Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
  • C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/005—Mixtures of molecular sieves comprising at least one molecular sieve which is not an aluminosilicate zeolite, e.g. from groups B01J29/03 - B01J29/049 or B01J29/82 - B01J29/89
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/18—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/80—Mixtures of different zeolites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/82—Phosphates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/82—Phosphates
  • B01J29/84—Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron
  • B01J29/85—Silicoaluminophosphates [SAPO compounds]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
  • C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
  • C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J2029/062—Mixtures of different aluminosilicates

Definitions

• the invention relates to the conversion of plastics to olefin and aromatics through pyrolysis.
• Waste plastics are mostly diverted to landfills or are incinerated, with a smaller fraction being diverted to recycling.
• the percentage of the post-consumer waste being recycled or incinerated for energy recovery is gradually increasing.
• the 2009 statistics by Plastics Europe indicate that approximately 24.4 million tons of waste plastics were generated in Europe. Of this, 54% was treated either through recycling (22.6%) or energy recovery (31.3%). Plastics diverted to landfills were approximately 46.1%. Thus, waste plastics disposal into landfills is becoming increasingly difficult.
• a method of producing olefins and aromatic compounds from a feedstock is carried out by introducing a hydrocarbon feedstock and a catalyst composition within a reactor, with at least a portion of the reactor being at a reactor temperature of 550°C or higher.
• the catalyst composition is a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, wherein the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst makes up from 10 wt.% or more of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the feedstock and catalyst composition are introduced into the reactor at a catalyst-to-feed ratio of from 6 or greater. At least a portion of the feedstock is allowed to be converted to at least one of olefins and aromatic compounds within the reactor.
• a product stream is removed containing said at least one of olefins and aromatic compounds from the reactor.
• the FCC catalyst comprises at least one of an X-type zeolite, a Y-type zeolite, a USY-zeolite, mordenite, faujasite, nano-crystalline zeolites, MCM mesoporous materials, SBA-15, a silico-alumino phosphate, a gallophosphate, and a titanophosphate.
• the FCC catalyst may also comprise at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY- zeolite embedded in a matrix, with the FCC catalyst having a total surface area of from 100 m 2 /g to 400 m 2 /g, coke deposition in an amount of from 0 to 0.5% by weight.
• the FCC catalyst is a non-fresh FCC catalyst having from greater than 0 to 0.5% by weight of coke deposition.
• the FCC catalyst is a non-fresh FCC catalyst having from greater than 0 to 0.5% by weight of coke deposition.
• FCC catalyst may have a total surface area of from 100 m 2 /g to 200 m 2 /g.
• the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. In other embodiments, the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 30 wt.% to 45 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the reactor may be operated wherein said at least a portion of the reactor is at a reactor temperature of 570°C to 730°C.
• the reactor may be at least one of a fluidized bed reactor, bubbling bed reactor, slurry reactor, rotating kiln reactor, and packed bed reactor in some embodiments.
• the feedstock and catalyst composition may be introduced into the reactor at a catalyst-to-feed ratio of from 8 or greater.
• the feedstock may be at least one of polyolefins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyester, natural and synthetic rubber, tires, filled polymers, composites, plastic alloys, plastics dissolved in a solvent, biomass, bio oils, and petroleum oils.
• a catalyst composition useful for producing olefins and aromatic compounds from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprises a mixture of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, wherein the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst makes up from 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• FCC fluidized catalytic cracking
• the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 30 wt.% to 45 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the FCC catalyst may comprise at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY-zeolite embedded in a matrix in some applications, with the FCC catalyst having a total surface area of from 100 m 2 /g to 400 m 2 /g, coke deposition in an amount of from 0 to 0.5% by weight.
• the FCC catalyst comprise at least one of an X-type zeolite, a Y-type zeolite, a USY-zeolite, mordenite, faujasite, nano-crystalline zeolites, MCM mesoporous materials, SBA-15, a silico-alumino phosphate, a gallophosphate, and a titanophosphate.
• the FCC catalyst may be a non-fresh FCC catalyst having from greater than 0 to 0.5% by weight of coke deposition.
