Corporation) was used as the PVDF.
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive agent was 90: 5: 5 (in terms of solid content).
- This positive electrode paste was applied to both sides of the aluminum foil, leaving an uncoated portion, and dried. Thereafter, roll pressing was performed to produce a positive electrode.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte is LiPF in a solvent in which propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate are mixed so as to be 30% by volume, 40% by volume, and 30% by volume, respectively, so that the salt concentration is 1.2 mol / L. 6 was dissolved.
- the amount of water in the nonaqueous electrolyte was less than 50 ppm.
- Separator As the separator, a polyethylene microporous membrane having a thickness of 21 ⁇ m provided with a surface layer containing an inorganic filler was used.
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode of each example, comparative example and reference example, and a separator were laminated and wound. At this time, lamination was performed so that the surface layer containing the inorganic filler and the positive electrode face each other. Then, the positive electrode mixture layer non-formation region of the positive electrode and the negative electrode mixture layer non-formation region of the negative electrode are welded to the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead, respectively, and sealed in the container. Filled and sealed.
- the charging conditions of the initial activation process were constant current and constant voltage charging with a current value of 1CA and a voltage of 4.2V.
- the charging time was 7 hours from the start of energization.
- the discharge conditions were a constant current discharge with a current of 1 CA and a final charge of 2.75 V.
- 1CA which is the current value, is a current value that provides the same amount of electricity as the nominal capacity of the battery when the battery is energized for one hour at a constant current.
- X-ray diffraction measurement The batteries were discharged so that the state of charge (SOC) of each battery after initial activation was 0% (end-of-discharge state). The discharged battery was disassembled in an atmosphere with a dew point of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower, and the negative electrode was taken out. Then, the portion not facing the positive electrode was cut out. After washing the lithium salt adhering to the negative electrode with dimethyl carbonate (DMC), the solvent was dried. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement was performed on the negative electrode sample thus obtained. For the measurement, an X-ray diffractometer (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, RINT PTR3) was used, and the following conditions were adopted.
- SOC state of charge
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- Table 1 shows the X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratio of each example, comparative example, and reference example and the insulation value of the coating layer.
- the X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratio (I (002) / I (100) ) is greater than 219, and the insulating properties of the coating layers of Example 1, Example 2, Example 5, and Example 7 It can be seen that the value is orders of magnitude higher than the insulating values of Comparative Example 1, Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2.
- Example 3 and Example 4 there is no data on the X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratio, but from the tendency of the X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratios of other Examples and Comparative Examples, it is between Example 2 and Example 5. It is considered to be an intensity ratio.
- the high insulating property of the coating layer in the specific X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratio range is due to the fact that 10% by mass or more of flaky graphite is contained in the negative electrode mixture layer.
- the amount of scale-like graphite corresponding to a specific X-ray diffraction peak intensity ratio is contained in the negative electrode mixture layer, so that the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer facing the interface between the negative electrode mixture layer and the coating layer has high smoothness.
- the filler in the coating layer can be prevented from entering the negative electrode mixture layer, it is considered that the insulating properties of the coating layer can be improved.
- the insulating property of the coating layer was measured using a portion of the negative electrode that was taken out of the disassembled battery and did not face the positive electrode, where X-ray diffraction measurement was not performed. As a result, almost the same value as before the battery assembly was obtained, and there was no change in the relationship between the XRD strength ratio and the insulation before and after the battery assembly.
- the present invention improves the insulation of the coating layer containing a filler provided on at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer, and improves the safety at the time of an internal short circuit of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element due to an unexpected situation Therefore, it is useful for nonaqueous electrolyte storage elements for a wide range of applications such as electric vehicle power supplies, electronic device power supplies, and power storage power supplies.
