Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
  • H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
  • H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
  • H10F30/22—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes
  • H10F30/223—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes the potential barrier being a PIN barrier
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
  • H10F77/12—Active materials
  • H10F77/124—Active materials comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs
  • H10F77/1243—Active materials comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs characterised by the dopants
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
  • H10F77/12—Active materials
  • H10F77/124—Active materials comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs
  • H10F77/1248—Active materials comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs having three or more elements, e.g. GaAlAs, InGaAs or InGaAsP

Definitions

• the present invention relates to semiconductor-based photodetectors, and more particularly, to a structure and method of producing a high-speed photodetector with enhanced speed response.
• Photodiodes based on a p-i-n junction also called PIN photodiodes
• PIN photodiodes are particularly suited as high speed photodetectors due to their rapid response to incident light in comparison to p-n junctions.
• a conventional p-i-n junction includes a p-type semiconductor layer (p-layer), an n-type semiconductor layer (n-layer), and an intrinsic type (un- doped or lightly doped) semiconductor layer, also called /-layer, sandwiched between the p- layer and the n-layer.
• the p-i-n junction When operating as a photodetector, the p-i-n junction is often in a reverse bias condition and essentially does not conduct current in the absence of light. When a photon with sufficient energy for exciting an electron from the valence band level into the conduction band level is absorbed by the /-layer, a pair of "free" electron-hole carriers is created.
• the "free" electron and hole carriers move rapidly in opposite directions within the / ' - layer towards the n-layer and p-layer, respectively, thereby generating a photocurrent that can be detected as an electric signal by an external circuit and correlated with the incident optical signal.
• an ohmic contact is provided on each of the p-layer and the n- layer, thereby providing the anode and cathode contacts respectively of the PIN photodiode.
• the photocurrent is essentially due to the "free" carriers generated in the intrinsic layer, which acts as the light absorption layer. Since the same depletion semiconductor layer is used for light absorption as well as for transport of the photo-generated carriers between the p-type and n-type semiconductor regions, the bandwidth of conventional PIN photodetectors, i.e. the speed of response to incident light, is often lim- ited by the much slower transit time of hole carriers within the intrinsic layer in comparison to electron carriers.
• a common way to increase bandwidth of the photodetector is to reduce the vertical length (i.e. height or thickness) of the light absorption layer so as to reduce the transit time of charge carriers. Since this leads directly to a larger specific capacitance, the area of the photodiode and by that the photodetecting area has to be reduced in order to keep the capacitance below a certain specified value. At the same time, the quantum efficiency or responsivity of the photodiode decreases with a decrease in the thickness of the light ab- sorption region.
• PIN-based photodetector characteristics implies a tradeoff between bandwidth, on one hand, and responsivity and size of photodetecting area, on the other hand, and is often determined by which of these parameters is the most critical for the intended application of the photodetector.
• An approach for reducing the specific capacitance lies in introducing an intrinsic drift layer that does not absorb light in the wavelength range of interest.
• the carriers generated in the light absorption layer travel to collecting layers and electrodes at drift velocities which are proportional to the electrical field and the respective carrier mobility.
• the carrier velocity increases with field until it saturates.
• the saturation velocity for electron carriers is typically attained at lower electric fields than for hole carriers.
• the hole carriers often do not reach their saturation velocity.
• the illumination of photodiodes is often provided from the p- side, which results in a shorter effective distance for the holes to travel along.
• the response time of hole carriers in the light absorption layer is extremely short, as they only respond to in relation to movement of the electrons within this layer, the slower drift velocity of the hole carriers in the carrier transport layer does not directly contribute to the photodi- ode response. This results in improved frequency response and saturation output.
• the increase in saturation power implies a lower responsivity of the photodiode.
• the proposed photodiode struc- ture includes, in addition to the common intrinsic, light absorption layer, a p-doped layer and/or an n-doped layer as additional light absorbing layers.