• the non-fresh FCC catalyst may have a total surface area of from 100 to 200 m7g.
• the FCC catalyst comprises at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY-zeolite embedded in a matrix, with the FCC catalyst having a total surface area of from 100 m 2 /g to 400 m 2 /g.
• such FCC catalyst may be a non-fresh catalyst having from greater than 0 to 0.5% by weight of coke deposition.
• Such FCC catalyst may further have a total surface area of from 100 m 27g to 200 m 27g in some embodiments.
• the FCC catalyst comprises at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY-zeolite, with said at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY-zeolite and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst each being embedded in the same matrix.
• FIGURE 1 is a plot of light gas olefin yields versus ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst content of catalyst compositions used in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock;
• FIGURE 2 is a plot of light gas olefin yields versus reactor temperatures in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock using a catalyst composition of the invention
• FIGURE 3 is a plot of different light gas olefin yields versus ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst content of catalyst compositions used in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock;
• FIGURE 4 is a plot of different light gas olefin yields versus reactor temperatures in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock using a catalyst composition of the invention
• FIGURE 5 is a plot of methane and ethylene yields versus ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst content of catalyst compositions used in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock;
• FIGURE 6 is a plot of methane and ethylene yields versus reactor temperatures in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock using a catalyst composition of the invention
• FIGURE 7 is a plot of heavy liquid product yields versus ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst content of catalyst compositions used in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock
• FIGURE 8 is a plot of heavy liquid product yields versus reactor temperatures in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock using a catalyst composition of the invention
• FIGURE 9 is a plot of aromatic yields versus ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst content of catalyst compositions used in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock
• FIGURE 10 is a plot of aromatic yields versus reactor temperatures in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock using a catalyst composition of the invention
• FIGURE 11 is a plot of coke yield versus ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst content of catalyst compositions used in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock.
• FIGURE 12 is a plot of coke yield versus reactor temperatures in pyrolysis conversion of a plastic feedstock using a catalyst composition as disclosed herein.
• plastics and other hydrocarbons are converted through pyrolysis to monomers with high yields of light gas olefins (e.g., ethylene, propylene, and butenes) and aromatics, with low yields of methane.
• the conversion can be accomplished with a low residence time (on the order of seconds) making it ideally suited for large scale commercial operations.
• the process utilizes fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst additive that are used in combination with one another in a catalyst composition to facilitate the pyrolytic conversion of the plastic or hydrocarbon feed.
• FCC catalysts are those useful in the cracking of petroleum feeds.
• Such petroleum feeds may include vacuum gas oil (350-550°C boiling range), atmospheric gas oil and diesel (220-370°C boiling range), naphtha ( ⁇ 35°C to 220°C boiling range) or residues (boiling at >550°C range) from a crude oil atmospheric and vacuum distillation units or the various such streams generated from all secondary processes in refineries including hydrotreating, hydrocracking, coking, visbreaking, solvent deasphalting, fluid catalytic cracking, naphtha reforming and such or their variants.
• the FCC catalysts are typically composed of large pore molecular sieves or zeolites. Large pore zeolites are those having an average pore size of from 7 A or more, more typically from 7 A to about 10A.
• Suitable large pore zeolites for FCC catalysts may include X-type and Y-type zeolites, mordenite and faujasite, nano-crystalline Zeolites, MCM mesoporous materials (MCM-41, MCM-48, MCM-50 and other mesoporous materials), SBA-15 and silico-alumino phosphates, gallophosphates, and titanophosphates. Particularly useful are Y-type zeolites.
• Y-type zeolites used for FCC catalysts the silica and alumina tetrahedral are connected by oxygen linkages.
• the Y-zeolite may be subjected to treatment to knock off some framework alumina (one of these routes is steaming at high temperature).
• Y-zeolites typically have Si/Al ratio of about 2.5: 1.
• the dealuminated Y-zeolite typically has a Si/Al ratio of 4: 1 or more.
