WO2022176233A1 - リチウム一次電池およびこれに用いる非水電解液 - Google Patents
リチウム一次電池およびこれに用いる非水電解液 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022176233A1 WO2022176233A1 PCT/JP2021/028709 JP2021028709W WO2022176233A1 WO 2022176233 A1 WO2022176233 A1 WO 2022176233A1 JP 2021028709 W JP2021028709 W JP 2021028709W WO 2022176233 A1 WO2022176233 A1 WO 2022176233A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- component
- lithium
- primary battery
- compound
- Prior art date
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
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- -1 isocyanate compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XSCLFFBWRKTMTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane Chemical compound O=C=NCC1CCCC(CN=C=O)C1 XSCLFFBWRKTMTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910021484 silicon-nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,6-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=C(N=C=O)C=CC=C1N=C=O RUELTTOHQODFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/168—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a lithium primary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte used therein.
- Lithium primary batteries are suitable for long-term use due to their high energy density and low self-discharge.
- the adoption of lithium primary batteries as a power source for devices that are used for a long time is progressing.
- a smart meter is a device that transmits data on the amount of gas or electricity used, and is required to continue to operate maintenance-free for a long period of time.
- lithium primary batteries are required to maintain high internal electromotive force and low internal resistance.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a non-aqueous organic electrolyte for a lithium primary battery comprising a positive electrode containing a positive electrode material using manganese dioxide as a positive electrode active material and a current collector made of stainless steel, and a negative electrode made of lithium metal or a lithium alloy. and proposes a non-aqueous organic electrolytic solution characterized by containing LiCF 3 SO 3 as a supporting salt and LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 added thereto.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a negative electrode made of metallic lithium, a lithium alloy, or a material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent. and the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a cyclic imide compound.
- Patent document 3 includes a negative electrode made of lithium, a lithium alloy, or a carbon material capable of electrochemically intercalating and deintercalating lithium, a positive electrode using manganese dioxide as an active material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a low boiling point solvent.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery is proposed, which is characterized by adding a phthalate diester as an additive to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- One aspect of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode contains a positive electrode mixture containing manganese dioxide, and the negative electrode contains at least one of metallic lithium and a lithium alloy.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains an isocyanate compound as a first component and at least one of a cyclic imide compound and a phthalate compound as a second component, and the concentration of the isocyanate compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte is relates to a lithium primary battery, which is 5% by mass or less.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte used in a lithium primary battery comprising a positive electrode containing a positive electrode mixture containing manganese dioxide, a negative electrode containing at least one of metallic lithium and a lithium alloy, and a non-aqueous electrolyte a liquid, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte contains an isocyanate compound as a first component and at least one of a cyclic imide compound and a phthalate compound as a second component; The concentration of the isocyanate compound relates to the non-aqueous electrolyte, which is 5% by mass or less.
- a lithium primary battery that exhibits high internal electromotive force and low internal resistance at the initial stage and after high-temperature storage can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a front view of a partial cross-section of a lithium primary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- a lithium primary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the positive electrode contains a positive electrode mixture containing manganese dioxide (for example, manganese oxide represented by Li x MnO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05)).
- the negative electrode contains at least one of metallic lithium and a lithium alloy.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains an isocyanate compound as a first component and at least one of a cyclic imide compound and a phthalate compound as a second component.
- the second component is believed to have the effect of suppressing an increase in internal resistance after high-temperature storage of lithium primary batteries.
- the second component forms a stable film having lithium ion conductivity on the surface of the negative electrode. This protects the active negative electrode surface and avoids excessive film formation on the negative electrode surface due to side reactions. However, its action is insufficient, and the initial internal resistance is considerably increased, and the internal resistance after high-temperature storage is also considerably increased.
- the second component tends to reduce the initial electromotive force of the lithium primary battery and promote self-discharge.
- Such a phenomenon is a phenomenon associated with a side reaction of the second component at the positive electrode, and is considered to proceed with elution of Mn from the positive electrode active material.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains the first component and the second component
- the decrease in the initial electromotive force and the self-discharge of the lithium primary battery are significantly suppressed.
- the increase in internal resistance after high-temperature storage is remarkably suppressed. This is probably because a composite film derived from both the first component and the second component is formed on the surface of manganese dioxide contained in the positive electrode. It is believed that the composite coating suppresses the side reaction of the second component at the positive electrode, suppressing the decrease in the initial electromotive force of the positive electrode and the progress of self-discharge.
