WO2015053060A1 - 燃料電池システム及び燃料電池システムの制御方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池システム及び燃料電池システムの制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015053060A1 WO2015053060A1 PCT/JP2014/074728 JP2014074728W WO2015053060A1 WO 2015053060 A1 WO2015053060 A1 WO 2015053060A1 JP 2014074728 W JP2014074728 W JP 2014074728W WO 2015053060 A1 WO2015053060 A1 WO 2015053060A1
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- power
- warm
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- cell stack
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
- H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04037—Electrical heating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04126—Humidifying
- H01M8/04141—Humidifying by water containing exhaust gases
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04395—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of cathode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04604—Power, energy, capacity or load
- H01M8/04619—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
- H01M8/04947—Power, energy, capacity or load of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system for warming up a fuel cell and a control method for the fuel cell system.
- Fuel cells generally have a temperature range around 70 ° C. suitable for power generation. Therefore, when the fuel cell system is activated, it is desirable to quickly raise the temperature of the fuel cell to a temperature range suitable for power generation.
- JP 2009-4243A discloses a fuel cell system that shortens the warm-up time of the fuel cell by utilizing self-heating generated by generating electricity in the fuel cell itself.
- an auxiliary device such as a heater that heats the cooling water of the fuel cell and a compressor that drives the actuator to supply the cathode gas to the fuel cell when activated at zero,
- the generated power is consumed.
- the fuel cell is warmed up early by both self-heating due to power generation and heating of the cooling water.
- the generated power of the fuel cell may be less than the predetermined power consumed by the auxiliary equipment.
- the voltage of the fuel cell or the battery is adjusted by a converter connected between the fuel cell and the battery, and the insufficient power is supplied from the battery to the auxiliary machine.
- the battery will be overdischarged.
- the power supplied from the battery to the heater is limited to a low value, the amount of cooling water heated by the heater is reduced, which increases the time required for warming up the fuel cell.
- the present invention has been made paying attention to such problems, and provides a fuel cell system and a control method for the fuel cell system that can quickly warm up the fuel cell while suppressing overdischarge of the battery. With the goal.
- a fuel cell system includes: a battery that stores electric power; an actuator that drives the fuel cell to generate gas for generating power; and cooling water that circulates through the fuel cell. And an auxiliary machine including a heater for heating the heater.
- a warm-up operation unit that adjusts the auxiliary device to obtain predetermined power from the fuel cell, and generated power generated by the fuel cell are consumed by the auxiliary device.
- a discharge control unit that supplies power from the battery to the auxiliary device.
- the fuel cell system when the fuel cell is warmed up by the warm-up operation unit, when the electric power is supplied from the battery to the auxiliary device by the discharge control unit, the fuel cell system is consumed by the actuator.
- An auxiliary machine limiting unit that limits power.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a fuel cell system according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of the controller.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for limiting the warm-up of the fuel cell.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the cathode gas flow rate control unit in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the cathode gas pressure control unit.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the heater output control unit.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the heater-suppliable power calculation unit.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a fuel cell system according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of the controller.
- FIG. 9 is a time chart showing the operation at the time of limiting the warm-up of the fuel cell system.
- FIG. 10 is a time chart showing an operation at the time of limiting warm-up of the fuel cell system according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a time chart showing the operation at the time of limiting warm-up of the fuel cell system in the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a fuel cell system 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the fuel cell system 100 is a power supply system that supplies a cathode gas and an anode gas from the outside to the fuel cell stack 1 and generates power in the fuel cell stack 1 according to a load.
- the fuel cell system 100 supplies the generated power generated by the fuel cell stack 1 to a load such as the drive motor 53 that drives the vehicle.
- the fuel cell system 100 includes a fuel cell stack 1, a cathode gas supply / discharge device 2, an anode gas supply / discharge device 3, a stack cooling device 4, a power system 5, and a controller 6.
- the fuel cell stack 1 is a stacked battery in which several hundred fuel cells, so-called battery cells, are stacked.
- the fuel cell stack 1 generates power by receiving supply of anode gas and cathode gas.
- the fuel cell stack 1 is provided with an anode electrode side output terminal 11 and a cathode electrode side output terminal 12 as terminals for taking out electric power.
- the fuel cell includes an anode electrode (fuel electrode), a cathode electrode (oxidant electrode), and an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between the anode electrode and cathode power.
- a fuel cell causes an electrochemical reaction in an electrolyte membrane using an anode gas (fuel gas) containing hydrogen in an anode electrode and a cathode gas (oxidant gas) containing oxygen in a cathode electrode. The following electrochemical reaction proceeds in both the anode electrode and the cathode electrode.
- Anode electrode 2H 2 ⁇ 4H + + 4e ⁇ (1)
- Cathode electrode 4H + + 4e ⁇ + O 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O (2)
- the sum of the cell voltages generated in each fuel cell becomes the output voltage (for example, several hundred volts) of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the fuel cell stack 1 is supplied with cathode gas by a cathode gas supply / discharge device 2 and is supplied with anode gas by an anode gas supply / discharge device 3.
- the cathode gas supply / discharge device 2 is a device that supplies cathode gas to the fuel cell stack 1 and discharges cathode off-gas discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 to the outside air.
- the cathode gas supply / discharge device 2 includes a cathode gas supply passage 21, a filter 22, a cathode flow rate sensor 23, a cathode compressor 24, a temperature sensor 25, and a cathode pressure sensor 26.
- the cathode gas supply / discharge device 2 further includes a water recovery device (Water Recovery Device; hereinafter referred to as “WRD”) 27, a cathode gas discharge passage 28, and a cathode pressure regulating valve 29.
- WDD Water Recovery Device
- the cathode gas supply passage 21 is a passage through which the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1 flows. One end of the cathode gas supply passage 21 is connected to the filter 22, and the other end is connected to the cathode gas inlet hole of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the filter 22 removes foreign matters in the cathode gas taken into the cathode gas supply passage 21.
- the cathode flow rate sensor 23 is provided in the cathode gas supply passage 21 upstream of the cathode compressor 24.
- the cathode flow rate sensor 23 is supplied to the cathode compressor 24 and detects the flow rate of the cathode gas finally supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cathode compressor 24 is provided in the cathode gas supply passage 21.
- the cathode compressor 24 takes air from outside air into the cathode gas supply passage 21 via the filter 22 and supplies the air as the cathode gas to the fuel cell stack 1. That is, the cathode compressor 24 corresponds to an actuator that is driven so that air is supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the temperature sensor 25 is provided in the cathode gas supply passage 21 between the cathode compressor 24 and the WRD 27.
- the temperature sensor 25 detects the temperature on the cathode gas inlet side of the WRD 27.
- the cathode pressure sensor 26 is provided in the cathode gas supply passage 21 between the cathode compressor 24 and the WRD 27.
- the cathode pressure sensor 26 detects the pressure on the cathode gas inlet side of the WRD 27 (hereinafter referred to as “WRD inlet pressure”).
- the value detected by the cathode pressure sensor 26 is output to the controller 6.
- the WRD 27 is connected to each of the cathode gas supply passage 21 and the cathode gas discharge passage 28, collects moisture in the cathode off-gas flowing through the cathode gas discharge passage 28, and cathode that flows through the cathode gas supply passage 21 with the collected moisture. Humidify the gas.
- the cathode gas discharge passage 28 is a passage through which the cathode off gas discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 flows. One end of the cathode gas discharge passage 28 is connected to the cathode gas outlet hole of the fuel cell stack 1, and the other end is an open end.
- the cathode pressure regulating valve 29 is provided in the cathode gas discharge passage 28.
- the cathode pressure regulating valve 29 adjusts the pressure of the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cathode pressure regulating valve 29 is controlled by the controller 6. For example, in order to increase the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24, the cathode gas pressure is increased by the cathode pressure regulating valve 29.
- the anode gas supply / discharge device 3 is a device that supplies anode gas to the fuel cell stack 1 and discharges anode off-gas discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 to the cathode gas discharge passage 28.
- the anode gas supply / discharge device 3 includes a high-pressure tank 31, an anode gas supply passage 32, an anode pressure regulating valve 33, an anode pressure sensor 34, an anode gas discharge passage 35, and a purge valve 36.
- the high pressure tank 31 stores the anode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1 in a high pressure state.
- the anode gas supply passage 32 is a passage for supplying anode gas from the high-pressure tank 31 to the fuel cell stack 1. One end of the anode gas supply passage 32 is connected to the high-pressure tank 31, and the other end is connected to the anode gas inlet hole of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the anode pressure regulating valve 33 is provided in the anode gas supply passage 32.
- the anode pressure regulating valve 33 is controlled to be opened and closed by the controller 6 and adjusts the pressure of the anode gas pushed out from the high-pressure tank 31 to a desired pressure.
- the anode pressure sensor 34 is provided in the anode gas supply passage 32 downstream of the anode pressure regulating valve 33.
- the anode pressure sensor 34 detects the pressure of the anode gas flowing through the anode gas inlet hole of the fuel cell stack 1. The value detected by the anode pressure sensor 34 is output to the controller 6.
- the anode gas discharge passage 35 is a passage through which the anode off gas discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 flows. One end of the anode gas discharge passage 35 is connected to the anode gas outlet hole of the fuel cell stack 1, and the other end is connected to the cathode gas discharge passage 28.
- the purge valve 36 is provided in the anode gas discharge passage 35.
- the purge valve 36 is controlled to be opened and closed by the controller 6 and controls the flow rate of the anode off gas discharged from the anode gas discharge passage 35 to the cathode gas discharge passage 28.
