WO2015012344A1 - 結晶配向圧電セラミックス、圧電体素子および結晶配向圧電セラミックスの製造方法 - Google Patents
結晶配向圧電セラミックス、圧電体素子および結晶配向圧電セラミックスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015012344A1 WO2015012344A1 PCT/JP2014/069538 JP2014069538W WO2015012344A1 WO 2015012344 A1 WO2015012344 A1 WO 2015012344A1 JP 2014069538 W JP2014069538 W JP 2014069538W WO 2015012344 A1 WO2015012344 A1 WO 2015012344A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic, a piezoelectric element, and a method for producing a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic.
- piezoelectric materials used in piezoelectric devices.
- a piezoelectric ceramic made of PbZrO 3 —PbTiO 3 (PZT) which is a lead-containing perovskite ferroelectric, exhibits excellent piezoelectric characteristics.
- PZT ceramics have been widely used in the fields of electronics, mechatronics, automobiles and the like.
- the piezoelectric ceramic is required to have a large piezoelectric constant d33 (mechanical displacement ratio per electric field in 33 directions).
- a piezoelectric ceramic in which a crystal is oriented (hereinafter referred to as a crystal oriented piezoelectric ceramic) is attracting attention as compared with a conventional non-oriented piezoelectric ceramic.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a lead-free crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic.
- an isotropic perovskite compound represented by the general formula: ABO 3 wherein the main component of the A site element is K and / or Na, and the main component of the B site element is Nb, Sb, and Crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics comprising a polycrystal having a main phase of the first perovskite-type pentavalent metal acid alkali compound as Ta and / or a specific crystal plane of each crystal grain constituting the polycrystal Is disclosed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lead-free crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having a large piezoelectric constant d33, a piezoelectric element, and a method for manufacturing the piezoelectric ceramic.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention has a general formula: (1-s) A1B1O 3 —sBaMO 3 (where A1 is at least one element selected from alkali metals, and B1 is at least one element of a transition metal element) Nb is included, M is at least one element of Group 4A and includes Zr, 0.05 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.15), and the relative density is 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less. Containing the main component.
- the degree of orientation by the Lotgering method of the main component is 85% or more.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 of the main component is 300 pm / V or more.
- A1B1O 3 is, K 1-xy Na x Li y (Nb 1-z Q z) O 3 ( however, Q is at least one transition metal element other than Nb, x , Y, z are represented by 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.3).
- the M includes 80% or more of Zr.
- the piezoelectric element of the present invention includes any of the above-described crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics and a plurality of electrodes in contact with the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics.
- Another piezoelectric element of the present invention includes a plurality of ceramic layers including the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic according to any one of the above and a plurality of internal electrodes, wherein the plurality of internal electrodes and the plurality of ceramic layers are alternately arranged. Are stacked.
- the method for producing a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention comprises a step of preparing a first crystal powder comprising a bismuth layered structure compound including a (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layer and a pseudo-perovskite layer; By reducing Bi, a step of obtaining a plate crystal powder composed of the first perovskite compound, and an additive raw material capable of forming the plate crystal powder and the second perovskite compound are mixed together, A general formula: (1-s) A1B1O 3 —sBaMO 3 (wherein A1 is at least one element selected from alkali metals, B1 is at least one element of transition metal elements and contains Nb, Is at least one element of Group 4A and contains Zr, and a step of obtaining a mixture having a composition represented by 0.05 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.15), molding the mixture, and orientation molding A sintered body having a relative density of 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less by sintering the oriented compact
- a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having a large piezoelectric constant d33 and a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having a high degree of orientation using a ceramic having a composition represented by the general formula: (1-s) A1B1O 3 -sBaMO 3 is provided. It can. As a result, it is possible to provide a lead-free piezoelectric element with good response that the displacement is large even with a small voltage difference.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a sheet-like molded body in which plate-like crystal powder is oriented. It is a figure which shows the SEM observation photograph of 1st crystal powder. It is a figure which shows the X-ray-diffraction result of a 1st crystal powder. It is a figure which shows the detail of a composition of 1st crystal powder.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic shows a larger value as the degree of crystal orientation is higher.
- the degree of crystal orientation depends on the degree of orientation of the plate-like crystal powder in the green body during production.
- the present inventors studied a piezoelectric material having a composition system represented by a general formula (1-s) A1B1O 3 -sBaMO 3 described later. As a result, it has been found that the relative density and the degree of orientation are not always correlated, and the piezoelectric constant d33 may not increase even if the relative density is increased.
- a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic, a piezoelectric element, and a method for producing a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic according to the present invention will be described in detail.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention has a composition represented by the general formula: (1-s) A1B1O 3 —sBaMO 3 .