• the movement of minority carriers i.e. the carriers of polarity opposite to doping carriers
• the minority carriers may then rapidly diffuse from the doped absorption layers into the in- trinsic layer and, therefore, do not significantly affect the total transit time in comparison with a conventional PIN photodiode.
• the additional doped absorption layers increase the overall optical absorption volume, the photodiode responsivity is also increased.
• Patent application WO 03/065416 describes a modified PIN photodiode for increasing responsivity of the device without substantially reducing bandwidth.
• the proposed photodi- ode has a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer coupled by a second p-type semiconductor layer, which acts as the light absorption layer.
• the second p- type semiconductor layer has a graded p-doping concentration along the path of the carriers, which varies from a high value near the anode to lower values towards the cathode.
• the graded p-doping concentration increases the net absorption of the photodiode without sub- stantially reducing the transit time of the carriers within the absorption layer.
• Such graded doping increases capacitance relative to an intrinsic semiconductor of the same thickness, although the pseudo electric field that is created by the graded doping may give the electrons a higher velocity that compensates for the increased capacitance.
• the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned drawbacks and disadvantages of existing systems, and an object thereof is to provide a photodetector with enhanced response speed while maintaining quantum efficiency and specific capacitance of the photodetector within a desired level.
• a photodetector comprising: a first layer comprising a first semiconductor material having a first band gap energy adapted to absorb light of wavelength within an intended range; and a second layer interfaced with an adjacent side of the first layer, the second layer comprising a second semiconductor material having a second band gap energy higher than the first band gap energy; wherein a distribution of a doping concentration in at least one of the first layer, the second layer and a region between the first and second layers is such that a non-zero electric field established within the second layer is smaller than an electric field established within the first layer under a same reverse bias condition.
• the doping concentration is such that at least a portion of the first layer is substantially in a depleted state under said reverse bias condition.
• the doping concentration in the second layer is higher than the doping concentration in the first layer.
• the doping concentration in a region of the first layer adjacent to the second layer is higher than the doping concentration in a substantial part of the first layer outside said region of the first layer.
• the doping concentration in a region of the second layer adjacent to the first layer is higher than the doping concentration in a substantial part of the second layer outside said region of the second layer.
• the second semiconductor material may be a lightly n-type doped semiconductor material.
• the first band gap energy and the second band gap energy are substantially uniform along a thickness of the first layer and the second layer.
• the photodetector further comprises: a third layer interfacing the first layer with the second layer, the third layer comprising a third semiconductor material having a graded band gap energy along a thickness of the third layer.
• the graded band gap energy increases from a value substantially equal to the first band gap energy, at a side of the third layer facing the first layer, to a value substantially equal to the second band gap energy, at a side of the third layer facing the second layer.
• the third semiconductor material may have a graded composition that gradually varies from a composition substantially equal to the first semiconductor material, at the side of the third layer facing the first layer, to a composition substantially equal to the second semiconductor material, at the side of the third layer facing the second layer.
• the third semiconductor material may comprise a region doped with a dopant of a same type as the dopant of the second layer.
• said third layer is comprised in the second layer and/or in the first layer, the third layer being provided at an end side of the second layer and/or of the first layer.
• the photodetector further comprises: a first ohmic contact adapted to be coupled to an external electrical circuit; and a fourth layer disposed between the first ohmic contact and an adjacent side of the first layer opposite to the second layer, the fourth layer comprising a fourth semiconductor material having a fourth band gap energy and a fourth doping concentration; wherein the fourth layer is adapted to serve as a current spreading layer for facilitating extraction of a transport current from the first layer into the first ohmic contact.
• the fourth band gap energy may be higher than the first band gap energy such that the fourth layer is a window layer.
