WO2015189732A1 - 撮像装置 - Google Patents
撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015189732A1 WO2015189732A1 PCT/IB2015/053951 IB2015053951W WO2015189732A1 WO 2015189732 A1 WO2015189732 A1 WO 2015189732A1 IB 2015053951 W IB2015053951 W IB 2015053951W WO 2015189732 A1 WO2015189732 A1 WO 2015189732A1
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- Prior art keywords
- transistor
- type semiconductor
- semiconductor
- wiring
- electrode
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Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to an imaging device. Specifically, the present invention relates to an imaging device provided with a plurality of pixels each including a photosensor. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an electronic apparatus having the imaging device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- the present invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture or composition (composition of matter).
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a memory device, a processor, a driving method thereof, or a manufacturing method thereof.
- a semiconductor device refers to any device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- semiconductor elements such as transistors and diodes and semiconductor circuits are semiconductor devices.
- a display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, an imaging device, an electronic device, or the like includes a semiconductor element or a semiconductor circuit.
- a display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, an imaging device, an electronic device, and the like may include a semiconductor device.
- An imaging device is incorporated in a mobile phone as a standard, and is widely used (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the CMOS image sensor has features such as low price, high resolution, and low power consumption compared with the CCD image sensor, and most of the imaging device is composed of the CMOS image sensor.
- An imaging apparatus using a CMOS image sensor is required to improve the dynamic range in order to enable imaging under various environments.
- low power consumption is one of important performances that are required.
- a portable electronic device such as a mobile phone
- the continuous use time is shortened.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide an imaging device or the like with an improved dynamic range. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide an imaging device or the like with high quality of a captured image. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide an imaging device or the like with low power consumption. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide an imaging device or the like with high productivity. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel imaging device, a novel semiconductor device, or the like.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a photoelectric conversion element, first to fourth transistors, a capacitor, and first to seventh wirings.
- the photoelectric conversion element includes an n-type semiconductor, a p-type semiconductor, and the like.
- the first wiring is electrically connected to one of the n-type semiconductor and the p-type semiconductor, and the other of the n-type semiconductor and the p-type semiconductor is one of the source and the drain of the first transistor.
- the gate of the first transistor is electrically connected to the second wiring, the other of the source and the drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to the first node, and the second One of the source and the drain of the transistor is electrically connected to the third wiring, the other of the source and the drain of the second transistor is electrically connected to the first node, and the gate of the second transistor is the fourth Wiring and electricity
- One electrode of the capacitor is electrically connected to the first node, the other electrode of the capacitor is electrically connected to the first wiring, and the gate of the third transistor is connected to the first node
- the third transistor is electrically connected to the fifth wiring.
- One of the source and the drain of the third transistor is electrically connected to the fifth wiring.
- the other of the source and the drain of the third transistor is the source or the drain of the fourth transistor.
- the other of the source and the drain of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the sixth wiring, and the gate of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the seventh wiring.
- the photoelectric conversion element includes an i-type semiconductor.
- each of the first to fourth transistors and the i-type semiconductor overlap with each other, the capacitive element and the i-type semiconductor overlap with each other, and the first to seventh
- the total area of the areas where each of the wirings and the i-type semiconductor overlap each other is preferably 35% or less of the area of the i-type semiconductor.
- an oxide semiconductor is preferably used as a semiconductor in which a channel is formed.
- a semiconductor used for the first to fourth transistors may have a forbidden bandwidth different from that of the i-type semiconductor included in the photoelectric conversion element.
- one embodiment of the present invention is an imaging device including at least first and second photoelectric conversion elements, where the first and second photoelectric conversion elements include an i-type semiconductor, and the first photoelectric conversion element
- the i-type semiconductor included in the first photoelectric conversion element and the i-type semiconductor included in the second photoelectric conversion element are adjacent to each other via an n-type semiconductor or a p-type semiconductor.
- an imaging device or the like with an improved dynamic range can be provided.
- an imaging device or the like in which the quality of the captured image is improved can be provided.
- an imaging device or the like with a short imaging interval can be provided.
- an imaging device or the like with low power consumption can be provided.
- Another object is to provide an imaging device or the like with high productivity.
- a novel imaging device, a novel semiconductor device, or the like can be provided.
- FIG. 6A and 6B illustrate a structure example of an imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a configuration example of a peripheral circuit.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a configuration example of a pixel.
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating a structure example of a pixel. The figure which shows the example which has arrange
- FIG. 6 illustrates a circuit configuration example of pixels arranged in a matrix. The figure which shows the example which has arrange
- FIG. 6 illustrates a configuration example of a pixel.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a configuration example of a pixel.
- FIG. 2A and 2B illustrate a configuration example of an imaging device.
- 6A and 6B illustrate an example of a transistor.
- 6A and 6B illustrate an example of a transistor.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a circuit configuration.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a circuit configuration.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a circuit configuration.
- 10A and 10B illustrate one embodiment of a transistor.
- 10A and 10B illustrate one embodiment of a transistor.
- 10A and 10B illustrate one embodiment of a transistor.
- 10A and 10B illustrate one embodiment of a transistor.
- 10A and 10B illustrate one embodiment of a transistor.
- FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of a capacitor.
- 6A and 6B illustrate an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Electrode and “wiring” do not functionally limit these components.
- an “electrode” may be used as part of a “wiring” and vice versa.
- the terms “electrode” and “wiring” include a case where a plurality of “electrodes” and “wirings” are integrally formed.
- X and Y are assumed to be objects (for example, devices, elements, circuits, wirings, electrodes, terminals, conductive films, layers, etc.).
- an element that enables electrical connection between X and Y for example, a switch, a transistor, a capacitor, an inductor, a resistor, a diode, a display, etc.
- Element, light emitting element, load, etc. are not connected between X and Y
- elements for example, switches, transistors, capacitive elements, inductors
- resistor element for example, a diode, a display element, a light emitting element, a load, or the like.
- an element for example, a switch, a transistor, a capacitive element, an inductor, a resistance element, a diode, a display, etc.
- the switch has a function of controlling on / off. That is, the switch is in a conductive state (on state) or a non-conductive state (off state), and has a function of controlling whether or not to pass a current. Alternatively, the switch has a function of selecting and switching a path through which a current flows.
- the case where X and Y are electrically connected includes the case where X and Y are directly connected.
- a circuit for example, a logic circuit (an inverter, a NAND circuit, a NOR circuit, etc.) that enables a functional connection between X and Y, signal conversion, etc.
- Circuit (DA conversion circuit, AD conversion circuit, gamma correction circuit, etc.), potential level conversion circuit (power supply circuit (boost circuit, step-down circuit, etc.), level shifter circuit that changes signal potential level, etc.), voltage source, current source, switching Circuit, amplifier circuit (circuit that can increase signal amplitude or current amount, operational amplifier, differential amplifier circuit, source follower circuit, buffer circuit, etc.), signal generation circuit, memory circuit, control circuit, etc.)
- a circuit for example, a logic circuit (an inverter, a NAND circuit, a NOR circuit, etc.) that enables a functional connection between X and Y, signal conversion, etc.
- Circuit (DA conversion circuit, AD conversion circuit, gamma correction circuit, etc.), potential level conversion circuit (power supply circuit (boost circuit, step-down
- X and Y are functionally connected.
- the case where X and Y are functionally connected includes the case where X and Y are directly connected and the case where X and Y are electrically connected.
- the source (or the first terminal) of the transistor is electrically connected to X through (or not through) Z1, and the drain (or the second terminal or the like) of the transistor is connected to Z2.
- Y is electrically connected, or the source (or the first terminal, etc.) of the transistor is directly connected to a part of Z1, and another part of Z1 Is directly connected to X, and the drain (or second terminal, etc.) of the transistor is directly connected to a part of Z2, and another part of Z2 is directly connected to Y.
- X and Y, and the source (or the first terminal or the like) and the drain (or the second terminal or the like) of the transistor are electrically connected to each other.
- the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, etc.) and the Y are electrically connected in this order.
- the source (or the first terminal or the like) of the transistor is electrically connected to X
- the drain (or the second terminal or the like) of the transistor is electrically connected to Y
- X or the source ( Or the first terminal or the like, the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, or the like) and Y are electrically connected in this order.
- X is electrically connected to Y through the source (or the first terminal) and the drain (or the second terminal) of the transistor, and X is the source of the transistor (or the first terminal). Terminal, etc.), the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, etc.), and Y are provided in this connection order.
- Terminal, etc.), the drain of the transistor (or the second terminal, etc.), and Y are provided in this connection order.
- a source (or a first terminal or the like) of a transistor is electrically connected to X through at least a first connection path, and the first connection path is The second connection path is between the source (or the first terminal) of the transistor and the drain (or the second terminal) of the transistor through the transistor.
- the first connection path is a path through Z1
- the drain (or the second terminal, etc.) of the transistor is electrically connected to Y through at least the third connection path
- the third connection path does not have the second connection path
- the third connection path is a path through Z2.
- the source of the transistor (or the first terminal or the like) is electrically connected to X through Z1 by at least the first connection path, and the first connection path is connected to the second connection path.
- the second connection path has a connection path through the transistor, and the drain (or the second terminal or the like) of the transistor is connected to Y through Z2 by at least the third connection path. And the third connection path does not have the second connection path.
- the source of the transistor (or the first terminal or the like) is electrically connected to X through Z1 by at least a first electrical path, and the first electrical path is connected to the second electrical path.
- the second electrical path is an electrical path from the source of the transistor (or the first terminal or the like) to the drain (or the second terminal or the like) of the transistor
- the drain (or the second terminal or the like) is electrically connected to Y through Z2 through at least a third electrical path, and the third connection path has a fourth connection path.
- the fourth electrical path is an electrical path from the drain (or the second terminal, etc.) of the transistor to the source (or the first terminal, etc.) of the transistor.
- X, Y, Z1, and Z2 are objects (for example, devices, elements, circuits, wirings, electrodes, terminals, conductive films, layers, and the like).
- the term “electrically connected” in this specification includes in its category such a case where one conductive film has functions of a plurality of components.
- a transistor can be formed using a variety of substrates.
- substrate is not limited to a specific thing.
- the substrate include a semiconductor substrate (for example, a single crystal substrate or a silicon substrate), an SOI substrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a plastic substrate, a metal substrate, a stainless steel substrate, a substrate having stainless steel foil, and a tungsten substrate.
- the glass substrate include barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, and soda lime glass.
- the flexible substrate there are a plastic typified by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethersulfone (PES), or a synthetic resin having flexibility such as acrylic.
- the laminated film include vinyl such as polyvinyl fluoride or vinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polyester.
- the base film include polyester, polyamide, polyimide, an inorganic vapor deposition film, and papers.
- a transistor may be formed using a certain substrate, and then the transistor may be transferred to another substrate, and the transistor may be disposed on another substrate.
- the substrate on which the transistor is transferred in addition to the substrate on which the transistor can be formed, a paper substrate, a cellophane substrate, a stone substrate, a wood substrate, a cloth substrate (natural fiber (silk, cotton, hemp), There are synthetic fibers (nylon, polyurethane, polyester) or recycled fibers (including acetate, cupra, rayon, recycled polyester), leather substrates, rubber substrates, and the like. By using these substrates, it is possible to form a transistor with good characteristics, a transistor with low power consumption, manufacture a device that is not easily broken, impart heat resistance, reduce weight, or reduce thickness.
- a top view also referred to as a “plan view”
- some components may not be described for easy understanding of the drawing.
- description of some hidden lines may be omitted.
- the terms “upper” and “lower” do not limit that the positional relationship between the components is directly above or directly below and is in direct contact.
- the expression “electrode B on the insulating layer A” does not require the electrode B to be formed in direct contact with the insulating layer A, and another configuration between the insulating layer A and the electrode B. Do not exclude things that contain elements.
- source and drain can be used interchangeably.
- parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 10 ° to 10 °. Therefore, the case of ⁇ 5 ° to 5 ° is also included.
- substantially parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 30 ° to 30 °.
- Vertical and “orthogonal” mean a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 ° to 100 °. Therefore, the case of 85 ° to 95 ° is also included.
- substantially vertical means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 ° to 120 °.
- the voltage indicates a potential difference between a certain potential and a reference potential (for example, a ground potential (GND potential) or a source potential).
- a reference potential for example, a ground potential (GND potential) or a source potential.
- a voltage can be rephrased as a potential.
- the impurity of the semiconductor means, for example, a component other than the main component constituting the semiconductor.