- A1 is at least one element selected from alkali metals
- B1 is at least one element of transition metal elements and contains Nb
- M is at least one element of Group 4A and contains Zr 0.05 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.15.
- the present inventors aimed to further improve the piezoelectric constant d33 by crystal orientation when sintering a molded body using ceramics having this composition.
- the relative density exceeds 98.5%, it has been found for the first time that the degree of orientation is reduced, and the piezoelectric constant d33 is reduced, contrary to the conventional general knowledge.
- crystal orientation refers to orientation of microcrystals in a polycrystal.
- crystals are obtained by sintering an oriented compact having the above composition in which plate-like powder materials for orientation (hereinafter referred to as plate-like crystal powder) are dispersed in the same orientation.
- plate-like crystal powder plate-like powder materials for orientation
- An oriented piezoelectric ceramic is obtained.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having the above composition has a relative density in the range of 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less, the degree of crystal orientation is the highest, and accordingly, the crystal orientation is high.
- a piezoelectric constant d33 is obtained.
- composition of crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics The composition of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention will be described below.
- the ceramic constituting the main component of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention includes a ceramic composition represented by A1B1O 3 and BaMO 3 .
- the composition represented by A1B1O 3 is an alkali metal-containing niobium oxide.
- A1 is at least one element selected from alkali metals
- B1 is at least one element of transition metal elements and contains Nb.
- the alkali metal-containing niobium oxide having this composition is known as a composition of piezoelectric ceramics having a tetragonal perovskite structure that is easy to obtain a high piezoelectric constant while being lead-free, and also exhibits a high piezoelectric constant in this embodiment. .
- A1 is at least one selected from alkali metal (K, Na, Li).
- A1 contains K, Na and Li.
- A1B1O 3 is an alkali metal-containing niobate oxide-based composition formula: is preferably a composition represented by K 1-xy Na x Li y (Nb 1-z Q z) O 3 .
- Q is at least one of transition metal elements other than Nb, and x, y, and z satisfy 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.3.
- Q is, for example, Ta, W, or V.
- the alkali metal By including both K and Na as the alkali metal, it is possible to exhibit higher piezoelectric characteristics than when K or Na is included alone. Li can also have the effect of increasing the Curie temperature and the effect of increasing the piezoelectric properties by increasing the sinterability. Moreover, the effect which improves mechanical strength can also be show
- BaMO 3 has the effect of increasing the dielectric constant.
- M is preferably a composition containing 80% or more of Zr as Group 4A. Examples of M other than Zr include Ti and Hf.
- A1B1O 3 and BaMO 3 are contained in the piezoelectric ceramic in a ratio represented by the following general formula (1).
- a piezoelectric ceramic having a high piezoelectric constant d33 and a high Curie temperature can be obtained.
- s is 0.05 or less, or if s exceeds 0.15, the obtained piezoelectric constant becomes too low, and it becomes difficult to obtain a practical piezoelectric ceramic.
- a preferable range of s is 0.065 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.11.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention has a relative density in the range of 95.0% to 98.5%. Further, the degree of orientation of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic by the Lotgering method is 85% or more, and the piezoelectric constant d33 is 300 pm / V or more.
- the ceramic has a composition represented by the general formula (1) and has a relative density in the range of 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less, it can have an orientation degree of 85% or more, By performing the polarization treatment, a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having a piezoelectric constant d33 of 300 pm / V or more can be realized.
- General formula (1) does not contain lead. Therefore, it is possible to realize a responsive piezoelectric element that is composed of a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having a lead-free composition and has a large displacement even with a small voltage difference.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention does not have to be composed only of the composition defined by the general formula (1), as long as it contains 80 mol% or more of the ceramic having the composition represented by the general formula (1).
- a high piezoelectric constant d33 is shown. That is, it is sufficient if the composition represented by the general formula (1) is included as a main component. In this case, the relative density of the main component may be 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention may contain a composition represented by (R ⁇ A2) TiO 3 .
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic is represented by the following composition formula (1 ′).
- A1 is at least one element selected from alkali metals
- B1 is at least one element of transition metal elements and contains Nb
- M is at least one element of Group 4A and contains Zr
- R is at least one element of rare earth elements (including Y)
- A2 is at least one element selected from alkali metals, 0.05 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.15, 0 ⁇ t ⁇ 0.03 It is.
- (R ⁇ A2) TiO 3 is a ceramic composition having a rhombohedral perovskite structure.
- a piezoelectric ceramic having a phase boundary such as a tetragonal crystal-rhombohedral crystal can be obtained. Piezoelectric properties can be imparted.