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Abstract
Description
この様な、安全性への取り組みの一つとして、負極上への絶縁性の被覆層を形成させる検討が行われている。
また、平均粒径が約20μmになるように粉砕、分級した鱗片状黒鉛のみを活物質として用いた負極板の両面に、無機フィラーを含有する多孔質状の絶縁層を設けた例が、実施例1の電池B1~B9として記載されている。
また、負極活物質として、メソフェーズピッチカーボンファイバーグラファイトおよびリン片状グラファイトを90:10の重量比で含む負極活物質層の上にα-Al2O3粒子集合体を固定してセパレータとした例(実施例2)が記載されている。
しかしながら、フィラーの負極合剤層内への侵入による絶縁性の低下を克服する手段については言及されていない。
さらに、非水電解質蓄電素子用負極は、エックス線回折(XRD)測定において、負極活物質の(002)面に帰属される回折ピークと(100)面に帰属される回折ピークとのピーク強度比(I(002)/I(100))が219以上、862以下である。
後述する実施例に記載している様に、ピーク強度比(I(002)/I(100))を219以上、862以下とすることにより、被覆層中のフィラーが負極合剤層中に侵入することを抑制できるので、被覆層の絶縁性が向上する。
なお、ピーク強度比の具体的な測定方法については、後述する実施例に記載する。
これにより、被覆層中のフィラーが負極合剤層中に侵入することを抑制できるので、被覆層の絶縁性の向上に寄与する。
負極合剤層の負極活物質に占める鱗片状黒鉛の割合が60質量%を超えると、負極合剤層への非水電解液の浸透力が弱くなり、非水電解質蓄電素子の充放電特性が低下するため好ましくない。
このことから、負極合剤層の負極活物質に占める鱗片状黒鉛の割合は、20質量%以上とすることが好ましい。
非水電解質蓄電素子の充電状態(SOC)が0%(放電末期状態)となるまで放電した非水電解質蓄電素子を、露点-20℃以下の環境下にて解体し、負極を取り出した後、正極と対向していない部分を切り出し、付着している電解液成分をジメチルカーボネート(DMC)等の溶媒を用いて洗い流した後、溶媒を乾燥させる。それをクロスセクションポリッシャー等により断面加工した断面部を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)により観察することで、負極活物質中に含まれる鱗片状黒鉛の割合を確認することができる。
本発明の実施形態における鱗片状黒鉛とは、次の(1)~(3)の条件を満たす粒子である。
(1)三つの長さのパラメーター(r1,r2,b)を有する。
(2)三つのパラメーターは、r1≧r2>bの関係性を満たす。
(3)r1とr2の平均値をaとした場合、アスペクト比(a/b)が5以上となる。
SOC=0%(放電末期状態)まで放電した非水電解質蓄電素子を、露点-20℃以下の環境下にて解体し、負極を取り出した後、正極と対向していない部分を切り出し、付着している電解液成分をジメチルカーボネート(DMC)等の溶媒を用いて洗い流した後、溶媒を乾燥させる。それをクロスセクションポリッシャー等により断面加工した断面部を、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)により5箇所程度観察する。複数個の鱗片状黒鉛粒子のr1,r2,bを測定し、その平均値を算出する。
SOC=0%(放電末期状態)まで放電した非水電解質蓄電素子を、露点-20℃以下の環境下にて解体し、負極を取り出した後、正極と対向していない部分を切り出し、付着している電解液成分をジメチルカーボネート(DMC)等の溶媒を用いて洗い流した後、溶媒を乾燥させる。それをクロスセクションポリッシャー等により断面加工した断面部を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)により複数箇所観察する。得られたSEM像から、フィラーの侵入領域(侵入距離)と被覆層の厚みに関してそれぞれの平均値を算出し、それらの比率(d1/d2)を求める。
例えば、Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4に代表されるスピネル型結晶構造を有するチタン酸リチウム等のチタン系材料、SiやSb、Sn系などの合金系材料、リチウム金属、リチウム合金(リチウム-シリコン、リチウム-アルミニウム、リチウム-鉛、リチウム-スズ、リチウム-アルミニウム-スズ、リチウム-ガリウム、及びウッド合金等のリチウム金属含有合金)、酸化珪素等の酸化物系の他、炭素材料(例えばグラファイト、ハードカーボン、低温焼成炭素、非晶質カーボン等)等が挙げられる。
これらの中でも、チタン系材料に対しては充放電容量の観点から、合金系材料やリチウム金属及び酸化物系に対してはサイクル特性の観点から炭素材料が好ましい。さらに、炭素材料の中でもグラファイトが特に好ましい。
ここで、結着剤としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、スチレン‐ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、アクリロニトリル‐ブタジエンゴム(NBR)、メチルメタクリレート‐ブタジエンゴム(MBR)、ポリメタクリル酸メチル(PMMA)、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)等を例示することができる。