- the stack cooling device 4 is a device that cools the fuel cell stack 1 with cooling water and maintains the fuel cell stack 1 at a temperature suitable for power generation.
- the stack cooling device 4 includes a cooling water circulation passage 41, a radiator 42, a bypass passage 43, a three-way valve 44, a circulation pump 45, a cooling water heater 46, a first water temperature sensor 47, and a second water temperature sensor 48. Is provided.
- the cooling water circulation passage 41 is a passage through which cooling water for cooling the fuel cell stack 1 circulates.
- the radiator 42 is provided in the cooling water circulation passage 41.
- the radiator 42 cools the cooling water discharged from the fuel cell stack 1.
- the bypass passage 43 branches from the cooling water circulation passage 41 and is connected to the three-way valve 44 so as to bypass the radiator 42. By the bypass passage 43, it is possible to circulate the cooling water through the fuel cell stack 1 without flowing the cooling water through the radiator 42.
- the three-way valve 44 is provided in the cooling water circulation passage 41 on the downstream side of the radiator 42.
- the three-way valve 44 switches the cooling water circulation path according to the temperature of the cooling water.
- the cooling water circulation path is set so that the cooling water discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 is supplied again to the fuel cell stack 1 via the radiator 42. Can be switched.
- the cooling water discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 is cooled so that it flows through the bypass passage 43 without passing through the radiator 42 and is supplied to the fuel cell stack 1 again. The water circulation path is switched.
- the circulation pump 45 is provided in the cooling water circulation passage 41 on the downstream side of the three-way valve 44 and circulates the cooling water.
- the cooling water heater 46 is provided in the bypass passage 43.
- the cooling water heater 46 is energized from the fuel cell stack 1 while the fuel cell stack 1 is warmed up, and raises the temperature of the cooling water.
- the first water temperature sensor 47 is provided in the cooling water circulation passage 41 upstream of the radiator 42.
- the first water temperature sensor 47 detects the temperature of the cooling water discharged from the fuel cell stack 1 (hereinafter referred to as “stack outlet water temperature”).
- the second water temperature sensor 48 is provided in the cooling water circulation passage 41 between the circulation pump 45 and the fuel cell stack 1.
- the second water temperature sensor 48 detects the temperature of the cooling water supplied to the fuel cell stack 1 (hereinafter referred to as “stack inlet water temperature”).
- the power system 5 includes a stack current sensor 51, a stack voltage sensor 52, a drive motor 53, an inverter 54, a battery 55, a DC / DC converter 56, auxiliary equipment 57, a battery current sensor 58, and a battery.
- a voltage sensor 59 is provided.
- the stack current sensor 51 is connected to the anode electrode side output terminal 11 and detects an output current taken out from the fuel cell stack 1.
- the stack voltage sensor 52 detects an inter-terminal voltage (hereinafter referred to as “output voltage”) between the anode electrode side output terminal 11 and the cathode electrode side output terminal 12.
- output voltage an inter-terminal voltage between the anode electrode side output terminal 11 and the cathode electrode side output terminal 12.
- the battery voltage sensor 59 may detect the voltage of each battery cell stacked in the fuel cell stack 1.
- the drive motor 53 is a three-phase AC synchronous motor in which a permanent magnet is embedded in a rotor and a coil is wound around each tooth provided on a circumferential stator at equal intervals.
- the drive motor 53 functions as an electric motor that is driven to rotate by the electric power supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 and the battery 55, and an electromotive force, that is, a regenerative electric power, is generated at both ends of the coil by rotating the rotor by an external force when the vehicle is decelerated. Function as a generator to be generated.
- the inverter 54 is composed of a plurality of semiconductor switches, for example, IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors).
- the semiconductor switch of the inverter 54 is switching-controlled by the controller 6 so that DC power is converted into AC power, or AC power is converted into DC power.
- the inverter 54 When the drive motor 53 functions as an electric motor, the inverter 54 is driven by converting the combined DC power obtained by combining the generated power extracted from the fuel cell stack 1 and the discharged power discharged from the battery 55 into three-phase AC power. Supply to the motor 53. On the other hand, when the drive motor 53 functions as a generator, the inverter 54 converts the regenerative power (three-phase AC power) of the drive motor 53 into DC power and supplies it to the battery 55.
- the battery 55 is a secondary battery that stores electric power.
- the battery 55 is realized by, for example, a lithium ion battery.
- the battery 55 charges the regenerative power of the drive motor 53 or the power generated by the fuel cell stack 1.
- the electric power charged in the battery 55 is supplied to the auxiliary machinery 57 and the drive motor 53 as necessary.
- the DC / DC converter 56 is a bidirectional voltage converter that adjusts either the voltage of the fuel cell stack 1 or the voltage of the battery 55.
- One voltage terminal of the DC / DC converter 56 is connected to the fuel cell stack 1, and the other voltage terminal is connected to the battery 55.
- the DC / DC converter 56 increases or decreases the voltage generated at the voltage terminal on the fuel cell stack 1 side by the electric power of the battery 55.
- the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 1 is controlled by the DC / DC converter 56, and the output current of the fuel cell stack 1, and thus the generated power (output current ⁇ output voltage) is adjusted. That is, the DC / DC converter 56 is a PM (power management) circuit used for managing the power generated by the fuel cell stack 1.
- the auxiliary machinery 57 is a set of control parts provided for operating the fuel cell stack 1.
- the auxiliary machinery 57 includes the cathode compressor 24, the circulation pump 45, the cooling water heater 46, and the like.
- the auxiliary machines 57 are connected in parallel between the battery 55 and the DC / DC converter 56.
- the auxiliary machinery 57 is supplied with electric power from the battery 55 or the fuel cell stack 1 by the DC / DC converter 56.
- the battery current sensor 58 is connected to the positive terminal of the battery 55 and detects a current discharged from the battery 55.
- the battery voltage sensor 59 detects a voltage between terminals between the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery 55.
- the controller 6 includes a microcomputer having a central processing unit (CPU), a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and an input / output interface (I / O interface).
- CPU central processing unit
- ROM read only memory
- RAM random access memory
- I / O interface input / output interface
- the controller 6 receives detection signals from the first water temperature sensor 47, the second water temperature sensor 48, the stack current sensor 51, the stack voltage sensor 52, the battery current sensor 58, and the battery voltage sensor 59 described above. In addition to these sensors, detection signals from various sensors necessary for controlling the fuel cell system 100 are input to the controller 6.
- Other sensors include an atmospheric pressure sensor 61 provided in the passenger compartment for detecting the atmospheric pressure, and an SOC sensor 62 provided in the battery 55 for detecting the charging rate (SOC: State : of Charge) of the battery 55.
- SOC State : of Charge
- key sensor 63 that detects a start request and a stop request of the fuel cell system 100 based on ON / OFF of the start key
- accelerator stroke sensor 64 that detects an amount of depression of an accelerator pedal, and the like.
- the controller 6 efficiently generates power from the fuel cell stack 1 using input signals from various sensors and command values for each control component of the fuel cell system 100.
- the controller 6 controls the cathode compressor 24, the cathode pressure regulating valve 29, the anode pressure regulating valve 33, and the purge valve 36 in accordance with required power required from loads such as the drive motor 53 and the auxiliary machinery 57. Thereby, each flow rate of the cathode gas and the anode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1 is adjusted to a flow rate suitable for power generation.
- FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating an example of the control unit 200 configuring the controller 6.
- the control unit 200 executes warm-up control (hereinafter referred to as “warm-up promotion operation”) for warming up the fuel cell stack 1 to a power generation temperature suitable for power generation.
- the control unit 200 electrically connects the fuel cell stack 1 to the auxiliary machinery 57 and causes the fuel cell stack 1 to generate electric power necessary for driving the auxiliary machinery 57.
- the fuel cell stack 1 itself is warmed up by self-heating due to the power generation of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the electric power generated by the fuel cell stack 1 is supplied to, for example, the cathode compressor 24, the circulation pump 45, the cooling water heater 46, and the like.
- the control unit 200 supplies generated power from the fuel cell stack 1 to both the drive motor 53 and the auxiliary devices 57 after the vehicle travel permission. If the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is less than the required power of the drive motor 53 and the auxiliary machinery 57, the generated power is assigned with priority over the drive motor 53, and the supplied power to the auxiliary machinery 57 is supplied. If the battery power is insufficient, the battery 55 replenishes power.
- control unit 200 sets the rotation speed of the circulation pump 45 to the upper limit value of the variable range when performing the warm-up promotion operation, and sets the output (that is, the heat generation amount) of the cooling water heater 46 to the upper limit value of the variable range. Set.
- the fuel cell stack 1 is also warmed up by the cooling water warmed by the cooling water heater 46.
- the power consumed by the circulation pump 45 and the cooling water heater 46 increases, the power generated by the fuel cell stack 1 increases and the amount of self-heating of the fuel cell stack 1 also increases. The machine is promoted more.
- the control unit 200 includes a warm-up operation unit 210, a converter control unit 220, a warm-up restriction unit 230, a cathode compressor command unit 240, and a coolant heater command unit 250.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 determines whether or not the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than a predetermined warm-up threshold (for example, 50 ° C.). When it is determined that the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the warm-up threshold value, the warm-up operation unit 210 adjusts the power consumed by the auxiliary machinery 57 to obtain a predetermined power required for warm-up. Starts warm-up promotion operation so that the fuel cell stack 1 can be removed. Thereafter, the warm-up operation unit 210 ends the warm-up promotion operation when the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 rises to the warm-up threshold.