- an element having a concentration of less than 0.1 atomic% can be said to be an impurity.
- impurities for example, DOS (Density of State) of the semiconductor may increase, carrier mobility may decrease, and crystallinity may decrease.
- examples of impurities that change the characteristics of the semiconductor include Group 1 elements, Group 2 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, Group 15 elements, and components other than main components Examples include transition metals, and in particular, hydrogen (also included in water), lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, and the like.
- oxygen vacancies may be formed by mixing impurities such as hydrogen, for example.
- impurities such as hydrogen, for example.
- examples of impurities that change the characteristics of the semiconductor include group 1 elements, group 2 elements, group 13 elements, and group 15 elements excluding oxygen and hydrogen.
- ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in this specification etc. are used to avoid confusion between components, and do not indicate any order or order such as process order or stacking order. .
- an ordinal number may be added in the claims to avoid confusion between the constituent elements.
- terms having an ordinal number in this specification and the like may have different ordinal numbers in the claims. Even in the present specification and the like, terms with ordinal numbers are sometimes omitted in the claims.
- the “channel length” means, for example, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion in which a current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap or a channel is formed in the top view of the transistor.
- the channel length is not necessarily the same in all regions. That is, the channel length of one transistor may not be fixed to one value. Therefore, in this specification, the channel length is any one of values, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in a region where a channel is formed.
- the “channel width” means, for example, a source and a drain in a region where a semiconductor (or a portion where a current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap, or a region where a channel is formed The length of the part facing each other. Note that in one transistor, the channel width is not necessarily the same in all regions. That is, the channel width of one transistor may not be fixed to one value. Therefore, in this specification, the channel width is any one of values, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in a region where a channel is formed.
- the channel width in a region where a channel is actually formed (hereinafter referred to as an effective channel width) and the channel width shown in a top view of the transistor (hereinafter, apparent channel width). May be different).
- the effective channel width is larger than the apparent channel width shown in the top view of the transistor, and the influence may not be negligible.
- the ratio of the channel region formed on the side surface of the semiconductor may be larger than the ratio of the channel region formed on the upper surface of the semiconductor. In that case, the effective channel width in which the channel is actually formed is larger than the apparent channel width shown in the top view.
- an apparent channel width which is a length of a portion where a source and a drain face each other in a region where a semiconductor and a gate electrode overlap with each other is referred to as an “enclosed channel width (SCW : Surrounded Channel Width) ”.
- SCW Surrounded Channel Width
- channel width in the case where the term “channel width” is simply used, it may denote an enclosed channel width or an apparent channel width.
- channel width in the case where the term “channel width” is simply used, it may denote an effective channel width. Note that the channel length, channel width, effective channel width, apparent channel width, enclosed channel width, and the like can be determined by obtaining a cross-sectional TEM image and analyzing the image. it can.
- the calculation may be performed using the enclosed channel width. In that case, the value may be different from that calculated using the effective channel width.
- the high power supply potential VDD (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “VDD” or “H potential”) indicates a power supply potential higher than the low power supply potential VSS.
- the low power supply potential VSS (hereinafter also simply referred to as “VSS” or “L potential”) indicates a power supply potential lower than the high power supply potential VDD.
- the ground potential can be used as VDD or VSS. For example, when VDD is a ground potential, VSS is a potential lower than the ground potential, and when VSS is a ground potential, VDD is a potential higher than the ground potential.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view illustrating a structural example of an imaging device 100 of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the imaging device 100 includes a pixel portion 110, a first circuit 260, a second circuit 270, a third circuit 280, and a fourth circuit 290.
- the pixel unit 110 includes a plurality of pixels 111 (imaging elements) arranged in a matrix of p rows and q columns (p and q are natural numbers of 2 or more).
- the first circuit 260 to the fourth circuit 290 are connected to the plurality of pixels 111 and have a function of supplying signals for driving the plurality of pixels 111.
- the first circuit 260 to the fourth circuit 290 and the like may be referred to as “peripheral circuits” or “drive circuits”.
- the first circuit 260 can be said to be part of the peripheral circuit.
- the first circuit 260 or the fourth circuit 290 has a function of processing an analog signal output from the pixel 111.
- a signal processing circuit 261, a column driving circuit 262, an output circuit 263, and the like may be provided in the first circuit 260.
- the signal processing circuit 261 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes a circuit 264 provided for each column.
- the circuit 264 can have a function of performing signal processing such as noise removal and analog-digital conversion.
- a circuit 264 illustrated in FIG. 2 has an analog-digital conversion function.
- the signal processing circuit 261 can function as a column parallel type (column type) analog-digital conversion device.
- the circuit 264 includes a comparator 264a and a counter circuit 264b.
- the comparator 264a has a function of comparing the potential of an analog signal input from the wiring 123 provided for each column with a reference potential signal (for example, a ramp signal) input from the wiring 267.
- the counter circuit 264 b receives a clock signal from the wiring 268.
- the counter circuit 264b has a function of measuring a period during which the first value is output by the comparison operation in the comparator 264a and holding the measurement result as an N-bit digital value.
- the column drive circuit 262 is also called a column selection circuit, a horizontal drive circuit, or the like.
- the column driving circuit 262 generates a selection signal for selecting a column from which a signal is read.
- the column driver circuit 262 can be formed using a shift register or the like. Columns are sequentially selected by the column driver circuit 262, and a signal output from the circuit 264 in the selected column is input to the output circuit 263 through the wiring 269.
- the wiring 269 can function as a horizontal transfer line.
- a signal input to the output circuit 263 is processed by the output circuit 263 and output to the outside of the imaging apparatus 100.
- the output circuit 263 can be configured by a buffer circuit, for example. Further, the output circuit 263 may have a function of controlling the timing of outputting a signal to the outside of the imaging device 100.
- the second circuit 270 or the third circuit 280 has a function of generating and outputting a selection signal for selecting the pixel 111 from which a signal is read.
- the second circuit 270 or the third circuit 280 may be referred to as a row selection circuit or a vertical drive circuit.
- the peripheral circuit includes at least one of a logic circuit, a switch, a buffer, an amplifier circuit, and a conversion circuit.
- a transistor or the like used for the peripheral circuit may be formed using another part of a semiconductor that forms a photoelectric conversion element 136 described later.
- a transistor or the like used for the peripheral circuit may be formed using another part of the semiconductor that forms the pixel driver circuit 112 described later.
- transistors used in the peripheral circuit may be used in combination with these transistors.
- part or all of the peripheral circuit may be mounted by a semiconductor device such as an IC.
- the function of one of the first circuit 260 or the fourth circuit 290 is added to the other of the first circuit 260 or the fourth circuit 290, and one of the first circuit 260 or the fourth circuit 290 is added. May be omitted.
- the function of one of the second circuit 270 or the third circuit 280 is added to the other of the second circuit 270 or the third circuit 280 so that the second circuit 270 or the third circuit 280 is added.
- the function of another circuit is added to any one of the first circuit 260 to the fourth circuit 290, and other than any one of the first circuit 260 to the fourth circuit 290. It may be omitted.
- the pixel 111 may be inclined and arranged obliquely in the pixel portion 110 included in the imaging device 100.
- the pixel interval (pitch) in the row direction and the column direction can be shortened. Thereby, the quality of the image imaged with the imaging device 100 can be improved more.
- the pixel 111 includes functional elements such as a transistor 131, a transistor 132, a transistor 133, a transistor 134, a capacitor 135, and a photoelectric conversion element 136.
- a circuit composed of functional elements other than the photoelectric conversion element 136 is referred to as a pixel driving circuit 112.
- the pixel driver circuit 112 is electrically connected to the photoelectric conversion element 136.
- the pixel drive circuit 112 has a function of generating an analog signal corresponding to the amount of light received by the photoelectric conversion element 136.
- FIG. 3A is a plan view of the pixel 111.
- FIG. 3B is a plan view of the photoelectric conversion element 136.
- FIG. 4A is a plan view of the pixel driver circuit 112.
- FIG. 4B is a circuit diagram of the pixel 111.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view illustrating the configuration of the pixel 111.
- the pixel 111 includes a pixel driving circuit 112 on the photoelectric conversion element 136.
- the photoelectric conversion element 136 includes a p-type semiconductor 221, an i-type semiconductor 222, and an n-type semiconductor 223.
- the photoelectric conversion element 136 is formed by sandwiching the i-type semiconductor 222 between the p-type semiconductor 221 and the n-type semiconductor 223 in plan view. Note that although the photoelectric conversion element 136 can be formed of the p-type semiconductor 221 and the n-type semiconductor 223 without providing the i-type semiconductor 222, the light-receiving sensitivity is improved by providing the photoelectric conversion element 136 with the i-type semiconductor 222. Can do.
- an intrinsic semiconductor is ideally a semiconductor that does not contain impurities and has a Fermi level located in the middle of the forbidden band.
- an impurity or acceptor serving as a donor Intrinsic semiconductors also include semiconductors in which the Fermi level is located approximately in the center of the forbidden band by adding impurities. Further, even if a semiconductor includes an impurity that serves as a donor or an impurity that serves as an acceptor, the semiconductor is included in the intrinsic semiconductor as long as the semiconductor can function as an intrinsic semiconductor.
- the p-type semiconductor 221 and the n-type semiconductor 223 are preferably formed in a comb shape in plan view so as to mesh with each other via the i-type semiconductor 222.
- the distance D between the p-type semiconductor 221 and the n-type semiconductor 223 can be increased.
- the distance D can also be said to be the length of a line passing through the center of the i-type semiconductor 222 sandwiched between the p-type semiconductor 221 and the n-type semiconductor 223 in plan view.
- the detection sensitivity of the photoelectric conversion element 136 can be increased. Therefore, the imaging device 100 with high detection sensitivity can be provided.
- the position of the distance D is indicated by a broken line.
- the distance E width of the i-type semiconductor 222 from the p-type semiconductor 221 to the n-type semiconductor 223 in a plan view is preferably 800 nm or more (FIG. 3B )reference).
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 131 is electrically connected to the wiring 123, and the other of the source and the drain is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 132.
- a gate of the transistor 131 is electrically connected to the wiring 125.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 132 is electrically connected to the wiring 124, and the gate of the transistor 132 is electrically connected to the node 152.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 133 is electrically connected to the wiring 122, and the other of the source and the drain is electrically connected to the node 152.
- a gate of the transistor 133 is electrically connected to the wiring 126.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 134 is electrically connected to the node 151, and the other of the source and the drain is electrically connected to the node 152.
- a gate of the transistor 134 is electrically connected to the wiring 127.
- One electrode (for example, cathode) of the photoelectric conversion element 136 (photodiode) is electrically connected to the node 151, and the other electrode (for example, anode) is electrically connected to the wiring 121 (FIG. 4). (See (A) and FIG. 4 (B)).
- the node 152 functions as a charge storage unit.
- the transistor 134 can function as a transfer transistor for transferring a charge corresponding to the amount of light received by the photoelectric conversion element 136 to the node 152.
- the transistor 133 can function as a reset transistor for resetting the potential of the node 152.
- the transistor 132 can function as an amplifying transistor that amplifies the charge accumulated in the node 152.
- the transistor 131 can function as a reading transistor for reading the signal amplified by the transistor 132.
- the wiring 121 has a function of supplying the potential VPD.
- the wiring 122 has a function of supplying the potential VRS.
- the wiring 124 has a function of supplying the potential VPI.
- the wiring 125 has a function of supplying a potential SEL.
- the wiring 126 has a function of supplying the potential PR.
- the wiring 127 has a function of supplying the potential TX.
- the wiring 128 has a function of supplying the potential VPI.
- the wiring 121 is provided in a net shape so as to surround the outer periphery of the pixel 111.
- the wiring 121 is electrically connected to the p-type semiconductor 221.
- variation in potential of the wiring 121 in the pixel portion 110 can be reduced, the operation of the imaging device 100 can be stabilized, and the reliability of the imaging device 100 can be improved.
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor 134 may be electrically connected to the wiring 129 and the wiring 129 may be electrically connected to the n-type semiconductor 223 (see FIG. 5).
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor 131 may be electrically connected to the wiring 141 and the wiring 141 may be electrically connected to the wiring 123.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 132 may be electrically connected to the wiring 142 and the wiring 142 may be electrically connected to the wiring 124.
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor 133 may be electrically connected to the wiring 143 and the wiring 143 may be electrically connected to the wiring 122.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 135 may be electrically connected to the wiring 144, the wiring 144 may be electrically connected to the wiring 145, and the wiring 145 may be electrically connected to the wiring 121.