• the dealuminated Y-zeolite with a higher framework Si/Al ratio, has stronger acid sites (isolated acid sites) and is thermally and hydrothermally more stable and is thus called ultrastable Y-zeolite (USY-zeolite).
• USY-zeolite ultrastable Y-zeolite
• the thermal and hydrothermal stability is important so that catalyst activity is maintained over a longer period of time.
• USY-zeolite may be the preferred FCC catalyst.
• the ultrastable zeolites may also be rare-earth-exchanged.
• the rare-earth content may be higher than 0% and may be as high as 10% by weight of the zeolite, with from 0.1-3% by weight of zeolite being typical.
• Some amount of rare earth in the zeolite Y may be useful because it imparts stability to the zeolite.
• the rare earth materials may include cerium, lanthanum, and other rare earth materials.
• the FCC catalysts are typically the aforementioned zeolites embedded in an active matrix.
• the matrix may be formed from an active material, such as an active alumina material that could be amorphous or crystalline, a binder material, such as alumina or silica, and an inert filler, such as kaolin.
• the zeolite component embedded in the matrix of the FCC catalyst may make up from 10 to 90% by weight of the FCC catalyst.
• the FCC catalyst with the zeolite material embedded within the active matrix material may be formed by spray drying into microspheres. These catalysts are hard and have very good attrition resistance to withstand the particle-particle and particle-wall collisions that usually occur when the catalysts are fluidized.
• the particle size distribution for the FCC catalyst may range from greater than 0 to 150 microns. In certain embodiments, 90-95% of the particle size distribution may be within the range of from greater than 0 to 110 microns or 120 microns, with from 5- 10% of the particles having particle sizes of greater than 110 microns. As a result of the distribution of particle sizes, the average or median particle size for the FCC catalyst is typically 70 to 75 microns. In certain instances, finer particles of the FCC catalyst may be used with larger particles to provide good fluidization. In certain embodiments, for example, 15% or less of the FCC catalyst may have a particle size of 40 microns or less. Good fluidization is imparted by presence of fines in a mix of fine and coarse particles. Loss of fine particles leads to de-fluidization.
• the FCC catalysts may be further characterized based on certain physical, chemical, surface properties and catalytic activity.
• Fresh FCC catalysts have a very high surface area typically 300-400m /g or higher and a high activity.
• cracking of petroleum feeds with the fresh FCC catalyst usually results in high yields of coke, such as 8-10 wt.%, and light gas.
• the very high yields of coke can affect the heat balance of the reaction as all the heat generated by coke formation may not be needed for cracking. Heat removal from a reactor-regenerator system thus may be necessary. This means that the feed is not effectively utilized.
• the FCC cracking unit is typically operated by maintaining a constant activity or conversion. This is done by having a circulating inventory of partially deactivated catalyst and then periodically purging a small portion of the used or non-fresh catalyst and making that up with fresh FCC catalyst.
• the use of used or non-fresh catalyst helps in maintaining the catalyst activity at a constant level without producing high levels of methane and coke.
• the circulating inventory of plant catalyst is partially deactivated or equilibrated under plant operating conditions. The portion of this catalyst that is purged out periodically is the spent catalyst.
• catalyst activity it generally has the same activity of the circulating catalyst inventory in the FCC unit before make-up fresh catalyst is added.
• This catalyst make-up and purging is typically done on a regular basis in an operating FCC unit.
• the circulating catalyst inventory has roughly 50% or less of the surface area of the fresh catalyst and activity or conversion that is roughly 10 conversion units lower than that of fresh catalyst.
• fresh catalyst were to provide a conversion of 80 wt.% of vacuum gas oil range material to dry gas (H 2 -C 2 ), LPG (C 3 -C 4 ), gasoline (35-220°C boiling hydrocarbons) and coke
• the circulating partially deactivated catalyst inventory could provide a conversion of 70 wt.%.
• the FCC fresh catalyst particles added through make-up to the circulating unit would on an average spend several days (age) in the unit before it is purged out.
• the circulating catalyst inventory would typically have catalyst particles of different ages, i.e., there is an age distribution of catalyst particles in the inventory.
