WO2014030684A1 - 非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス - Google Patents
非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014030684A1 WO2014030684A1 PCT/JP2013/072336 JP2013072336W WO2014030684A1 WO 2014030684 A1 WO2014030684 A1 WO 2014030684A1 JP 2013072336 W JP2013072336 W JP 2013072336W WO 2014030684 A1 WO2014030684 A1 WO 2014030684A1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte that can improve electrochemical characteristics at high temperatures, and a power storage device using the same.
- a lithium secondary battery is mainly composed of a positive electrode and a negative electrode containing a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte composed of a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene. Carbonates such as carbonate (PC) are used.
- lithium metal a metal compound capable of inserting and extracting lithium (metal simple substance, oxide, alloy with lithium, etc.) and a carbon material are known.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using carbon materials that can occlude and release lithium such as coke and graphite (artificial graphite, natural graphite), are widely used. Since the above negative electrode material stores and releases lithium and electrons at a very low potential equivalent to that of lithium metal, many solvents may undergo reductive decomposition, particularly at high temperatures.
- materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiFePO 4 and the like used as the positive electrode material, store lithium and electrons at a noble voltage of 3.5 V or more on the basis of lithium. Because of the release, many solvents have the potential to undergo oxidative decomposition, especially at high temperatures, and some of the solvent in the electrolyte solution is oxidatively decomposed on the positive electrode regardless of the type of positive electrode material. However, the deposition of decomposition products and the generation of gas hinder the movement of lithium ions, resulting in a problem that battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a secondary battery containing an electrolytic solution containing a diisocyanate compound as a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of exhibiting a swelling suppression effect during high-temperature storage.
- the present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving electrochemical characteristics at high temperatures and reducing not only the discharge capacity maintenance rate after a high temperature cycle test but also the rate of increase in electrode thickness, and a power storage device using the same It is an issue to provide.
- the present inventors have studied in detail the performance of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of Patent Document 1.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of Patent Document 1 can improve the swelling of the battery after high temperature storage, it cannot be said that it is sufficiently satisfactory when further increasing the capacity in the future.
- Nothing is disclosed about the problem of reducing the increase rate of the electrode thickness accompanying discharge. Therefore, as a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors contain a specific diisocyanate compound, and further have a specific phosphate compound, a specific cyclic sulfonate compound, and an ester structure.
- the present invention provides the following (1) and (2).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, contains 0.001 to 5% by mass of a diisocyanate compound represented by the following general formula (I), and Phosphate ester compound represented by the following general formula (II), cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the following general formula (III), isocyanato compound having an ester structure represented by the following general formula (IV), and A nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing 0.001 to 5% by mass of at least one selected from triple bond-containing compounds represented by the general formula (V).
- L represents an optionally branched alkylene group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 4 and R 5 are each independently a hydrogen atom, Represents a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 6 and R 7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom;
- R 9 is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom
- Y is at least one A straight or branched alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a divalent linking group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms including at least one ether bond is shown.
- Z represents R 10 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —, R 11 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —C ( ⁇ O) —, or R 12 —S ( ⁇ O) 2 —).
- W represents a hydrogen atom or —CH 2 —O—S ( ⁇ O) 2 —R 13. In each of R 10 to R 13 , at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom.
- alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein Z is R 10- In the case of O—C ( ⁇ O) — or R 11 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —C ( ⁇ O) —, W is a hydrogen atom.
- an electricity storage device including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent
- the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I) is added to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution in an amount of 0.0.
- An electrical storage device comprising 0.001 to 5% by mass of at least one selected from an isocyanate compound having an ester structure and a triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V).
- capacitance maintenance factor after a high temperature cycle can be improved, and electrical storage devices, such as a lithium battery using the nonaqueous electrolyte solution which reduces the increase rate of electrode thickness, and it can be provided. .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, and contains 0.001 to 5% by mass of a diisocyanate compound represented by the following general formula (I).
- a diisocyanate compound represented by the following general formula (I) Phosphate ester compound represented by general formula (II), cyclic sulfonate ester compound represented by general formula (III) below, isocyanato compound having an ester structure represented by general formula (IV) below, and the following general formula It is characterized by containing 0.001 to 5% by mass of at least one selected from triple bond-containing compounds represented by the formula (V).
- L represents an optionally branched alkylene group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 4 and R 5 are each independently a hydrogen atom, Represents a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 6 and R 7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom;
- R 9 is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom
- Y is at least one A straight or branched alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a divalent linking group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms including at least one ether bond is shown.
- Z represents R 10 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —, R 11 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —C ( ⁇ O) —, or R 12 —S ( ⁇ O) 2 —).
- W represents a hydrogen atom or —CH 2 —O—S ( ⁇ O) 2 —R 13. In each of R 10 to R 13 , at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom.
- alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein Z is R 10- In the case of O—C ( ⁇ O) — or R 11 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —C ( ⁇ O) —, W is a hydrogen atom.
- the reason why the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can greatly improve the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range is not clear, but is considered as follows.
- the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I) used in combination in the present invention decomposes at the negative electrode to form a film, but the film grows by dissolution and re-formation of the film by repeated charge and discharge at high temperatures. The thickness of the negative electrode is greatly increased.
- a phosphoric acid ester compound represented by the general formula (II) a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by the general formula (III), an isocyanato compound having an ester structure represented by the general formula (IV), and a general formula Inhibiting decomposition of the diisocyanate compound at the negative electrode by using at least one compound having two or more functional groups selected from the triple bond-containing compound represented by (V) together with the diisocyanate compound.
- the diisocyanate compound and the phosphate compound represented by the general formula (II), the diisocyanate compound and the cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the general formula (III), the diisocyanate compound and the general formula (IV) A strong composite film made of a compound having two or more functional groups, such as an isocyanato compound having an ester structure or a diisocyanate compound and a triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V), is quickly formed at the active point on the negative electrode. As a result, it has been found that the high-temperature cycle characteristics are improved and the growth of the film is suppressed to further suppress the increase in the electrode thickness.
- the diisocyanate compound contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (I).
- L represents an optionally branched alkylene group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms.
- an optionally branched alkylene group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms represented by L includes a butane-1,4-diyl group, a butane-1,3-diyl group, 2 -Methylpropane-1,2-diyl group, butane-1,1-diyl group, pentane-1,5-diyl group, hexane-1,6-diyl group, 2-methylpentane-1,5-diyl group, Heptane-1,7-diyl group, octane-1,8-diyl group, nonane-1,9-diyl group, 2,3,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group, 2,2,4-trimethyl Preferred examples include alkylene groups such as hexane-1,6-diyl group, decane-1,10-diyl group, undecane-1,11-diyl group
- butane-1,4-diyl group butane-1,3-diyl group, 2-methylpropane-1,3-diyl group, pentane-1,5-diyl group, hexane-1,6-diyl Group, 2-methylpentane-1,5-diyl group, heptane-1,7-diyl group, octane-1,8-diyl group, nonane-1,9-diyl group, 2,3,4-trimethylhexane- 1,6-diyl group, 2,2,4-trimethylhexane-1,6-diyl group, or decane-1,10-diyl group is preferable, butane-1,4-diyl group, pentane-1,5- A diyl group, a hexane-1,6-diyl group, a heptane-1,7-diyl group, or an o
- Examples of the compound represented by the general formula (I) include 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,3-diisocyanatobutane, 1,3-diisocyanato-2-methylpropane, 1,1-diisocyanato Butane, 1,5-diisocyanatopentane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,5-diisocyanato-2-methylpentane, 1,7-diisocyanatoheptane, 1,8-diisocyanatooctane, 1 , 9-diisocyanatononane, 1,6-diisocyanato-2,3,4-trimethylhexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-2,2,4-trimethylhexane, 1,10-diisocyanatodecane, 1,11 -Diisocyanatoundecane or 1,12-diisocyanatododecane is
- the content of the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I) is preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass in the non-aqueous electrolyte. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the phosphate compound contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (II).