• the photodetector further comprises: a second ohmic contact adapted to be coupled to an external electrical circuit; and a fifth layer being disposed between the second ohmic contact and an adjacent side of the second layer opposite to the first layer, the fifth layer comprising a fifth semiconductor material having a fifth band gap energy and a fifth doping concentration; wherein the fifth layer is adapted to serve as a current spreading layer for facilitating extraction of a transport current from the second layer into the second ohmic contact.
• At least one of the first and the second ohmic electrodes has a ring shape.
• the photodetector further comprises: a seventh layer disposed between the second layer and the fifth layer, the seventh layer comprising a seventh semiconductor material having a seventh band gap energy and a seventh doping concentration, wherein the seventh band gap energy is higher than the second band gap energy and the fifth band gap energy such that the flow of minority carriers across the seventh layer is blocked.
• the first semiconductor material comprises a GaAs compound and at least one of the second to seventh semiconductor material comprises an AIGaAs compound.
• Fig. 1 illustrates a cross sectional view of a photodetector according to an embodiment of the present invention
• Fig. 2 illustrates a band diagram for the photodetector illustrated in Fig. 1.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a cross sectional view of a photodetector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• the photodetector 100 is vertically illuminated from a top side, which is the side of the photodetector 100 opposite to the substrate 101 .
• top and bottom should be construed as relative terms used for the sole purpose of identifying opposite sides of the photodetector 100 and should not be construed as being limitative with regard to the physical orientation of the photodetector 100 when in use.
• the photodetector 100 comprises a first semiconductor layer 102, which acts as a light ab- sorption layer, and a second semiconductor layer 104 disposed at an adjacent side of the light absorption layer 102 opposite to the side of the incident light 106 and interfaced with the light absorption layer 102.
• the second semiconductor layer 104 serves as a carrier- travelling layer, also called drift layer, as it will be described later.
• the photodetector 100 further comprises a third semiconductor layer 105 disposed between the light absorption layer 102 and the drift layer 104 and which interfaces the adjacent sides of the light absorption layer 102 and drift layer 104.
• the third semiconductor layer 105 is a graded band gap energy layer, or simply grading layer, as it will be explained later.
• the photodiode 100 further comprises a fourth semiconductor layer 1 10 made of a doped semiconductor material and which acts as a current spreading layer, as it will described later.
• a first contact layer 1 12 comprising a doped semiconductor material of the same type as the fourth semiconductor layer 1 10, in the illustrated embodiment a p-type semiconductor, is provided on the top of the current spreading layer 1 10 for improving electrical contact of the current spreading layer 1 10 with a first ohmic contact 1 14 that is depos- ited on the top of the photodetector structure.
• the first contact layer 1 12 may also serve as a capping layer.
• the first ohmic contact 1 14 formed over the contact layer 1 12 has preferably the form of a ring so as not to cover completely the underlying semiconductor layers and allow vertically incident light 106 to illuminate directly the p-contact layer 1 12. With this design of the first ohmic contact 1 14, incident light 106 is directly transmitted to the underlying semiconductor layers without passing through the ohmic contact 1 14. In an alternative embodiment, the first ohmic contact 1 14 may be provided with other designs, such as a closed circular shape.
• the photodetector 100 further comprises a fifth semiconductor layer 1 16 disposed on the side of the drift layer 104 opposite to the side adjacent to the light absorption layer 102.
• the fifth semiconductor layer 1 16 comprises a semiconductor material doped with impurities that provide carriers of polarity opposite to the fourth semiconductor layer 1 10 as it also functions as a current spreading layer at this side of the photodetector 100.
• a second contact layer 1 18 comprising a semiconductor material of the same doping type as the fifth semiconductor layer 1 16 is provided between the fifth semiconductor layer 1 16 and the substrate 101 . As shown in Fig. 1 , the second contact layer 1 18 extends over the substrate 101 beyond the vertically stacked semiconductor layers formed above. The second contact layer 1 18 improves the electrical coupling between the current spreading layer 1 16 and a second ohmic contact 120 that is deposited over the second layer 1 18.