• the catalyst activity of a particle is proportional to its deactivation in the FCC unit which in turn is also proportional to the age of the catalyst.
• Table 1 below lists typical properties between fresh and spent FCC catalysts.
• Ni+V, ppm 0 Typically 500-3000
• Sox and S reduction additives are usually from 10-15 wt.%. Sox and S reduction additives would not have catalyst activity for cracking and thus would dilute the catalyst activity. These additives are usually added to meet automotive fuel specification requirements for streams generated from the FCC unit and for mitigating Sox liberation to environment. Usually oxides of magnesium are used in such additives and they would be having lower or no conversion for breaking molecules and would thus reduce the ability of the FCC catalyst to convert heavier molecules to lighter molecules i.e. activity dilution.
• the present invention can make use of either fresh FCC catalyst, non-fresh FCC catalyst, or a mixture of both.
• This may include spent FCC catalyst that is removed from the fluidized catalytic cracking process, as described previously.
• spent FCC catalyst is typically a waste product from the fluidized catalytic cracking process, its use in the conversion of plastics and other hydrocarbons to useful products is particularly advantageous. This is due to both its lower cost and availability and due to its favorable activity in not forming more coke and methane.
• the spent FCC catalyst is essentially "used” or "non-fresh" FCC catalyst that has been used in the fluidized catalytic cracking process and has been removed for replacement with fresh catalyst, as previously described.
• non-fresh with respect to the FCC catalyst is meant to encompass any FCC catalyst, as they have been described, that has some amount (i.e. greater than 0%) of coke deposition.
• Fresh FCC catalyst would have no coke deposits.
• the coke deposition on the non-fresh FCC catalyst may be from 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or more by weight of the catalyst.
• the coke deposition for the non-fresh FCC catalyst will range from greater than 0 to 0.5% by weight of the catalyst.
• the spent FCC catalyst may have non-fresh catalyst particles with differing degrees of catalyst coking due to differences in the catalyst ages of use in the cracking process.
• the non-fresh FCC catalyst also has a reduced surface area compared to fresh FCC catalyst due to catalyst hydrothermal deactivation in the FCC unit. Typical surface area for the non-fresh catalyst may range from 100 m /g to 200 2
• the FCC catalyst may include a combination of non-fresh or spent FCC catalyst and fresh FCC catalyst and may be used in the pyrolysis conversion reaction.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst additive used in combination with the FCC catalyst is a molecular sieve that is a porous material containing intersecting two- dimensional pore structure with 10-membered oxygen rings. Zeolite materials with such 10-membered oxygen ring pore structures are often classified as medium-pore zeolites. Such medium-pore zeolites typically have pore diameters ranging from 5.0 A to 7.0 A.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite is a medium pore-size zeolite with a pore diameter of from about 5.1 to about 5.6 A.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite and their preparation are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,702,886, which is herein incorporated by reference.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite may be free from any metal loading.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite is also typically embedded in an active matrix, which may be the same or similar to those used for the zeolite of the FCC catalyst, as previously described.
• the matrix may be formed from an active material, such as an active alumina material, a binder material, such as alumina or silica, and an inert filler, such as kaolin.
• the zeolite component embedded in the matrix of the ZSM-5 catalyst may make up from 5 to 90% by weight of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst and more typically 10 to 80% by weight of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, and still more typically 10 to 50% by weight of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with the ZSM-5 zeolite material embedded within the active matrix material may also be formed by spray drying into microspheres.
• the particle size distribution for the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst may range from greater than 0 to 150 microns. In certain embodiments, 90- 95% of the particle size distribution may be within the range of from greater than 0 to 110 microns or 120 microns.
• the average or median particle size for the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst is typically 70 to 75 microns. In certain instances, finer particles of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst may be used with larger particles to provide good fluidization. In certain embodiments, for example, 15% or less of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst may have a particle size of 40 microns or less.