- a predetermined warm-up threshold for example, 50 ° C.
- the temperature of the fuel cell stack for example, a stack inlet water temperature, or an average value of the stack inlet water temperature and the stack outlet water temperature is used.
- a stack inlet water temperature or an average value of the stack inlet water temperature and the stack outlet water temperature is used.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 uses a required value of power consumed by the auxiliary devices 57 (hereinafter referred to as “auxiliary required power”) to warm up the fuel cell stack 1. Adjust to the required predetermined power.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 sets the required value of each supply power to the cathode compressor 24 and the coolant heater 46 to the upper limit value of the variable range. Further, the required value of the power consumed by the circulation pump 45 is set to the upper limit value of the variable range so that the cooling water does not boil by the cooling water heater 46. A value obtained by adding these required values is set as auxiliary machine required power.
- the converter control unit 220 calculates surplus generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 based on the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1, the auxiliary power consumption consumed by the auxiliary devices 57, and the battery dischargeable power.
- converter control unit 220 calculates surplus generated power of fuel cell stack 1 by subtracting auxiliary machine power consumption from a value obtained by adding generated power of fuel cell stack 1 and battery dischargeable power. .
- the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is obtained, for example, by multiplying the current detected by the stack current sensor 51 and the voltage detected by the stack voltage sensor 52, for example.
- the auxiliary machine power consumption is a total value of power consumed by each device of the auxiliary machines 57 and the DC / DC converter 56.
- the auxiliary machine power consumption is calculated based on, for example, the power value detected by the stack current sensor 51 and the stack voltage sensor 52, the power value detected by the battery current sensor 58 and the battery voltage sensor 59, and the like.
- Battery dischargeable power is a power value set to prevent overdischarge of the battery 55, and is calculated based on the charging rate of the battery 55 detected by the SOC sensor 62. For example, the smaller the charging rate detected by the SOC sensor 62, the smaller the battery dischargeable power is set.
- the converter control unit 220 monitors whether or not the power generated by the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the auxiliary machine power consumption consumed by the auxiliary machines 57.
- the converter control unit 220 determines whether the difference between the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 and the auxiliary machine power consumption is smaller than the battery dischargeable power when the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is smaller than the auxiliary machine power consumption. Judge whether or not.
- the converter control unit 220 discharges power from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57 when the difference obtained by subtracting the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 from the auxiliary device power consumption is smaller than the battery dischargeable power. Specifically, converter control unit 220 controls the voltage on the battery 55 side of DC / DC converter 56 so that the current discharged from battery 55 flows to auxiliary devices 57.
- the converter control unit 220 discharges power from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57 when power is supplied from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57 by voltage control of the DC / DC converter 56.
- the converter control unit 220 outputs a value obtained by subtracting the auxiliary machine power consumption from the value obtained by adding the battery discharge power and the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 to the warm-up limiting unit 230 as surplus generated power of the battery cell stack 1. To do.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 sets the target supply power for the cathode compressor 24 in the cathode compressor command unit 240 based on the warm-up request power set by the warm-up operation unit 210 and the target supply power for the cooling water heater 46. Is set in the coolant heater command unit 250.
- the target supply power to the cathode compressor 24 is detected by the target value (target flow rate) of the cathode gas flow rate, the value detected by the cathode flow rate sensor 23, the target value (target pressure) of the cathode gas pressure, and the cathode pressure sensor 26. And the calculated value.
- the target supply power for the cathode compressor 24 is set such that the difference between the target flow rate of the cathode gas and the detected value and the difference between the target pressure and the detected value are zero.
- the power supplied to the coolant heater 46 is first limited among the power supplied to the auxiliary devices 57, the amount of heat supplied to the coolant by the coolant heater 46 is reduced. The warm-up time required for warm-up will become longer.
- the circulation of the cooling water becomes worse, and the amount of heat exchanged between the cooling water and the fuel cell stack 1 is reduced. It decreases and the warm-up time becomes longer. Furthermore, there is a risk that the cooling water will boil in the vicinity of the cooling water heater 46 due to poor circulation of the cooling water.
- the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 during the warm-up promotion operation is set higher than necessary to increase the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the warm-up effect that raises the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 by this is smaller than the warm-up effect obtained by heating the coolant in a superimposed manner from the coolant heater 46 by circulating the coolant.
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 causes the cathode compressor before the coolant heater 46 to discharge power from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57 during the warm-up promotion operation (during warm-up).
- the power supply to 24 is limited.
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 when the warm-up limiting unit 230 obtains the calculated value of the fuel cell stack surplus generated power from the converter control unit 220, it checks whether the fuel cell stack surplus generated power is smaller than “0 (zero)”. To do. When the surplus power generated by the fuel cell stack is smaller than “0”, the warm-up restriction unit 230 sets the target power supply to the cathode compressor 24 to be higher than the upper limit value of the variable range in order to prevent overdischarge of the battery 55. Set to a low predetermined limit.
- the limit value of the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 is set to, for example, a power value that can supply the fuel cell stack 1 with the minimum flow rate of the cathode gas required to generate power in the fuel cell stack 1.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 cannot compensate for the shortage of the generated power with the discharged power from the battery 55.
- the target power supply to the coolant heater 46 is limited to “0”. Thereby, the overdischarge of the battery 55 accompanying supplying electric power to the cooling water heater 46 during the warm-up promotion operation can be suppressed.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 does not exceed the power that can be supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 and the battery 55 when the fuel cell stack surplus generated power is negative, that is, when the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is insufficient.
- the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 may be reduced. As a result, when the power generated by the fuel cell stack 1 is insufficient, the time during which the fuel cell stack 1 can be warmed by the cooling water heater 46 is longer than when the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 is limited to “0”. Can be long.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an example of a warm-up restriction method by the controller 6.
- the controller 6 when the controller 6 receives a start request from the key sensor 63, the controller 6 starts the fuel cell system 100.
- the controller 6 acquires the stack inlet water temperature Ts from the second water temperature sensor 48 in step S901.
- step S902 the warm-up operation unit 210 of the controller 6 determines whether or not the stack inlet water temperature Ts is lower than a predetermined warm-up threshold (50 ° C.).
- step S903 the warm-up operation unit 210 of the controller 6 performs the warm-up promotion operation by the fuel cell system 100 when it is determined that the stack inlet water temperature Ts is lower than 50 ° C.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 increases the power supplied to each of the cathode compressor 24 and the cooling water heater 46 among the power supplied to the auxiliary devices 57 to the upper limit value of the variable range.
- step S904 the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 acquires detection values from, for example, the stack current sensor 51 and the stack voltage sensor 52, estimates the output characteristics of the fuel cell stack 1, and estimates the output characteristics. From this, the power generation possible power Ps of the fuel cell 1 is calculated.
- the calculation method of the electric power Ps that can be generated is not limited to the above method, and the electric power Ps that can be generated may be calculated using the temperature of the fuel cell.
- step S905 the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 determines whether or not the electric power Ps that can be generated by the fuel cell stack 1 is greater than or equal to the auxiliary machine power consumption consumed by the auxiliary machinery 57 and the DC / DC converter 56. That is, converter control unit 220 determines whether or not power is discharged from battery 55 to auxiliary devices 57 by DC / DC converter 56.
- step S906 the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 causes the DC / DC converter 56 to supply power from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57 when the power generation possible power Ps of the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the auxiliary device power consumption. Judged to be discharged.
- the converter control unit 220 limits the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 to the minimum required power for power generation of the fuel cell stack 1. To do.
- the power supplied to the compressor 24 may be adjusted according to the electric power Ps that can be generated by the fuel cell stack 1.
- step S907 the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 determines whether or not the electric power Ps that can be generated by the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the auxiliary machine power consumption after limiting the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24.
- step S908 the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 determines that the power generation possible power Ps of the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the auxiliary machine power consumption after limiting the supply power of the cathode compressor 24, the battery 55 to the auxiliary machine. Electric power is supplied to class 57.
- the converter control unit 220 adjusts the voltage on the battery 55 side of the DC / DC converter 56 to a voltage value that can supply current from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57.
- step S909 when the warm-up limiting unit 230 of the controller 6 determines that power is supplied from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57 by the converter control unit 220, the warm-up limiting unit 230 limits the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 determines whether or not the difference obtained by subtracting the power generation possible power Ps of the fuel cell stack 1 from the auxiliary power consumption after the restriction is higher than the upper limit value of the battery dischargeable power.
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 reduces the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 to the battery dischargeable power. Limit low.
- step S910 the controller 6 confirms whether or not the vehicle is permitted to travel. Specifically, the controller 6 determines that the stack inlet water temperature Ts is 50 ° C. or higher in step S902, or the power generation possible power Ps of the fuel cell stack 1 is higher than the auxiliary machine power consumption in steps S905 and S907. Check if the vehicle is allowed to run.
- the controller 6 changes the output current of the fuel cell stack 1 during the warm-up promotion operation, and the IV characteristics of the fuel cell stack 1 based on the detection values acquired from the stack current sensor 51 and the stack voltage sensor 52 at that time. Is estimated.
- the controller 6 permits traveling when it is determined that the estimated characteristic exceeds a predetermined IV characteristic.
- the predetermined IV characteristic is an IV characteristic that can supply the minimum electric power necessary for the drive motor to drive the vehicle.