• the second ohmic contact 120 is preferably provided with the design of a planar ring that is deposited over the second contact layer 1 18 and arranged concentrically around the vertically stacked structure of semiconductor layers.
• the second ohmic contact 120 may adopt other designs and be provided, for e.g. as two parallel stripe electrodes deposited on the second contact layer 1 18 at each side of the vertically stacked structure.
• the first ohmic contact 1 14 and the second ohmic contact 120 are preferably made of an electrically conducting material, such as aluminium, silver, gold or copper.
• the first and second ohmic contacts serve respectively as anode and cathode contacts for electrically connecting the photodiode 100 to an external circuit (not shown).
• the photodetector 100 is formed as a heterostructure of layers that are vertically stacked over the substrate 101 .
• the substrate is made of a GaAs compound.
• the substrate may be of material suitable for providing a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) such as an AIGaAs compound.
• DBR distributed Bragg reflector
• the second contact layer 1 18 itself may serve as substrate of the photodetector structure.
• FIG. 2 shows a band diagram 200 for the photodetector 100 illustrated in Fig. 1.
• the band diagram 200 schematically illustrates a variation of a conduction band edge 202 and a valence band edge 204 along the thickness of the photodetector layers in the vertical direction 124 shown in Fig. 1.
• the band gap energy for each layer is depicted as the separation between the conduction band edge 202 and the valence band edge 204 of each layer in the vertical direction of the band diagram 200.
• the horizontal direction in the band diagram 200 represents a conduction path of carriers between the anode 1 14 and the cathode 120 of the photodetector 100 shown in Fig. 1.
• a principle underlying the structure of the photodetector 100 lies in using a thin light absorb- ing layer, where the applied field is high, combined with a drift layer specified with high mobility at significantly lower field with trimmed doping profile.
• the photodetector 100 it is advantageous to design the photodetector 100 such that only the charge carriers with the higher mobility will have to travel across the drift layer 104.
• the electrons the carriers with higher mobility
• the holes the carriers with lower mobility
• the light absorption layer 102 comprises a semiconductor material of an intrinsic type and having a band gap energy 206 that allows the generation of electron- hole pairs within the light absorption layer 102 by the absorption of photons having a wavelength within a range of interest.
• the light absorption layer 102 is preferably made of an intrinsic GaAs (/-GaAs) semiconductor material.
• the lower band gap energy of undoped GaAs with respect to other intrinsic semiconductor materials is suitable for light absorption at wavelengths of interest in optical communications.
• the vertical length (thickness) of the light absorption layer 102 may be customized depending on the specific characteristics desired for the photodetector 100.
• a suitable range for the thickness of the light absorption layer 102 is between approximately 0.1 ⁇ to 2 ⁇ . Due to its undoped state, the light absorption layer 102 is essentially in a depleted condition during operation of the photodetector 100 which helps that a high electric field profile (electric potential gradient) be established within the light absorption layer 102 as required. The high electric field allows reducing the transit times of the "free" carriers within the light absorption layer 102.
• the drift layer 104 comprises a semiconductor material having a band gap energy 208 such that the drift layer 104 essentially functions as a carrier transport layer. As shown in Fig. 2, the band gap energy 208 of the drift layer 104 is larger than the band gap energy 206 of the light absorption layer 102.
• the band gap energy 208 is sufficiently large such as to prevent, or at least substantially reduce, the absorption of light by the drift layer 104 at the optical wavelengths within the range of interest.
• a vertical thickness of up to 5 ⁇ may be used for the drift layer 104. The particular thickness to be used depends on the relative thicknesses of the other layers, in particular, the light absorption layer 102, and may be customized depending on the desired characteristics for photodetector 100.
• the electric field in the drift layer 104 is lower than the electric field in the light absorption layer 102, as it will be explained later.
• the reduction of electric field in the drift layer 104 with respect to the light absorption layer 102 is depicted in Fig. 2 as a shift from a higher slope in the valence band edge 204 and the conduction band edge 202 for the light absorption layer 102 to a lower slope for the drift layer 104.