- the wiring 128 that intersects with the wiring 124 and is electrically connected is provided.
- potential variations of the wiring 124 in the pixel portion 110 can be reduced, the operation of the imaging device 100 can be stabilized, and the reliability of the imaging device 100 can be improved.
- a parasitic capacitance of a transistor may be used as the capacitor 135.
- the i-type semiconductor 222 overlaps with the functional element and the wiring in a plan view is preferably 35% or less, more preferably 20% or less, and even more preferably 10% of the area of the i-type semiconductor 222 in the plan view. What is necessary is as follows.
- the ratio of the area that can actually receive light to the entire area of the i-type semiconductor 222 in plan view is preferably 65% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and still more preferably 90%. % Or more.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view showing an example in which the pixels 111 are arranged in a matrix of 3 rows (n to n + 2 rows) and 2 columns (m and m + 1 columns).
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram corresponding to FIG. 6 and 7 show an example in which the configuration of the pixel 111 is switched between right and left in m columns and m + 1 columns (for example, odd columns and even columns) to be mirrored.
- the n-th row wiring 128 is electrically connected to the wiring 124 having a function of supplying a potential VPI
- the n + 1-th wiring 128 is electrically connected to a wiring 122 having a function of supplying a potential VRS. is doing. In this manner, by changing the wiring 122 or the wiring 124 that is electrically connected to the wiring 128 at regular intervals, potential variations of the potential VPI and the potential VRS in the pixel portion 110 are reduced, and the operation of the imaging device 100 is performed. It is possible to stabilize and improve the reliability of the imaging apparatus 100.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing an example in which the photoelectric conversion elements 136 included in the pixel 111 are arranged in a matrix of 3 rows (n to n + 2 rows) and 2 columns (m and m + 1 columns).
- the photoelectric conversion element 136 can be formed for each pixel 111 without separating a semiconductor layer.
- a semiconductor layer is formed in the entire pixel portion 110, and a p-type semiconductor 221, an n-type semiconductor 223, and an i-type semiconductor 222 are formed in the semiconductor layer by an ion implantation method, an ion doping method, or the like.
- a functioning region can be formed.
- the photoelectric conversion element 136 can be provided in the pixel 111 efficiently. Therefore, the light receiving sensitivity of the imaging device 100 can be increased.
- the p-type semiconductor 221 may be used as part of a wiring for supplying power.
- the p-type semiconductor 221 as part of a wiring for supplying power, variation in power supply potential in the pixel portion 110 can be reduced.
- the p-type semiconductor 221 and the n-type semiconductor 223 may be used interchangeably.
- FIG. 9E is a plan view illustrating an example of the pixel 111 for acquiring a color image.
- FIG. 9E illustrates a pixel 111 (hereinafter also referred to as “pixel 111R”) provided with a color filter that transmits the red (R) wavelength region, and a color filter that transmits the green (G) wavelength region.
- Pixel 111 hereinafter also referred to as “pixel 111G”
- pixel 111B pixel 111
- the pixel 111R, the pixel 111G, and the pixel 111B are combined to function as one pixel 113.
- the color filters used for the pixels 111 are not limited to red (R), green (G), and blue (B), and as shown in FIG. 9A, cyan (C), yellow (Y), and yellow (Y), respectively.
- a color filter that transmits magenta (M) light may be used.
- a full color image can be acquired by providing the pixel 111 that detects light of three different wavelength ranges in one pixel 113.
- FIG. 9B shows a color filter that transmits yellow (Y) light in addition to the pixel 111 provided with color filters that transmit red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light, respectively.
- the pixel 113 having the pixel 111 provided with is illustrated.
- FIG. 9C illustrates a color filter that transmits blue (B) light in addition to the pixel 111 provided with a color filter that transmits cyan (C), yellow (Y), and magenta (M) light, respectively.
- the pixel 113 having the pixel 111 provided with is illustrated.
- the pixel number ratio (or the light receiving area ratio) of the pixels 111R, 111G, and 111B is not necessarily 1: 1: 1.
- one pixel 111 may be provided in the pixel 113, but two or more are preferable. For example, by providing two or more pixels 111 that detect the same wavelength region, redundancy can be increased and the reliability of the imaging apparatus 100 can be increased.
- an imaging device 100 that detects infrared light is realized by using an IR (Infrared) filter that absorbs or reflects light having a wavelength shorter than that of visible light and transmits infrared light as a filter. can do.
- the imaging device 100 which detects ultraviolet light is implement
- the imaging apparatus 100 can also function as a radiation detector that detects X-rays, ⁇ -rays, and the like.
- ND Neutral Density filter
- the output is saturated when a large amount of light is incident on the photoelectric conversion element (light receiving element) (hereinafter, “ Also called “output saturation”).
- a lens may be provided in the pixel 113.
- the filter 602 the filter 602
- the lens 600 incident light can be efficiently received by the photoelectric conversion element.
- light 660 is converted into a photoelectric conversion element 136 through a lens 600 formed in the pixel 113, a filter 602 (filter 602R, filter 602G, filter 602B), the pixel driver circuit 112, and the like. It can be set as the structure made to inject into.
- part of the light 660 indicated by the arrow may be shielded by part of the wiring layer 604. Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 10B, a structure may be employed in which a lens 600 and a filter 602 are formed on the photoelectric conversion element 136 side so that incident light is efficiently received by the photoelectric conversion element 136. By making the light 660 incident from the photoelectric conversion element 136 side, the imaging device 100 with high detection sensitivity can be provided.
- a pixel region 251 illustrated in FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of the pixel 111 included in the imaging device 100.
- a peripheral circuit region 252 illustrated in FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the peripheral circuit included in the imaging device 100.
- An enlarged view of the transistor 134 illustrated in FIG. 11 is illustrated in FIG.
- An enlarged view of the capacitor 135 shown in FIG. 11 is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14A is an enlarged view of the transistor 281 illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 14B is an enlarged view of the transistor 282 illustrated in FIG.
- An imaging device 100 exemplified in this embodiment includes an insulating layer 102 over a substrate 101 and a photoelectric conversion element 136 in which a pin-type junction is formed over the insulating layer 102.
- the photoelectric conversion element 136 includes the p-type semiconductor 221, the i-type semiconductor 222, and the n-type semiconductor 223.
- a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a ceramic substrate, a metal substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or the like can be used.
- a plastic substrate having heat resistance that can withstand the processing temperature of this embodiment may be used.
- the substrate include a semiconductor substrate (for example, a single crystal substrate or a silicon substrate), an SOI (SOI: Silicon on Insulator) substrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a plastic substrate, a metal substrate, a stainless steel substrate, a stainless steel substrate, Examples include a substrate having a foil, a tungsten substrate, and a substrate having a tungsten foil.
- the glass substrate include barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, and soda lime glass.
- the substrate 101 may be removed using a mechanical polishing method, an etching method, or the like.
- a material that can transmit light detected by the photoelectric conversion element 136 is used as the substrate 101, light can be incident on the photoelectric conversion element 136 from the substrate 101 side.
- the insulating layer 102 is formed using an oxide material such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, and tantalum oxide, or silicon nitride.
- a nitride material such as silicon nitride oxide, aluminum nitride, or aluminum nitride oxide can be formed in a single layer or multiple layers.
- the insulating layer 102 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, a thermal oxidation method, a coating method, a printing method, or the like.
- the p-type semiconductor 221, the i-type semiconductor 222, and the n-type semiconductor 223 are formed by forming an island-shaped i-type semiconductor 222 on the insulating layer 102 and then forming a mask on the i-type semiconductor 222.
- This can be realized by selectively introducing an impurity element into a part of the i-type semiconductor 222.
- the introduction of the impurity element can be performed using, for example, an ion implantation method or an ion doping method. After the impurity element is introduced, the mask is removed.
- the p-type semiconductor 221, the i-type semiconductor 222, and the n-type semiconductor 223 can be formed using a single crystal semiconductor, a polycrystalline semiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, a nanocrystal semiconductor, a semi-amorphous semiconductor, an amorphous semiconductor, or the like. it can.
- amorphous silicon, microcrystalline germanium, or the like can be used.
- a compound semiconductor such as silicon carbide or gallium arsenide can be used.
- a Group 13 element can be used as the p-type impurity element.
- a Group 15 element can be used as the n-type impurity element.
- the insulating layer 102 may be a BOX layer (BOX: Burried Oxide).
- the imaging device 100 described in this embodiment includes the insulating layer 103 and the insulating layer 104 over the p-type semiconductor 221, the i-type semiconductor 222, and the n-type semiconductor 223.
- the insulating layer 103 and the insulating layer 104 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 102. Note that one of the insulating layer 103 and the insulating layer 104 may be omitted, or an insulating layer may be further stacked.
- the insulating layer 105 having a flat surface is formed over the insulating layer 104.
- the insulating layer 105 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 102.
- a low dielectric constant material low-k material
- a siloxane-based resin PSG (phosphorus glass), BPSG (phosphorus boron glass), or the like
- the surface of the insulating layer 105 may be subjected to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) treatment (hereinafter also referred to as “CMP treatment”).
- CMP treatment chemical mechanical polishing
- An opening 224 is formed in a region of the insulating layers 103 to 105 overlapping with the p-type semiconductor 221, and an opening 225 is formed in a region of the insulating layers 103 to 105 overlapping with the n-type semiconductor 223.
- a contact plug 106 is formed in the opening 224 and the opening 225.
- the contact plug 106 is formed by embedding a conductive material in an opening provided in the insulating layer.
- the conductive material for example, a highly embedded conductive material such as tungsten or polysilicon can be used.
- the side and bottom surfaces of the material can be covered with a barrier layer (diffusion prevention layer) made of a titanium layer, a titanium nitride layer, or a laminate thereof. In this case, it may be called a contact plug including the barrier film.
- the number and arrangement of the openings 224 and 225 are not particularly limited. Therefore, an imaging device with a high degree of freedom in layout can be realized.
- a wiring 121 and a wiring 129 are formed over the insulating layer 105.
- the wiring 121 is electrically connected to the p-type semiconductor 221 through the contact plug 106 in the opening 224.
- the wiring 129 is electrically connected to the n-type semiconductor 223 through the contact plug 106 in the opening 225.
- An insulating layer 107 is formed so as to cover the wiring 121 and the wiring 129.
- the insulating layer 107 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 105. Further, CMP treatment may be performed on the surface of the insulating layer 107. By performing the CMP treatment, unevenness on the surface of the sample can be reduced, and the coverage of the insulating layer and the conductive layer to be formed thereafter can be improved.
- the wiring 121 and the wiring 129 each have a single-layer structure or a stack of a single metal made of aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, manganese, silver, tantalum, or tungsten, or an alloy containing the same as a main component. It can be used as a structure.
- a single layer structure of a copper film containing manganese a two layer structure in which an aluminum film is stacked on a titanium film, a two layer structure in which an aluminum film is stacked on a tungsten film, and a copper film on a copper-magnesium-aluminum alloy film
- Two-layer structure to stack, two-layer structure to stack a copper film on a titanium film, two-layer structure to stack a copper film on a tungsten film, a titanium film or a titanium nitride film, and an overlay on the titanium film or titanium nitride film A three-layer structure in which an aluminum film or a copper film is stacked and a titanium film or a titanium nitride film is further formed thereon, a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride film, and an aluminum film or a copper layer stacked on the molybdenum film or the molybdenum nitride film
- aluminum may be a film of an element selected from titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, neodymium, and scandium, or an alloy film or a nitride film in combination of a plurality of elements.
- a conductive material containing oxygen such as indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or a conductive material containing nitrogen such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride may be used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined can be employed.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined can be used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element, a conductive material containing oxygen, and a conductive material containing nitrogen can be combined.
- the transistor 134, the transistor 289, and the capacitor 135 are formed over the insulating layer 107 with the insulating layer 108 and the insulating layer 109 interposed therebetween.
- the transistor 131, the transistor 132, the transistor 133, and the like are also formed over the insulating layer 107 with the insulating layer 108 and the insulating layer 109 interposed therebetween.
- the transistor 134 and the transistor 289 are illustrated as top-gate transistors in this embodiment, they may be bottom-gate transistors. The same applies to other transistors not shown in FIG.
- an inverted staggered transistor or a forward staggered transistor can be used as the transistor.
- a dual-gate transistor having a structure in which a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed is sandwiched between two gate electrodes can also be used.
- the invention is not limited to a single-gate transistor, and may be a multi-gate transistor having a plurality of channel formation regions, for example, a double-gate transistor.