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 4 and R 5 are each independently a hydrogen atom, Represents a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 1 and R 2 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, or a linear alkyl group such as an n-hexyl group, an isopropyl group, and a sec-butyl group.
- a group is preferably mentioned.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, or a 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group is preferable, and a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferable.
- R 3 examples include a straight chain alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, or an n-hexyl group, an isopropyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group.
- Branched alkyl group such as butyl group or tert-amyl group, vinyl group, 2-propenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 4-pentenyl group, 5-hexenyl group, 2-methyl-2 -Propenyl group or alkenyl group such as 3-methyl-2-butenyl group, 2-propynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 3-butynyl group, 4-pentynyl group, 5-hexynyl group, 1-methyl-2-propynyl Preferred examples include a group or an alkynyl group such as a 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl group.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 2-propynyl group, a 2-butynyl group, or a 1-methyl-2-propynyl group is preferable. More preferably a group, an ethyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-propynyl group, or a 1-methyl-2-propynyl group.
- R 4 and R 5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 4 and R 5 include a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, or a linear alkyl group such as an n-butyl group, an isopropyl group, a sec-butyl group, Preferred examples include branched alkyl groups such as tert-butyl group.
- a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, or an isopropyl group is preferable, and a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group is more preferable.
- Preferred examples of the phosphate ester compound represented by the general formula (II) include the following compounds.
- compounds having the structures A2, A4 to A6, A14, A18, A21 to A40, A42 to A50, A52 to A54 are preferable, and ethyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound A2), 2-propynyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound A4), methyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound A5), ethyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound A6), 2-propenyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) Acetate (compound A14), 2-propynyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound A18), 1-methyl-2-propynyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound A21), 2-propynyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) )Professional Noate (compound A30), 2-propynyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) propanoate (compound A34),
- the content of the phosphate compound represented by the general formula (II) is preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the cyclic sulfonate compound contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (III).
- R 6 and R 7 in the general formula (III) each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom.
- a hydrogen atom an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom is more preferred
- a hydrogen atom, at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom.
- An alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms which may be present is more preferable.
- R 6 and R 7 include a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group and other linear alkyl groups, an isopropyl group, and the like.
- Branched chain alkyl groups such as sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, tert-amyl group, fluoro such as fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, etc.
- Preferred examples include an alkyl group and a fluorine atom.
- a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, a difluoromethyl group, and a trifluoromethyl group are preferable, and a hydrogen atom and a methyl group are more preferable.
- X represents —CH (OR 8 ) — or —C ( ⁇ O) —
- R 8 represents a formyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenylcarbonyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, carbon R 3 represents an alkynylcarbonyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms or an arylcarbonyl group having 7 to 13 carbon atoms, and R 8 may have at least one hydrogen atom substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 8 is more preferably a formyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenylcarbonyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably a formyl group or an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R 8 examples include alkylcarbonyl groups such as formyl group, acetyl group, propionyl group, butyryl group, isobutyryl group, pivaloyl group, and trifluoroacetyl group, alkenyl groups such as acryloyl group, methacryloyl group, and crotonoyl group.
- Alkynylcarbonyl group such as carbonyl group, propioyl group, benzoyl group, 2-methylbenzoyl group, 3-methylbenzoyl group, 4-methylbenzoyl group, 2,4-dimethylbenzoyl group, 2,6-dimethylbenzoyl group, 3, 4-dimethylbenzoyl group, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl group, 2-fluorobenzoyl group, 3-fluorobenzoyl group, 4-fluorobenzoyl group, 2,4-difluorobenzoyl group, 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, 3,4-difluorobenzoyl group 2,4,6 trifluoride Robben benzoyl group, 2-trifluoromethylbenzoyl group, or 4-trifluoromethyl arylcarbonyl group such as a methyl benzoyl group and the like.
- a formyl group, an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butyryl group, a pivaloyl group, an acryloyl group, and a methacryloyl group are preferable, and an acetyl group and a propionyl group are more preferable.
- Preferred examples of the cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the general formula (III) include the following compounds.
- compounds having the structures B1 to B4, B6, B8, B9, B11, and B22 to B25 are preferable, and 2,2-dioxide-1,2-oxathiolan-4-yl acetate (compound B2), 2 , 2-Dioxide-1,2-dioxathiolan-4-yl propionate (compound B3), 5-methyl-1,2-oxathiolan-4-one 2,2-dioxide (compound B22), or 5,5-dimethyl- 1,2-oxathiolane-4-one 2,2-dioxide (Compound B24) is more preferred.
- the content of the cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the general formula (III) is preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the isocyanato compound having an ester structure contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (IV).
- R 9 in the general formula (IV) is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 9 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 9 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 9 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 9 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atom
- an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isopropyl group, a sec-butyl group, or a tert-butyl group, Vinyl group, allyl group, 1-propen-1-yl group, 2-buten-1-yl group, 3-buten-1-yl group, 4-penten-1-yl group, 5-hexen-1-yl group Alkenyl groups such as 1-propen-2-yl group or 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl group, alkyloxy groups such as methoxy group, ethoxy group and propoxy group, vinyloxy group or allyloxy group Isocyanatoalkyl groups such as alkenyloxy groups and isocyanatoethyloxy groups, phenyl groups, 2-methylphenyl groups, 3-methylphenyl groups
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, a vinyl group, a 1-propen-2-yl group, a phenyl group, or a 4-methylphenyl group is preferable, and a methyl group, a vinyl group, or a 1-propen-2-yl group is preferable. Further preferred.
- Y represents a straight-chain or branched alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a divalent group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms containing at least one ether bond. And an alkylene group is more preferable.
- Examples of Y include methylene group, ethane-1,2-diyl group, ethane-1,1-diyl group, propane-1,3-diyl group, propane-1,2-diyl group, propane-1,1- Diyl group, butane-1,4-diyl group, butane-1,3-diyl group, 2-methylpropane-1,2-diyl group, pentane-1,5-diyl group, or hexane-1,6-diyl Group such as alkylene group, monofluoromethylene group, difluoromethylene group, halogenated alkylene group such as 2,2-difluoropropane-1,3-diyl group, 3-oxapentane-1,5-diyl group, 4- Preferred examples include an alkylene group containing an ether bond such as an oxaheptane-2,7-diyl group or a 3,6-dioxao
- An octane-1,8-diyl group is preferred, and an ethane-1,2-diyl group, a propane-1,3-diyl group, a propane-1,2-diyl group, or a 3-oxapentane-1,5-diyl group is preferred. Further preferred.