• the zeolite material e.g. X-type zeolite or Y-type zeolite
• the zeolite material of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite may be embedded and formed within the same matrix material unit so that catalyst particles containing both the FCC catalyst and ZSM-5 catalyst materials are formed. These particles may be of the same size and configuration as those previously described for the separate FCC catalyst and ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• One of the advantages of combining the FCC and ZSM-5 zeolite component in a single matrix or particle is that it may result in a higher activity that can be obtained by minimizing the in-active diluents in the individual catalysts.
• the catalysts selected for use in the plastic pyrolysis may have similar properties to FCC catalysts in terms of particle size distribution and attrition resistance, as these parameters may greatly influence the integrity of the catalyst recipe in an operating fluidized bed environment. Very fine particles can lead to their high losses due to their being entrained with product gases, while bigger catalyst particle sizes tend to not fluidize properly and result in non-uniform activity. In certain embodiments, however, pure forms of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite without any matrix material or smaller particle sizes may be employed in systems where there is less probability of the catalyst being lost, such as in rotary kilns and slurry reactors.
• plastic pyrolysis using the catalyst system produces valuable monomers of light gas olefins and aromatics, such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes.
• the process yields are tunable to the desired yields of olefins and aromatics by using a combination of the catalyst system and process operating conditions. It has been found that with a combination of FCC catalysts and ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst additive, as has been described, higher yields of olefins and aromatics can be obtained as compared to using only an FCC catalyst.
• a catalyst system containing from 10 wt.% or more of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst provides increased yields of olefins and aromatics.
• weight percentages of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts and FCC catalysts are based upon the total weight of the catalyst, including any matrix material, unless expressly stated otherwise. Where no matrix material is employed in the reactions the weight percentages of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts and FCC catalysts are the weight percentage of the zeolites only.
• the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 10 wt.%, 15% wt.%, 20% wt.%, 25% wt.%, 30% wt.%, or 35% wt.% to 40% wt.%, 45% wt.%, or 50 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 30 wt.% to 45 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. In further embodiments, the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 35 wt.% to 40 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. In particular instances, it has been found that the highest yields of olefins and aromatics are produced when the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst is used in an amount of approximately 37.5 wt.% by total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the plastic feed used in the conversion reaction may include essentially all plastic materials, such as those formed from organic polymers.
• plastic materials such as those formed from organic polymers.
• Non-limiting examples include polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyester, natural and synthetic rubber, tires, filled polymers, composites and plastic alloys, plastics dissolved in a solvent, etc.
• plastic feeds may be used in the conversion reaction, other hydrocarbon materials may also be used as the feedstock. These hydrocarbons may include biomass, bio oils, petroleum oils, etc.
• the plastic feed may be provided in a variety of different forms. In smaller scale operations, the plastic feed may be in the form of a powder. In larger scale operations, the plastic feed may be in the form of pellets, such as those with a particle size of from 1 to 5 mm.
• the catalyst and plastic feed may be mixed together prior to introduction into the reactor or may be fed separately.
• the amount or ratio of catalyst used to plastic feed may vary and may be dependent upon the particular system used and process conditions.
• Plastics can be converted using a very low or very high catalyst-to-feed (C/F) ratio. Longer contact times may be needed in the case of a low C/F ratio, while shorter contact times may be need for a high C/F ratio.
• C/F ratios of from 4 to 12 were used, with C/F ratios of from 6 to 9 being most frequently used.
• the C/F ratio may be determined by the reactor heat balance or other parameters.
• Various reactors may be used for the conversion process.
• a circulating fluidized bed riser or downer reactor may be used.
• a bubbling bed reactor where the catalyst is bubbled in-situ, with the feed being added to the bubbling bed may also be used.
• Slurry-type reactors and rotating kiln-type reactors may also be used in some applications.
• the catalyst composition composed of the FCC catalyst and ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst and the plastic feed are introduced (mixed or added separately) into a reactor, such as a fluidized bed reactor, as previously described.
• the reactor is operated at a reactor temperature wherein all or a portion of the reactor is at a temperature of 550°C or higher.
• the reactor is operated at a reactor temperature wherein all or a portion of the reactor is at a temperature of 570°C or higher.
• the reactor is operated at a reactor temperature wherein all or a portion of the reactor is at a temperature of from 550°C to 730°C, more particularly from 570°C to 680°C, 690°C or 700°C.