- transistors having various structures such as a planar type, a FIN type (fin type), and a TRI-GATE type (trigate type) can be used.
- Each of the transistors may have a similar structure or a different structure.
- the transistor size eg, channel length and channel width
- each transistor can be manufactured at the same time in the same process.
- the transistor 134 includes an electrode 243 that can function as a gate electrode, an electrode 244 that can function as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode, an electrode 245 that can function as the other of a source electrode and a drain electrode, An insulating layer 117 that can function as a gate insulating layer and a semiconductor layer 242 are included.
- an electrode 245 that functions as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 134 and an electrode that can function as one electrode of the capacitor 135 are formed using the electrode 245. .
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the electrode that functions as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 134 and the electrode that can function as one electrode of the capacitor 135 may be formed using different electrodes.
- the capacitor 135 has a structure in which an electrode 245 that can function as one electrode of the capacitor 135 and an electrode 273 that can function as the other electrode overlap with each other with the insulating layer 277 and the semiconductor layer 272c interposed therebetween.
- the electrode 273 can be formed at the same time as the electrode 243.
- the insulating layer 277 and the semiconductor layer 272c can function as a dielectric.
- the insulating layer 277 can be formed at the same time as the insulating layer 177.
- the semiconductor layer 272c can be formed at the same time as the semiconductor layer 242c. Note that one of the insulating layer 277 and the semiconductor layer 272c may be omitted.
- the insulating layer 108 is preferably formed using an insulating film having a function of preventing diffusion of impurities such as oxygen, hydrogen, water, alkali metal, and alkaline earth metal.
- the insulating film include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, and aluminum oxynitride. Note that by using silicon nitride, gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, or the like as the insulating film, impurities that diffuse from the photoelectric conversion element 136 side can be prevented from reaching the semiconductor layer 242. it can.
- the insulating layer 108 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an evaporation method, a thermal oxidation method, or the like.
- the insulating layer 108 can be formed using any of these materials as a single layer or stacked layers.
- the insulating layer 109 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 102.
- the insulating layer 108 is preferably formed using an insulating layer containing more oxygen than that in the stoichiometric composition. Part of oxygen is released by heating from the insulating layer containing oxygen in excess of that in the stoichiometric composition.
- the surface temperature of the layer is 100 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower, preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower by TDS analysis performed by heat treatment.
- the insulating layer has an oxygen desorption amount of 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more, preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more in terms of oxygen atoms.
- the insulating layer containing more oxygen than that in the stoichiometric composition can be formed by performing treatment for adding oxygen to the insulating layer.
- the treatment for adding oxygen can be performed using heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere, an ion implantation apparatus, an ion doping apparatus, or a plasma treatment apparatus.
- oxygen gas such as 16 O 2 or 18 O 2 , nitrous oxide gas, ozone gas, or the like can be used. Note that in this specification, treatment for adding oxygen is also referred to as “oxygen doping treatment”.
- Semiconductor layers such as the transistor 134 and the transistor 289 can be formed using a single crystal semiconductor, a polycrystalline semiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, a nanocrystal semiconductor, a semi-amorphous semiconductor, an amorphous semiconductor, or the like.
- amorphous silicon, microcrystalline germanium, or the like can be used.
- a compound semiconductor such as silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, an oxide semiconductor, or a nitride semiconductor, an organic semiconductor, or the like can be used.
- the semiconductor layer 242 is a stacked layer of the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242b, and the semiconductor layer 242c is described.
- the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242b, and the semiconductor layer 242c are formed using a material containing one or both of In and Ga.
- a material containing one or both of In and Ga typically, an In—Ga oxide (an oxide containing In and Ga), an In—Zn oxide (an oxide containing In and Zn), an In—M—Zn oxide (In, the element M, Zn-containing oxide, wherein the element M is one or more elements selected from Al, Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, or Hf, and is a metal element having a stronger binding force to oxygen than In There is.)
- the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c are preferably formed using a material containing one or more of the same metal elements among the metal elements included in the semiconductor layer 242b.
- a material containing one or more of the same metal elements among the metal elements included in the semiconductor layer 242b When such a material is used, interface states can be hardly generated at the interface between the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b and the interface between the semiconductor layer 242c and the semiconductor layer 242b. Thus, carrier scattering and trapping at the interface are unlikely to occur, and the field-effect mobility of the transistor can be improved. In addition, variation in threshold voltage of the transistor can be reduced. Therefore, a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be realized.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c is 3 nm to 100 nm, preferably 3 nm to 50 nm.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer 242b is 3 nm to 200 nm, preferably 3 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 3 nm to 50 nm.
- the semiconductor layer 242b is an In-M-Zn oxide and the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c are also In-M-Zn oxide
- y 1 / x 1 is y 2 / x 2
- the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242c, and the semiconductor layer 242b are selected so as to be larger.
- the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242c, and the semiconductor layer 242b are selected so that y 1 / x 1 is 1.5 times or more larger than y 2 / x 2 . More preferably, the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242c, and the semiconductor layer 242b are selected so that y 1 / x 1 is twice or more larger than y 2 / x 2 . More preferably, the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242c, and the semiconductor layer 242b are selected so that y 1 / x 1 is three times or more larger than y 2 / x 2 .
- y 1 be x 1 or more because stable electrical characteristics can be imparted to the transistor.
- y 1 is preferably less than 3 times x 1 .
- the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c can be a layer in which oxygen vacancies are less likely to occur than in the semiconductor layer 242b.
- the contents of In and the element M are preferably such that In is less than 50 atomic%, the element M is greater than 50 atomic%, and more preferably In is included. It is less than 25 atomic% and the element M is 75 atomic% or more.
- the semiconductor layer 242b is an In-M-Zn oxide
- the content ratio of In and the element M is preferably 25 atomic% or more for In, less than 75 atomic% for the element M, and more preferably 34 atomic% or more for In. M is less than 66 atomic%.
- An oxide, gallium oxide, or the like can be used.
- In—Ga—Zn oxide can be used. Note that the atomic ratio of the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b includes a variation of plus or minus 20% of the above atomic ratio as an error.
- the semiconductor layer 242b In order to impart stable electrical characteristics to the transistor including the semiconductor layer 242b, impurities and oxygen vacancies in the semiconductor layer 242b are reduced to high purity intrinsic, and the semiconductor layer 242b can be regarded as intrinsic or substantially intrinsic.
- a physical semiconductor layer is preferable.
- an oxide semiconductor layer that can be substantially regarded as intrinsic means that the carrier density in the oxide semiconductor layer is less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3, less than 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 , or 1 ⁇ 10 13 / cm. It refers to an oxide semiconductor layer that is less than 3 .
- FIG. 13 is an energy band structure diagram of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line in C1-C2 in FIG.
- FIG. 13 shows an energy band structure of a channel formation region of the transistor 134.
- Ec382, Ec383a, Ec383b, Ec383c, and Ec386 indicate the energy at the lower end of the conduction band of the insulating layer 109, the semiconductor layer 242a, the semiconductor layer 242b, the semiconductor layer 242c, and the insulating layer 117, respectively.
- the difference between the vacuum level and the energy at the bottom of the conduction band is defined as the energy gap based on the difference between the vacuum level and the energy at the top of the valence band (also referred to as ionization potential). Subtracted value.
- the energy gap can be measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer (HORIBA JOBIN YVON UT-300).
- the energy difference between the vacuum level and the upper end of the valence band can be measured using an ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) device (PHI VersaProbe).
- UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
- Ec382 and Ec386 are closer to the vacuum level (having a lower electron affinity) than Ec383a, Ec383b, and Ec383c.
- Ec383a is closer to the vacuum level than Ec383b. Specifically, Ec383a is 0.05 eV or more, 0.07 eV or more, 0.1 eV or more or 0.15 eV or more, and 2 eV or less, 1 eV or less, 0.5 eV or less, or 0.4 eV or less vacuum level than Ec383b. It is preferable that it is close to.
- Ec383c is closer to the vacuum level than Ec383b. Specifically, Ec383c is 0.05 eV or more, 0.07 eV or more, 0.1 eV or more or 0.15 eV or more, and 2 eV or less, 1 eV or less, 0.5 eV or less, or 0.4 eV or less than Ec383b. It is preferable that it is close to.
- a mixed region is formed in the vicinity of the interface between the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b and in the vicinity of the interface between the semiconductor layer 242b and the semiconductor layer 242c, and thus the energy at the lower end of the conduction band changes continuously. That is, there are almost no levels at these interfaces.
- the transistor 134 having the stacked structure of the oxide semiconductor can achieve high field effect mobility.
- trap levels 390 due to impurities and defects can be formed in the vicinity of the interface between the semiconductor layer 242a and the insulating layer 109 and in the vicinity of the interface between the semiconductor layer 242c and the insulating layer 117.
- the presence of the layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c makes it possible to keep the semiconductor layer 242b away from the trap level.
- the transistor 134 illustrated in this embodiment is formed so that the upper surface and the side surface of the semiconductor layer 242b are in contact with the semiconductor layer 242c, and the lower surface of the semiconductor layer 242b is in contact with the semiconductor layer 242a. In this manner, the semiconductor layer 242b is covered with the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c, so that the influence of the trap order can be further reduced.
- the band gap of the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c is preferably wider than the band gap of the semiconductor layer 242b.
- a transistor with little variation in electrical characteristics can be realized.
- a semiconductor device with little variation in electrical characteristics can be realized.
- a highly reliable transistor can be realized. Therefore, a highly reliable semiconductor device can be realized.
- the band gap of an oxide semiconductor is 2 eV or more
- a transistor in which an oxide semiconductor is used for a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed can have extremely low off-state current.
- the off-current per channel width of 1 ⁇ m can be less than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 20 A, preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 22 A, and more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 A at room temperature. That is, the on / off ratio can be 20 digits or more and 150 digits or less.
- a transistor with low power consumption can be realized. Therefore, an imaging device or a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be realized.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor for a semiconductor layer (also referred to as an “OS transistor”) has extremely low off-state current; thus, the capacitor 135 can be reduced by using an OS transistor for the transistor 133 and the transistor 134.
- a parasitic capacitor such as a transistor can be used instead of the capacitor 135 without providing the capacitor 135. Therefore, the light receiving area of the photoelectric conversion element 136 can be increased.
- an imaging device or a semiconductor device with high light receiving sensitivity can be realized. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, an imaging device or a semiconductor device with a wide dynamic range can be realized.
- an oxide semiconductor has a wide band gap
- a semiconductor device using an oxide semiconductor can be used in a wide temperature range.
- an imaging device or a semiconductor device with a wide operating temperature range can be realized.
- the above three-layer structure is an example.
- a two-layer structure in which one of the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242c is not formed may be used.
- the non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor film refers to a CAAC-OS (C Axis Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor) film, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor film, a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor film, an amorphous oxide semiconductor film, or the like.
- CAAC-OS C Axis Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor
- the CAAC-OS film is one of oxide semiconductor films having a plurality of c-axis aligned crystal parts.
- Each layer of metal atoms has a shape reflecting unevenness of a surface (also referred to as a formation surface) or an upper surface on which the CAAC-OS film is formed, and is arranged in parallel with the formation surface or the upper surface of the CAAC-OS film. .
- a peak may appear when the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) is around 31 °. Since this peak is attributed to the (009) plane of the InGaZnO 4 crystal, the crystal of the CAAC-OS film has c-axis orientation, and the c-axis is oriented in a direction substantially perpendicular to the formation surface or the top surface. Can be confirmed.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- CAAC-OS film including an InGaZnO 4 crystal is analyzed by an out-of-plane method, a peak may also appear when 2 ⁇ is around 36 ° in addition to the peak where 2 ⁇ is around 31 °.
- a peak at 2 ⁇ of around 36 ° indicates that a crystal having no c-axis alignment is included in part of the CAAC-OS film.
- the CAAC-OS film preferably has a peak at 2 ⁇ of around 31 ° and no peak at 2 ⁇ of around 36 °.
- the CAAC-OS film is an oxide semiconductor film with a low impurity concentration.
- the impurity is an element other than the main component of the oxide semiconductor film, such as hydrogen, carbon, silicon, or a transition metal element.
- an element such as silicon which has a stronger bonding force with oxygen than the metal element included in the oxide semiconductor film, disturbs the atomic arrangement of the oxide semiconductor film by depriving the oxide semiconductor film of oxygen, and has crystallinity. It becomes a factor to reduce.