- Preferred examples of the isocyanato compound having an ester structure represented by the general formula (IV) include the following compounds.
- isocyanato compounds having the ester structure represented by the general formula (IV) compounds having the structures of C1, C9, C10, C12 to C14, C18 to C20, C30 to C35, and C39 to C42 are preferable.
- the content of the isocyanate compound having an ester structure represented by the general formula (IV) is preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass in the non-aqueous electrolyte. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the triple bond-containing compound contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (V).
- Z represents R 10 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —, R 11 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —C ( ⁇ O) —, or R 12 —S ( ⁇ O) 2 —).
- W represents a hydrogen atom or —CH 2 —O—S ( ⁇ O) 2 —R 13. In each of R 10 to R 13 , at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom.
- alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein Z is R 10- In the case of O—C ( ⁇ O) — or R 11 —O—C ( ⁇ O) —C ( ⁇ O) —, W is a hydrogen atom.
- R 10 to R 13 in the general formula (V) are a linear alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, or an n-hexyl group, isopropyl Group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, tert-amyl group, branched chain alkyl group, 2-propenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 4-pentenyl group, 5-hexenyl group An alkenyl group such as 2-methyl-2-propenyl group or 3-methyl-2-butenyl group, 2-propynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 3-butynyl group, 4-pentynyl group, 5-hexynyl group, 1 -Methyl-2-propynyl group or alkynyl group such as 1,1-dimethyl-2-prop
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-propynyl group, or a 1-methyl-2-propynyl group is more preferable.
- Preferred examples of the triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V) include the following compounds.
- the content of the triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V) is preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the diisocyanate compound represented by general formula (I), and the triple bond containing compound represented by general formula (V) when using together the diisocyanate compound represented by general formula (I), and the triple bond containing compound represented by general formula (V), it represents with general formula (I) contained in a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the ratio of the content of the diisocyanate compound and the content of the triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V) is represented by the content of the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I): the general formula (V)
- the content of the triple bond-containing compound is 51:49 to 99: 1, the effect of improving the high-temperature cycle characteristics is enhanced, and the case of 55:45 to 90:10 is more preferable.
- the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I), the phosphate compound represented by the general formula (II), the cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the general formula (III), and the general formula (IV) When at least one kind selected from an isocyanato compound having an ester structure represented by the formula (V) and at least one triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V) are used in combination, the effect of improving high-temperature cycle characteristics is enhanced. More preferred.
- a diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I), a phosphate ester compound represented by the general formula (II), and a cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the general formula (III) By combining at least one selected from an isocyanate compound having an ester structure represented by the general formula (IV) and a triple bond-containing compound represented by the general formula (V) with a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt described below.
- the capacity retention rate after the high temperature cycle can be improved, and a unique effect of reducing the increase rate of the electrode thickness is exhibited.
- Nonaqueous solvent Preferred examples of the non-aqueous solvent used in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention include cyclic carbonates, chain esters, lactones, ethers, or amides, and preferably include both cyclic carbonates and chain esters.
- chain ester is used as a concept including chain carbonate and chain carboxylic acid ester.
- Cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC), trans or Cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (hereinafter collectively referred to as “DFEC”), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), and 4-ethynyl-1 , 3-dioxolan-2-one (EEC), ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate and 4-ethynyl- Selected from 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (EEC) More species or two or is more preferable.
- the carbon-carbon double bond, unsaturated bond such as carbon-carbon triple bond, or cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom because the low-temperature load characteristics after high-temperature charge storage are further improved. More preferably, both a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond and a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom are included.
- a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond
- VC, VEC, or EEC is more preferable.
- FEC or DFEC is more preferable. preferable.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond is preferably 0.07% by volume or more, more preferably based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. 0.2 vol% or more, more preferably 0.7 vol% or more, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 7 vol% or less, more preferably 4 vol% or less, further preferably 2.5 vol% or less. It is preferable because the stability of the coating during high temperature storage can be further increased without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom is preferably 0.07% by volume or more, more preferably 4% by volume or more, still more preferably 7% by volume or more based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the upper limit is preferably 35% by volume or less, more preferably 25% by volume or less, and even more preferably 15% by volume or less, and the stability of the coating during storage at a high temperature is further reduced without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures. It is preferable because the properties can be increased.
- the non-aqueous solvent contains both a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond and a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom
- carbon relative to the content of the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom is preferably 0.2% by volume or more, more preferably 3% by volume or more, and further preferably 7% by volume or more.
- the upper limit thereof is preferably 40% by volume or less, more preferably 30% by volume or less, and still more preferably 15% by volume or less, during further high-temperature storage without impairing Li ion permeability at low temperatures. This is particularly preferable because the stability of the coating can be increased. Moreover, since the resistance of the film formed on an electrode becomes small when a nonaqueous solvent contains both ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or both ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, it is preferable.
- the content of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or both ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate is preferably at least 3% by volume, more preferably at least 5% by volume, even more preferably at least 7% by volume, based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the upper limit thereof is preferably 45% by volume or less, more preferably 35% by volume or less, and still more preferably 25% by volume or less.
- These solvents may be used alone, and when used in combination of two or more, it is preferable because the electrochemical properties in a wide temperature range are further improved, and it is possible to use in combination of three or more. Particularly preferred.
- Preferred combinations of these cyclic carbonates include EC and PC, EC and VC, PC and VC, VC and FEC, EC and FEC, PC and FEC, FEC and DFEC, EC and DFEC, PC and DFEC, VC and DFEC , VEC and DFEC, VC and EEC, EC and EEC, EC and PC and VC, EC and PC and FEC, EC and VC and FEC, EC and VC and VEC, EC and VC and EEC, EC and EEC and FEC, PC And VC and FEC, EC and VC and DFEC, PC and VC and DFEC, EC and PC and VC and FEC, EC and PC and VC and FEC, EC and PC and
- chain esters examples include asymmetric chain carbonates such as methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), methyl isopropyl carbonate (MIPC), methyl butyl carbonate, and ethyl propyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethyl carbonate ( DEC), symmetric chain carbonates such as dipropyl carbonate and dibutyl carbonate, pivalate esters such as methyl pivalate, ethyl pivalate, and propyl pivalate, chains such as methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate Preferred examples include carboxylic acid esters.
- MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
- MPC methyl propyl carbonate
- MIPC methyl isopropyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- symmetric chain carbonates such as dipropyl carbonate
- chain esters having a methyl group selected from dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, methyl propionate, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate are preferable, particularly methyl.
- a chain carbonate having a group is preferred. This is because decomposition at the negative electrode hardly proceeds and capacity deterioration can be suppressed.
- the content of the chain ester is not particularly limited, but it is preferably used in the range of 60 to 90% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. If the content is 60% by volume or more, the effect of lowering the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently obtained, and if it is 90% by volume or less, the electrical conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently increased, and in a wide temperature range.
- the above-mentioned range is preferable since the electrochemical characteristics of the above are improved.
- chain carbonate it is preferable to use 2 or more types.
- both a symmetric chain carbonate and an asymmetric chain carbonate are contained, and it is more preferable that the content of the symmetric chain carbonate is more than that of the asymmetric chain carbonate.