- the controller 6 returns to step S904 if the vehicle is not permitted to travel, and proceeds to step S911 if the vehicle is permitted to travel.
- step S911 the controller 6 repeats a series of processes from step S904 to step S910 until the stack inlet water temperature Ts becomes 50 ° C. or higher.
- the controller 6 ends the warm-up restriction method. .
- the warm-up operation unit 210 warms up the fuel cell stack 1, it is supplied to the auxiliary machinery 57 including the cooling water heater 46, the cathode compressor 24, and the like.
- the supplied power is increased to a predetermined power required for warming up.
- the fuel cell stack 1 is heated by the cooling water heated by the cooling water heater 46, and the fuel cell stack 1 is also warmed up by the self-heating of the fuel cell stack 1 by driving the auxiliary devices 57.
- the cooling water circulating through the fuel cell stack 1 is heated by the cooling water heater 46 and also warmed by the self-heating of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cooling water heated in this way is circulated through the fuel cell stack 1 so that heat is repeatedly supplied from the cooling water to the fuel cell stack 1.
- heating the fuel cell stack 1 with the cooling water heater 46 increases the self-heating amount of the fuel cell stack 1 more than necessary by increasing the generated power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 more than necessary. Great effect of increasing temperature.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 reduces the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 before the coolant heater 46.
- the warm-up of the fuel cell stack 1 can be completed earlier than in the case where the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 is limited before the cathode compressor 24.
- the configuration of the fuel cell system in the present embodiment is basically the same as the configuration of the fuel cell system 100 shown in FIG. 1, and therefore, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals and the description thereof will be given here. Omitted.
- the controller 6 includes a cathode gas flow rate control unit 201, a cathode gas pressure control unit 202, a heater output control unit 203, a heater supplyable power calculation unit 237, and an overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 constituting the controller 6.
- the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 controls the flow rate of the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 includes a warm-up request flow rate calculation unit 211, a warm-up restriction unit 231, a warm-up limit value holding unit 232, and a normal control unit 301.
- the normal control unit 301 includes an upper limit required flow rate calculating unit 311, a flow rate limiting unit 312, a power generation required flow rate calculating unit 321, a lower limit required flow rate setting unit 322, an inter-electrode differential pressure required flow rate calculating unit 331, and a target flow rate setting. Unit 332.
- the upper limit required flow rate calculation unit 311 calculates the upper limit value of the flow rate of the cathode gas in order to prevent the performance degradation of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the upper limit required flow rate calculation unit 311 calculates the upper limit value of the cathode gas flow rate in order to limit the amount of water vapor taken out by the cathode gas flowing through the fuel cell stack 1.
- Whether or not the fuel cell stack 1 is dry can be estimated by measuring the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1. For example, it can be estimated that the fuel cell stack 1 is in a dry state as the measured value of the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1 is large.
- an AC signal having a predetermined frequency is output to the fuel cell stack 1 by the DC / DC converter 56, and the fuel cell is output using the output voltage and output current of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the internal resistance (HFR) of the stack 1 is measured.
- a device for measuring the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1 may be separately provided in the fuel cell system 100.
- a wet required flow rate map generated to prevent overdrying of the fuel cell stack 1 is stored.
- the wet demand flow rate map for each internal resistance value of the fuel cell stack 1, the required flow rate of the cathode gas determined to limit the amount of water vapor taken out from the fuel cell stack 1 is associated.
- the wet demand flow rate map is set in advance by, for example, experimental data.
- the upper limit required flow rate calculation unit 311 acquires the measured value of the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1
- the upper limit required flow rate calculation unit 311 refers to the wet request map and calculates the required flow rate associated with the measured value. That is, the upper limit required flow rate calculation unit 311 calculates the upper limit value of the required performance flow rate that is determined to prevent the performance degradation caused by overdrying of the fuel cell stack 1 based on the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the upper limit required flow rate calculation unit 311 sets the required performance flow rate to a smaller value and outputs it to the flow rate limiting unit 312 as the measured value of the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1 increases.
- the power generation required flow rate calculation unit 321 calculates the lower limit value of the required flow rate of the cathode gas based on the target value of the current extracted from the fuel cell stack 1 (hereinafter referred to as “target current”).
- the target flow rate is calculated based on required power required from loads such as the auxiliary machinery 57 and the drive motor 53. For example, after permission to travel, the controller 6 sets a larger value as the required power as the amount of depression of the accelerator pedal increases. Then, the controller 6 refers to the reference characteristics of the fuel cell stack 1, identifies a current value that satisfies the required power, and sets the identified current value as a target current.
- the power generation request map of the fuel cell stack 1 is recorded in the power generation request flow rate calculation unit 321.
- the power generation request map for each current value of the fuel cell stack 1, the supply flow rate of the cathode gas necessary for extracting the current value is associated.
- the power generation request map is set in advance by, for example, experimental data.
- the power generation request flow rate calculation unit 321 acquires the target current of the fuel cell stack 1
- the power generation request flow rate calculation unit 321 calculates a required flow rate associated with the target current with reference to the power generation request map.
- the power generation request flow rate calculation unit 321 outputs a power generation request flow rate having a smaller value to the lower limit request flow rate setting unit 322 as the target current of the fuel cell stack 1 increases.
- the warm-up required flow rate calculation unit 211 calculates a lower limit value of the required flow rate of the cathode gas necessary for warming up the fuel cell stack 1 based on the set value of the warm-up flag.
- the warm-up flag is set to “1” when the stack inlet water temperature is lower than a predetermined warm-up threshold (for example, 50 ° C.) by the warm-up operation unit 210, and when the stack inlet water temperature is equal to or higher than the warm-up threshold. Is set to “0”.
- a predetermined warm-up threshold for example, 50 ° C.
- the warm-up request flow rate calculation unit 211 sets the warm-up request flow rate to “0” when the set value of the warm-up flag indicates “0”. On the other hand, when the set value of the warm-up flag indicates “1”, the warm-up request flow rate calculation unit 211 sets the warm-up request flow rate to a predetermined value so that the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 becomes the maximum value. . Note that the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 increases as the rotational speed of the cathode compressor 24 increases.
- the warm-up request flow rate calculation unit 211 outputs the upper limit value of the variable range of the cathode compressor 24 to the warm-up restriction unit 231 as the warm-up request flow rate during the warm-up promotion operation.
- the warm-up limit value holding unit 232 holds a warm-up limit value determined to limit the warm-up promotion operation.
- the warm-up limit value is “0”, and the warm-up limit value is output to the warm-up limit unit 231.
- the warm-up restriction unit 231 switches the lower limit value of the warm-up request flow rate to the warm-up limit value (0) based on the set value of the battery overdischarge prevention flag.
- the battery overdischarge prevention flag is set by the warm-up restriction unit 230 shown in FIG.
- the battery overdischarge prevention flag is set to “1” when the discharge power supplied from the battery 55 to the accessories 57 is larger than zero, and when the discharge power is lower than zero, that is, the battery 55 is powered. When the battery is not discharged, the battery overdischarge prevention flag is set to “0”. A method for generating the battery overdischarge prevention flag will be described later with reference to FIG.
- the warm-up restriction unit 231 determines that power is not discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57, and requests the lower limit for the warm-up request flow rate. Output to the flow rate setting unit 322.
- the warm-up restriction unit 231 determines that power is discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57, and the warm-up restriction value (0 ) To the lower limit required flow rate setting unit 322. Thereby, since the rotational speed of the cathode compressor 24 is suppressed, it becomes possible to reduce the electric power supplied from the battery 55 to the cathode compressor 24.
- the lower limit required flow rate setting unit 322 selects a larger one of the lower limit value of the power generation required flow rate and the output value from the warm-up restriction unit 231 and uses the selected value as the lower limit value of the performance required flow rate. To the flow restriction unit 312.
- the lower limit required flow rate setting unit 322 sets the lower limit value of the power generation request flow rate to the performance required flow rate. Is output to the flow rate restriction unit 312 as the lower limit value.
- the flow restriction unit 312 selects and selects the smaller one of the upper limit value of the performance request flow rate from the upper limit request flow rate calculation unit 311 and the lower limit value of the performance request flow rate from the lower limit request flow rate setting unit 322.
- the obtained value is output to the target flow rate setting unit 332 as the lower limit flow rate of the stack performance request.
- the upper limit value of the performance required flow rate is lower than the lower limit value of the gender required performance flow rate. Is output as the lower limit flow rate of the stack performance requirement.
- the upper limit value of the required performance flow rate decreases, and the upper limit value of the required performance flow rate becomes lower than the lower limit value of the required performance flow rate, And is output to the target flow rate setting unit 332.
- the differential pressure control map is stored in the inter-electrode differential pressure required flow rate calculation unit 331.
- the required flow rate of the cathode gas determined by the allowable differential pressure of the electrolyte membrane is associated with the pressure of the anode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the differential pressure control map is set in advance by, for example, experimental data.
- the inter-electrode differential pressure required flow rate calculation unit 331 calculates a required flow rate associated with the detected value with reference to the differential pressure control map, and the calculated value Is output to the target flow rate setting unit 332 as the lower limit flow rate of the abnormality avoidance request.
- the target flow rate setting unit 332 selects the larger value of the lower limit flow rate of the stack performance request and the lower limit flow rate of the abnormality avoidance request, and calculates the selected value as the cathode gas target flow rate.
- the target flow rate setting unit 332 sets the lower limit flow rate of the stack performance request to the cathode Set as gas target flow rate.
- the target flow rate setting unit 332 The lower limit flow rate of the avoidance request is set as the cathode gas target flow rate.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500.