- the internal electromotive force of the lithium primary battery at the initial stage and after high-temperature storage decreases, and the internal resistance after high-temperature storage increases significantly. It is considered that this is because the composite film containing the component derived from the second component is not formed on the positive electrode, and the side reaction accompanied by the decomposition of the first component proceeds excessively. That is, the side reaction of the first component at the positive electrode is specifically suppressed when the second component coexists. Moreover, when the second component coexists with the first component, side reactions of the second component at the positive electrode are also suppressed. As a result, the decrease in the initial electromotive force and the progress of self-discharge are greatly alleviated.
- the concentration of the isocyanate compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte is limited to 5% by mass or less.
- concentration of the isocyanate compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte exceeds 5% by mass, it becomes difficult to suppress side reactions involving the isocyanate compound. Therefore, after high-temperature storage, the electromotive force is greatly reduced and the internal resistance is also increased.
- concentration of the isocyanate compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte may be 4% by mass or less, 3% by mass or less, or 2% by mass or less.
- the concentration of the isocyanate compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte may be, for example, 0.01% by mass or more, or even 0.1% by mass or more. Well, it may be 0.5% by mass or more. When limiting the range, these upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- the mass ratio of the first component to the second component contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is desirable to control the mass ratio of the first component to the second component contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte to 1/3 or more and 50 or less, and 1/2 or more. , 10 or less, 1/2 or more and 7 or less, or 1 or more and 5 or less.
- the composition of the composite coating is well-balanced, and the effect of suppressing the decrease in the initial electromotive force and the self-discharge can be further realized.
- the concentration of the second component in the non-aqueous electrolyte is, for example, 3% by mass or less, may be 1.5% by mass or less, or may be 1% by mass or less. Also, the concentration of the second component in the non-aqueous electrolyte is, for example, 0.01% by mass or more, may be 0.1% by mass or more, or may be 0.3% by mass or more. When limiting the range, these upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- the concentration (% by mass) of the first component and the second component is within the above range in the non-aqueous electrolyte contained in the battery at the beginning of use or the electrolyte before being injected into the battery good.
- the concentrations of the first component and the second component in the non-aqueous electrolyte may change. Therefore, in the non-aqueous electrolyte sampled from such a lithium primary battery, it is sufficient that the first component and the second component remain at concentrations equal to or higher than the detection limit.
- the content of the first component may be, for example, 0.0001% by mass or more
- the content of the second component may be, for example, 0.0001% by mass or more. 0001 mass % or more may be sufficient.
- the mass ratio of the first component to the second component reflects the initial mass ratio, so it can fall within the range of 1/3 or more and 50 or less.
- cyclic imide compounds are more preferred.
- the content of the cyclic imide compound in the second component may be 50% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more.
- the isocyanate compound has, for example, at least one isocyanate group and a C1-C20 aliphatic hydrocarbon group or a C6-C20 aromatic hydrocarbon group.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbon group that constitute the isocyanate compound may have a substituent.
- the substituent may be a group that can exist stably, and may be, for example, a halogen atom or a nitrile group.
- Aliphatic groups may be cycloaliphatic groups or straight or branched chain aliphatic groups.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group is a hydrocarbon group having one or more aromatic rings, and may be an organic group in which an aromatic ring and an aliphatic group are linked.
- the isocyanate compound may be a monoisocyanate compound having one isocyanate group, a diisocyanate compound having two isocyanate groups, or a polyisocyanate compound having three or more isocyanate groups.
- the number of isocyanate groups possessed by the isocyanate compound may be 5 or less, or 4 or less.
- Diisocyanate compounds are believed to produce composite coatings with lower resistance than monoisocyanate compounds and more uniform composite coatings than triisocyanate compounds.
- the diisocyanate compound has a high ability to form a composite film even in a small amount, and is excellent in stability within the battery.
- isocyanate compounds include methyl isocyanate, ethyl isocyanate, propyl isocyanate, butyl isocyanate, pentyl isocyanate, hexyl isocyanate, heptyl isocyanate, octyl isocyanate, cyclohexane isocyanate, phenyl isocyanate, fluorophenyl isocyanate, methoxycarbonyl isocyanate, and tetramethylene diisocyanate.
- compounds represented by OCN—C n H 2n —NCO (where n is an integer of 1 to 10) (eg, hexamethylene diisocyanate), compounds having an alicyclic diyl group (eg, 1,3-bis (Isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-diylbis(methylisocyanate), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,6 -diylbis(methyl isocyanate), isophorone diisocyanate), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, hexyl isocyanate and the like are readily available.
- OCN—C n H 2n —NCO where hexamethylene diisocyanate
- compounds having an alicyclic diyl group eg,
- At least one selected from the group consisting of hexyl isocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane and isophorone diisocyanate is preferable, and these are 50 mass% or more of the isocyanate compound, and further 70 It may occupy more than mass % or more than 90 mass %.