- the volume ratio of the symmetric chain carbonate in the chain carbonate is preferably 51% by volume or more, and more preferably 55% by volume or more. As an upper limit, 95 volume% or less is more preferable, and it is still more preferable in it being 85 volume% or less. It is particularly preferred that the symmetric chain carbonate contains dimethyl carbonate.
- the asymmetric chain carbonate preferably has a methyl group, and methyl ethyl carbonate is particularly preferable. The above case is preferable because the high-temperature cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the ratio between the cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate is preferably 10:90 to 45:55, and 15:85 to 40:55 in terms of cyclic carbonate: chain carbonate (volume ratio) from the viewpoint of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range. 60 is more preferable, and 20:80 to 35:65 is particularly preferable.
- additives for the purpose of improving electrochemical characteristics over a wider temperature range, it is preferable to add other additives to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- other additives include phosphate esters such as trimethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, or trioctyl phosphate, nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, or pimelonitrile, Sultone compounds such as 1,3-propane sultone, 1,3-butane sultone, 2,4-butane sultone, or 1,4-butane sultone, ethylene sulfite, hexahydrobenzo [1,3,2] dioxathiolane-2-oxide ( 1,2-cyclohexanediol cyclic sulfite), or cyclic sulfite compounds such as 5-vinyl-hexahydro 1,3,2-benzod
- Electrode salt Preferred examples of the electrolyte salt used in the present invention include the following lithium salts.
- (Lithium salt) Preferred examples of the electrolyte salt used in the present invention include the following lithium salts.
- the lithium salt include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , Li 2 PO 3 F, LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiSO 3 F, LiN (SO 2 F) 2 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2.
- LiPF 6 LiPO 2 F 2 , Li 2 PO 3 F, LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 F, LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 F) 2 , from bis [oxalate-O, O ′] lithium borate (LiBOB), difluorobis [oxalate-O, O ′] lithium phosphate, and tetrafluoro [oxalate-O, O ′] lithium phosphate
- LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , and LiN (SO 2 F) 2 lithium bis [oxalate-O, O ′] lithium borate (LiBOB)
- LiPF 6 is most preferable.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is usually preferably 0.3 M or more, more preferably 0.7 M or more, and further preferably 1.1 M or more with respect to the non-aqueous solvent.
- the upper limit is preferably 2.5M or less, more preferably 2.0M or less, and still more preferably 1.6M or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is prepared, for example, by mixing the non-aqueous solvent described above with the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I) with respect to the electrolyte salt and the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the general formula ( II) a phosphoric acid ester compound, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by general formula (III), an isocyanato compound having an ester structure represented by general formula (IV), and a general formula (V) It can be obtained by adding at least one selected from the triple bond-containing compounds. At this time, it is preferable that the compound added to the non-aqueous solvent and the non-aqueous electrolyte to be used is one that is purified in advance and has as few impurities as possible within a range that does not significantly reduce the productivity.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can be used in the following first and second electricity storage devices, and as the non-aqueous electrolyte, not only a liquid but also a gelled one can be used. Furthermore, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can be used for a solid polymer electrolyte. In particular, it is preferably used for a first electricity storage device (ie, for a lithium battery) or a second electricity storage device (ie, for a lithium ion capacitor) using a lithium salt as an electrolyte salt, and is used for a lithium battery. More preferably, it is most suitable for use as a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium battery of the present invention is a general term for a lithium primary battery and a lithium secondary battery.
- the term lithium secondary battery is used as a concept including a so-called lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium battery of the present invention comprises the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous solvent.
- Components other than the non-aqueous electrolyte, such as a positive electrode and a negative electrode can be used without particular limitation.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery a composite metal oxide with lithium containing one or more selected from cobalt, manganese, and nickel is used.
- lithium composite metal oxides include LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3.
- LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNiO 2 may be used in combination.
- a part of the lithium composite metal oxide may be substituted with another element.
- a part of cobalt, manganese, nickel is replaced with at least one element such as Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, Cu, Bi, Mo, or La.
- a part of O may be substituted with S or F, or a compound containing these other elements may be coated.
- LiCoO 2, LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO lithium mixed metal oxide usable in the fully charged potential of the positive electrode in a charged state, such as 2 4.3V or higher based on Li are preferable, LiCo 1-x M x O 2 (where M is at least one element selected from Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, and Cu, 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05), LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 (M is Co, Ni, Mn or Fe Lithium composite metal oxide that can be used at 4.4 V or higher, such as a solid solution with a transition metal such as When a lithium composite metal oxide that operates at a high charging voltage is used, the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are likely to be deteriorated due to a reaction with the electrolyte during charging, but in the lithium secondary battery according to the present
- lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate containing at least one selected from iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese is preferable. Specific examples thereof include LiFePO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 and the like. Some of these lithium-containing olivine-type phosphates may be substituted with other elements, and some of iron, cobalt, nickel, and manganese are replaced with Co, Mn, Ni, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V, and Nb.
- Cu, Zn, Mo, Ca, Sr, W and Zr can be substituted with one or more elements selected from these, or can be coated with a compound or carbon material containing these other elements.
- LiFePO 4 or LiMnPO 4 is preferable.
- mold phosphate can also be mixed with the said positive electrode active material, for example, and can be used.
- positive electrodes for lithium primary batteries CuO, Cu 2 O, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 CrO 4 , CuS, CuSO 4 , TiO 2 , TiS 2 , SiO 2 , SnO, V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 12 , VO x, Nb 2 O 5, Bi 2 O 3, Bi 2 Pb 2 O 5, Sb 2 O 3, CrO 3, Cr 2 O 3, MoO 3, WO 3, SeO 2, MnO 2, Mn 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3 , FeO, Fe 3 O 4 , Ni 2 O 3 , NiO, CoO 3 , CoO 3 or the like, oxides of one or more metal elements or chalcogen compounds, sulfur compounds such as SO 2 or SOCl 2 Preferred examples thereof include carbon fluoride (fluorinated graphite) represented by the general formula (CF x ) n . Of these, MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , graphite fluoride and the like are preferable.
- the positive electrode conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not cause a chemical change.
- Examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite (flaky graphite and the like) and artificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black. Further, graphite and carbon black may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the addition amount of the conductive agent to the positive electrode mixture is preferably 1 to 10% by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 5% by mass.
- the positive electrode is composed of a conductive agent such as acetylene black and carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- a conductive agent such as acetylene black and carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- acrylonitrile and butadiene acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- binder such as copolymer (NBR), carb
- this positive electrode mixture was applied to a current collector aluminum foil, a stainless steel lath plate, etc., dried and pressure-molded, and then subjected to vacuum at a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 250 ° C. for about 2 hours. It can be manufactured by heat treatment.
- the density of the part except the collector of the positive electrode is usually at 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, to further enhance the capacity of the battery, is preferably 2 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably, 3 g / cm 3 It is above, More preferably, it is 3.6 g / cm 3 or more. In addition, as an upper limit, 4 g / cm ⁇ 3 > or less is preferable.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery include lithium metal, lithium alloy, and carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium [easily graphitized carbon and difficult to have a (002) plane spacing of 0.37 nm or more.
- One or more selected from compounds and the like can be used in combination.