- the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500 generates a battery overdischarge flag according to the discharge state of the battery 55. Note that the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500 is included in the warm-up restriction unit 230.
- the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500 includes an auxiliary machine power consumption calculation unit 510, a discharge power calculation unit 520, a warm-up limit threshold holding unit 530, and a flag setting unit 540.
- the auxiliary machine power consumption calculation unit 510 adds the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24, the power consumption of the circulation pump 45, the power consumption of the cooling water heater 46, and the power loss of the DC / DC converter 56.
- the power consumption of the cathode compressor is calculated based on the detected value of the rotational speed of the cathode compressor 24 and the estimated value of the torque.
- the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24 is set to the upper limit value of the setting range during the warm-up promotion operation.
- the power consumption of the circulation pump 45 is the actual value of the power consumed by the circulation pump 45.
- a current sensor that detects a current value supplied from the battery 55 to the circulation pump 45 and a voltage sensor that detects a voltage value of the circulation pump 45 are connected to the circulation pump 45.
- the value of the power consumption of the circulation pump 45 is calculated by multiplying each detection value of a current sensor and a voltage sensor.
- the power consumption of the cooling water heater 46 is set to the upper limit value of the setting range during the warm-up promotion operation.
- the power loss of the DC / DC converter 56 is an actual value of the power loss generated in the DC / DC converter 56. For example, a value obtained by multiplying each detection value of a current sensor and a voltage sensor provided on the fuel cell stack 1 side in the DC / DC converter 56, a current sensor provided on the battery 55 side in the DC / DC converter 56, and It is calculated based on a value obtained by multiplying each detection value of the voltage sensor.
- the auxiliary machine power consumption calculation unit 510 compensates for the sum of the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24, the power consumption of the circulation pump 45, the power consumption of the cooling water heater 46, and the power loss of the DC / DC converter 56. Discharge power calculation unit 520 is output as machine power consumption.
- the discharge power calculation unit 520 outputs to the flag setting unit 540 a value obtained by subtracting the auxiliary machine power consumption from the limit value of the stack generated power.
- the limit value of the stack power generation is a value determined to prevent an extreme decrease in the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the limit value of the stack generated power is calculated based on the voltage of the fuel cell stack 1. For example, the limit value of the stack generated power is calculated from a limit map generated by experimental data or the like.
- the warm-up limit threshold holding unit 530 holds a warm-up limit threshold that is set to limit the warm-up promotion operation.
- the warm-up restriction threshold is “0”, and the warm-up restriction threshold is output to the flag setting unit 540.
- the flag setting unit 540 sets the battery overdischarge flag to “0” when the surplus power generated by the fuel cell stack is equal to or lower than the warm-up limit threshold. On the other hand, when the surplus power generated by the fuel cell stack is larger than the warm-up limit threshold, the flag setting unit 540 sets the battery overdischarge flag to “1” in order to perform the warm-up limit. Note that, when the battery overdischarge flag is set to “1” during the warm-up promotion operation, the flag setting unit 540 fixes the battery overdischarge flag to “1” until the warm-up promotion operation is completed. This is because if the warm-up restriction is frequently performed during the warm-up promotion operation, the fuel cell stack 1 becomes unstable.
- the battery overdischarge flag is set to “1”.
- the cathode gas target flow rate is limited during the warm-up promotion operation, so that the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 can be limited.
- the flow rate of the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1 is increased, and the cathode pressure is increased by the cathode pressure regulator 29, thereby increasing the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24. ing. That is, in order to increase the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24, the rotational speed of the cathode compressor 24 is increased and the torque of the cathode compressor 24 is increased.
- the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 can be reduced also by lowering the cathode gas pressure. Therefore, an example will be described in which the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 is limited by lowering the cathode gas pressure below the warm-up required pressure.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of the cathode gas pressure control unit 202.
- the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 controls the pressure of the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 includes a warm-up request pressure calculation unit 212, a warm-up restriction unit 233, a warm-up limit value holding unit 234, and a normal control unit 302.
- the normal control unit 302 includes an upper limit required pressure calculating unit 341, a pressure limiting unit 342, a wet required pressure calculating unit 351, a partial pressure ensuring required pressure calculating unit 352, a lower limit required pressure setting unit 353, and an inter-electrode differential pressure.
- a required pressure calculation unit 361 and a target pressure setting unit 362 are provided.
- the upper limit required pressure calculation unit 341 calculates the upper limit value of the required pressure of the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the upper limit required pressure calculation unit 341 calculates the upper limit value of the cathode gas pressure based on, for example, the rotational speed and torque of the cathode compressor 24 in order to prevent the performance of the fuel cell system 100 from deteriorating.
- the upper limit required pressure calculation unit 341 outputs the calculation result to the pressure limiting unit 342 as the upper limit value of the performance required pressure.
- the required wet pressure calculation unit 351 calculates the lower limit value of the cathode gas pressure based on the measured value of the internal resistance of the fuel cell stack 1 in order to maintain the fuel cell stack 1 in a good wet state.
- the required wet pressure map generated to prevent overdrying of the fuel cell stack 1 is stored in the required wet pressure calculator 351.
- the required pressure of the cathode gas is associated with each internal resistance value so that the water vapor partial pressure in the fuel cell stack 1 decreases as the internal resistance value of the fuel cell stack 1 increases.
- the wet demand pressure map is set in advance by, for example, experimental data.
- the wet required pressure calculation unit 351 calculates the required pressure associated with the measured value with reference to the wet required pressure map. For example, as the fuel cell stack 1 dries and the internal resistance increases, the required wet pressure calculation unit 351 outputs a larger required pressure to the pressure limiting unit 342. Thereby, the fuel cell stack 1 can be brought close to the wet state from the dry state.
- the partial pressure securing required pressure calculation unit 352 uses the detection value of the atmospheric pressure sensor 61 and the target current of the fuel cell stack 1 to secure the minimum partial pressure of the cathode gas necessary for power generation of the fuel cell stack 1. Based on this, a lower limit value of the required pressure of the cathode gas is calculated.
- the cathode gas pressure is increased in accordance with the increase in the partial pressure of water vapor.
- a partial pressure request map generated to maintain the partial pressure of the cathode gas in the fuel cell stack 1 at a partial pressure necessary for power generation is stored in the partial pressure ensuring required pressure calculation unit 352.
- the target current of the fuel cell stack 1 and the required pressure of the cathode gas determined by the target current are associated with each other for each atmospheric pressure.
- the partial pressure request map is set in advance by, for example, experimental data.
- the partial pressure ensuring required pressure calculating unit 352 refers to the partial pressure request map corresponding to the detected atmospheric pressure value and corresponds to the target current set value.
- the attached required pressure is output to the pressure limiting unit 342 as the lower limit value of the partial pressure ensuring required pressure.
- the partial pressure ensuring required pressure calculation unit 352 increases the partial pressure ensuring required pressure as the target current of the fuel cell stack 1 increases. Moreover, the partial pressure ensuring request
- the warm-up required pressure calculation unit 212 is based on the set value of the warm-up flag set by the warm-up operation unit 210 shown in FIG. 2 and the lower limit of the required pressure of the cathode gas required for warming up the fuel cell stack 1. Calculate the value.
- the warm-up request pressure calculation unit 212 sets the warm-up request pressure to “0” when the set value of the warm-up flag indicates “0”. On the other hand, when the set value of the warm-up flag indicates “1”, the warm-up request pressure calculation unit 212 sets the warm-up request pressure to a predetermined value so that the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 is maximized. . That is, the warm-up request pressure calculation unit 212 outputs the upper limit value of the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 to the warm-up restriction unit 233 as the warm-up request pressure during the warm-up promotion operation.
- the warm-up limit value holding unit 234 holds the warm-up limit value set to limit the warm-up promotion operation.
- the warm-up limit value is “0”, and the warm-up limit value is output to the warm-up limit unit 233.
- the warm-up restriction unit 233 switches the lower limit value of the warm-up request flow rate to “0” based on the set value of the battery overdischarge prevention flag described in FIG.
- the warm-up restriction unit 233 determines that power is not discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57, and the lower limit value of the warm-up request pressure Is output to the lower limit required pressure setting unit 353.
- the warm-up restriction unit 233 determines that power is being discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57, and the warm-up restriction value ( 0) is output to the lower limit required pressure setting unit 353. Thereby, since the torque of the cathode compressor 24 is suppressed, it is possible to reduce the electric power supplied from the battery 55 to the cathode compressor 24.
- the lower limit required pressure setting unit 353 selects the larger one of the lower limit value of the wet required pressure and the output value from the warm-up limiting unit 233, and uses the selected value as the lower limit value of the performance required pressure. Output to the pressure limiter 342.
- the lower limit required pressure setting unit 353 wets as the lower limit value of the performance required pressure.
- the lower limit value of the required pressure is output to the pressure limiter 342. That is, when a current is discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57, the lower limit required pressure setting unit 353 switches the lower limit value of the cathode gas performance required pressure from the warm-up required pressure to the wet required pressure.
- the pressure limiting unit 342 selects and selects the smaller one of the upper limit value of the performance request pressure from the upper limit request pressure calculation unit 341 and the lower limit value of the performance request flow rate from the lower limit request pressure calculation unit 343.
- the obtained value is output to the target pressure setting unit 362 as the lower limit pressure of the stack performance request.
- the upper limit value of the required performance flow rate is lower than the lower limit value of the required performance flow rate. Therefore, the lower limit value of the required performance flow rate is It is output as the lower limit pressure for performance requirements.