• This specific slope profile contrasts with the conventional constant slope exhibited across the whole structure of absorption and collecting layers in known PIN photodiode structures, such as the background art discussed above.
• the band gap energies of the light absorption layer 102 and drift layer 104 remain essentially uniform along the thickness of the respective layers.
• the transition from the higher electric field light absorption layer 102 to the lower electric field drift layer 104 is implemented by the grading layer 105.
• the grading layer 105 comprises a semiconductor material having a composition that gradually varies along its vertical thickness. Such gradual variation of semiconductor composition is accompanied by a corresponding gradual variation of the band gap energy.
• the semiconductor composition within the grading layer 105 is varied in such a manner that the band gap energy is substantially equal to the band gap energy 206 of the light absorption layer 102, at the side of the grading layer 105 directly adjacent to the light absorption layer 102, and gradually changes along the vertical thickness of the grading layer 105 towards a second band gap energy, at the side of the grading layer 105 directly adjacent to the drift layer 104, that is substantially equal to the band gap energy 208 of the drift layer 104.
• the composition of the semiconductor material is varied such as to obtain a gradual increase of the band gap energy along the grading layer 105 towards the drift layer 104 as shown in Fig. 2.
• the reduction of electric field in the drift layer 104 with respect to the light absorption layer 102 is realized by the distribution of the dopant concentration in the light absorption layer 102, the drift layer 104 and the region between these two layers, which, in the illustrated embodiment, comprises the grading layer 105.
• the electric field in the drift layer 104 is reduced by n-type doping a region of the grading layer 105 adjacent to the light absorption layer 102.
• This doped region may be substantially thinner than the grading layer 105 but may also be as thick as the grading layer 105. A thinner doped region will require higher doping levels, while a thicker region will require lower doping levels to achieve the desired reduction of the electric field in the drift layer 104.
• the main factor for achieving a particular reduction of the electric field in the drift layer 104 is the total fixed specific charge due to the n-type dopant introduced in a doped region directly adjacent to the light absorption layer 102.
• the reduction of the electric field in the drift layer 104 is achieved by n-type doping of a substantial portion of the drift layer 104 itself. It is recognized that also in this embodiment, the reduction of the electric field in the drift layer 104 is controlled by the total fixed charge due to the n-type dopant per unit area.
• Other embodiments may combine doping of a portion of the grading layer 105 and doping of a portion, or of the entire drift layer 104.
• the concentration of n-type dopant that produces the desired reduction of electric field within the drift layer 104 is distributed over layers that participate in the carrier transport but which essentially do not absorb light in the range of interest, i.e. the grading layer 105 and the drift layer 104.
• Yet other embodiments may use a variable doping level distributed along the drift layer 104, or one or several very narrow regions with a substantially high doping level placed at particular locations in the region comprising layers 105 and 104, and/or in a region of the layer 102 adjacent to layer 104.
• the distribution of dopant concentration de- scribed above may be achieved by using doping techniques well known in the art, and which, therefore, will not be described here.
• charge carriers have higher mobility in intrinsic semiconductor materials and that the mobility decreases with the increase of doping concentration in the material.
• the grading layer 105 comprises a lightly n-doped Al x Gai -x As compound with a graded concentration x of aluminium.
• the parameter x may then adopt a value of substantially zero (GaAs), at the side directly adjacent to the light absorption layer 102, and increase gradually across the grading layer 105 until reaching, at the side directly adjacent to the drift layer 104, a value similar to the x concentration of the Al x Gai -x As compound used for the drift layer 104.
• the graded band gap energy creates a pseudo-field within the grading layer 105 that essentially actuates on the minority carriers, i.e. on hole carriers in the case of a n-doped semiconductor layer.