- a highly crystalline carbon material such as artificial graphite and natural graphite
- the lattice spacing (002) of the lattice plane ( 002 ) is 0.00. It is particularly preferable to use a carbon material having a graphite type crystal structure of 340 nm (nanometer) or less, particularly 0.335 to 0.337 nm.
- artificial graphite particles having a massive structure in which a plurality of flat graphite fine particles are assembled or bonded non-parallel to each other, for example, scaly natural graphite particles such as compression force, friction force, shear force, etc.
- scaly natural graphite particles such as compression force, friction force, shear force, etc.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode is pressure-molded to a density of 1.5 g / cm 3 or more by using graphite particles that have been repeatedly subjected to spheroidizing treatment.
- the ratio I (110) / I (004) of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane and the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane of the graphite crystal obtained from the line diffraction measurement is 0.01 or more.
- the highly crystalline carbon material is coated with a carbon material having lower crystallinity than the core material because electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are further improved.
- the crystallinity of the coating carbon material can be confirmed by TEM.
- metal compounds capable of inserting and extracting lithium as the negative electrode active material include Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.
- Preferred examples include compounds containing at least one metal element such as Ag, Mg, Sr and Ba. These metal compounds may be used in any form such as a simple substance, an alloy, an oxide, a nitride, a sulfide, a boride, and an alloy with lithium, but any of a simple substance, an alloy, an oxide, and an alloy with lithium. Is preferable because the capacity can be increased. Among these, those containing at least one element selected from Si, Ge and Sn are preferable, and those containing at least one element selected from Si and Sn are particularly preferable because the capacity of the battery can be increased.
- the negative electrode is kneaded using the same conductive agent, binder, and high-boiling solvent as in the production of the positive electrode, and then the negative electrode mixture is applied to the copper foil of the current collector. After being dried and pressure-molded, it can be produced by heat treatment under vacuum at a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 250 ° C. for about 2 hours.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode is usually 1.1 g / cm 3 or more, and is preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, particularly preferably 1.7 g in order to further increase the capacity of the battery. / Cm 3 or more.
- 2 g / cm ⁇ 3 > or less is preferable.
- examples of the negative electrode active material for a lithium primary battery include lithium metal and lithium alloy.
- the lithium battery there is no particular limitation on the structure of the lithium battery, and a coin-type battery, a cylindrical battery, a square battery, a laminated battery, or the like having a single-layer or multi-layer separator can be applied. Although it does not restrict
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range even when the end-of-charge voltage is 4.2 V or more, particularly 4.3 V or more, and the characteristics are also good at 4.4 V or more. is there.
- the end-of-discharge voltage is usually 2.8 V or more, and further 2.5 V or more, but the lithium secondary battery in the present invention can be 2.0 V or more.
- the current value is not particularly limited, but is usually used in the range of 0.1 to 30C.
- the lithium battery in the present invention can be charged / discharged at ⁇ 40 to 100 ° C., preferably ⁇ 10 to 80 ° C.
- a method of providing a safety valve on the battery lid or cutting a member such as a battery can or a gasket can be employed.
- the battery lid can be provided with a current interruption mechanism that senses the internal pressure of the battery and interrupts the current.
- the 2nd electrical storage device of this invention is an electrical storage device which stores the energy using the intercalation of the lithium ion to carbon materials, such as a graphite which is a negative electrode, containing the nonaqueous electrolyte solution of this invention. It is called a lithium ion capacitor (LIC).
- Suitable examples of the positive electrode include those using an electric double layer between an activated carbon electrode and an electrolyte, and those using a ⁇ -conjugated polymer electrode dope / dedope reaction.
- the electrolyte contains at least a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 .
- Examples 1 to 67, Comparative Examples 1 to 6 [Production of lithium ion secondary battery] 94% by mass of LiCoO 2 and 3% by mass of acetylene black (conducting agent) are mixed and added to a solution in which 3% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in advance. Then, a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to one surface of an aluminum foil (current collector), dried and pressurized, and cut into a predetermined size to produce a positive electrode sheet. The density of the portion excluding the current collector of the positive electrode was 3.6 g / cm 3 .
- the ratio of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane of the graphite crystal to the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane [I (110) / I (004)] was 0.1.
- the positive electrode sheet obtained above, a separator made of a microporous polyethylene film, and the negative electrode sheet obtained above are laminated in this order, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution having the composition shown in Tables 1 to 6 is added to produce a laminate type battery. did.
- a positive electrode sheet was prepared using LiFePO 4 (positive electrode active material) covered with amorphous carbon instead of the positive electrode active material used in Examples 1, 24, 38, 53 and Comparative Examples 2 to 6. 90% by mass of LiFePO 4 coated with amorphous carbon and 5% by mass of acetylene black (conductive agent) are mixed, and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in advance.
- a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared by adding to and mixing with the previously prepared solution. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (current collector), dried, pressurized, cut into a predetermined size, and a positive electrode sheet was produced. Laminated batteries were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1, 24, 38, and 53 and Comparative Examples 2 to 6 except that 3.6 V and the final discharge voltage were 2.0 V. The results are shown in Tables 11-14.
- a negative electrode sheet was prepared using lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (negative electrode active material) instead of the negative electrode active materials used in Examples 1, 24, 38 and 53 and Comparative Examples 2 to 6. 80% by mass of lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and 15% by mass of acetylene black (conductive agent) are mixed, and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is previously dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- a negative electrode mixture paste was prepared by adding to the solution and mixing. This negative electrode mixture paste was applied onto a copper foil (current collector), dried and pressurized, punched out to a predetermined size, and a negative electrode sheet was produced.
- a laminate type battery was prepared in the same manner as in Examples 2 to 6, and the battery was evaluated. The results are shown in Tables 15-18.
- Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 when only the diisocyanate compound represented by the general formula (I) is added, Comparative Example 3 when only the phosphate compound represented by the general formula (II) is added, General Formula Comparative Example 4 when only the cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by (III) is added, Comparative Example 5 when only the isocyanate having the ester structure represented by General Formula (IV) is added, General Formula (V Compared only in triple bond-containing compound represented in the lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 6 when added, it suppresses the increase in the negative electrode thickness improves the cycle characteristics.
- the gas generation amount after the high temperature cycle of the lithium secondary battery produced on the same conditions as Example 1, 24, 38, 53 and the comparative example 2 was measured by the Archimedes method, the gas generation amount of the comparative example 1 was set to 100. %, Example 1 was 79%, Example 24 was 77%, Example 38 was 79%, Example 53 was 78%, and Comparative Example 2 was 80%. It was. From the above, the effect of reducing the increase rate of the electrode thickness of the present invention is a unique effect when the specific compound of the present invention is contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which the electrolyte salt is dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent. It turned out to be.
- non-aqueous electrolytes of Examples 1 to 79 of the present invention also have an effect of improving discharge characteristics in a wide temperature range of the lithium primary battery.
- the electricity storage device using the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is useful as an electricity storage device such as a lithium secondary battery having excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range.