- t when t exceeds 0.03, the amount of expensive rare earth used increases and the raw material cost increases. From these viewpoints, a preferable range of t is 0.005 ⁇ t ⁇ 0.015.
- the (R ⁇ A2) of the (R ⁇ A2) TiO 3 refers to (R 0.5 A2 0.5 ).
- R is particularly preferably at least one selected from Y, La and Ce, and among them, La is more preferable. Since rare earth elements such as La, Y, and Ce, which have a low standard free energy of formation of oxides, are used, these elements cause little volatilization during sintering and can suppress fluctuations in the composition of the ceramic.
- A2 is particularly preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and Na is more preferable among them.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 can be increased by using these elements.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention can be manufactured, for example, by the following five manufacturing steps.
- a step of preparing a first crystal powder of a bismuth layer structure compound comprising a (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layer and a pseudo-perovskite layer (2) A first perovskite type by reducing Bi from the first crystal powder Step of obtaining a plate-like crystal powder comprising a compound (3)
- the plate-like crystal powder and an additive raw material capable of forming a second perovskite type compound are mixed, and the general formula: (1-s) A1B1O 3 ⁇ sBaMO 3 (where A1 is at least one element selected from alkali metals, B1 is at least one element of a transition metal element and contains Nb, and M is at least one element of Group 4A and is Zr (4) Step of obtaining a mixture having a composition represented by 0.05 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.15) (4) Step of molding the mixture to obtain an orientation molded product (5) In
- a first crystal powder made of a bismuth layered structure compound consisting of a (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layer and a pseudo-perovskite layer is prepared. As shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 3, this powder has a crystal structure in which (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layers 2 and pseudo-perovskite layers 1 are alternately stacked.
- the first crystal powder is a general formula: (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ (Bi 0.5 A3 m-1.5 Nb m O 3m + 1 ) 2 ⁇ (where A3 is selected from alkali metals) And m is an integer of 2 or more.
- the left side shows the (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layer
- the right side shows the composition of the pseudo-perovskite layer.
- the general formula (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ (A3 m-1 B2 m O 3m + 1 ) 2 ⁇ (where A3 is an alkali metal)
- B2 is at least one element selected from 4, 5, and 6-valent elements, and m is an integer of 2 or more.
- A3 is preferably at least one element selected from Li, K, or Na.
- B2 is preferably at least one element of Nb and Ta.
- step S2 raw materials such as Bi 2 O 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , and Nb 2 O 5 are mixed. After the mixed raw materials are dried, a flux such as NaCl is added as shown in step S3. Mix.
- a flux such as NaCl is added as shown in step S3.
- the flux for example, alkali metal chlorides such as NaCl and KCl, fluorides, nitrates and sulfates can be used.
- step S4 the raw material to which the flux has been added is heated in the atmosphere at 700 ° C. or higher and 1300 ° C. or lower, and the raw material is reacted to grow a crystal that becomes the first crystal powder.
- a reaction product composed of the first crystal powder and the flux can be obtained.
- Multi-stage heat treatment can also be applied when heating.
- the heating time is preferably set to 1 minute or longer. Long-time heating tends to decrease the aspect ratio of the obtained plate-like powder shape as the treatment time becomes longer, and is preferably 10 hours or less.
- the reaction product (first intermediate fired body) after firing is filled with a flux around it, and is an almost integral fired body.
- step S5 in order to remove the flux from the reactant, for example, the reactant is immersed in warm water and melted. Thereby, only the first crystal powder can be taken out.
- Step S6 A plate-like crystal powder is obtained by reducing the Bi component from the first crystal powder.
- step S6 the first crystal powder and the first additive Na 2 CO 3 are mixed.
- step S7 NaCl as the second flux is added and mixed. Thereby, a mixture composed of the first crystal powder, the first additive, and the second flux is obtained.
- Step S8 the mixture is heated in the atmosphere at a temperature of 700 ° C. or more and 1200 ° C. or less, and the first crystal powder and the first additive are reacted to obtain a reaction product.
- the heating time is preferably 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less.
- step S9 a reaction material is immersed in warm water, and a 2nd flux is eluted.
- the Bi component is reduced from the reaction product from which the flux has been removed.
- the reactant from which the flux has been removed may be held in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1400 ° C. to volatilize Bi.
- Bi may be dissolved using an acid.
- the plate crystal powder has a composition of NaNbO 3 .
- Step S11 the plate crystal powder and the additive raw material are mixed.
- the additive raw material a raw material having a composition represented by the general formula (1) is used by mixing with the plate crystal powder.