- the cyclic imide compound should just have a diacylamine ring (imide ring). Another ring (second ring) may be condensed with the imide ring.
- the second ring may be an aromatic ring or a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic ring.
- the second ring may contain at least one heteroatom. Heteroatoms include oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, nitrogen atoms and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain one type of cyclic imide compound, or may contain two or more types.
- the cyclic imide compound may be contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte in the form of an imide having a free NH group, may be contained in the form of a tertiary amine, or may be contained in the form of an anion or salt. good too.
- concentration of the first component in the non-aqueous electrolyte herein refers to the concentration of the first component having a free NH group. converted to the concentration of
- the cyclic imide compound may be an N-substituted imide compound having a substituent on the nitrogen atom of the imide.
- substituents include hydroxy groups, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, halogen atoms and the like.
- the alkyl group includes, for example, C1 to C4 alkyl groups, and may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, and the like.
- the alkoxy group includes, for example, a C1-C4 alkoxy group, and may be a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, or the like.
- a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, etc. are mentioned as a halogen atom.
- the cyclic imide compound may be a hydrogenated product, for example, a hydrogenated product of phthalimide.
- cyclic imide compounds include phthalimide, hexahydrophthalimide, N-methylphthalimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, N-hydroxymethylphthalimide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)phthalimide, N-fluorophthalimide, N-(phenylthio ) phthalimide, N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide, N-(propanethio)butafluorophthalimide, succinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-fluorosuccinimide, cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-dicarboximide, cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboximide, N-(phenylthio)imide, and the like.
- phthalimide hexahydrophthalimide, N-methylphthalimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, N-hydroxymethylphthalimide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)phthalimide, N-fluorophthalimide, succinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide and N-fluorosuccinimide At least one selected from the group consisting of is preferred.
- the cyclic imide compound is more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of phthalimide and N-substituted phthalimide. These compounds may account for 50 mass % or more, further 70 mass % or more, or 90 mass % or more of the cyclic imide compound. Moreover, the cyclic imide compound preferably contains at least phthalimide. Phthalimide may account for 50% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more of the cyclic imide compound.
- Phthalate compounds include phthalates and derivatives thereof.
- the derivative may have substituents attached to the aromatic ring derived from phthalic acid.
- substituents include hydroxy groups, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, halogen atoms and the like.
- the alkyl group includes, for example, C1 to C4 alkyl groups, and may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, and the like.
- the alkoxy group includes, for example, a C1-C4 alkoxy group, and may be a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, or the like.
- a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, etc. are mentioned as a halogen atom.
- the phthalate compound may be a monoester, but a diester is preferable.
- the alcohol forming the ester with phthalic acid (or its derivative) is preferably a C1-C20 (preferably C1-C6) saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol.
- phthalate compounds include dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. These may account for 50% by mass or more, further 70% by mass or more, or 90% by mass or more of the phthalate ester compound.
- liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LC / MS
- mass spectrometry MS
- ultraviolet spectrometry UV
- the lithium primary battery according to the present disclosure will be described in more detail below.
- the positive electrode contains a positive electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material contains manganese dioxide.
- a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide as a positive electrode active material develops a relatively high voltage and has excellent pulse discharge characteristics.
- Manganese dioxide may be in a mixed crystal state containing a plurality of crystal states.
- the positive electrode may contain manganese oxides other than manganese dioxide.
- Manganese oxides other than manganese dioxide include MnO, Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 and Mn 2 O 7 .
- the main component (for example, 50% by mass or more) of manganese oxide contained in the positive electrode may be manganese dioxide.
- Part of the manganese dioxide contained in the positive electrode may be doped with lithium. If the doping amount of lithium is small, a high capacity can be secured.
- Manganese dioxide and manganese dioxide doped with a small amount of lithium can be represented by Li x MnO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05).
- the average composition of all manganese oxides contained in the positive electrode should be Li x MnO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05).
- the Li ratio x may be 0.05 or less in the initial discharge state of the lithium primary battery. The ratio x of Li increases as the discharge of the lithium primary battery progresses.
- the oxidation number of manganese contained in manganese dioxide is theoretically 4 valence, the average oxidation number of manganese is allowed to slightly increase or decrease from 4 valence.
- the positive electrode can contain other positive electrode active materials used in lithium primary batteries. Fluorinated graphite etc. are mentioned as another positive electrode active material. However, the proportion of manganese dioxide in the entire positive electrode active material is preferably 90% by mass or more.