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Abstract
Description
その結果、特許文献1の非水電解液では、高温保存後の電池の膨れを改善させることができるものの、今後の更なる高容量化を図る場合、十分に満足できるとは言えず、中でも充放電に伴う電極厚みの増加率を低減させるという課題に対しては、何ら開示されていない。
そこで、本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するために鋭意研究を重ねた結果、特定のジイソシアナト化合物を含有し、更に特定のリン酸エステル化合物、特定の環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、エステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を非水電解液に添加することにより、高温下での電気化学特性を向上させ、高温サイクル後の放電容量維持率を向上させることができ、かつ電極厚みの増加率を低減させることができることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
(1)非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中に下記一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物を0.001~5質量%含有し、更に下記一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、下記一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、下記一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び下記一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液。
本発明の非水電解液は、非水溶媒に電解質が溶解されている非水電解液において、下記一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物を0.001~5質量%含有し、更に下記一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、下記一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、下記一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び下記一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする。
本発明で組み合わせて使用される一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物は負極で分解し被膜を形成するが、高温下で充放電を繰り返すことで被膜の溶解、再形成により被膜が成長し負極の厚みが大きく増大してしまう。一方、一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種の、2つ以上の官能基を有する化合物を、ジイソシアナト化合物と併せて使用することにより、ジイソシアナト化合物の負極での分解を抑制することができる。また、同時に、ジイソシアナト化合物と一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、ジイソシアナト化合物と一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、ジイソシアナト化合物と一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、又はジイソシアナト化合物と一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物等の2つ以上の官能基を有する化合物による強固な複合被膜が負極上の活性点に素早く形成され、高温サイクル特性を向上させるとともに被膜の成長を抑制し電極厚みの増加をより一層抑制することが判明した。
これらの中でも、ブタン-1,4-ジイル基、ブタン-1,3-ジイル基、2-メチルプロパン-1,3-ジイル基、ペンタン-1,5-ジイル基、ヘキサン-1,6-ジイル基、2-メチルペンタン-1,5-ジイル基、ヘプタン-1,7-ジイル基、オクタン-1,8-ジイル基、ノナン-1,9-ジイル基、2,3,4-トリメチルヘキサン-1,6-ジイル基、2,2,4-トリメチルヘキサン-1,6-ジイル基、又はデカン-1,10-ジイル基が好ましく、ブタン-1,4-ジイル基、ペンタン-1,5-ジイル基、ヘキサン-1,6-ジイル基、ヘプタン-1,7-ジイル基、又はオクタン-1,8-ジイル基が更に好ましく、ヘキサン-1,6-ジイル基が特に好ましい。
これらの中でも、1,4-ジイソシアナトブタン、1,3-ジイソシアナトブタン、1,3-ジイソシアナト-2-メチルプロパン、1,5-ジイソシアナトペンタン、1,6-ジイソシアナトヘキサン、1,5-ジイソシアナト-2-メチルペンタン、1,7-ジイソシアナトヘプタン、1,8-ジイソシアナトオクタン、1,9-ジイソシアナトノナン、1,6-ジイソシアナト-2,3,4-トリメチルヘキサン、1,6-ジイソシアナト-2,2,4-トリメチルヘキサン、又は1,10-ジイソシアナトデカンが好ましく、1,4-ジイソシアナトブタン、1,5-ジイソシアナトペンタン、1,6-ジイソシアナトヘキサン、1,7-ジイソシアナトヘプタン、又は1,8-ジイソシアナトオクタンが更に好ましく、1,6-ジイソシアナトヘキサンが特に好ましい。
前記R1及びR2としては、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、又はn-ヘキシル基等の直鎖のアルキル基、イソプロピル基、sec-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、又はtert-アミル基等の分枝鎖のアルキル基、フルオロメチル基、又は2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル基等の水素原子の一部がフッ素原子で置換されたアルキル基が好適に挙げられる。
これらの中でもメチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、又は2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル基が好ましく、メチル基、又はエチル基が更に好ましい。
これらの中でもメチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、2-プロペニル基、2-ブテニル基、2-プロピニル基、2-ブチニル基、又は1-メチル-2-プロピニル基が好ましく、メチル基、エチル基、2-プロペニル基、2-プロピニル基、又は1-メチル-2-プロピニル基が更に好ましい。
前記R4及びR5としては、水素原子、フッ素原子、塩素原子、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、又はn-ブチル基等の直鎖のアルキル基、イソプロピル基、sec-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基等の分枝鎖のアルキル基が好適に挙げられる。
これらの中でも水素原子、フッ素原子、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、又はイソプロピル基が好ましく、水素原子、フッ素原子、メチル基、又はエチル基が更に好ましい。
これらの中でも、水素原子、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、ジフルオロメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基が好ましく、水素原子、メチル基が更に好ましい。
前記R8は、ホルミル基、炭素数2~7のアルキルカルボニル基、又は炭素数3~5のアルケニルカルボニル基がより好ましく、ホルミル基、又は炭素数2~5のアルキルカルボニル基が更に好ましい。
これらの中でも、ホルミル基、アセチル基、プロピオニル基、ブチリル基、ピバロイル基、アクリロイル基、メタクロイル基が好ましく、アセチル基、プロピオニル基が更に好ましい。
前記R9は、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、炭素数2~6のアルケニル基、又は炭素数6~10のアリール基が好ましく、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、又は炭素数2~6のアルケニル基が更により好ましく、炭素数1~4のアルキル基、又は炭素数2~4のアルケニル基が更に好ましい。
これらの中でも、メチル基、エチル基、ビニル基、1-プロペン-2-イル基、フェニル基、又は4-メチルフェニル基が好ましく、メチル基、ビニル基、又は1-プロペン-2-イル基が更に好ましい。
これらの中でもメチレン基、エタン-1,2-ジイル基、エタン-1,1-ジイル基、プロパン-1,3-ジイル基、プロパン-1,2-ジイル基、プロパン-1,1-ジイル基、ブタン-1,4-ジイル基、ブタン-1,3-ジイル基、2-メチルプロパン-1,2-ジイル基、3-オキサペンタン-1,5-ジイル基、又は3,6-ジオキサオクタン-1,8-ジイル基が好ましく、エタン-1,2-ジイル基、プロパン-1,3-ジイル基、プロパン-1,2-ジイル、又は3-オキサペンタン-1,5-ジイル基が更に好ましい。
これらの中でもメチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、2-プロペニル基、2-ブテニル基、2-プロピニル基、2-ブチニル基、1-メチル-2-プロピニル基、又はフェニル基が好ましく、メチル基、エチル基、2-プロペニル基、2-プロピニル基、又は1-メチル-2-プロピニル基が更に好ましい。
本発明の非水電解液に使用される非水溶媒としては、環状カーボネート、鎖状エステル、ラクトン、エーテル、又はアミドが好適に挙げられ、環状カーボネートと鎖状エステルの両方が含まれることが好ましい。
なお、鎖状エステルなる用語は、鎖状カーボネート及び鎖状カルボン酸エステルを含む概念として用いる。
前記フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対して好ましくは0.07体積%以上、より好ましくは4体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上であり、また、その上限としては、好ましくは35体積%以下、より好ましくは25体積%以下、更に好ましくは15体積%以下であると、低温でのLiイオン透過性を損なうことなく一段と高温保存時の被膜の安定性を増すことができるので好ましい。
また、非水溶媒がエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、又はエチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートの両者を含むと電極上に形成される被膜の抵抗が小さくなるので好ましい。エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、又はエチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートの両者の含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対し、好ましくは3体積%以上、より好ましくは5体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上であり、また、その上限としては、好ましくは45体積%以下、より好ましくは35体積%以下、更に好ましくは25体積%以下である。