- the plate crystal powder is preferably added at a ratio of 0.1 to 10 mol% with respect to the additive raw material.
- step S12 after the plate crystal powder and the additive raw material are mixed, the plate crystal powder is molded so as to be oriented inside. For example, by mixing plate crystal powder, additive raw material, binder, plasticizer, and solvent into a slurry and forming a sheet-like molded body, plate crystal powder 3 as shown in FIG. The sheet-like oriented molded body 10 existing in an oriented state is obtained.
- the additive raw material is powdered, and the BET value is preferably 2.0 m 2 / g or more and 3.0 m 2 / g or less.
- the degree of orientation of the plate-like crystal powder dispersed in the sheet-like molded body varies depending on the viscosity of the slurry and the thickness of the sheet to be molded.
- a laminate obtained by laminating sheet-like molded bodies can be used, or a laminate in which electrodes such as Ag are formed between layers can be used. Thereby, an oriented molded body is obtained.
- Step S13 the oriented molded body is sintered. Since the plate-like crystal powder is oriented in the oriented compact, the additive raw material and crystals composed of the compound of the plate-like crystal powder and the additive raw material grow in the crystal direction of the plate-like crystal powder. As a result, it is possible to obtain a ceramic having a high piezoelectric constant d33 that is entirely crystallized.
- Sintering is preferably performed at a temperature of 1135 ° C. or higher and 1170 ° C. or lower in a reducing atmosphere. As will be described later, by sintering in this temperature range, it becomes easy to obtain crystal oriented ceramics having a relative density of 95.0% to 98.5%.
- the sintering temperature is more preferably 1140 ° C. or more and 1160 ° C. or less, and it becomes easy to obtain a crystallographically oriented ceramic having a relative density of 96.0% or more and 98.0% or less.
- the reducing atmosphere is preferably an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 kPa or less, and more preferably 1.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 kPa or less. Details will be described in Examples.
- step S14 the obtained sintered body is heat-treated under oxygen atmosphere.
- the oxygen partial pressure in an oxygen atmosphere is preferably over 10 ⁇ 4 kPa.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 of the piezoelectric ceramic can be improved.
- oxygen defects such as BaZrO 3-m , and the structure of tetragonal-rhombohedral crystal The reason is that the phase boundary appears clearly.
- the number of moles of oxygen is optimized, and it is presumed that a ceramic having a perovskite structure in which the number of moles of A site: number of moles of B site: number of moles of oxygen approaches 1: 1: 3 is obtained. That is, by this step, oxygen is supplemented and a ceramic having the composition represented by the general formula (1) is obtained.
- the oxygen partial pressure is greater than 10 ⁇ 4 kPa and less than 10 ⁇ 2 kPa in order to suppress oxidation of the internal electrodes included in the piezoelectric element.
- a noble metal electrode such as an Ag—Pd alloy
- a piezoelectric ceramic with a further increased piezoelectric constant d33 and Curie point Tc can be obtained by heat treatment in the atmosphere.
- the pressure of the heat treatment atmosphere is preferably atmospheric pressure.
- the atmosphere during reoxidation may contain other inert gas such as nitrogen or argon.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 500 ° C. or more and 1200 ° C. or less.
- the temperature is lower than 500 ° C., oxygen supplementation to oxygen defects is not sufficient. For this reason, even if the polarization treatment is performed, polarization cannot be performed, and only piezoelectric ceramics having a small piezoelectric constant d33 can be obtained.
- the heat treatment temperature is higher than 1200 ° C., the ceramics may be melted.
- a more preferable range is 600 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower.
- the treatment time is preferably 0.5 hours or more and 24 hours or less.
- the treatment time is shorter than 0.5 hours, the above-described supplementation of oxygen is not sufficient, and a sufficiently high piezoelectric constant d33 may not be obtained.
- the treatment time is longer than 24 hours, a part of the elements constituting the ceramic may be volatilized. A more preferable range is 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less.
- Step of applying polarization treatment to the heat-treated sintered body An electrode is formed on the ceramic obtained by the above step, and the polarization treatment is performed. Due to the polarization treatment, the direction of spontaneous polarization in the ceramic is aligned, and the piezoelectric characteristics are exhibited.
- a known polarization treatment generally used in the production of piezoelectric ceramics can be used.
- the fired body on which the electrode is formed is held at a temperature of room temperature to 200 ° C. with a silicone bath or the like, and a voltage of about 0.5 kV / mm to 6 kV / mm is applied. Thereby, crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics having piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention can be implemented in various forms.
- a bulk sintered body may be formed of crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics.
- the present invention may also be a piezoelectric element including the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention and a plurality of electrodes in contact with the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic.