- the inter-electrode differential pressure required pressure calculation unit 361 calculates the lower limit value of the cathode gas pressure in order to suppress the deterioration of the durability of the electrolyte membrane due to the increase in the inter-electrode differential pressure.
- the differential pressure restriction map is stored in the inter-electrode differential pressure request pressure calculation unit 361.
- the required pressure of the cathode gas determined by the allowable differential pressure of the electrolyte membrane is associated with the pressure of the anode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1.
- the differential pressure limit map is set in advance by, for example, experimental data.
- the inter-electrode differential pressure required pressure calculation unit 361 calculates a required flow rate associated with the detected value with reference to the differential pressure restriction map and calculates the calculated flow rate.
- the value is output to the target pressure setting unit 362 as the lower limit flow rate of the abnormality avoidance request.
- the target pressure setting unit 362 selects a larger value between the lower limit pressure of the stack performance request and the lower limit pressure of the abnormality avoidance request, and calculates the selected value as the cathode gas target pressure.
- the target pressure setting unit 362 sets the lower limit pressure of the stack performance request to the cathode Set to gas target pressure.
- the target flow rate setting unit 332 The lower limit pressure of the avoidance request is set to the cathode gas target pressure.
- the cathode gas target pressure is lowered by switching the warm-up request pressure to zero. Thereby, the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 can be reduced.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of the heater output control unit 203.
- the heater output control unit 203 limits the output of the cooling water heater 46 after the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 is restricted during the warm-up promotion operation.
- the heater output control unit 203 includes a warm-up request output holding unit 213, a warm-up restriction unit 236, a heater-suppliable power calculation unit 237, and a normal control unit 303.
- the normal control unit 303 includes a temperature request output calculation unit 371, a maximum output calculation unit 372, and a target output setting unit 374.
- the temperature request output calculation unit 371 calculates an upper limit value of power supplied to the coolant heater 46 based on the stack inlet water temperature in order to maintain the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 appropriately.
- a temperature request map generated so that the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 can be maintained at a temperature suitable for power generation, for example, 50 ° C., is stored in the temperature request output calculation unit 371 in advance.
- the required output of the cooling water heater 46 determined for adjusting the temperature to a temperature suitable for power generation is associated with each cooling water temperature.
- the temperature request map is set by, for example, experimental data.
- the temperature request output calculation unit 371 acquires the detection value of the stack inlet water temperature from the second water temperature sensor 48, the temperature request output calculation unit 371 refers to the temperature request map and calculates a request output associated with the detection value.
- the temperature request output calculation unit 371 calculates a small required output, and outputs the calculated value to the target output setting unit 374 as the upper limit value of the temperature request output. . Thereby, it becomes possible to maintain the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 at a temperature suitable for power generation.
- the maximum output calculation unit 372 calculates the maximum output (the upper limit value of the supplied power) of the cooling water heater 46 that can heat the cooling water without boiling the cooling water.
- the maximum output calculator 372 calculates the upper limit value of the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 based on the rotational speed of the circulation pump 45. As the rotational speed of the circulation pump 45 increases, the cooling water becomes less likely to boil in the cooling water heater 46, so the maximum output calculation unit 372 increases the upper limit value of the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46.
- the maximum output calculation unit 372 corrects the upper limit value of the output of the cooling water heater 46 according to the average value of the stack inlet water temperature and the stack outlet water temperature. Further, the maximum output calculation unit 372 corrects the upper limit value of the output of the cooling water heater 46 according to the stack outlet water temperature.
- the maximum output calculation unit 372 records a maximum output map generated for each average value of the stack inlet water temperature and the stack outlet water temperature.
- the rotational speed of the circulation pump 45 and the required output determined to prevent boiling of the cooling water are associated with each other.
- the maximum output map is set by, for example, experimental data.
- the maximum output calculation unit 372 acquires the detected values of the rotational speed of the circulation pump 45, the stack inlet water temperature, and the stack outlet water temperature, it calculates the average value of the detected value of the stack inlet water temperature and the detected value of the stack outlet water temperature.
- the maximum output calculation unit 372 refers to the maximum output map corresponding to the average value, and outputs the requested output associated with the detected value of the rotation speed of the circulation pump 45 to the target output setting unit 374 as the heater output upper limit value. To do.
- the warm-up request output holding unit 213 holds a lower limit value of the warm-up request output necessary for warming up the fuel cell stack 1.
- the lower limit value of the warm-up request output is, for example, 5 kW, and the warm-up request output is output to the target output setting unit 374.
- the lower limit value of the warm-up request output is set by the warm-up operation unit 210 when the fuel cell system 100 is activated.
- the target output setting unit 373 selects the smallest value among the upper limit value of the temperature request output, the upper limit value of the heater output, and the lower limit value of the warm-up request output, and uses the selected value as the upper limit value of the heater supply power. Is output to the warm-up limiting unit 236.
- the target output setting unit 374 sets the lower limit value of the warm-up request output as the target value of the heater supply power.
- Heater supplyable power calculation unit 237 calculates an upper limit value of power that can be supplied to cooling water heater 46 within the range of dischargeable power of battery 55. Heater supplyable power calculation unit 237 outputs the calculation result to warm-up restriction unit 236. The detailed configuration of the heater suppliable power calculation unit 237 will be described later with reference to FIG.
- the warm-up restriction unit 236 selects a smaller value between the target value of the heater supply power and the upper limit value of the power that can be supplied to the cooling water heater 46, and uses the selected value as the target supply to the cooling water heater 46.
- the electric power is output to the coolant heater command unit 250 as electric power.
- the power that can be supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 to the cooling water heater 46 becomes larger than the target value of the heater supply power.
- the limiting unit 236 outputs a target value for heater supply power.
- the power that can be supplied to the coolant heater 46 may be lower than the target value of the heater supply power.
- the warm-up limiting unit 236 limits the target power supply to the cooling water heater 46 to the upper limit value of power that can be supplied to the cooling water heater 46.
- the coolant heater command unit 250 uses the detection value of the current sensor connected to the coolant heater 46 and the detection value of the battery current sensor 58 so that the power supplied to the coolant heater 46 becomes the target supply power. The output of the cooling water heater 46 is adjusted.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a detailed configuration of the heater-suppliable power calculation unit 237.
- the heater suppliable power calculation unit 237 includes an addition unit 2371, a subtraction unit 2372, a calculation unit 2373, a lower limit discharge power holding unit 2374, and a suppliable power setting unit 2375.
- the adder 2371 calculates the auxiliary machine power consumption excluding the power consumption of the cooling water heater 46 by summing the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24, the power consumption of the circulation pump 45, and the power loss of the DC / DC converter 56. To do. Note that the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24, the power consumption of the circulation pump 45, and the power loss of the DC / DC converter 56 are the parameters described in FIG.
- the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24 indicates the power consumption in a state where the warm-up is restricted when the warm-up is restricted by the battery overdischarge prevention flag shown in FIGS.
- the subtracting unit 2372 subtracts the motor required power required from the drive motor 53 from the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 to calculate auxiliary machine suppliable power that can be supplied to the auxiliary machines 57. In a situation where traveling is not permitted during the warm-up promotion operation, the required motor power indicates “0”, and the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is supplied only to the auxiliary devices 57.
- the calculating unit 2373 calculates the upper limit value of the power that can be supplied to the cooling water heater 46 by adding the battery dischargeable power to the power that can be supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 to the cooling water heater 46.
- the battery dischargeable power is set based on, for example, the SOC detected by the SOC sensor 62. Further, when the SOC of the battery 55 falls below the discharge threshold for preventing overdischarge, the battery dischargeable power is set to “0”.
- the calculation unit 2373 subtracts the auxiliary machine power consumption excluding the power consumption of the cooling water heater 46 from the auxiliary machine suppliable power calculated by the subtraction unit 2372 to obtain the cooling water from the fuel cell stack 1.
- the stack supplyable power that can be supplied to the heater 46 is calculated.
- the calculation unit 2373 calculates the heater supplyable power that can be supplied to the cooling water heater 46 by adding the battery dischargeable power to the stack supplyable power.
- the lower limit discharge power holding unit 2374 holds the lower limit value of the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46.
- the lower limit value of the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 is “0”, and this lower limit value is output to the suppliable power setting unit 2375.
- the suppliable power setting unit 2375 outputs the heater suppliable power to the warm-up restriction unit 236 shown in FIG. 7 when the heater suppliable power is larger than the lower limit (0).
- the heater suppliable power calculation unit 237 adds the upper limit value of power that can be discharged from the battery 55 to the cooling water heater 46 to the upper limit value of power that can be supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 to the cooling water heater 46.
- the upper limit value of the power that can be supplied to the coolant heater 46 is calculated.
- the battery dischargeable power is set to “0”, so that overdischarge of the battery 55 can be prevented.
- FIG. 9 is a time chart showing the operation of the fuel cell system 100 when the warm-up is restricted.
- FIG. 9A is a diagram showing the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1.
- FIG. 9B is a diagram showing the cell voltage (minimum cell voltage) of the battery cell having the lowest cell voltage among the battery cells stacked in the fuel cell stack 1.
- FIG. 9C is a diagram showing the output of the cooling water heater 46.
- FIG. 9D is a diagram illustrating charging / discharging of the battery 55.
- FIG. 9E is a diagram showing the flow rate of the cathode gas supplied from the cathode compressor 24 to the fuel cell stack 1.