前記鎖状エステルの中でも、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート、プロピオン酸メチル、酢酸メチル及び酢酸エチルから選ばれるメチル基を有する鎖状エステルが好ましく、特にメチル基を有する鎖状カーボネートが好ましい。負極での分解が進行しにくく、容量劣化を抑制できるためである。
また、鎖状カーボネートを用いる場合には、2種以上を用いることが好ましい。更に対称鎖状カーボネートと非対称鎖状カーボネートの両方が含まれるとより好ましく、対称鎖状カーボネートの含有量が非対称鎖状カーボネートより多く含まれると更に好ましい。
鎖状カーボネート中に対称鎖状カーボネートが占める体積の割合は、51体積%以上が好ましく、55体積%以上がより好ましい。上限としては、95体積%以下がより好ましく、85体積%以下であると更に好ましい。対称鎖状カーボネートにジメチルカーボネートが含まれると特に好ましい。また、非対称鎖状カーボネートはメチル基を有するとより好ましく、メチルエチルカーボネートが特に好ましい。
上記の場合に一段と高温サイクル特性が向上するので好ましい。
その他の添加剤の具体例としては、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリブチル、又はリン酸トリオクチル等のリン酸エステル、アセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、スクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、又はピメロニトリル等のニトリル、1,3-プロパンスルトン、1,3-ブタンスルトン、2,4-ブタンスルトン、又は1,4-ブタンスルトン等のスルトン化合物、エチレンサルファイト、ヘキサヒドロベンゾ[1,3,2]ジオキサチオラン-2-オキシド(1,2-シクロヘキサンジオールサイクリックサルファイトともいう)、又は5-ビニル-ヘキサヒドロ1,3,2-ベンゾジオキサチオール-2-オキシド等の環状サルファイト化合物、ブタン-2,3-ジイル ジメタンスルホネート、ブタン-1,4-ジイル ジメタンスルホネート、メチレンメタンジスルホネート、又はジメチルメタンジスルホネート等のスルホン酸エステル化合物、ジビニルスルホン、1,2-ビス(ビニルスルホニル)エタン、又はビス(2-ビニルスルホニルエチル)エーテル等のビニルスルホン化合物等から選ばれるS=O結合含有化合物、無水酢酸、又は無水プロピオン酸等の鎖状のカルボン酸無水物、無水コハク酸、無水マレイン酸、無水グルタル酸、無水イタコン酸、又は3-スルホ-プロピオン酸無水物等の環状酸無水物、メトキシペンタフルオロシクロトリホスファゼン、エトキシペンタフルオロシクロトリホスファゼン、フェノキシペンタフルオロシクロトリホスファゼン、又はエトキシヘプタフルオロシクロテトラホスファゼン等の環状ホスファゼン化合物、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、フルオロシクロヘキシルベンゼン化合物(1-フルオロ-2-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-3-シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1-フルオロ-4-シクロヘキシルベンゼン)、tert-ブチルベンゼン、tert-アミルベンゼン、又は1-フルオロ-4-tert-ブチルベンゼン等の分枝アルキル基を有する芳香族化合物や、ビフェニル、ターフェニル(o-、m-、p-体)、ジフェニルエーテル、フルオロベンゼン、ジフルオロベンゼン(o-、m-、p-体)、アニソール、2,4-ジフルオロアニソール、ターフェニルの部分水素化物(1,2-ジシクロヘキシルベンゼン、2-フェニルビシクロヘキシル、1,2-ジフェニルシクロヘキサン、又はo-シクロヘキシルビフェニル)等の芳香族化合物が好適に挙げられる。
本発明に使用される電解質塩としては、下記のリチウム塩が好適に挙げられる。
(リチウム塩)
本発明に使用される電解質塩としては、下記のリチウム塩が好適に挙げられる。
リチウム塩としては、LiPF6、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiSO3F等の無機リチウム塩、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)等の鎖状のフッ化アルキル基を含有するリチウム塩や、(CF2)2(SO2)2NLi、(CF2)3(SO2)2NLi等の環状のフッ化アルキレン鎖を有するリチウム塩、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム(LiBOB)やジフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム、ジフルオロビス[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム及びテトラフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム等のオキサレート錯体をアニオンとするリチウム塩が好適に挙げられ、これらの一種又は二種以上を混合して使用することができる。
本発明の非水電解液は、例えば、前記の非水溶媒を混合し、これに前記の電解質塩及び該非水電解液に対して一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物と、一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を添加することにより得ることができる。
この際、用いる非水溶媒及び非水電解液に加える化合物は、生産性を著しく低下させない範囲内で、予め精製して、不純物が極力少ないものを用いることが好ましい。
本発明のリチウム電池は、リチウム一次電池及びリチウム二次電池の総称である。また、本明細書において、リチウム二次電池という用語は、いわゆるリチウムイオン二次電池も含む概念として用いる。本発明のリチウム電池は、正極、負極及び非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている前記非水電解液からなる。非水電解液以外の正極、負極等の構成部材は特に制限なく使用できる。
例えば、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質としては、コバルト、マンガン、及びニッケルから選ばれる1種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物が使用される。これらの正極活物質は、1種単独又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
このようなリチウム複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiCo1-xNixO2(0.01<x<1)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4、又はLiCo0.98Mg0.02O2から選ばれる一種以上が好適に挙げられる。また、LiCoO2とLiMn2O4、LiCoO2とLiNiO2、LiMn2O4とLiNiO2のように併用してもよい。
前記正極活物質の中では、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2のような満充電状態における正極の充電電位がLi基準で4.3V以上で使用可能なリチウム複合金属酸化物が好ましく、LiCo1-xMxO2(但し、MはSn、Mg、Fe、Ti、Al、Zr、Cr、V、Ga、Zn、及びCuから選ばれる少なくとも1種類以上の元素、0.001≦x≦0.05)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4、Li2MnO3とLiMO2(Mは、Co、Ni、Mn、又はFe等の遷移金属)との固溶体のような4.4V以上で使用可能なリチウム複合金属酸化物がより好ましい。高充電電圧で動作するリチウム複合金属酸化物を使用すると、充電時における電解液との反応により特に広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が低下しやすいが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池ではこれらの電気化学特性の低下を抑制することができる。
これらのリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩の一部は他元素で置換してもよく、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガンの一部をCo、Mn、Ni、Mg、Al、B、Ti、V、Nb、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ca、Sr、W及びZr等から選ばれる1種以上の元素で置換したり、又はこれらの他元素を含有する化合物や炭素材料で被覆することもできる。これらの中では、LiFePO4又はLiMnPO4が好ましい。また、リチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩は、例えば前記の正極活物質と混合して用いることもできる。
正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は、通常は1.5g/cm3以上であり、電池の容量を更に高めるため、好ましくは2g/cm3以上であり、より好ましくは、3g/cm3以上であり、更に好ましくは、3.6g/cm3以上である。なお、上限としては、4g/cm3以下が好ましい。
また、高結晶性の炭素材料(コア材)はコア材よりも低結晶性の炭素材料によって被膜されていると、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が一段と良好となるので好ましい。被覆の炭素材料の結晶性は、TEMにより確認することが出来る。高結晶性の炭素材料を使用すると、充電時において非水電解液と反応し、界面抵抗の増加によって低温もしくは高温における電気化学特性を低下させる傾向があるが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池では広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が良好となる。
負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は、通常は1.1g/cm3以上であり、電池の容量を更に高めるため、好ましくは1.5g/cm3以上であり、特に好ましくは1.7g/cm3以上である。なお、上限としては、2g/cm3以下が好ましい。
電池用セパレータとしては、特に制限はされないが、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンの単層又は積層の微多孔性フィルム、織布、不織布等を使用できる。
本発明の第2の蓄電デバイスは、本願発明の非水電解液を含み、負極であるグラファイト等の炭素材料へのリチウムイオンのインターカレーションを利用してエネルギーを貯蔵する蓄電デバイスである。リチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)と呼ばれる。正極は、例えば活性炭電極と電解液との間の電気二重層を利用したものや、π共役高分子電極のドープ/脱ドープ反応を利用したもの等が好適に挙げられる。電解液には少なくともLiPF6等のリチウム塩が含まれる。
〔リチウムイオン二次電池の作製〕
LiCoO2 94質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)3質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)3質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き、正極シートを作製した。正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は3.6g/cm3であった。