• the grading layer 105 is a slightly doped, n-type semiconductor. Therefore, the created pseudo-field actuates essen- tially on hole carriers injected from the drift layer 104 by increasing their transport velocity. This effect is depicted in Fig. 2 by the increased slope of the valence band edge of the grading layer 105.
• the grading layer 105 also compensates for a mismatch between the valence band edges of the light absorption layer 102 and drift layer 104, which result from the difference of band gap energies between the light absorption layer 102 and the drift layer 104. Further, since the band gap energy of the grading layer 105 within a region close to the light absorption layer 102 is comparable to the band gap energy of the light absorption layer 102, incident photons may also be absorbed over a portion of the grading layer 105. In other embodiments, the grading layer 105 may exhibit a graded doping concentration in addition to and/or instead of the graded semiconductor composition.
• the graded doping concentra- tion creates an additional field that actuates on both types of carriers, holes and electrons, and therefore, contributes for decreasing their respective transport times. Hence, by careful adjustment of the varying electrical field across the p-i-n junction, shorter transport times of both types of carriers can be achieved.
• the grading layer 105 may be implemented as a multi-layered struc- ture of two or more layers of Al x Ga-i -x As compounds, each layer having a concentration x that is gradually increased with respect to the concentration x in the preceding layer(s).
• the band gap grading effect provided the grading layer 105 may be replaced by a region of graded composition that is integrated in either or both the light absorption layer 102 and the drift layer 104. In this configuration, the grading layer 105 is not physically present but rather comprised in the light absorption layer 102 and/or the drift layer 104 which are then directly interfaced by their corresponding adjacent sides.
• a gradient in material composition similar to the grading layer 105 described above can then be implemented within an end region of the light absorption layer 102 that interfaces with the drift layer 104, or vice-versa, such that a gradual transition from the material composition and/or doping of a substantial region of the light absorption layer 102 (or drift layer 104) towards the material composition and/or doping of a substantial region of the drift layer 104 (or light absorption layer 102) can be achieved.
• a p-side current spreading layer 1 10 is disposed between the light absorption layer 102 and the p-contact layer 1 12.
• the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 has the function of helping to extract the current of the photodetector 100 to the anode 1 14. Namely, in the case where the anode 1 14 is a ring contact, the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 helps to reduce the resistance of the photodetector 100.
• the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 comprises a semiconductor material having a band gap energy sufficiently higher than the band gap energy 206 of the light absorption layer 102 so as to confine light absorption to the directly adjacent light absorption layer 102.
• the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 acts as a window layer as it allows the light incident on the top side of the photodetector 100 (i.e. the p-side in the illustrated embodiment) to pass through without attenuation. Further, the significantly higher band gap energy of the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 in comparison to the light absorption layer 102 also prevents the electron carriers generated in the light absorption layer 102 from flowing towards the anode 1 14. The p-side current spreading layer 1 10 also contributes to block the flow of electrons from the anode 1 14 into the light absorption layer 102, which would add a noise component to the optical response of the photodetector 100.
• the semiconductor material used for the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 is a p-doped AIGaAs compound.
• the doping concentration of the p-side current spreading layer 1 10 is preferably higher than the doping concentration of the light absorption layer 102 and significantly lower than the doping concentration of the p-contact layer 1 12.
• the p-contact layer 1 12 is a heavily doped p-type semiconductor, such as a p-doped GaAs compound.
• the photodetector 100 also comprises a current spreading layer 1 16 at the n-side of the photodetector 100.
• the n-side current spreading layer 1 16 provides functions similar to the p-side current spreading layer 1 10, although adapted to the characteristics of the n-doped side of the photodetector 100.
• the n-side current spreading layer 1 16 preferably comprises an n-doped semiconductor material having a band gap energy higher than the band gap energy 208 of the drift layer 104, the grading layer 105 and the light absorption layer 102, such that it does not contribute to the absorption of incident light in the wavelength of interest and promotes the movement of the photo-generated hole carriers towards the anode 1 14.