- FIG. 9 (f) is a diagram showing the pressure of the cathode gas flowing through the inlet hole of the WRD 27.
- the horizontal axis of each figure from FIG. 9A to FIG. 9F is a common time axis.
- the solid line represents the waveform when the IV characteristics of the fuel cell stack 1 are poor and the power consumption of the auxiliary machinery 57 is restricted during the warm-up promotion operation.
- a broken line indicates a waveform when the output of the fuel cell stack 1 does not occur and the fuel cell stack 1 generates power stably.
- the controller 6 executes the start-up process of the fuel cell stack 1 in response to a start request from the key sensor 63.
- the controller 6 adjusts the opening degree of the anode pressure regulating valve 33 and supplies the fuel cell stack 1 with the minimum anode gas pressure necessary for power generation by the fuel cell stack 1. At the same time, the controller 6 adjusts the opening of the cathode pressure regulating valve 29 to control the pressure of the cathode gas to a pressure suitable for power generation, and the minimum flow rate of cathode gas required for power generation with respect to the fuel cell stack 1. Supply.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 of the controller 6 promotes warm-up because the stack inlet water temperature detected by the second water temperature sensor 48 is lower than the warm-up threshold. Start driving.
- the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 controls the voltage on the fuel cell stack 1 side of the DC / DC converter 56 and supplies generated power from the fuel cell stack 1 to the auxiliary devices 57.
- converter control unit 220 lowers the output voltage of fuel cell stack 1 by controlling the voltage of DC / DC converter 56 in order to extract the required power required for the warm-up promotion operation from fuel cell stack 1. .
- the IV characteristic of the fuel cell stack 1 is poor and the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is lower than the warm-up required power. Decreases to a predetermined voltage threshold.
- the voltage threshold is a lower limit value of the cell voltage determined to avoid an abnormal decrease of the fuel cell stack 1, and is determined by, for example, experimental data.
- the controller 6 When the minimum cell voltage decreases to the predetermined voltage threshold, the controller 6 reduces the voltage on the fuel cell stack 1 side of the DC / DC converter 56 from the voltage threshold in order to avoid an excessive decrease in the output of the fuel cell stack 1. It is prohibited to reduce.
- the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500 of the controller 6 sets the battery overdischarge prevention flag to “1” because the surplus generated power of the fuel cell stack is larger than “0”.
- the warm-up request flow rate is limited to “0”.
- the calculated value is set to the cathode gas target flow rate.
- the flow rate of the cathode gas is maintained at a required power generation flow rate necessary for power generation of the fuel cell stack 1. Therefore, since the rotational speed of the cathode compressor 24 does not increase, the power consumed by the cathode compressor 24 is limited to be lower than the required power required for warm-up.
- the warm-up request pressure is limited to “0” in the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 shown in FIG.
- the calculated value of the wet required pressure is set as the cathode gas target pressure.
- the difference power from the required power required for warm-up to the required power required for power generation can be supplied to the cooling water heater 46, so the power supplied to the cooling water heater 46 is increased. It is possible to promote warm-up.
- converter control unit 220 of controller 6 discharges electric power from battery 55 to cooling water heater 46 by voltage control of DC / DC converter 56.
- the supply power necessary for the warm-up request output is cooled within the range of the dischargeable power of the battery 55.
- the water heater 46 can be supplied.
- the output of the coolant heater 46 is controlled to the value of the warm-up request output.
- the converter 55 can be discharged from the battery 55.
- the electric power is discharged to the cooling water heater 46 within such a range. Therefore, since the output of the coolant heater 46 is not limited to zero, the fuel cell stack 1 can be efficiently warmed up while suppressing the occurrence of overdischarge of the battery 55.
- the heater supplyable power calculation unit 237 shown in FIG. 8 the sum of the power that can be discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57 and the power that can be supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 to the coolant heater 46 is the heater supply. Output as possible power.
- the heater supplyable power exceeds the warm-up request output, so the warm-up restriction unit 236 outputs the warm-up request output as the heater target supply power.
- the fuel cell stack 1 is warmed by the self-heating caused by the power generation of the fuel cell stack 1 or the cooling water by the cooling water heater 46, and the IV characteristics of the fuel cell stack 1 are restored.
- the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 gradually increases as shown in FIG.
- the warm-up request output of the cooling water heater 46 cannot be secured within the dischargeable power range of the battery 55.
- the heater supplyable power is lower than the warmup request output, so the warmup restriction unit 236 switches the heater target supply power to the heater supplyable power.
- the output of the cooling water heater 46 gradually decreases from the power generation required output as shown in FIG. 9C. Therefore, the coolant heater 46 is replenished with electric power from the battery 55 so as not to exceed the upper limit value of the battery dischargeable electric power. Therefore, the fuel cell stack 1 is efficiently warmed up while suppressing the discharge of the battery 55. can do.
- the battery overdischarge prevention flag is set to “1”, and the cathode compressor 24 The power supplied to is limited.
- the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 calculates the target flow rate of the cathode gas from the warm-up request flow rate required for warm-up by the normal control unit 302. For example, the required flow rate is reduced to the required power flow rate.
- the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 calculates the cathode gas target pressure from the warm-up request pressure required for warm-up by the normal control unit 302. For example, the required pressure is reduced to the required wet pressure.
- the target flow rate and target pressure of the cathode gas are suppressed. Can be limited.
- the target flow rate and the target pressure of the cathode gas can be switched to the required flow rate and the required pressure calculated by the normal control units 301 and 302, respectively, when the warm-up is restricted, which can be realized with simple control logic. it can.
- the heater output control unit 203 controls the cooling water when the electric power is discharged from the battery 55 to the cooling water heater 46 in a state where the supply power to the cathode compressor 24 is limited during the warm-up promotion operation. The output of the heater 46 is limited.
- the heater output control unit 203 The output of the cooling water heater 46 is limited.
- the warm-up effect of raising the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 by the cooling water heater 46 is more efficient than the warm-up effect due to the increase in power consumption of the cathode compressor 24. Therefore, the power of the battery 55 can be used efficiently. Can do.
- the configuration of the fuel cell system in the third and fourth embodiments is basically the same as the configuration of the fuel cell system 100 shown in FIG.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 restricts only the cathode gas target pressure without restricting the cathode gas target flow rate.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 changes the warm-up limit value set in the warm-up limit value holding unit 234 of the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 according to the upper limit value of the power that can be supplied by the compressor.
- the electric power that can be supplied to the compressor is electric power that can be supplied to the cathode compressor 24 only from the fuel cell stack 1 in a state where the generated electric power is supplied to the auxiliary devices 57 except the cathode compressor 24 during the warm-up promotion operation. .
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 adds the power consumption of the circulation pump 45, the power consumption of the cooling water heater 46, and the power loss of the DC / DC converter 56 described in FIG.
- the auxiliary machine power consumption excluding 24 is calculated.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 subtracts the auxiliary machine power consumption excluding the cathode compressor 24 from the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 to calculate the compressor-suppliable power.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 sets a larger warm-up limit value in the warm-up limit value holding unit 234 as the compressor-suppliable power increases.
- the cathode gas target pressure can be made higher than the required pressure calculated by the normal control unit 302 within the range of the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1.
- FIG. 10 is a time chart showing the operation when the warm-up is restricted in the third embodiment.
- shaft of each drawing from Fig.10 (a) to FIG.10 (f) is the same as each drawing from Fig.9 (a) to FIG.9 (f), respectively, and FIG.
- the horizontal axis of each drawing up to 10 (f) is a common time axis.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 of the controller 6 starts the warm-up promotion operation because the stack inlet water temperature detected by the second water temperature sensor 48 is lower than the predetermined warm-up temperature. To do.
- the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 controls the voltage of the DC / DC converter 56 to reduce the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the output current of the fuel cell stack 1 increases, so that the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 increases as shown in FIG.
- the cell voltage of the lowest battery cell also decreases as shown in FIG.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 calculates the compressor-suppliable power from the fuel cell stack 1, calculates the warm-up limit value of the cathode gas pressure based on the compressor-suppliable power, and shows the calculation result as shown in FIG. 6 is set in the warm-up limit value holding unit 234 shown in FIG.
- the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 switches the cathode gas target pressure from the warm-up request pressure to the warm-up limit value based on the compressor-suppliable power.
- the pressure of the cathode gas is limited to a warm-up limit value higher than the required wet pressure.
- the amount of power consumed by the cathode compressor 24 can be minimized within the range of power generated by the fuel cell stack 1.
- the supplied power is supplied to the coolant heater 46 only from the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cathode gas pressure controller 202 switches the cathode gas target pressure to the wet required pressure because the required wet pressure becomes larger than the warm-up limit value.
- the cathode gas flow rate is not limited and only the cathode gas pressure is limited. Restrict.
- the amount of water vapor taken out from the fuel cell stack 1 is increased by increasing the flow rate of the cathode gas supplied to the fuel cell stack 1, and the pressure of the cathode gas is decreased to reduce the condensed water. It is conceivable to suppress the occurrence.
- the cathode gas pressure is limited without limiting the cathode gas flow rate. Therefore, the flooding which is easy to occur at the time of starting below zero can be suppressed while the overdischarge of the battery 55 is suppressed.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 restricts the cathode gas target flow rate in a state where the cathode gas target pressure is restricted.