- heavy metals such as iron and nickel, argon, carbon dioxide, and the like have large atomic radii (or molecular radii). Therefore, if they are contained inside an oxide semiconductor film, the atomic arrangement of the oxide semiconductor film is disturbed, resulting in crystallinity. It becomes a factor to reduce.
- the impurity contained in the oxide semiconductor film might serve as a carrier trap or a carrier generation source.
- the CAAC-OS film is an oxide semiconductor film with a low density of defect states.
- oxygen vacancies in the oxide semiconductor film can serve as carrier traps or can generate carriers by capturing hydrogen.
- a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states is called high purity intrinsic or substantially high purity intrinsic.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has few carrier generation sources, and thus can have a low carrier density. Therefore, a transistor including the oxide semiconductor film is unlikely to have electrical characteristics (also referred to as normally-on) in which the threshold voltage is negative.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has few carrier traps. Therefore, a transistor including the oxide semiconductor film has a small change in electrical characteristics and has high reliability. Note that the charge trapped in the carrier trap of the oxide semiconductor film takes a long time to be released, and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film with a high impurity concentration and a high density of defect states may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- a transistor including a CAAC-OS film has little variation in electrical characteristics due to irradiation with visible light or ultraviolet light.
- the microcrystalline oxide semiconductor film includes a region where a crystal part can be confirmed and a region where a clear crystal part cannot be confirmed in a high-resolution TEM image.
- a crystal part included in the microcrystalline oxide semiconductor film has a size of 1 nm to 100 nm, or 1 nm to 10 nm.
- an oxide semiconductor film including nanocrystals (nc: nanocrystal) that is 1 nm to 10 nm, or 1 nm to 3 nm is referred to as an nc-OS (nanocrystalline Oxide Semiconductor) film.
- nc-OS nanocrystalline Oxide Semiconductor
- the nc-OS film has periodicity in atomic arrangement in a very small region (eg, a region of 1 nm to 10 nm, particularly a region of 1 nm to 3 nm).
- the nc-OS film does not have regularity in crystal orientation between different crystal parts. Therefore, orientation is not seen in the whole film. Therefore, the nc-OS film may not be distinguished from an amorphous oxide semiconductor film depending on an analysis method. For example, when structural analysis is performed on the nc-OS film using an XRD apparatus using X-rays having a diameter larger than that of the crystal part, a peak indicating a crystal plane is not detected in the analysis by the out-of-plane method.
- a diffraction pattern such as a halo pattern is observed. Is done.
- nanobeam electron diffraction is performed on the nc-OS film using an electron beam having a probe diameter that is close to or smaller than the size of the crystal part, spots are observed.
- a region with high luminance may be observed so as to draw a circle (in a ring shape).
- a plurality of spots may be observed in the ring-shaped region.
- the nc-OS film is an oxide semiconductor film that has higher regularity than an amorphous oxide semiconductor film. Therefore, the nc-OS film has a lower density of defect states than the amorphous oxide semiconductor film. Note that the nc-OS film does not have regularity in crystal orientation between different crystal parts. Therefore, the nc-OS film has a higher density of defect states than the CAAC-OS film.
- An amorphous oxide semiconductor film is an oxide semiconductor film having an irregular atomic arrangement in the film and having no crystal part.
- An oxide semiconductor film having an amorphous state such as quartz is an example.
- the oxide semiconductor film may have a structure having physical properties between the nc-OS film and the amorphous oxide semiconductor film.
- the oxide semiconductor film having such a structure is particularly referred to as an amorphous-like oxide semiconductor (a-like OS: amorphous Semiconductor) film.
- a void (also referred to as a void) may be observed in a high-resolution TEM image. Moreover, in a high-resolution TEM image, it has the area
- the a-like OS film may be crystallized by a small amount of electron irradiation as observed by TEM, and a crystal part may be grown.
- nc-OS film crystallization due to a small amount of electron irradiation comparable to that observed by TEM is hardly observed.
- the crystal part size of the a-like OS film and the nc-OS film can be measured using high-resolution TEM images.
- a crystal of InGaZnO 4 has a layered structure, and two Ga—Zn—O layers are provided between In—O layers.
- the unit cell of InGaZnO 4 crystal has a structure in which a total of nine layers including three In—O layers and six Ga—Zn—O layers are stacked in the c-axis direction. Therefore, the distance between these adjacent layers is approximately the same as the lattice spacing (also referred to as d value) of the (009) plane, and the value is determined to be 0.29 nm from crystal structure analysis.
- each lattice fringe corresponds to the ab plane of the InGaZnO 4 crystal in a portion where the interval between the lattice fringes is 0.28 nm or more and 0.30 nm or less.
- the oxide semiconductor film may have a different density for each structure.
- the structure of the oxide semiconductor film can be estimated by comparing with the density of a single crystal having the same composition as the composition.
- the density of the a-like OS film is 78.6% or more and less than 92.3% with respect to the density of the single crystal.
- the density of the nc-OS film and the density of the CAAC-OS film are 92.3% or more and less than 100% with respect to the density of the single crystal. Note that it is difficult to form an oxide semiconductor film whose density is lower than 78% with respect to that of a single crystal.
- the density of the nc-OS film and the density of the CAAC-OS film are 5.9 g / cm 3 or more 6 Less than 3 g / cm 3 .
- a density corresponding to a single crystal having a desired composition can be calculated by combining single crystals having different compositions at an arbitrary ratio. What is necessary is just to calculate the density of the single crystal of a desired composition using a weighted average with respect to the ratio which combines the single crystal from which a composition differs. However, the density is preferably calculated by combining as few kinds of single crystals as possible.
- the oxide semiconductor film may be a stacked film including two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor film, an a-like OS film, a microcrystalline oxide semiconductor film, and a CAAC-OS film, for example. .
- the quality of the CAAC-OS film can be expressed by a ratio of a region where a diffraction pattern of the CAAC-OS film is observed in a certain range (also referred to as a CAAC conversion rate) in some cases.
- a CAAC conversion ratio is 50% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, and more preferably 95% or more.
- a region where a diffraction pattern different from that of the CAAC-OS film is observed is referred to as a non-CAAC conversion rate.
- an oxide containing indium can be given.
- the carrier mobility electron mobility
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains the element M.
- the element M is preferably aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, or the like. Examples of other elements applicable to the element M include boron, silicon, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, and magnesium.
- the element M may be a combination of a plurality of the aforementioned elements.
- the element M is an element having a high binding energy with oxygen, for example.
- the element M is an element having a function of increasing the energy gap of the oxide, for example.
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains zinc. When the oxide contains zinc, for example, the oxide is easily crystallized.
- the oxide semiconductor is not limited to an oxide containing indium.
- the oxide semiconductor may be, for example, zinc tin oxide, gallium tin oxide, or gallium oxide.
- the oxide semiconductor an oxide with a wide energy gap is used.
- the energy gap of the oxide semiconductor is, for example, 2.5 eV to 4.2 eV, preferably 2.8 eV to 3.8 eV, and more preferably 3 eV to 3.5 eV.
- the influence of impurities in the oxide semiconductor will be described. Note that in order to stabilize the electrical characteristics of the transistor, it is effective to reduce the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor so that the carrier density and the purity are reduced. Note that the carrier density of the oxide semiconductor is less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 pieces / cm 3, less than 1 ⁇ 10 15 pieces / cm 3 , or less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 pieces / cm 3 . In order to reduce the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor, it is preferable to reduce the impurity concentration in an adjacent film.
- silicon in the oxide semiconductor may serve as a carrier trap or a carrier generation source. Therefore, the silicon concentration in the oxide semiconductor is less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Preferably, it is less than 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- the carrier density may be increased.
- the hydrogen concentration of the oxide semiconductor is 2 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ in SIMS. 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the carrier density may be increased.
- the nitrogen concentration of the oxide semiconductor is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 5 or less in SIMS. ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the hydrogen concentration of the insulating layer 109 and the insulating layer 117 is 2 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, in SIMS. Preferably, it is 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the nitrogen concentration of the insulating layer 109 and the insulating layer 117 is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less in SIMS. More preferably, it is 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the semiconductor layer 242a is formed over the insulating layer 109, and the semiconductor layer 242b is formed over the semiconductor layer 242a.
- a sputtering method is preferably used for forming the oxide semiconductor layer.
- an RF sputtering method As the sputtering method, an RF sputtering method, a DC sputtering method, an AC sputtering method, or the like can be used.
- the DC sputtering method or the AC sputtering method can form a film with higher uniformity than the RF sputtering method.
- oxygen doping treatment may be performed after the semiconductor layer 242a is formed.
- the semiconductor layer 242b is formed over the semiconductor layer 242a.
- an In—Ga—Zn oxide with a thickness of 30 nm is formed by a sputtering method.
- constituent elements and compositions applicable to the semiconductor layer 242b are not limited thereto.
- oxygen doping treatment may be performed after the semiconductor layer 242b is formed.
- heat treatment may be performed to further reduce impurities such as moisture or hydrogen contained in the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b so that the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b are highly purified.
- the amount of moisture when measured using a dew point meter under a reduced pressure atmosphere an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or a rare gas, an oxidizing atmosphere, or ultra-dry air (CRDS (cavity ring down laser spectroscopy) method
- the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b are subjected to heat treatment in an atmosphere of 20 ppm ( ⁇ 55 ° C. in terms of dew point) or less, preferably 1 ppm or less, preferably 10 ppb or less.
- the oxidizing atmosphere refers to an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more of an oxidizing gas such as oxygen, ozone, or oxygen nitride.
- the inert atmosphere refers to an atmosphere filled with nitrogen or a rare gas, in which the oxidizing gas is less than 10 ppm.
- heat treatment oxygen contained in the insulating layer 109 can be diffused into the semiconductor layers 242a and 242b at the same time as the impurity is released, so that oxygen vacancies in the semiconductor layers 242a and 242b can be reduced.
- heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more.
- heat treatment may be performed at any time after the semiconductor layer 242b is formed. For example, heat treatment may be performed after the selective etching of the semiconductor layer 242b.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C to 650 ° C, preferably 300 ° C to 500 ° C.
- the processing time is within 24 hours. Heat treatment for more than 24 hours is not preferable because it causes a decrease in productivity.
- a resist mask is formed over the semiconductor layer 242b, and the semiconductor layer 242a and part of the semiconductor layer 242b are selectively etched using the resist mask.
- part of the insulating layer 109 may be etched, and a convex portion may be formed in the insulating layer 109 in some cases.
- Etching of the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b may be a dry etching method or a wet etching method, or both may be used. After the etching is completed, the resist mask is removed.
- the transistor 134 includes an electrode 244 and an electrode 245 over the semiconductor layer 242b and in contact with part of the semiconductor layer 242b.
- the electrode 244 and the electrode 245 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the wiring 121.
- the transistor 134 includes the semiconductor layer 242b, the electrode 244, and the semiconductor layer 242c over the electrode 245.
- the semiconductor layer 242c is in contact with a part of each of the semiconductor layer 242b, the electrode 244, and the electrode 245.
- constituent elements and compositions applicable to the semiconductor layer 242c are not limited thereto.
- gallium oxide may be used for the semiconductor layer 242c.
- oxygen doping treatment may be performed on the semiconductor layer 242c.
- the transistor 241 includes the insulating layer 117 over the semiconductor layer 242c.
- the insulating layer 117 can function as a gate insulating layer.
- the insulating layer 117 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 102.
- the insulating layer 117 may be subjected to oxygen doping treatment.
- a mask is formed over the insulating layer 117, and part of the semiconductor layer 242c and the insulating layer 117 is selectively etched, so that the island-shaped semiconductor layer 242c and the island-shaped semiconductor layer 242c are formed.
- the insulating layer 117 may be used.
- the transistor 134 includes an electrode 243 over the insulating layer 117.
- the electrode 243 (including another electrode or a wiring formed using the same layer as these) can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the wiring 121.
- the electrode 243 is a stack of the electrode 243a and the electrode 243b is shown.
- the electrode 243a is formed using tantalum nitride
- the electrode 243b is formed using copper.
- the electrode 243a functions as a barrier layer and can prevent diffusion of copper element. Therefore, a highly reliable semiconductor device can be realized.
- the transistor 241 includes an insulating layer 118 that covers the electrode 243.
- the insulating layer 118 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 102.
- the insulating layer 118 may be subjected to oxygen doping treatment. Further, the surface of the insulating layer 118 may be subjected to CMP treatment.
- the insulating layer 119 is provided over the insulating layer 118.
- the insulating layer 119 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 105.