結着剤の添加量は、負極の総質量に対して1~50質量%が好ましく、特に2~30質量%が好ましい。
フィラーは上記の一種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を混合して用いても良い。
さらに、フィラーの合剤層への侵入を軽減する観点から、1μm以上が特に好ましい。
例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)等のフッ素樹脂や、ポリアクリル酸誘導体、ポリアクリロニトリル誘導体、ポリエチレン、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム等のゴム系結着剤、さらには、ポリアクリロニトリル誘導体等がある。
ポリアクリル酸誘導体やポリアクリロニトリル誘導体は、アクリル酸単位または/およびアクリロニトリル単位の他に、アクリル酸メチル単位、アクリル酸エチル単位、メタクリル酸メチル単位およびメタクリル酸エチル単位よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましい。
中でも、被覆層の柔軟性が向上し、電極群作製時の巻回作業中に生じる負極のクラックや負極合剤層の脱落を防止することができることから、アクリロニトリル単位を含む高分子であるポリアクリロニトリル誘導体が好ましい。
また、非水電解質蓄電素子の充放電特性の観点から、負極被覆層の絶縁性は、567Ω/cm2以下であることが好ましく、472Ω/cm2以下であることがより好ましい。
後述する実施例に示す様に、集電体上に負極活物質と結着剤及び溶媒を含む負極ペーストを塗布した後に乾燥を行うことで負極合剤層を作製し、さらにプレスを行うことで前記負極合剤層を所定の厚みとし、前記負極合剤層上にフィラーと結着剤及び溶媒を含む被覆ペーストを塗布した後に乾燥を行い、続いてプレスを行うことで被覆層を作製し、負極とする。
この様に、負極合剤層作製後にプレスを行うことなく、被覆層を設ける方法であっても(被覆層作製時のプレス工程によって、)負極のエックス線回折ピークのピーク強度比(I(002)/I(100))を219以上、862以下とすることができるので、本発明の効果を奏する。
さらに、負極合剤層作製後にプレスを行う工程を省略することができるので、製造コストを下げることができるので、好ましい。
また、アクリロニトリル、エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド、メチルメタアクリレート、ビニルアセテート、ビニルピロリドン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のポリマーと電解質とで構成されるポリマーゲルを挙げることができる。
前記親溶媒性ポリマーとしては、ポリフッ化ビニリデンの他、エチレンオキシド基やエステル基等を有するアクリレートモノマー、エポキシモノマー、イソシアナート基を有するモノマー等が架橋したポリマー等が挙げられる。該モノマーは、ラジカル開始剤を併用して加熱や紫外線(UV)を用いたり、電子線(EB)等の活性光線等を用いて架橋反応を行わせることが可能である。
無機酸化物の例としては、酸化鉄、シリカ(SiO2)、アルミナ(Al2O3)、酸化チタン(TiO2)、チタン酸バリウム(BaTiO3)、酸化ジルコニウム(ZrO2)等がある。
無機窒化物の例としては、窒化アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素等がある。
難溶性のイオン結合性化合物の例としては、フッ化カルシウム、フッ化バリウム、硫酸バリウム等がある。
これらの無機酸化物の中でも、シリカ、アルミナ、酸化チタン、酸化ジルコニウム、ベーマイトが特に好ましく用いられる。
(負極合剤層の作製)
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛(アスペクト比50)、結着剤であるスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)及びカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、並びに溶媒である水を用いて負極ペーストを作製した。なお、球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛の質量比率は85:15、SBRとCMCの質量比率は5:3、負極活物質と結着剤の質量比率は92:8とした。
負極ペーストは、水の量を調整することにより、固形分(質量%)を調整し、マルチブレンダーミルを用いた混練工程を経て作製した。本実施例においては、この負極ペーストの固形分濃度は50質量%に調整した。この負極ペーストを銅箔の両面に、未塗布部(負極合剤層非形成領域)を残して塗布し、120℃で乾燥することにより負極合剤層を作製した。
上記の様に負極合剤層を作製した後、負極合剤層の厚みが70μmとなるようにロールプレス行った。
フィラーであるアルミナ(モード径1μm)、結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)(株式会社クレハ製PVDF#9130)及び溶媒であるN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)を用いて被覆ペーストを作製した。なお、フィラーと結着剤の質量比率は94:6(固形分換算)とした。