- a laminated piezoelectric element including a plurality of ceramic layers made of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of the present invention and a plurality of internal electrodes made of Ag or the like disposed between the plurality of ceramic layers may be used.
- the relative density of the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic can be obtained by measuring the porosity.
- Example As one embodiment of the present invention, various crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics will be described and the results of evaluating the characteristics will be described.
- composition The composition was measured by SEM-EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The measurement conditions are as follows. Acceleration voltage: 15 kV Current: 100 nA Beam diameter: 1 ⁇ m
- piezoelectric constant d33 After subjecting each sample to polarization treatment, the piezoelectric constant d33 was measured.
- the polarization treatment was performed by forming an Ag electrode on the ceramic by sputtering and applying a DC electric field of 4.0 kV / mm at 413 K (140 ° C.) for 10 minutes.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 was measured with a d33 meter (manufactured by Institute of Speech, Chinese Academy of Sciences).
- Example 1 First, according to the procedure (S1 to S5) shown in FIG. 1, a first crystal powder of a bismuth layer structure compound composed of a (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layer and a pseudo-perovskite layer was prepared.
- Step S2 Ethanol was used as a solvent and zirconia balls were used as a medium, and mixed for 24 hours at a rotation speed of 94 rpm.
- the media and raw materials were taken out from the ball mill container and dried in the air at 130 ° C. Thereafter, the media and the raw material were separated by a sieve.
- Step S3 The NaCl at a ratio of 100 mass% with respect to the separated raw material was weighed, and the raw material and NaCl as a flux were dry mixed with a coarse pulverizer for 10 minutes.
- Step S4 The raw material after addition of the flux was subjected to two-stage calcination that was held at 850 ° C. for 1 hour in the air and then held at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours. The temperature increase and decrease were about 200 ° C./h.
- FIG. 5 is a SEM observation photograph of the first crystal powder. It can be confirmed that the crystals are plate-like.
- FIG. 6 shows the X-ray diffraction result of the first crystal powder
- FIG. 7 shows the result of specifying the compound using the X-ray diffraction result.
- the X-ray diffraction of the present invention used a Cu K ⁇ radiation source.
- Na 2 CO 3 was used as the first additive, and after reacting with the first crystal powder, Na 2 CO 3 in an amount such that Na and Nb were 1: 1 was weighed and added to the first crystal powder. These were mixed by a ball mill. Ethanol was used as a solvent and zirconia balls were used as media, and the mixture was mixed at 94 rpm for 4 hours. The mixture was taken out from the ball mill container and dried in an atmosphere of 130 ° C. Thereafter, the media was separated by a sieve. (Step S6)
- Step S7 The NaCl at a ratio of 100 mass% with respect to the first crystal powder was weighed, and the mixture and NaCl as a flux were dry mixed with a coarse pulverizer for 10 minutes.
- Step S8 The mixed material composed of the first crystal powder, the first additive, and the flux was kept in the atmosphere at 950 ° C. for 8 hours to obtain a second intermediate fired body.
- the temperature increase and decrease were about 200 ° C./h.
- Step S9 In order to reduce the flux component from the second intermediate fired body, the second intermediate fired body was immersed in warm water of 95 ° C. to 100 ° C. and left for 3 hours. Thereafter, the step of stirring and dehydrating in warm water for 60 minutes was repeated three times. (Step S9)
- the Bi component is reduced using thermal or chemical means.
- pickling was employed as chemical means, and the Bi component was reduced from the second intermediate fired body by pickling the second intermediate fired body.
- the material to be treated obtained in step S9 was placed in a pickling solution obtained by mixing pure water and nitric acid at a ratio of about 3 to 10: 1 and stirred.
- the Bi component was left until it remained in the supernatant, and the supernatant was discarded.
- the pickling solution was added, stirred, and the supernatant was discarded. Thereafter, the residue was dried to obtain a plate-like crystal powder made of NaNbO 3 .
- FIG. 8 is an SEM observation photograph of the plate crystal powder.
- the aspect ratio (ratio of plate thickness to maximum diameter) of this plate crystal powder was about 10.
- crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics were produced according to the procedure shown in FIG. 2 (S11 to S14).
- the plate-like crystal powder and the additive raw material capable of forming the second perovskite compound are mixed, and the general formula: (1-s) A1B1O 3 -sBaMO 3 (where A1 is selected from alkali metals) At least one element, B1 is at least one element of a transition metal element, contains Nb, and a mixture satisfying the composition represented by 0.05 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.15) was obtained.
- the obtained mixture was taken as 100 mass%, ethanol was measured at 200 to 300 mass%, butanol was measured at 50 to 100 mass%, and these were added to the mixture.