- the surface of the insulating layer 119 may be subjected to CMP treatment. By performing the CMP treatment, unevenness on the surface of the sample can be reduced, and the coverage of the insulating layer and the conductive layer to be formed thereafter can be improved.
- openings are formed in part of the insulating layer 119 and the insulating layer 118. A contact plug is formed in the opening.
- a wiring 127 and a wiring 144 are formed over the insulating layer 119.
- the wiring 144 is electrically connected to the electrode 273 through a contact plug in an opening provided in the insulating layer 119 and the insulating layer 118.
- the wiring 127 is electrically connected to the electrode 243 through a contact plug in openings provided in the insulating layer 119 and the insulating layer 118.
- the imaging device 100 includes an insulating layer 115 so as to cover the wiring 127 and the wiring 144 (including other electrodes or wirings formed using the same layer as these).
- the insulating layer 115 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 105. Further, CMP treatment may be performed on the surface of the insulating layer 115. By performing the CMP treatment, unevenness on the surface of the sample can be reduced, and the coverage of the insulating layer and the conductive layer to be formed thereafter can be improved. An opening is formed in part of the insulating layer 115.
- a wiring 122, a wiring 123, and a wiring 266 are formed.
- the wiring 122, the wiring 123, and the wiring 266 are formed in the other layers through openings and contact plugs formed in the insulating layer. It can be electrically connected to a wiring or an electrode of another layer.
- an insulating layer 116 is provided to cover the wiring 122, the wiring 123, and the wiring 266.
- the insulating layer 116 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 105. Further, CMP treatment may be performed on the surface of the insulating layer 116.
- FIG. 14A illustrates an enlarged cross-sectional view of the transistor 281 illustrated in FIG. 11 as an example of a transistor included in the peripheral circuit.
- FIG. 14B is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the transistor 282 illustrated in FIG.
- the case where the transistor 281 is a p-channel transistor and the transistor 282 is an n-channel transistor is described as an example.
- the transistor 281 includes an i-type semiconductor 283, a p-type semiconductor 285, an insulating layer 286, an electrode 287, and a sidewall 288 where a channel is formed.
- a low concentration p-type impurity region 284 is provided in a region overlapping with the side wall 288 in the i-type semiconductor 283.
- the i-type semiconductor 283 included in the transistor 281 can be formed at the same time as the i-type semiconductor 222 included in the photoelectric conversion element 136 in the same step. Further, the p-type semiconductor 285 included in the transistor 281 can be formed at the same time as the p-type semiconductor 221 included in the photoelectric conversion element 136.
- the insulating layer 286 can function as a gate insulating layer.
- the electrode 287 can function as a gate electrode.
- the low-concentration p-type impurity region 284 can be formed by introducing an impurity element using the electrode 287 as a mask after the electrode 287 is formed and before the sidewall 288 is formed. That is, the low concentration p-type impurity region 284 can be formed by a self-alignment method. Note that the low-concentration p-type impurity region 284 has the same conductivity type as the p-type semiconductor 285, and the concentration of the impurity imparting conductivity is lower than that of the p-type semiconductor 285.
- the transistor 282 has a structure similar to that of the transistor 281 except that the transistor 282 includes a low-concentration n-type impurity region 294 and an n-type semiconductor 295 instead of the low-concentration p-type impurity region 284 and the p-type semiconductor 285.
- the n-type semiconductor 295 included in the transistor 282 can be formed at the same time as the n-type semiconductor 223 included in the photoelectric conversion element 136 in the same step.
- the low-concentration n-type impurity region 294 can be formed by a self-alignment method. Note that the low-concentration n-type impurity region 294 has the same conductivity type as the n-type semiconductor 295, and the concentration of the impurity imparting conductivity is lower than that of the n-type semiconductor 295.
- various films such as a metal film, a semiconductor film, and an inorganic insulating film disclosed in this specification and the like can be formed by a sputtering method or a plasma CVD method, but other methods, for example, thermal CVD (Chemical Vapor). You may form by the Deposition method.
- thermal CVD a MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) method or an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method may be used.
- the thermal CVD method has an advantage that no defect is generated due to plasma damage because it is a film forming method that does not use plasma.
- film formation may be performed by sending a source gas and an oxidant into the chamber at the same time, making the inside of the chamber under atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, reacting in the vicinity of the substrate or on the substrate and depositing on the substrate. .
- film formation may be performed by setting the inside of the chamber to atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, sequentially introducing source gases for reaction into the chamber, and repeating the order of introducing the gases.
- each switching valve also referred to as a high-speed valve
- An active gas such as argon or nitrogen
- a second source gas is introduced.
- the inert gas becomes a carrier gas, and the inert gas may be introduced at the same time when the second raw material gas is introduced.
- the second raw material gas may be introduced after the first raw material gas is exhausted by evacuation.
- the first source gas is adsorbed on the surface of the substrate to form a first layer, reacts with a second source gas introduced later, and the second layer is stacked on the first layer.
- a thin film is formed.
- a thermal CVD method such as an MOCVD method or an ALD method can form various films such as a metal film, a semiconductor film, and an inorganic insulating film disclosed in the embodiments described so far.
- a metal film such as a metal film, a semiconductor film, and an inorganic insulating film disclosed in the embodiments described so far.
- In—Ga—Zn When forming a -O film, trimethylindium, trimethylgallium, and dimethylzinc are used. Note that the chemical formula of trimethylindium is In (CH 3 ) 3 .
- the chemical formula of trimethylgallium is Ga (CH 3 ) 3 .
- the chemical formula of dimethylzinc is Zn (CH 3 ) 2 .
- Triethylgallium (chemical formula Ga (C 2 H 5 ) 3 ) can be used instead of trimethylgallium, and diethylzinc (chemical formula Zn (C 2 H 5 ) is used instead of dimethylzinc. 2 ) can also be used.
- hafnium oxide film when a hafnium oxide film is formed by a film forming apparatus using ALD, a liquid containing a solvent and a hafnium precursor compound (hafnium alkoxide solution, typically tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium (TDMAH)) is vaporized.
- hafnium alkoxide solution typically tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium (TDMAH)
- TDMAH tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium
- gases that is, source gas and ozone (O 3 ) as an oxidizing agent are used.
- source gas and ozone (O 3 ) as an oxidizing agent.
- the chemical formula of tetrakisdimethylamide hafnium is Hf [N (CH 3 ) 2 ] 4 .
- Other material liquids include tetrakis (ethylmethylamide) hafnium.
- a source gas obtained by vaporizing a liquid such as trimethylaluminum (TMA)
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- H 2 a solvent and an aluminum precursor compound
- gases of O Two kinds of gases of O are used.
- trimethylaluminum is Al (CH 3 ) 3 .
- Other material liquids include tris (dimethylamido) aluminum, triisobutylaluminum, aluminum tris (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) and the like.
- hexachlorodisilane is adsorbed on the film formation surface, chlorine contained in the adsorbate is removed, and an oxidizing gas (O 2 , monoxide) Dinitrogen) radicals are supplied to react with the adsorbate.
- oxidizing gas O 2 , monoxide
- tungsten film is formed by a film forming apparatus using ALD
- an initial tungsten film is formed by repeatedly introducing WF 6 gas and B 2 H 6 gas successively, and then WF 6 gas and H 2.
- a tungsten film is formed by successively introducing gases.
- SiH 4 gas may be used instead of B 2 H 6 gas.
- an oxide semiconductor film such as an In—Ga—Zn—O film is formed by a film formation apparatus using ALD
- In (CH 3 ) 3 gas and O 3 gas are sequentially introduced, and In -O layer is formed, and then Ga (CH 3 ) 3 gas and O 3 gas are repeatedly introduced sequentially to form a GaO layer, and then Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas and O 3 gas are successively introduced repeatedly.
- ZnO layer is not limited to this example.
- a mixed compound layer such as an In—Ga—O layer, an In—Zn—O layer, or a Ga—Zn—O layer may be formed using these gases.
- O 3 may an inert gas instead of the gas such as Ar also be used of H 2 O gas obtained by bubbling with water, but better to use an O 3 gas containing no H are preferred.
- In (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of In (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- Ga (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of Ga (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- In (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of In (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas may be used.
- Peripheral circuits and pixel circuits Peripheral circuits and pixel circuits, OR circuits, AND circuits, NAND circuits, NOR circuits, etc., inverter circuits, buffer circuits, shift register circuits, flip-flop circuits, encoder circuits, decoder circuits, amplifier circuits, analog switches
- a circuit, an integration circuit, a differentiation circuit, a memory element, and the like can be provided as appropriate.
- CMOS circuit or the like that can be used for a peripheral circuit and a pixel circuit is described with reference to FIGS.
- FIGS. 15A to 15E “OS” is described in a circuit symbol of a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in order to clearly indicate that the transistor includes an oxide semiconductor. It is attached.
- the CMOS circuit illustrated in FIG. 15A illustrates a configuration example of a so-called inverter circuit in which a p-channel transistor 281 and an n-channel transistor 282 are connected in series and gates thereof are connected.
- the CMOS circuit illustrated in FIG. 15B illustrates a configuration example of a so-called analog switch circuit in which a p-channel transistor 281 and an n-channel transistor 282 are connected in parallel.
- FIG. 15C a configuration example of a so-called memory element in which one of a source and a drain of an n-channel transistor 289 is connected to a gate of a p-channel transistor and one electrode of a capacitor 257.
- FIG. 15D illustrates a configuration example of a so-called memory element in which one of a source and a drain of an n-channel transistor 289 is connected to one electrode of a capacitor 257.
- electric charge input from the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 289 can be held in the node 256.
- the charge of the node 256 can be held for a long time.
- the transistor 281 may be a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a semiconductor layer where a channel is formed.
- a circuit illustrated in FIG. 15E illustrates a configuration example of an optical sensor.
- one of a source and a drain of a transistor 292 in which an oxide semiconductor is used for a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed is electrically connected to a photodiode 291 and the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 292 is a node.
- the gate of the transistor 293 is electrically connected through the H.254.
- off-state current can be extremely small; therefore, the potential of the node 254 determined in accordance with the amount of received light is unlikely to fluctuate. Therefore, it is possible to realize an imaging device that is hardly affected by noise. In addition, an imaging device with high linearity can be realized.
- a circuit in which the shift register circuit 1800 and the buffer circuit 1900 illustrated in FIG. Alternatively, a circuit in which the shift register circuit 1810, the buffer circuit 1910, and the analog switch circuit 2100 illustrated in FIG. Each vertical output line 2110 is selected by the analog switch circuit 2100 and outputs an output signal to the output line 2200.
- the analog switch circuit 2100 can be sequentially selected by the shift register circuit 1810 and the buffer circuit 1910.
- an integration circuit as shown in FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C may be connected to the wiring 137 (OUT).
- the S / N ratio of the readout signal can be increased and weaker light can be detected. That is, the sensitivity of the imaging device can be increased.
- FIG. 17A illustrates an integration circuit using an operational amplifier circuit (also referred to as an OP amplifier).
- the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the wiring 137 through the resistance element R.
- the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the ground potential.
- the output terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit via the capacitive element C.
- FIG. 17B illustrates an integration circuit using an operational amplifier circuit having a structure different from that in FIG.
- the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the wiring 137 (OUT) through the resistor element R and the capacitor element C1.
- the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the ground potential.
- the output terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit via the capacitive element C2.
- FIG. 17C illustrates an integration circuit using an operational amplifier circuit having a structure different from those in FIGS. 17A and 17B.
- the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the wiring 137 through the resistance element R.
- the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit is connected to the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier circuit.
- the resistance element R and the capacitance element C constitute a CR integration circuit.
- the operational amplifier circuit constitutes a unity gain buffer.
- a transistor 410 illustrated in FIG. 18A1 is a channel protection transistor which is a kind of bottom-gate transistor.
- the transistor 410 includes an electrode 246 that can function as a gate electrode over the insulating layer 109.
- the semiconductor layer 242 is provided over the electrode 246 with the insulating layer 117 interposed therebetween.
- the electrode 246 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the wiring 121.
- the transistor 410 includes an insulating layer 209 that can function as a channel protective layer over the channel formation region of the semiconductor layer 242.
- the insulating layer 209 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 117. Part of the electrode 244 and part of the electrode 249 are formed over the insulating layer 209.
- the insulating layer 209 By providing the insulating layer 209 over the channel formation region, it is possible to prevent the semiconductor layer 242 from being exposed when the electrode 244 and the electrode 249 are formed. Accordingly, the semiconductor layer 242 can be prevented from being thinned when the electrode 244 and the electrode 249 are formed. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transistor with favorable electrical characteristics can be realized.