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 sets the warm-up limit value set in the warm-up limit value holding unit 232 of the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 according to the upper limit value of the power that can be supplied by the compressor described in the third embodiment. change.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 sets both the cathode gas target flow rate and the cathode gas target pressure to the required flow rate (for example, the required power generation flow rate) and the required pressure (for example, the required wet pressure) of the normal control units 301 and 302. Calculate the required power when limiting.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 sets the warm-up restriction value of the cathode gas flow rate high according to the amount of surplus power. Thereby, the cathode gas target flow rate can be made higher than the required flow rate in a state where the cathode gas target pressure is limited to the required pressure.
- FIG. 11 is a time chart showing the operation when the warm-up is restricted in the fourth embodiment.
- shaft of each drawing from Fig.11 (a) to FIG.11 (f) is the same as each drawing from FIG.9 (a) to FIG.9 (f), respectively, and FIG.11 (a) to FIG.
- the horizontal axis of each drawing up to 11 (f) is a common time axis.
- the warm-up operation unit 210 of the controller 6 starts the warm-up promotion operation because the stack inlet water temperature detected by the second water temperature sensor 48 is lower than the predetermined warm-up temperature. To do.
- the converter control unit 220 of the controller 6 controls the voltage of the DC / DC converter 56 to reduce the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 1.
- the output current of the fuel cell stack 1 increases, so that the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 increases as shown in FIG.
- the cell voltage of the lowest battery cell also decreases as shown in FIG.
- the generated power of the fuel cell stack 1 is necessary for the warm-up promotion operation. Does not increase to the required power. For this reason, in the overdischarge prevention flag generation unit 500 of the controller 6, the fuel cell stack surplus generated power becomes larger than “0”, and the battery overdischarge prevention flag is set to “1”.
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 calculates the power that can be supplied from the fuel cell stack 1 to the compressor. Then, the warm-up limiting unit 230 warms the cathode gas flow according to the difference between the required power and the power that can be supplied by the compressor when the warm-up limit values of the cathode gas pressure and the cathode gas flow are both set to “0”. The machine limit value is set in the warm-up limit value holding unit 232. As a result, the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 switches the cathode gas target flow rate from the warm-up request flow rate to the warm-up limit value based on the compressor-suppliable power.
- the flow rate of the cathode gas rises to a warm-up limit value that is higher than the required power generation flow rate.
- the amount of power consumed by the cathode compressor 24 can be minimized within the range of power generated by the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cooling water heater 46 is supplied only from the fuel cell stack 1.
- the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 switches the cathode gas target pressure to the power generation required flow rate because the power generation required pressure becomes larger than the warm-up limit value.
- the cathode gas pressure is limited to the pressure required by the normal control unit 301.
- the cathode gas flow rate is limited.
- the cathode gas flow rate is limited after the cathode gas pressure is limited. Therefore, the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24 is reduced compared to the third embodiment. The amount can be increased.
- the cathode gas pressure is limited in preference to the cathode gas flow rate, the discharge of the battery 55 can be suppressed while suppressing the occurrence of flooding.
- the warm-up limiting unit 230 increases the warm-up limit value of the power supplied to the cathode compressor 24 according to the compressor-suppliable power. Therefore, compared with 2nd Embodiment, since the self-heating amount of the fuel cell stack 1 can be increased, warm-up time can be shortened.
- the cathode gas flow control unit 201 has been described with respect to the example in which the cathode gas warm-up request flow rate is limited when the electric power is discharged from the battery 55 to the auxiliary devices 57.
- the present invention is not limited to this. Absent.
- the cathode gas flow rate control unit 201 may limit the warm-up request flow rate according to the amount of discharge power supplied from the battery 55 to the auxiliary machinery 57.
- the warm-up limit unit 230 decreases the warm-up limit value set in the warm-up limit value holding unit 232 as the SOC of the battery 55 decreases.
- the warm-up restriction unit 230 uses the battery current sensor 58 and the battery voltage sensor 59 to integrate the amount of discharge power supplied from the battery 55 to the accessories 57, and the warm-up limit increases as the amount of discharge power increases. The limit value may be reduced.
- the warm-up of the fuel cell stack 1 can be prioritized by increasing the power consumption of the cathode compressor 24 within a range where the battery 55 is not overdischarged.
- the cathode gas pressure control unit 202 may prioritize the warm-up of the fuel cell stack 1 by reducing the required warm-up pressure in accordance with the amount of power supplied from the battery 55 to the accessories 57. it can.
- the anode gas non-circulation type fuel cell system has been described.
- the present invention is also applicable to an anode gas circulation type fuel cell system.
- a gas circulation pump is provided in a circulation passage that branches from the anode gas discharge passage 35 and merges with the anode gas supply passage 32, and makes the gas circulation pump higher than the required flow rate required for power generation during the warm-up promotion operation.
- the power consumption of the gas circulation pump is limited before the coolant heater 46 when the warm-up is limited.
- the warm-up of the fuel cell stack 1 can be promoted while suppressing the discharge of the battery 55.
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Abstract
Description
(第1実施形態)
図1は、本発明の第1実施形態における燃料電池システム100の構成を示す図である。
カソード電極 : 4H+ +4e- + O2 → 2H2O ・・・(2)
燃料電池では、上記(1)及び(2)の電気化学反応によって起電力が生じるとともに水が生成される。燃料電池スタック1では、積層された燃料電池のそれぞれが互いに直列に接続されているため、各燃料電池に生じるセル電圧の総和が燃料電池スタック1の出力電圧(例えば数百ボルト)となる。
次に、本発明の第2実施形態ではコントローラ6のより詳細な構成について図4~図9を参照して説明する。なお、本実施形態における燃料電池システムの構成は、図1に示した燃料電池システム100の構成と基本的に同じであるため、以下、同じ構成については同一符号を付してここでの説明を省略する。
本発明の第3実施形態では、暖機制限部230は、カソードガス目標流量を制限せずに、カソードガス目標圧力のみ制限する。例えば、暖機制限部230は、カソードガス圧力制御部202の暖機制限値保持部234に設定される暖機制限値を、コンプレッサ供給可能電力の上限値に応じて変更する。
本発明の第4実施形態では、暖機制限部230は、カソードガス目標圧力を制限した状態で、カソードガス目標流量を制限する。例えば、暖機制限部230は、カソードガス流量制御部201の暖機制限値保持部232に設定される暖機制限値を、第3実施形態で述べたコンプレッサ供給可能電力の上限値に応じて変更する。
Claims (7)
- 電力を蓄えるバッテリと、
燃料電池を発電させるためのガスが前記燃料電池に供給されるように駆動するアクチュエータと、前記燃料電池を循環する冷却水を加熱するヒータと、を含む補機と、
前記補機の動作を調整することにより、前記燃料電池から所定の電力が取れるように出力させる暖機運転部と、
前記燃料電池で発電される発電電力が、前記補機で消費される電力よりも小さい場合には、前記バッテリから前記補機へ電力を供給する放電制御部と、
前記ヒータによって前記燃料電池の暖機が行われる場合において、前記放電制御部によって前記バッテリから前記補機に電力が供給されるときには、前記アクチュエータで消費される電力を制限する補機制限部と、
を含む燃料電池システム。 - 請求項1に記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記燃料電池の発電状態に応じて、前記アクチュエータに対する供給電力を制御する通常制御部をさらに含み、
前記補機制限部は、前記燃料電池の暖機時に、前記発電電力が前記所定の電力よりも小さいと判断された場合には、前記アクチュエータで消費される電力を、前記通常制御部によって制御される供給電力まで制限する、
燃料電池システム。 - 請求項1に記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記補機制限部は、前記放電制御部によって前記バッテリから前記補機へ電力が供給される場合には、前記バッテリから前記補機へ放電される電力量が大きくなるほど、前記アクチュエータに対する供給電力を小さくする、
燃料電池システム。 - 請求項1から請求項3までのいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記補機制限部は、前記アクチュエータで消費される電力を制限した場合において、前記バッテリから前記補機に供給される電力が、前記バッテリで放電可能な電力よりも大きいときには、前記ヒータに対する供給電力を制限する、
燃料電池システム。 - 請求項1から請求項4までのいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記補機制限部は、前記アクチュエータで消費される電力を制限した状態で、前記発電電力が前記補機で消費される電力よりも小さい場合には、前記放電制御部によって前記バッテリから前記ヒータに放電される電力を制限しない、
燃料電池システム。 - 請求項1から請求項3までのいずれか1項に記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記補機制限部は、前記アクチュエータを駆動してカソードガスを供給するガス供給部で消費される電力を小さくする場合には、前記燃料電池に供給されるカソードガスの圧力を制限してから、前記カソードガスの流量を制限する、
燃料電池システム。 - 燃料電池を発電させるためのガスが前記燃料電池に供給されるように駆動するアクチュエータと前記燃料電池を循環する冷却水を加熱するヒータとを含む補機と、電力を蓄えるバッテリと、を備える燃料電池システムの制御方法であって、
前記補機の動作を調整することにより、前記燃料電池から所定の電力が取れるように出力させる暖機運転ステップと、
前記燃料電池で発電される発電電力が、前記補機で消費される電力よりも小さい場合には、前記バッテリから前記補機へ電力を供給する放電制御ステップと、
前記ヒータによって前記燃料電池の暖機が行われる場合において、前記放電制御ステップによって前記バッテリから前記補機に電力が供給されるときには、前記アクチュエータで消費される電力を制限する補機制限ステップと、
を含む燃料電池システムの制御方法。
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EP14851940.8A EP3057165B1 (en) | 2013-10-08 | 2014-09-18 | Fuel cell system and method for controlling fuel cell system |
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