- the BET specific surface area of manganese dioxide may be, for example, 10 m 2 /g or more and 40 m 2 /g or less. When the BET specific surface area of manganese dioxide is within this range, a higher effect of suppressing self-discharge can be obtained in a lithium primary battery. Moreover, the positive electrode mixture layer can be easily formed.
- the BET specific surface area of manganese dioxide may be measured by a known method. For example, it is measured based on the BET method using a specific surface area measuring device (manufactured by Mountec Co., Ltd., for example). For example, manganese dioxide separated from the positive electrode taken out of the battery may be used as the measurement sample.
- the median particle size of manganese dioxide may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less. When the median particle size is within such a range, the effect of suppressing self-discharge in the lithium primary battery is further enhanced, and high current collecting property of the positive electrode can be easily ensured.
- the median particle size of manganese dioxide is, for example, the median value of volume-based particle size distribution obtained by a quantitative laser diffraction/scattering method (qLD method).
- qLD method quantitative laser diffraction/scattering method
- Li x MnO 2 separated from the positive electrode taken out of the battery may be used as the measurement sample.
- SALD-7500nano manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation is used.
- the positive electrode mixture may contain a binder, a conductive agent, etc. in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- binders include fluororesins, rubber particles, and acrylic resins.
- Examples of conductive agents include conductive carbon materials.
- Examples of conductive carbon materials include natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, and carbon fiber.
- the positive electrode may further include a positive electrode current collector that holds the positive electrode mixture.
- a positive electrode current collector that holds the positive electrode mixture. Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium.
- the positive electrode may be configured by attaching a ring-shaped positive electrode current collector having an L-shaped cross section to the positive electrode mixture pellet, or the positive electrode may be configured only with the positive electrode mixture pellet.
- the positive electrode mixture pellets are obtained, for example, by compressing and drying a wet positive electrode mixture prepared by adding an appropriate amount of water to a positive electrode active material and an additive.
- a positive electrode comprising a sheet-like positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer held by the positive electrode current collector can be used.
- a perforated current collector is preferable. Expanded metals, nets, punching metals and the like are examples of current collectors with pores.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is obtained, for example, by coating the surface of a sheet-like positive electrode current collector with the positive electrode mixture in a wet state or filling the positive electrode current collector, applying pressure in the thickness direction, and drying.
- the negative electrode may contain metallic lithium or a lithium alloy, and may contain both metallic lithium and lithium metal. Composites of metallic lithium and lithium alloys may also be used.
- Lithium alloys include Li-Al alloys, Li-Sn alloys, Li-Ni-Si alloys, Li-Pb alloys, Li-Mg alloys, Li-Zn alloys, Li-In alloys, Li-Al-Mg alloys, and the like. mentioned.
- the content of metal elements other than lithium contained in the lithium alloy is preferably 0.05 to 15% by mass from the viewpoint of securing discharge capacity and stabilizing internal resistance.
- Metallic lithium, lithium alloys, or composites thereof can be formed into any shape and thickness according to the shape, dimensions, standard performance, etc. of the lithium primary battery.
- hoop-shaped metal lithium, lithium alloy, or the like may be punched out into a disk shape and used as the negative electrode.
- a sheet of metal lithium, lithium alloy, or the like may be used for the negative electrode. Sheets are obtained, for example, by extrusion.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a first component (isocyanate compound) and a second component (at least one of a cyclic imide compound and a phthalate compound), a non-aqueous solvent, and lithium salt or lithium ions. At least one of the first component and the second component may be a lithium salt and may be capable of generating lithium ions.
- Non-aqueous solvents include ethers, esters, carbonate esters and the like. More specifically, dimethyl ether, ⁇ -butyllactone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and the like can be used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the non-aqueous solvent preferably contains a cyclic carbonate with a high boiling point and a chain ether with low viscosity at low temperatures.
- the cyclic carbonate preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC), with PC being particularly preferred.
- Chain ethers preferably include, for example, dimethoxyethane (DME).
- lithium salts examples include LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiRaSO 3 (Ra is a C1 to C4 fluorinated alkyl group), LiFSO 3 , LiN(SO 2 Rb) (SO 2 Rc). (Rb and Rc are each independently a C1-C4 fluorinated alkyl group), LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 , LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 ). .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain one of these lithium salts, or two or more of them.
- the concentration of lithium salt (or lithium ion) contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is, for example, 0.2 to 2.0 mol/L, and may be 0.3 to 1.5 mol/L.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives as necessary.
- additives include propane sultone and vinylene carbonate.
- the total concentration of such additives contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is, for example, 0.003-5 mol/L.