被覆ペーストは、溶媒の量を調整することにより、固形分(質量%)を調整し、マルチブレンダーミルを用いた混練工程を経て作製した。本実施例においては、この被覆ペーストの固形分濃度は30質量%に調整した。この被覆ペーストを上記負極合剤層を覆うように塗布し、真空乾燥(100℃、24時間)することで負極を作製した。この負極における被覆層の厚みは7μmであり、負極合剤層の多孔度は30%であった。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を80:20としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例2の負極を作製した。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を70:30としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例3の負極を作製した。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を60:40としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例4の負極を作製した。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を40:60としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例5の負極を作製した。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を90:10としたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例6の負極を作製した。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を90:10とし、負極合剤層を作製した後に、平板プレスにより負極合剤層の厚みを70μmとしたことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして実施例7の負極を作製した。
負極活物質として球状グラファイトのみを使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして比較例1の負極を作製した。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を90:10とし、負極合剤層を作製した後に、プレスを行わなかったことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして負極を作製した。なお、負極の合剤層の厚みは97μmであった。
負極活物質である球状グラファイトと鱗片状黒鉛との質量比率を90:10とし、負極合剤層の厚みが85μmとなるように、ロールプレスを行ったことを除いては、実施例1と同様にして負極を作製した。
実施例、比較例、参考例の各負極とアルミ箔(厚さ10μm)が対向する様に重ねあわせ、対向部にSUS製の金属のおもりを用いて0.34kgf/cm2の圧力を加えた。この時の負極とアルミ箔間の直流抵抗値を低抵抗計(鶴賀電機株式会社製MODEL3566)により測定した。なお、対向部の面積は5.3cm2の正方形とした。
この直流抵抗値を被覆層の「絶縁性」として記録した。
正極活物質であるリチウムコバルトニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(組成式LiCo1 /3Ni1 /3Mn1 /3O2)、導電剤であるアセチレンブラック(AB)、結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)及び非水系溶媒であるNMPを用いて正極ペーストを作製した。ここで、前記PVDFは12%NMP溶液(株式会社クレハ製#1100)を用いた。なお、正極活物質、結着剤及び導電剤の質量比率は90:5:5(固形分換算)とした。この正極ペーストをアルミ箔の両面に、未塗布部を残して塗布し、乾燥した。その後、ロールプレスを行い正極を作製した。
非水電解質は、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネートを、それぞれ30体積%、40体積%、30体積%となるように混合した溶媒に、塩濃度が1.2mol/LとなるようにLiPF6を溶解させて作製した。非水電解質中の水分量は50ppm未満とした。
セパレータには、厚み21μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜の表面に、無機フィラーを含む表面層を備えたものを用いた。
正極と、各実施例、比較例、参考例の負極と、セパレータとを積層して巻回した。この時、無機フィラーを含む表面層と正極が対向する様に積層した。
その後、正極の正極合剤層非形成領域及び負極の負極合剤層非形成領域を正極リード及び負極リードにそれぞれ溶接して容器に封入し、容器と蓋板とを溶接後、非水電解質を注入して封口した。
上記のようにして作製された各電池を、25℃に設定した恒温槽中で、以下の初期活性化工程に供した。