- a plasticizer was also added.
- dioctyl phthalate was added as a plasticizer at a ratio of 5 to 15 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of the mixture.
- a binder was also added.
- polyvinyl butyral was added as a binder at a ratio of 5 to 15 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of the mixture.
- the slurry thus obtained was formed into a sheet.
- the oriented molded body formed into a sheet shape was sintered at a temperature of 1110 ° C. to 1190 ° C. in a reducing atmosphere.
- the sintering temperature was 1110 ° C. (Comparative Example 1), 1130 ° C. (Comparative Example 2), 1145 ° C. (Example 1), 1150 ° C. (Example 2), 1175 ° C. (Comparative Example 3). ) 1190 ° C. (Comparative Example 4).
- Each holding time was 4 hours.
- the reducing atmosphere was an atmosphere in nitrogen of 2% hydrogen.
- FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the sintering temperature and relative density, and the sintering temperature and orientation degree.
- the relative density is 95.0% or higher and 98.5% or lower.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic represented by the composition formula (1) tends to increase in relative density as the sintering temperature becomes higher in the range of 1110 ° C. to 1190 ° C.
- the degree of orientation shows a high value when sintered at around 1150 ° C. That is, the relative density and the degree of orientation do not have a linear relationship, and the degree of orientation takes the maximum value in the range of 1135 ° C. to 1170 ° C.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the relative density and the degree of orientation. It can be seen that the degree of orientation takes the maximum value (89% or more) when the relative density is in the range of 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic obtained at a sintering temperature of less than 1135 ° C or more than 1170 ° C has a relative density of less than 95.0% or more than 98.5%.
- the degree of orientation is less than 85%.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 was not measurable because the piezoelectric characteristics did not appear because the electrodes were energized (shorted) during the polarization treatment.
- the relative density is 95.0% or higher and 98.5% or lower, and the degree of orientation is 85% or higher.
- the piezoelectric constant d33 showed a large value of 300 pm / V or more.
- the Na feed and Nb raw material to be NaNbO 3 of 96mol against the plate-like crystal powder 4mol was added to obtain a mixture having a composition represented by NaNbO 3.
- a crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic was produced from this mixture in the same manner as in Examples 1 and 2 according to the procedure (S11 to S14) shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the sintering temperature and relative density, and the sintering temperature and orientation degree.
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of Comparative Example 5 having a composition of NaNbO 3 tends to have a higher relative density when the sintering temperature is higher in the range of 1100 ° C. to 1140 ° C.
- the relationship between the firing temperature and the degree of orientation shows the same tendency.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the relative density and the degree of orientation in the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic of Comparative Example 5.
- the degree of orientation is as large as 80% or more.
- the degree of orientation tends to be higher as the relative density is higher as in the conventional knowledge. I can confirm.
- Example 3 A sheet-like oriented molded body was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- a plurality of the sheet-like oriented molded bodies were prepared, and an Ag electrode paste was printed on each pattern.
- This laminated orientation molded body was sintered at a sintering temperature of 1135 ° C. or higher and 1170 ° C. or lower. The holding time was 4 hours. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed at 1000 ° C. for 4 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure of 2.1 ⁇ 10 1 kPa.
- the porosity, orientation degree, and piezoelectric constant d33 of the obtained laminated piezoelectric element were measured.
- the porosity (%) was 5.0% or less (relative density 95.0% or more), and the degree of orientation was 85% or more. Further, the piezoelectric constant d33 showed a large value of 3000 pm / V (d33 (300 pm / V) ⁇ number of stacked layers (10) of crystal oriented piezoelectric ceramics per sheet) or more.
- Examples 4 and 5 crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramics were produced by changing the value of s in the general formula.
- the oriented molded body formed into a sheet was sintered at 1150 ° C. in a reducing atmosphere. Each holding time was 4 hours.
- the reducing atmosphere was an atmosphere in nitrogen of 2% hydrogen (oxygen partial pressure 1.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 kPa).
- the crystal-oriented piezoelectric ceramic having the composition represented by the general formula (1) and having a relative density of 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less can have an orientation degree of 85% or more. I understood that. Moreover, it turned out that this crystal orientation piezoelectric ceramic has the piezoelectric constant d33 of 300 pm / V or more.
- the relative density is not proportional to the degree of orientation in the region where the relative density is 95% or more, and the relative density is 95.0% or more. It was found that the degree of orientation was highest in a range of 98.5% or less. For this reason, it was found that when the relative density is 95.0% or more and 98.5% or less, a larger piezoelectric constant d33 is exhibited.