- a transistor 411 illustrated in FIG. 18A2 is different from the transistor 410 in that the transistor 411 includes an electrode 213 that can function as a back gate electrode over the insulating layer 118.
- the electrode 213 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the wiring 121.
- the back gate electrode is formed using a conductive layer, and the channel formation region of the semiconductor layer is sandwiched between the gate electrode and the back gate electrode. Therefore, the back gate electrode can function in the same manner as the gate electrode.
- the potential of the back gate electrode may be the same as that of the gate electrode, or may be a GND potential or an arbitrary potential.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor can be changed by changing the potential of the back gate electrode independently of the gate electrode.
- Both the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 can function as gate electrodes.
- the insulating layer 117, the insulating layer 209, and the insulating layer 118 can function as gate insulating layers.
- the other is sometimes referred to as a “back gate electrode”.
- the electrode 246 when the electrode 213 is referred to as a “gate electrode”, the electrode 246 may be referred to as a “back gate electrode”.
- the transistor 411 can be regarded as a kind of top-gate transistor.
- One of the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 may be referred to as a “first gate electrode”, and the other may be referred to as a “second gate electrode”.
- the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 With the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 with the semiconductor layer 242 interposed therebetween, and further by setting the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 to have the same potential, a region where carriers flow in the semiconductor layer 242 becomes larger in the film thickness direction. The amount of carrier movement increases. As a result, the on-state current of the transistor 411 increases and the field-effect mobility increases.
- the transistor 411 has a large on-state current with respect to the occupied area. That is, the area occupied by the transistor 411 can be reduced with respect to the required on-state current. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the area occupied by a transistor can be reduced. Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a highly integrated semiconductor device can be realized.
- the gate electrode and the back gate electrode are formed using conductive layers, they have a function of preventing an electric field generated outside the transistor from acting on a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed (particularly, an electric field shielding function against static electricity). .
- the electric field shielding function can be improved by forming the back gate electrode larger than the semiconductor layer and covering the semiconductor layer with the back gate electrode.
- the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 each have a function of shielding an electric field from the outside, charges such as charged particles generated on the insulating layer 109 side or above the electrode 213 do not affect the channel formation region of the semiconductor layer 242.
- deterioration of a stress test for example, a gate bias-temperature (GBT) stress test in which a negative charge is applied to the gate
- GBT gate bias-temperature
- the BT stress test is a kind of accelerated test, and a change in transistor characteristics (that is, a secular change) caused by long-term use can be evaluated in a short time.
- the amount of change in the threshold voltage of the transistor before and after the BT stress test is an important index for examining reliability. Before and after the BT stress test, the smaller the variation amount of the threshold voltage, the higher the reliability of the transistor.
- the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 are included, and the electrode 246 and the electrode 213 are set to the same potential, the amount of variation in threshold voltage is reduced. For this reason, variation in electrical characteristics among a plurality of transistors is reduced at the same time.
- a transistor having a back gate electrode also has a smaller threshold voltage variation before and after the + GBT stress test in which a positive charge is applied to the gate than a transistor having no back gate electrode.
- the back gate electrode when light enters from the back gate electrode side, the back gate electrode is formed using a light-shielding conductive film, whereby light can be prevented from entering the semiconductor layer from the back gate electrode side. Therefore, light deterioration of the semiconductor layer can be prevented, and deterioration of electrical characteristics such as shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor can be prevented.
- a highly reliable transistor can be realized.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be realized.
- a transistor 420 illustrated in FIG. 18B1 is a channel-protective transistor that is one of bottom-gate transistors.
- the transistor 420 has substantially the same structure as the transistor 410 except that the insulating layer 209 covers the semiconductor layer 242.
- the semiconductor layer 242 and the electrode 244 are electrically connected to each other in an opening formed by selectively removing part of the insulating layer 209 that overlaps with the semiconductor layer 242.
- the semiconductor layer 242 and the electrode 249 are electrically connected to each other in an opening formed by selectively removing part of the insulating layer 209 which overlaps with the semiconductor layer 242.
- a region of the insulating layer 209 that overlaps with a channel formation region can function as a channel protective layer.
- a transistor 421 illustrated in FIG. 18B2 is different from the transistor 420 in that the transistor 421 includes an electrode 213 that can function as a back gate electrode over the insulating layer 118.
- the semiconductor layer 242 By providing the insulating layer 209, exposure of the semiconductor layer 242 that occurs when the electrode 244 and the electrode 249 are formed can be prevented. Accordingly, the semiconductor layer 242 can be prevented from being thinned when the electrode 244 and the electrode 249 are formed.
- the distance between the electrode 244 and the electrode 246 and the distance between the electrode 249 and the electrode 246 are longer than those in the transistor 410 and the transistor 411. Accordingly, parasitic capacitance generated between the electrode 244 and the electrode 246 can be reduced. In addition, parasitic capacitance generated between the electrode 249 and the electrode 246 can be reduced. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transistor with favorable electrical characteristics can be realized.
- a transistor 430 illustrated in FIG. 19A1 is a kind of top-gate transistor.
- the transistor 430 includes the semiconductor layer 242 over the insulating layer 109, and includes the electrode 244 in contact with part of the semiconductor layer 242 and the electrode 249 in contact with part of the semiconductor layer 242 over the semiconductor layer 242 and the insulating layer 109.
- the insulating layer 117 is provided over the semiconductor layer 242, the electrode 244, and the electrode 249, and the electrode 246 is provided over the insulating layer 117.
- the transistor 430 can reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between the electrode 246 and the electrode 244 and the parasitic capacitance generated between the electrode 246 and the electrode 249 because the electrode 246 and the electrode 244 and the electrode 246 and the electrode 249 do not overlap with each other. it can.
- the impurity element 255 is introduced into the semiconductor layer 242 using the electrode 246 as a mask, whereby an impurity region can be formed in the semiconductor layer 242 in a self-aligned manner. (See FIG. 19 (A3)). According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transistor with favorable electrical characteristics can be realized.
- the impurity element 255 can be introduced using an ion implantation apparatus, an ion doping apparatus, or a plasma treatment apparatus.
- the impurity element 255 for example, at least one element of a Group 13 element or a Group 15 element can be used. In the case where an oxide semiconductor is used for the semiconductor layer 242, as the impurity element 255, at least one element of a rare gas, hydrogen, and nitrogen can be used.
- a transistor 431 illustrated in FIG. 19A2 is different from the transistor 430 in that the electrode 213 and the insulating layer 217 are included.
- the transistor 431 includes an electrode 213 formed over the insulating layer 109 and an insulating layer 217 formed over the electrode 213.
- the electrode 213 can function as a back gate electrode.
- the insulating layer 217 can function as a gate insulating layer.
- the insulating layer 217 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the insulating layer 205.
- the transistor 431 is a transistor having a large on-state current with respect to the occupied area. That is, the area occupied by the transistor 431 can be reduced with respect to the required on-state current. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the area occupied by a transistor can be reduced. Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a highly integrated semiconductor device can be realized.
- a transistor 440 illustrated in FIG. 19B1 is one of top-gate transistors.
- the transistor 440 is different from the transistor 430 in that the semiconductor layer 242 is formed after the electrodes 244 and 249 are formed.
- a transistor 441 illustrated in FIG. 19B2 is different from the transistor 440 in that the electrode 213 and the insulating layer 217 are included.
- part of the semiconductor layer 242 is formed over the electrode 244 and the other part of the semiconductor layer 242 is formed over the electrode 249.
- the transistor 441 is a transistor having a large on-state current with respect to the occupied area. That is, the area occupied by the transistor 441 can be reduced with respect to the required on-state current. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the area occupied by a transistor can be reduced. Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a highly integrated semiconductor device can be realized.
- the transistor 440 and the transistor 441 can also form impurity regions in a self-aligned manner in the semiconductor layer 242 by introducing the impurity element 255 into the semiconductor layer 242 using the electrode 246 as a mask after the electrode 246 is formed. it can. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transistor with favorable electrical characteristics can be realized. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a highly integrated semiconductor device can be realized.
- a transistor 450 illustrated in FIGS. 20A and 20B has a structure in which a top surface and a side surface of a semiconductor layer 242b are covered with a semiconductor layer 242c.
- 20A is a top view of the transistor 450.
- FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view (cross-sectional view in the channel length direction) of the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG.
- 20C is a cross-sectional view (cross-sectional view in the channel width direction) of the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line Y1-Y2 in FIG.
- the transistor 450 has a structure in which the semiconductor layer 242b can be electrically surrounded by the electric field of the electrode 243.
- a transistor structure that electrically surrounds a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed by an electric field of a conductive film is referred to as a surrounded channel (s-channel) structure.
- a transistor having an s-channel structure is also referred to as an “s-channel transistor” or an “s-channel transistor”.
- a channel may be formed in the entire semiconductor layer 242b (bulk).
- the drain current of the transistor can be increased and a larger on-current can be obtained. Further, the entire region of the channel formation region formed in the semiconductor layer 242b can be depleted by the electric field of the electrode 243. Therefore, in the s-channel structure, the off-state current of the transistor can be further reduced.
- the exposed semiconductor layer 242a may be removed when the semiconductor layer 242b is formed. In this case, the side surfaces of the semiconductor layer 242a and the semiconductor layer 242b may be aligned.
- FIG. 21A is a top view of the transistor 451.
- FIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view illustrating a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG.
- FIG. 21C is a cross-sectional view illustrating a portion indicated by dashed-dotted line Y1-Y2 in FIG.
- FIG. 22A is a top view of the transistor 452.
- FIG. 22B is a cross-sectional view illustrating a portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line X1-X2 in FIG. 22C is a cross-sectional view illustrating a portion indicated by dashed-dotted line Y1-Y2 in FIG.
- the layer 214 is provided over the insulating layer 119, but may be provided over the insulating layer 118.
- the layer 214 is formed using a light-blocking material, variation in characteristics of the transistor due to light irradiation, reduction in reliability, or the like can be prevented. Note that the above effect can be enhanced by forming the layer 214 at least larger than the semiconductor layer 242b and covering the semiconductor layer 242b with the layer 214.
- the layer 214 can be formed using an organic material, an inorganic material, or a metal material. In the case where the layer 214 is formed using a conductive material, a voltage may be supplied to the layer 214 or the layer 214 may be in an electrically floating (floating) state.
- the electrode 245 when the transistor 134 is turned off, the electrode 245 is in a floating state and is easily affected by surrounding potential fluctuations such as noise. In other words, when the transistor 134 is turned off, the potential of the electrode 245 that can function as the node 152 may fluctuate due to the influence of a surrounding electric field such as noise.
- the electrode 212 can be formed using a material and a method similar to those of the wiring 121.
- a display device such as a television or a monitor, a lighting device, a desktop or notebook personal computer, a word processor, a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), or the like is stored in a recording medium
- Playback device for playing back still images or moving images, portable CD player, radio, tape recorder, headphone stereo, stereo, navigation system, table clock, wall clock, cordless telephone cordless handset, transceiver, mobile phone, car phone, portable Large-sized game machines such as game machines, tablet terminals, pachinko machines, calculators, personal digital assistants, electronic notebooks, electronic books, electronic translators, voice input devices, video cameras, digital still cameras, electric shavers, microwave ovens, etc.
- Heating equipment Electric rice cooker, electric washing machine, electric vacuum cleaner, water heater, electric fan, hair dryer, air conditioner, humidifier, dehumidifier, etc., dishwasher, dish dryer, clothes dryer, futon dryer, Electric refrigerator, electric freezer, electric refrigerator-freezer, DNA storage freezer, flashlight, tools such as chainsaw, smoke detector, medical equipment such as dialysis machine, facsimile, printer, printer multifunction device, automatic teller machine (ATM) And vending machines. Further examples include industrial equipment such as guide lights, traffic lights, belt conveyors, elevators, escalators, industrial robots, power storage systems, power storage devices for power leveling and smart grids.
- an engine using fuel and a moving body driven by an electric motor using electric power from a non-aqueous secondary battery are also included in the category of electronic devices.
- the moving body include an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid vehicle (HEV) having both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), a tracked vehicle in which these tire wheels are changed to an endless track, and electric assist.
- EV electric vehicle
- HEV hybrid vehicle
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- Examples include motorbikes including bicycles, motorcycles, electric wheelchairs, golf carts, small or large ships, submarines, helicopters, aircraft, rockets, artificial satellites, space probes, planetary probes, and space ships.