• the band gap energy of the n-side current spreading layer 1 16 is substantially higher than the band gap energy of the n-contact layer 1 18. As such, the flow of hole carriers from the n-contact layer 1 18 into the drift layer 104 is also blocked, thereby reducing a noise component in the response of the photodeteetor 100.
• the n-side current spreading layer 1 16 is provided as an n-doped AIGaAs compound layer.
• a suitable material for the n-contact layer 1 18 is an n-doped GaAs material.
• the thicknesses of the current spreading layers is customized depending on the characteris- tics of the photodeteetor 100, such as the thicknesses of the other layers of the photodeteetor structure, and their specific doping concentration may be any commonly used in the art for providing the desired current spreading function.
• the thicknesses of the p- side current spreading layer 1 10 and/or the n-side current spreading layer 1 16 are between substantially 1 and 2 ⁇ .
• the presence of current spreading layers at the p-side and/or at the n-side of the photodeteetor may be omitted.
• the function of a current spreading layer at the n-side of the photodeteetor is not very important as the whole bottom of the photodeteetor is electrically conductive.
• the n-side current spreading layer may be omitted.
• An additional contribution for blocking the flow of hole carriers from the cathode side into the drift layer 104 and light absorption layer 102 may be provided by a thin semiconductor barrier layer 122 disposed between the drift layer 104 and the n-side current spreading layer 1 16.
• the barrier layer 122 may be omitted in the structure of the photodeteetor 100.
• the doping concentration and band gap energy for the barrier layer 122 are selected so as to provide the desired carrier barrier effect against the flow of minority carriers, i.e. carriers of polarity opposite to the polarity of the doping in the barrier layer 122 itself.
• the band gap energy of the barrier layer 122 is larger than the band gap energy of the adjacent drift layer 104 as well as of the n-side current spreading layer 1 16.
• the barrier layer 122 is made of an n-doped AIGaAs compound with a vertical thickness of substantially 20 nm.
• other semiconductor materials and/or doping concentration can be readily determined by those skilled in the art based on the specific pa- rameters of the photodeteetor in order to achieve the desired blocking effect for the barrier layer.
• [CA3] other embodiments, the barrier layer 122 may also serve as an etch stop layer.
• the photodeteetor 100 may further comprise a barrier layer of a p- doped semiconductor disposed between the light absorption layer 102 and the p-side cur- rent spreading layer 1 10 so as to block the flow of electron carriers from the anode 1 14 into the light absorption layer 102.
• the p-doped and n-doped barrier layers may then be provided at both or only one of the p-side and n-side of the photodetector depending on the particular application. Exemplary values of doping levels and thicknesses that may be used for forming a GaAs/AIGaAs based structure of the photodetector 100 as described above are summarized in Table 1 .
• the notation p ++ refers to a heavily p-doped material
• the notation p + and n + refer to moderate levels of p-doping and n-doping, respectively.
• Table 1 Doping level and thickness of the GaAs/AIGaAs layered structure of the photodetector 100.
• the photodetector 100 may comprise additional functional layers for improving performance. For instance, lower-doping 'set-back' layers may be introduced next to the intrinsic semiconductor layers.
• the present invention may also be implemented using other compound or elemental semiconductor materials instead of GaAs and AIGaAs, respectively, as long as the selected semiconductor materials have band gap energies and/or doping concentrations that follow the relative relation of band gap energies and/or doping concentrations described above.
• the principles of the present invention may also be applied to a photodetector having a waveguide structure.
• the term “vertically illuminated” and “vertical stacked structure” are not intended to limit the use or construction of the photodetector to a vertical orientation, and other orientations may be adopted, such as the detection of optical signals along an horizontal and/or a photodetector with an horizontal stacked structure.
• the principles of the photodetector structure described above can be advantageously embedded in a Resonant Cavity Enhanced (RCE) style of the photodetector.
• RCE Resonant Cavity Enhanced

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