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Abstract
Description
以下に、本発明の結晶配向圧電セラミックスの組成を説明する。
(1-s)A1B1O3-sBaMO3(0.05<s≦0.15)・・・(1)
上述したように、本発明の結晶配向圧電セラミックスは、95.0%以上98.5%以下の範囲内の相対密度を有する。また、結晶配向圧電セラミックスのロットゲーリング法による配向度は85%以上であり、圧電定数d33は300pm/V以上である。
(1-s-t)A1B1O3-sBaMO3-t(R・A2)TiO3 (1’)
ここで、A1はアルカリ金属から選択される少なくとも一種の元素であり、B1は遷移金属元素の少なくとも一種の元素であってNbを含み、Mは4A族の少なくとも一種の元素であってZrを含み、Rは希土類元素(Yを含む)の少なくとも一種の元素であり、A2はアルカリ金属から選択される少なくとも一種の元素であり、0.05<s≦0.15、0≦t≦0.03である。
以下に、本発明の結晶配向圧電セラミックスの製造方法の一実施形態を説明する。
(1)(Bi2O2)2+層と擬ペロブスカイト層からなるビスマス層状構造化合物の第1結晶粉末を用意する工程
(2)第1結晶粉末からBiを低減することによって第1のペロブスカイト型化合物からなる板状結晶粉末を得る工程
(3)板状結晶粉末と第2のペロブスカイト型化合物を形成可能な添加原料材を混合して、全体として、一般式:(1-s)A1B1O3-sBaMO3(但し、A1はアルカリ金属から選択される少なくとも一種の元素であり、B1は遷移金属元素の少なくとも一種の元素であってNbを含み、Mは4A族の少なくとも一種の元素であってZrを含み、0.05<s≦0.15)で表される組成の混合物を得る工程
(4)混合物を成形し、配向性成形体を得る工程
(5)配向性成形体を、還元雰囲気中、1135℃以上1170℃以下の温度で焼結して相対密度が95.0%以上の焼結体を得る工程
(6)焼結体を酸素雰囲気下で熱処理する工程
(7)熱処理した焼結体に分極処理を施す工程
(Bi2O2)2+層と擬ペロブスカイト層からなるビスマス層状構造化合物からなる第1結晶粉末を作製する。この粉末は、図3の模式図に示すように、(Bi2O2)2+層2と擬ペロブスカイト層1が交互に積み重なった結晶構造を有する。
第1結晶粉末からBi成分を低減することによって、板状結晶粉末を得る。まずステップS6に示すように、第1結晶粉末と第1の添加剤であるNa2CO3とを混合する。さらにステップS7に示すように、第2フラックスであるNaClを加え混合する。これにより、第1結晶粉末、第1添加材及び第2フラックスからなる混合物を得る。
ステップS11に示すように、板状結晶粉末と添加原料材とを混合する。添加原料材は、板状結晶粉末と混合されることで、一般式(1)で表される組成となる原料を用いる。板状結晶粉末は、添加原料材に対して0.1~10mol%の割合で添加することが好ましい。
ステップS12に示すように、板状結晶粉末と添加原料材とを混合した後、板状結晶粉末が内部で配向されるように成形する。例えば、板状結晶粉末、添加原料材、バインダー、可塑剤、溶剤を混ぜ、スラリー状にし、シート状成形体とすることで、図4に示すような板状結晶粉末3が添加原料材4の中で配向した状態で存在するシート状の配向性成形体10が得られる。
ステップS13に示すように、配向性成形体を焼結する。配向性成形体の中に板状結晶粉末が配向しているので、添加原料材および板状結晶粉末と添加原料材の化合物からなる結晶が、板状結晶粉末の結晶方向に成長する。その結果、全体的に結晶配向した圧電定数d33の高いセラミックスを得ることができる。
ステップS14に示すように、得られた焼結体を酸素雰囲気下で熱処理する。酸素雰囲気下における酸素分圧は、10-4kPaを超えることが好ましい。これにより、圧電セラミックスの圧電定数d33を向上させることができる。この理由は明らかではないが、10-4kPa超の酸素分圧の雰囲気下で熱処理することによって、BaZrO3-m等の酸素欠陥に酸素が十分に補完され、正方晶-菱面晶の構造相境界が明確に現れることが原因と考えられる。その結果、酸素のモル数が最適化され、Aサイトのモル数:Bサイトのモル数:酸素のモル数が1:1:3に近づいたペロブスカイト構造のセラミックスが得られるものと推定される。つまり、この工程によって、酸素が補われ、一般式(1)で示す組成のセラミックスが得られる。
上記工程によって得られたセラミックスに、電極を形成し、分極処理を施す。分極処理により、セラミックス中の自発分極の向きが揃い、圧電特性が発現する。分極処理には圧電セラミックスの製造に一般に用いられる公知の分極処理を用いることができる。例えば、電極を形成した焼成体を、シリコーン浴などによって室温以上200℃以下の温度に保持し、0.5kV/mm以上6kV/mm程度の電圧をかける。これにより、圧電特性を備えた結晶配向圧電セラミックスを得ることができる。