• Reactor pressures may range from ambient to 50 bar(g) (5 MPa) and more typically from ambient to 3 bar(g) (0.3 MPa).
• Nitrogen, dry gas (H 2 -C 2 ), steam or other inert gases or mixture of gases may be used as a carrier gas in which the catalyst and feed are entrained.
• a range of fluidization gas flow rates can be employed in different modes, such as bubbling fluidized bed mode, circulating fluidized bed mode, slurry tank reactor mode. Other reactor configurations and modes may also be used.
• a circulating fluidized mode may be used because it offers advantages on coke management, better heat transfer and contacting between feed and catalysts.
• the catalyst/feed ratio (C/F) can range from as low as 2 and as high as 30 and more typically in the range of 4-12.
• the pyrolysis conversion of plastics to light gas olefins and aromatics may take place fairly rapidly, i.e. within a few seconds.
• the pyrolysis products produced include light gas olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, butenes, etc., and aromatics, such as benzene, toluene, xylenes, and ethyl benzene. These may be selectively produced in large quantities. Complete conversion of the feed plastics to various products occurs.
• Products produced include gases (H 2 -C 4 ), gasoline or naphtha (boiling point 35-220°C), diesel (boiling point 220-370°C), a small fraction of heavier stream (boiling point > 370°C) and coke.
• gases H 2 -C 4
• gasoline or naphtha gasoline or naphtha
• diesel diesel
• boiling point 220-370°C diesel
• a small fraction of heavier stream (boiling point > 370°C) and coke.
• the yield of various products could be varied by using different catalyst recipe or any or all of the above mentioned parameters including contact time, fluidization flow rate and specific features of the reactor hardware, such as diameter, length or feed and/or gas distribution design or mixing/contacting related hardware modifications, recycles of products into the reactor for further conversion and such other parameters.
• Saturated products such as methane, ethane, propane, and butanes, are also produced, as well as hydrogen gas (H 2 ).
• the pyrolysis products produced can be used in a variety of processes.
• the light gas olefins formed ethylene, propylene, and butenes
• the aromatics can be used as building blocks for derivatives or can be used as such in specific applications
• the saturated gases can be cracked further to light gas olefins or can be directed to fuel gas (H 2 -C 2 ) and LPG (C 3 -C 4 ) pool or can be used as a fuel in the pyrolysis or any other process.
• the coke formed can be used as an energy source for supplying the necessary heat requirements for the pyrolysis process.
• a method of producing olefins and aromatic compounds from a feedstock comprises: introducing a hydrocarbon feedstock and a catalyst composition within a reactor at least a portion of the reactor being at a reactor temperature of 550°C or higher, the catalyst composition comprising a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, wherein the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst makes up at least 10 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, the feedstock and catalyst composition being introduced into the reactor at a catalyst-to-feed ratio of from 6 or greater; allowing at least a portion of the feedstock to be converted to at least one of olefins and aromatic compounds within the reactor; and removing a product stream containing said at least one of olefins and aromatic compounds from the reactor.
• FCC fluidized catalytic cracking
• the FCC catalyst is comprised of at least one of an X-type zeolite, a Y-type zeolite, a USY-zeolite, mordenite, faujasite, nano- crystalline zeolites, MCM mesoporous materials, SBA-15, a silico-alumino phosphate, a gallophosphate, and a titanophosphate, more preferably wherein the FCC catalyst is comprised of at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY-zeolite embedded in a matrix, the FCC catalyst having a total surface area of from 100 m 27g to 400 m 27g, coke deposition in an amount of from 0 to 0.5% by weight; the FCC catalyst is a non- fresh FCC catalyst having from greater than 0 to 0.5% by weight of coke deposition; the FCC catalyst has a total surface area of from 100 m 2 /g to 200 m 2
• a catalyst composition useful for producing olefins and aromatic compounds from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprises a mixture of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, wherein the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst makes up from 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, preferably wherein the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst of the catalyst composition makes up from 30 wt.% to 45 wt.% of the total weight of the FCC catalyst and the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, more preferably wherein the FCC catalyst is comprised of at least one of a Y-zeolite and a USY-zeolite embedded in a matrix, the FCC catalyst having a total surface area of from 100 m 2 /g to 400 m 2 /g, coke deposition in an amount of from 0 to 0.5% by weight; and
• an in-situ fluidized bed lab tubular reactor having a length of 783 mm and an inner diameter of 15 mm was used.