また、人造黒鉛(d002=0.335nm、負極活物質)95質量%を、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き負極シートを作製した。負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は1.5g/cm3であった。また、この電極シートを用いてX線回折測定した結果、黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I(110)と(004)面のピーク強度I(004)の比〔I(110)/I(004)〕は0.1であった。
上記で得られた正極シート、微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製セパレータ、上記で得られた負極シートの順に積層し、表1~6に記載の組成の非水電解液を加えて、ラミネート型電池を作製した。
上記の方法で作製した電池を用いて60℃の恒温槽中、1Cの定電流及び定電圧で、終止電圧4.3Vまで3時間充電し、次に1Cの定電流下、放電電圧3.0Vまで放電することを1サイクルとし、これを100サイクルに達するまで繰り返した。そして、以下の式により60℃100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を求めた。
放電容量維持率(%)=(100サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
<100サイクル後のガス発生量の評価>
100サイクル後のガス発生量はアルキメデス法により測定した。ガス発生量は、比較例1のガス発生量を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的なガス発生量を調べた。
<初期負極厚み>
上記の方法で作製した電池を〔高温サイクル特性の評価〕と同じ条件で1サイクルさせた後、電池を解体し、初期の負極厚みを測定した。
<サイクル後の負極厚み>
上記の方法で作製した電池を〔高温サイクル特性の評価〕と同じ条件で100サイクルさせた後、電池を解体し、高温サイクル後の負極厚みを測定した。
<負極厚み上昇率>
負極厚み上昇率を以下の式により求めた。
負極厚み上昇率(%)=[(60℃100サイクル後の負極厚み-初期の負極厚み)/初期の負極厚み]×100
実施例1、24、38、53及び比較例2~6で用いた負極活物質に変えて、ケイ素(単体)(負極活物質)を用いて、負極シートを作製した。ケイ素(単体)40質量%、人造黒鉛(d002=0.335nm、負極活物質)50質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き負極シートを作製したことの他は、実施例1、24、38、53、及び比較例2~6と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表7~10に示す。
実施例1、24、38、53及び比較例2~6で用いた正極活物質に変えて、非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO4(正極活物質)を用いて、正極シートを作製した。非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO4 90質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き、正極シートを作製したこと、電池評価の際の充電終止電圧を3.6V、放電終止電圧を2.0Vとしたことの他は、実施例1、24、38、53、及び比較例2~6と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表11~14に示す。
実施例1、24、38、53及び比較例2~6で用いた負極活物質に変えて、チタン酸リチウムLi4Ti5O12(負極活物質)を用いて、負極シートを作製した。チタン酸リチウムLi4Ti5O12 80質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)15質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに打ち抜き、負極シートを作製したこと、電池評価の際の充電終止電圧を2.8V、放電終止電圧を1.2Vとしたこと、非水電解液の組成及び添加剤の種類と量を所定のものに変えたことの他は、実施例1、24、38、53、及び比較例2~6と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表15~18に示す。
また、実施例1、24、38、53及び比較例2と同じ条件で作製したリチウム二次電池の高温サイクル後のガス発生量をアルキメデス法により測定したところ、比較例1のガス発生量を100%としたとき、実施例1は79%、実施例24は77%、実施例38は79%、実施例53は78%、比較例2は80%であり、発生ガス抑制に関しては同等であった。
以上より、本発明の電極厚みの増加率を低減させる効果は、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、本願発明の特定の化合物を含有させた場合に特有の効果であることが判明した。
また、実施例68~71と比較例7~11の対比、実施例72~75と比較例12~16の対比、実施例76~79と比較例17~21の対比から、負極にケイ素(単体)やチタン酸リチウムを用いた場合や、正極にリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸鉄塩(LiFePO4)を用いた場合にも同様な効果がみられる。従って、本発明の効果は、特定の正極や負極に依存した効果でないことは明らかである。
Claims (11)
- 非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中に下記一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物を0.001~5質量%含有し、更に下記一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、下記一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、下記一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び下記一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液。
- 前記一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物が1,6-ジイソシアナトヘキサンであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記非水電解液において、非水溶媒が、環状カーボネート及び鎖状カーボネートを含み、該鎖状カーボネートとして、対称鎖状カーボネートと、非対称鎖状カーボネートの両方を含むことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記非水電解液において、環状カーボネートとして、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、1,2-ブチレンカーボネート、2,3-ブチレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン、トランス又はシス-4,5-ジフルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン、ビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、及び4-エチニル-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オンから選ばれる少なくとも二種以上を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- 非対称鎖状カーボネートが、メチルエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート、及びエチルプロピルカーボネートから選ばれる一種又は二種以上である、請求項3又は4に記載の非水電解液。
- 対称鎖状カーボネートが、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、及びジブチルカーボネートから選ばれる一種又は二種以上である、請求項3~5のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- 電解質塩が、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiSO3F、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム、ジフルオロビス[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム、及びテトラフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウムから選ばれる一種又は二種以上のリチウム塩を含む、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- リチウム塩の濃度が、非水溶媒に対して0.3~2.5Mである、請求項7に記載の非水電解液。
- 正極、負極及び非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液を備えた蓄電デバイスにおいて、非水電解液中に請求項1に記載の一般式(I)で表されるジイソシアナト化合物を0.001~5質量%含有し、更に請求項1に記載の一般式(II)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(III)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、一般式(IV)で表されるエステル構造を有するイソシアナト化合物、及び一般式(V)で表される三重結合含有化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする蓄電デバイス。
- 正極の活物質が、コバルト、マンガン、及びニッケルから選ばれる一種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物、又は鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、及びマンガンから選ばれる一種以上を含有するリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩である、請求項9に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- 負極の活物質が、リチウム金属、リチウム合金、リチウムを吸蔵及び放出することが可能な炭素材料、スズ、スズ化合物、ケイ素、ケイ素化合物、及びチタン酸リチウム化合物から選ばれる一種以上を含有する、請求項9又は10に記載の蓄電デバイス。
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US9318776B2 (en) | 2016-04-19 |
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CN104584311B (zh) | 2017-03-08 |
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