本発明の一実施形態として種々の結晶配向圧電セラミックスを作製し、特性を評価した結果を説明する。
組成は、SEM-EDX ( Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy )により測定した。測定条件は以下の通りである。
加速電圧:15kV
電流:100nA
ビーム径:1μm
仕込み組成からペロブスカイト型構造の単位胞の質量を算出した。また、焼結体のXRD(X-Ray Diffraction)の測定結果より、単位胞の体積を算出した。算出した単位胞の質量を単位胞の体積で除した値を真密度として採用した。
相対密度は、真密度を100%とし、その真密度に対する実測した密度(アルキメデス法で測定)の割合を%で表記した。
配向度はロットゲーリング法により求めた。
各試料に分極処理を施した後、圧電定数d33を測定した。分極処理は、セラミックスにAg電極をスパッタリングで形成し、413K(140℃)にて4.0kV/mmの直流電界を10分間印加することによって行った。
先ず図1に示す手順(S1~S5)に従い、(Bi2O2)2+層と擬ペロブスカイト層からなるビスマス層状構造化合物の第1結晶粉末を用意した。
セラミックスの組成として、BaMO3を含まない、A1B1O3(NaNbO3)の組成を有する結晶配向圧電セラミックスを作製した。
実施例1と同様にしてシート状の配向性成形体を製造した。
実施例1、2において、一般式のsの値を変えて結晶配向圧電セラミックスを作製した。
2 (Bi2O2)2+層
3 板状結晶粉末
4 添加原料材
10 配向性成形体
Claims (8)
- 一般式:(1-s)A1B1O3-sBaMO3(但し、A1はアルカリ金属から選択される少なくとも一種の元素であり、B1は遷移金属元素の少なくとも一種の元素であってNbを含み、Mは4A族の少なくとも一種の元素であってZrを含み、0.05<s≦0.15)で表され、
相対密度が95.0%以上98.5%以下である主成分を含む結晶配向圧電セラミックス。 - 前記主成分のロットゲーリング法による配向度が85%以上である請求項1に記載の結晶配向圧電セラミックス。
- 前記主成分の圧電定数d33が300pm/V以上である請求項1または2に記載の結晶配向圧電セラミックス。
- 前記一般式中、A1B1O3は、K1-x-yNaxLiy(Nb1-zQz)O3(ただし、QはNb以外の遷移金属元素の少なくとも一種であり、x、y、zは、0<x<1、0<y<1、0≦z≦0.3)で表される請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の結晶配向圧電セラミックス。
- 前記MはZrを80%以上含む請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の結晶配向圧電セラミックス。
- 請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の結晶配向圧電セラミックスと、
前記結晶配向圧電セラミックスと接する複数の電極と
を備えた圧電素子。 - 請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の結晶配向圧電セラミックスを含む複数のセラミックス層と、
複数の内分電極と
を備え、前記複数の内部電極と前記複数のセラミックス層とが交互に積層された圧電素子。 - (Bi2O2)2+層と擬ペロブスカイト層とを含むビスマス層状構造化合物からなる第1結晶粉末を用意する工程と、
前記第1結晶粉末からBiを低減することによって、第1のペロブスカイト型化合物からなる板状結晶粉末を得る工程と、
前記板状結晶粉末と第2のペロブスカイト型化合物を形成可能な添加原料材を混合して、全体として、一般式:(1-s)A1B1O3-sBaMO3(但し、A1はアルカリ金属から選択される少なくとも一種の元素であり、B1は遷移金属元素の少なくとも一種の元素であってNbを含み、Mは4A族の少なくとも一種の元素であってZrを含み、0.05<s≦0.15)で表される組成の混合物を得る工程と、
前記混合物を成形し、配向性成形体を得る工程と、
前記配向性成形体を、還元雰囲気中、1135℃以上1170℃以下の温度で焼結することにより、95.0%以上98.5%以下の相対密度を有する焼結体を得る工程と、
前記焼結体を酸素雰囲気下で熱処理する工程と、
を包含する結晶配向圧電セラミックスの製造方法。
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- 2014-07-24 WO PCT/JP2014/069538 patent/WO2015012344A1/ja active Application Filing
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