初期活性化工程の充電条件は、電流値1CA、電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電とした。充電時間は通電開始から7時間とした。放電条件は、電流1CA、終止電2.75Vの定電流放電とした。
なお、上記電流値である1CAとは、電池に1時間の定電流通電を行った時に、電池の公称容量と同じ電気量となる電流値である。
初期活性化後の各電池の充電状態(SOC)を0%(放電末期状態)となるように放電した。放電後の電池を露点-20℃以下の雰囲気中において解体して負極を取り出した後、正極と対向していない部分を切り出した。それをジメチルカーボネート(DMC)で負極に付着したリチウム塩を洗浄した後、溶媒を乾燥させた。
こうして得られた負極試料に対してエックス線回折(XRD)測定を実施した。
測定には、エックス線回折装置(株式会社リガク製、RINT PTR3)を用い、以下の条件を採用した。
光源 : Cu-Kα
出力電圧 : 50kV
出力電流 : 300mA
スキャンスピード : 1°/sec
ステップ幅 : 0.03°
スキャン範囲 : 10~100°
スリット幅(受光側) : 0.3mm
測定により得られたデータを装置の付属ソフトであるPDXL1.8.1を用いて解析し、負極活物質の(002)面に帰属される回折ピークと(100)面に帰属される回折ピークとのピーク強度比(I(002)/I(100))を求めた。
なお、エックス線回折データの解析に際して、Kα2に由来するピーク除去は行わなかった。また、回折ピークの強度とは回折ピークの積分強度を意味する。
この様に、負極のエックス線回折ピーク強度比(I(002)/I(100))を特定の範囲とすることにより、負極の高い絶縁性を実現できることから、電池、ひいては、非水電解質蓄電素子の予期せぬ事態による内部短絡時の安全性を向上させることが可能となる。
特定のエックス線回折ピーク強度比に対応する量の鱗片状黒鉛が負極合剤層に含まれることにより、負極合剤層と被覆層との界面に面する負極合剤層の表面の平滑性が高くなり、被覆層中のフィラーが負極合剤層中に侵入することを抑制できるので、被覆層の絶縁性を向上させることが可能になると考えられる。
2 電極群
3 外装体
4 正極端子
4’ 正極リード
5 負極端子
5’ 負極リード
20 蓄電ユニット
30 蓄電装置
Claims (7)
- 集電体上に負極活物質を含む負極合剤層と前記負極合剤層の表面の少なくとも一部にフィラーを含有する被覆層を有する負極を備え、前記負極のエックス線回折(XRD)測定において、前記負極活物質の(002)面に帰属される回折ピークと(100)面に帰属される回折ピークとのピーク強度比(I(002)/I(100))が219以上、862以下である非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 集電体上に負極活物質を含む負極合剤層と前記負極合剤層の表面の少なくとも一部にフィラーを含有する被覆層を有する負極を備え、前記負極合剤層は、負極活物質として鱗片状黒鉛を含み、前記負極活物質中に存在する前記鱗片状黒鉛の割合が10質量%以上、60質量%以下である非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記負極合剤層は前記フィラーを含有し、前記フィラーが存在する領域の厚み(d1)と前記被覆層の厚み(d2)との比率(d1/d2)が1.0以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記負極活物質中に存在する前記鱗片状黒鉛の割合が20質量%以上、60質量%以下である請求項2又は3に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 前記フィラーの粒子径が0.1μm以上である請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極。
- 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の非水電解質蓄電素子用負極を備えた非水電解質蓄電素子。
- 請求項6に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子を備えた蓄電装置。
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- 2015-09-30 US US15/514,927 patent/US20170214037A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
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JPWO2016052648A1 (ja) | 2017-08-17 |
DE112015004498T5 (de) | 2017-06-29 |
CN106716684B (zh) | 2021-02-05 |
JP6731187B2 (ja) | 2020-07-29 |
US20170214037A1 (en) | 2017-07-27 |
CN106716684A (zh) | 2017-05-24 |
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