• the reactor was housed in a split-zone 3-zone tubular furnace with independent temperature control for each zone.
• the size of each zone was 9.3 inches (236.2 mm).
• the overall heated length of the reactor placed inside the furnace was 591 mm.
• the reactor wall temperature was measured at the center of each zone and was used to control the heating of each furnace zone.
• the reactor had a conical bottom and the reactor bed temperature was measured using a thermocouple housed inside a thermowell and placed inside the reactor at the top of the conical bottom. Also, the reactor wall temperature was measured at the conical bottom to ensure that the bottom of the reactor was hot.
• the reactor bottom was placed at the middle of the furnace bottom zone for minimizing the effect of furnace end cap heat losses and maintaining the reactor bottom wall temperature within a difference of 20°C of the internal bed temperature measured.
• the plastic feeds were in the form of a 200 micron plastic powder.
• the FCC catalyst was a spent FCC catalyst obtained from an operating refinery.
• the FCC spent catalyst used had a residual coke on it of 0.23 wt%.
• the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst used was a commercially available ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.
• the plastic feed was mixed with catalyst by swirling in a cup and then fed into the reactor.
• the conversion products from the reactor were collected and condensed in a condenser.
• the uncondensed products were collected in a gas collection vessel and the gas composition was analyzed using a refinery gas analyzer (M/s AC Analytical B.V., The Netherlands).
• Liquid products were characterized for their boiling point distribution using a simulated distillation GC (M/s AC Analytical B.V., The Netherlands).
• a detailed hydrocarbon analysis up to C13 hydrocarbons was carried out using a DHA analyzer (M/s AC Analytical B.V., The Netherlands).
• the coke deposited on the catalyst was determined using an IR-based CO and C0 2 analyzer.
• the mass balances were determined by summing the yields of gas, liquid and coke. Individual product yields were determined and reported on a normalized product basis.
• Tests were conducted using a pure HDPE plastic feed ground to 200 microns size and a catalyst composition of 75 wt.% FCC spent catalyst and 25 wt.% of ZSM5 zeolite catalyst.
• the plastic feed used was 0.75 g and the dry catalyst weight used was 4.5 g. This correlates to a C/F ratio of 5.98 (-6.0).
• the feed and the catalyst were fed to the reactor as described above. Before charging of the feed, the bed temperature as measured by the reactor internal thermocouple was 650°C.
• a flow of N 2 gas at 200 Ncc/min (normal cc/min) was used as a fluidizing and carrier gas. The results are presented in Table 2.
• a mixed plastic feed formed from a mixture of polyolefins, polystyrene (PS) and PET was used having the following composition set forth in Table 3.
• the mixed plastic was used in the form of powder and was fed to the reactor along with catalyst as described earlier. Reactor temperatures at the start of reaction are those measured inside the reactor before feed and catalyst are charged. Fluidization N 2 gas flow was 175 Ncc/min.
• Spent FCC catalyst was used with varying amounts of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst from 0 to 100 percent. The testing was conducted at a reactor temperature of 670°C set before the start of reaction. A C/F ratio of 9 was used. The experiments were carried out with 6.8 g of dry catalyst and 0.75 g of plastic feed. The total light gas olefins (i.e., C 2 to C 4 ) were measured. The results are presented in Figure 1 and Table 4. As can be seen from Figure 1, the highest yields of light gas olefins was achieved when the amount of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst additive in the catalyst mixture was at around 37.5 wt.%.
• Any deficiency in heat balance can be overcome by injecting heavies (undesired product) or cracked product in the riser (additional olefins and coke make) or firing of heavy products in regenerator (fuel) without utilizing any other auxiliary fuel.

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