- FIG. 24A illustrates a video camera, which includes a first housing 941, a second housing 942, a display portion 943, operation keys 944, a lens 945, a connection portion 946, and the like.
- the operation key 944 and the lens 945 are provided in the first housing 941, and the display portion 943 is provided in the second housing 942.
- the first housing 941 and the second housing 942 are connected by a connection portion 946, and the angle between the first housing 941 and the second housing 942 can be changed by the connection portion 946. is there.
- the video on the display portion 943 may be switched according to the angle between the first housing 941 and the second housing 942 in the connection portion 946.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided at a position where the lens 945 is focused.
- FIG. 24B illustrates a cellular phone, which includes a housing 951, a display portion 952, a microphone 957, a speaker 954, a camera 959, an input / output terminal 956, an operation button 955, and the like.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the camera 959.
- FIG. 24C illustrates a digital camera, which includes a housing 921, a shutter button 922, a microphone 923, a light-emitting portion 927, a lens 925, and the like.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided at a position where the lens 925 becomes a focal point.
- FIG. 24D illustrates a portable game machine including a housing 901, a housing 902, a display portion 903, a display portion 904, a microphone 905, a speaker 906, operation keys 907, a stylus 908, a camera 909, and the like.
- the portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 23A includes two display portions 903 and 904, the number of display portions included in the portable game device is not limited thereto.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the camera 909.
- FIG. 24E illustrates a wristwatch-type information terminal including a housing 931, a display portion 932, a wristband 933, a camera 939, and the like.
- the display unit 932 may be a touch panel.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the camera 909.
- FIG. 24F illustrates a portable data terminal including a first housing 911, a display portion 912, a camera 919, and the like. Information can be input and output by a touch panel function of the display portion 912.
- the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the camera 909.
- the electronic device described above is not particularly limited as long as the imaging device of one embodiment of the present invention is included.
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Abstract
Description
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の撮像装置について、図面を参照して説明する。
図1(A)は、本発明の一態様の撮像装置100の構成例を示す平面図である。撮像装置100は、画素部110と、第1の回路260、第2の回路270、第3の回路280、及び第4の回路290を有する。画素部110は、p行q列(p及びqは2以上の自然数)のマトリクス状に配置された複数の画素111(撮像素子)を有する。第1の回路260乃至第4の回路290は、複数の画素111に接続し、複数の画素111を駆動するための信号を供給する機能を有する。なお、本明細書等において、第1の回路260乃至第4の回路290などを「周辺回路」もしくは「駆動回路」と呼ぶ場合がある。例えば、第1の回路260は周辺回路の一部と言える。
画素111の構成例について、図3乃至図5を用いて説明する。画素111は、トランジスタ131、トランジスタ132、トランジスタ133、トランジスタ134、容量素子135、及び光電変換素子136などの機能素子を有する。また、画素111を構成する機能素子のうち、光電変換素子136以外の機能素子で構成した回路を画素駆動回路112と呼ぶ。なお、画素駆動回路112は光電変換素子136と電気的に接続される。画素駆動回路112は、光電変換素子136の受光量に応じたアナログ信号を生成する機能を有する。
撮像装置100が有する画素111を副画素として用いて、複数の画素111それぞれに異なる波長域の光を透過するフィルタ(カラーフィルタ)を設けることで、カラー画像表示を実現するための情報を取得することができる。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態に示した撮像装置100を固体撮像素子の一種であるCMOSイメージセンサで構成する場合の一例について、図11乃至図15を用いて説明する。図11に示す画素領域251は、撮像装置100が有する画素111の一部の断面図である。図11に示す周辺回路領域252は、撮像装置100が有する周辺回路の一部の断面図である。また、図11に示すトランジスタ134の拡大図を図12(A)に示す。また、図11に示す容量素子135の拡大図を図12(B)に示す。また、図11に示すトランジスタ281の拡大図を図14(A)に示す。また、図11に示すトランジスタ282の拡大図を図14(B)に示す。
ここで、半導体層242a、半導体層242b、および半導体層242cの積層により構成される半導体層242の機能およびその効果について、図13示すエネルギーバンド構造図を用いて説明する。図13は、図12(A)にC1−C2の一点鎖線で示す部位のエネルギーバンド構造図である。図13は、トランジスタ134のチャネル形成領域のエネルギーバンド構造を示している。
ここで、半導体層242に適用可能な酸化物半導体膜について詳細に説明しておく。
周辺回路及び画素回路に、OR回路、AND回路、NAND回路、及びNOR回路などの論理回路や、インバータ回路、バッファ回路、シフトレジスタ回路、フリップフロップ回路、エンコーダ回路、デコーダ回路、増幅回路、アナログスイッチ回路、積分回路、微分回路、及びメモリ素子などを適宜設けることができる。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態に示したトランジスタと置き換えて使用することができるトランジスタの構成例について、図18乃至図22を用いて説明する。
図18(A1)に例示するトランジスタ410は、ボトムゲート型のトランジスタの一種であるチャネル保護型のトランジスタである。トランジスタ410は、絶縁層109上にゲート電極として機能できる電極246を有する。また、電極246上に絶縁層117を介して半導体層242を有する。電極246は配線121と同様の材料及び方法で形成することができる。
図19(A1)に例示するトランジスタ430は、トップゲート型のトランジスタの一種である。トランジスタ430は、絶縁層109の上に半導体層242を有し、半導体層242および絶縁層109上に、半導体層242の一部に接する電極244および半導体層242の一部に接する電極249を有し、半導体層242、電極244、および電極249上に絶縁層117を有し、絶縁層117上に電極246を有する。
図20に例示するトランジスタ450は、半導体層242bの上面及び側面が半導体層242cに覆われた構造を有する。図20(A)はトランジスタ450の上面図である。図20(B)は、図20(A)中のX1−X2の一点鎖線で示した部位の断面図(チャネル長方向の断面図)である。図20(C)は、図20(A)中のY1−Y2の一点鎖線で示した部位の断面図(チャネル幅方向の断面図)である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る撮像装置を用いた電子機器の一例について説明する。
101 基板
102 絶縁層
103 絶縁層
104 絶縁層
105 絶縁層
106 コンタクトプラグ
107 絶縁層
108 絶縁層
109 絶縁層
110 画素部
111 画素
112 画素駆動回路
113 画素
115 絶縁層
116 絶縁層
117 絶縁層
118 絶縁層
119 絶縁層
121 配線
122 配線
123 配線
124 配線
125 配線
126 配線
127 配線
128 配線
129 配線
131 トランジスタ
132 トランジスタ
133 トランジスタ
134 トランジスタ
135 容量素子
136 光電変換素子
137 配線
141 配線
142 配線
143 配線
144 配線
145 配線
151 ノード
152 ノード
177 絶縁層
205 絶縁層
209 絶縁層
212 電極
213 電極
214 層
217 絶縁層
221 p型半導体
222 i型半導体
223 n型半導体
224 開口
225 開口
241 トランジスタ
242 半導体層
243 電極
244 電極
245 電極
246 電極
249 電極
251 画素領域
252 周辺回路領域
254 ノード
255 不純物元素
256 ノード
257 容量素子
260 回路
261 信号処理回路
262 列駆動回路
263 出力回路
264 回路
266 配線
267 配線
268 配線
269 配線
270 回路
273 電極
277 絶縁層
280 回路
281 トランジスタ
282 トランジスタ
283 i型半導体
284 低濃度p型不純物領域
285 p型半導体
286 絶縁層
287 電極
288 側壁
289 トランジスタ
290 回路
291 フォトダイオード
292 トランジスタ
293 トランジスタ
294 低濃度n型不純物領域
295 n型半導体
382 Ec
386 Ec
390 トラップ準位
410 トランジスタ
411 トランジスタ
420 トランジスタ
421 トランジスタ
430 トランジスタ
431 トランジスタ
440 トランジスタ
441 トランジスタ
450 トランジスタ
451 トランジスタ
452 トランジスタ
600 レンズ
602 フィルタ
604 配線層
660 光
901 筐体
902 筐体
903 表示部
904 表示部
905 マイク
906 スピーカー
907 操作キー
908 スタイラス
909 カメラ
911 筐体
912 表示部
919 カメラ
921 筐体
922 シャッターボタン
923 マイク
925 レンズ
927 発光部
931 筐体
932 表示部
933 リストバンド
939 カメラ
941 筐体
942 筐体
943 表示部
944 操作キー
945 レンズ
946 接続部
951 筐体
952 表示部
954 スピーカー
955 ボタン
956 入出力端子
957 マイク
959 カメラ
1800 シフトレジスタ回路
1810 シフトレジスタ回路
1900 バッファ回路
1910 バッファ回路
2100 アナログスイッチ回路
2110 垂直出力線
2200 出力線
108c 半導体層
111B 画素
111G 画素
111R 画素
242a 半導体層
242b 半導体層
242c 半導体層
243a 電極
243b 電極
264a コンパレータ
264b カウンタ回路
272c 半導体層
383a Ec
383b Ec
383c Ec
602B フィルタ
602G フィルタ
602R フィルタ
Claims (8)
- 光電変換素子と、第1乃至第4のトランジスタと、容量素子と、第1乃至第7の配線と、を有し、
前記光電変換素子は、n型半導体と、p型半導体と、を有し、
前記第1の配線は、前記n型半導体または前記p型半導体の一方と電気的に接続され、
前記n型半導体または前記p型半導体の他方は、前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのゲートは前記第2の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は第1のノードと電気的に接続され、
前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は前記第3の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は前記第1のノードと電気的に接続され、
前記第2のトランジスタのゲートは前記第4の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記容量素子の一方の電極は前記第1のノードと電気的に接続され、
前記容量素子の他方の電極は前記第1の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第3のトランジスタのゲートは前記第1のノードと電気的に接続され、
前記第3のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は前記第5の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第3のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は、前記第4のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第4のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は、前記第6の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第4のトランジスタのゲートは前記第7の配線と電気的に接続された撮像装置。 - 前記光電変換素子はi型半導体を有し、
前記n型半導体、前記p型半導体、及び、前記i型半導体は絶縁層の上面に接し、
前記n型半導体と前記p型半導体は、それぞれ第1凸部と第2凸部を有し、
前記n型半導体と前記p型半導体は、前記n型半導体の前記第1凸部が前記p型半導体の前記第1凸部と前記第2凸部の間に位置し、かつ、前記p型半導体の前記第2凸部が前記n型半導体の前記第1凸部と前記第2凸部の間に位置するように、噛み合い、
前記n型半導体と前記p型半導体は、前記i型半導体を挟んで噛み合い、
前記第2の配線、前記第4の配線、及び、前記第7の配線のうち一の配線は、前記n型半導体の前記第1凸部及び前記p型半導体の前記第2凸部のうち一の凸部が延びている方向に沿って、かつ、前記一の凸部と重なるように延びている請求項1の撮像装置。 - 前記一の配線の幅は、前記一の凸部の幅より大きくない請求項2の撮像装置。
- 前記n型半導体及び前記p型半導体の一方は前記i型半導体に囲まれていて、
前記i型半導体は前記n型半導体及び前記p型半導体の他方に囲まれている請求項1の撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記光電変換素子はi型半導体を有し、
平面視において、
前記第1乃至前記第4のトランジスタのそれぞれと前記i型半導体が互いに重なる面積、
前記容量素子と前記i型半導体が互いに重なる面積、
及び前記第1乃至前記第7の配線のそれぞれと前記i型半導体が互いに重なる面積の合計面積が、
前記i型半導体の面積の35%以下であることを特徴とする撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1乃至前記第4のトランジスタのチャネル形成領域が有する半導体は、酸化物半導体であることを特徴とする撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記第1乃至前記第4のトランジスタのチャネル形成領域が有する半導体は、
前記i型半導体と異なる禁制帯幅を有することを特徴とする撮像装置。 - 第1及び第2の光電変換素子を有する撮像装置であって、
前記第1及び第2の光電変換素子はi型半導体を有し、
前記第1の光電変換素子が有する前記i型半導体と、
前記第2の光電変換素子が有する前記i型半導体は、
n型半導体またはp型半導体を介して隣接することを特徴とする撮像装置。
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US11205669B2 (en) | 2021-12-21 |
KR102419715B1 (ko) | 2022-07-13 |
KR20220100106A (ko) | 2022-07-14 |
KR20170018842A (ko) | 2017-02-20 |
JP2023099582A (ja) | 2023-07-13 |
KR20220019851A (ko) | 2022-02-17 |
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JP2020021955A (ja) | 2020-02-06 |
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