- Lithium primary batteries usually have a separator interposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- separators include nonwoven fabrics, microporous membranes, and laminates thereof.
- the thickness of the separator is, for example, 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- Non-woven fabrics are composed of fibers containing, for example, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polybutylene terephthalate, and the like.
- Microporous membranes include, for example, polyolefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene-propylene copolymers.
- the structure of the lithium primary battery is not particularly limited.
- the lithium primary battery may be a coin-shaped battery configured by laminating a disk-shaped positive electrode and a disk-shaped negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween.
- the lithium primary battery may be a cylindrical battery having an electrode group formed by spirally winding a strip-shaped positive electrode and a strip-shaped negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween.
- FIG. 1 shows a front view of a partial cross section of a cylindrical lithium primary battery according to one embodiment.
- a lithium primary battery 10 includes an electrode group in which a positive electrode 1 and a negative electrode 2 are wound with a separator 3 in between and housed in a battery case 9 together with a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- a sealing plate 8 is attached to the opening of the battery case 9 .
- a positive electrode lead 4 connected to the current collector 1 a of the positive electrode 1 is connected to the sealing plate 8 .
- a negative electrode lead 5 connected to the negative electrode 2 is connected to the case 9 .
- An upper insulating plate 6 and a lower insulating plate 7 are arranged above and below the electrode group, respectively.
- Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5>> (Preparation of positive electrode)
- a positive electrode 100 parts by mass of electrolytic manganese dioxide, 5 parts by mass of Ketjenblack as a conductive agent, 5 parts by mass of polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder, and an appropriate amount of pure water are added and kneaded, A wet positive electrode mixture was prepared.
- the median particle size of electrolytic manganese dioxide is in the range of 25 ⁇ m to 27 ⁇ m, and the BET specific surface area is in the range of 15 to 20 m 2 /g.
- the positive electrode mixture was filled into a positive electrode current collector made of expanded metal with a thickness of 0.1 mm made of stainless steel (SUS444) to prepare a positive electrode precursor. Thereafter, the positive electrode precursor was dried, rolled by a roll press until the thickness became 0.4 mm, and cut into a sheet having a length of 3.5 cm and a width of 20 cm to obtain a positive electrode. Subsequently, part of the filled positive electrode mixture was peeled off, and a lead made of SUS444 was resistance-welded to the exposed portion of the positive electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode was obtained by cutting a metallic lithium foil having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m into a size of 3.7 cm long and 22 cm wide. A lead made of nickel was connected to a predetermined portion of the negative electrode by welding.
- An electrode group was produced by winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode so that they faced each other with the separator interposed therebetween.
- a polypropylene microporous film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- the electrode group was accommodated in a cylindrical battery case that also served as a negative electrode terminal.
- An iron case (outer diameter 17 mm, height 45.5 mm) was used as the battery case.
- the opening of the battery case was closed using a metal sealing member that also served as a positive electrode terminal.
- the other end of the positive electrode lead was connected to the sealing body, and the other end of the negative electrode lead was connected to the inner bottom surface of the battery case.
- the design capacity of the lithium primary battery is 2000mAh.
- A1-A8 are the batteries of Examples 1-8
- B1-B5 are the batteries of Comparative Examples 1-5.
- the open circuit voltage (OCV) and internal resistance (IR) were measured immediately after assembly (initial) and after high temperature storage.
- IR was obtained by measuring AC resistance value (ACR) by a two-probe method in an environment of 25°C. The measurement frequency of alternating current was 1 kHz.
- the OCV and IR after high temperature storage were measured after storing the battery at 70° C. for 100 days. Table 2 shows the results.
- Batteries A1 to A8 in which the non-aqueous electrolyte contains the first component and the second component and the concentration of the first component is 5% by mass or less have higher initial OCV and internal resistance than batteries B1 to B5. getting low.
- the decrease in OCV after high temperature storage is smaller than that in batteries B1 to B5, and the increase in IR is greatly reduced.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains the first component and the second component
- the concentration of the first component exceeds 5% by mass
- the OCV at the initial stage and after high temperature storage is relatively good, but the initial IR and high temperature
- the increase in IR after storage is large. This is believed to be due to the excess of the first component.
- the OCV after high-temperature storage decreased significantly and the IR increased significantly.
- the evaluation result of battery B1 was even lower than that of battery B2, which did not use the first component or the second component. From this, it can be seen that when the first component is used alone, the effect of maintaining good OCV and IR after high-temperature storage is not exhibited, and when used in combination with the second component, a synergistic effect is exhibited.
- the batteries B3 and B4 have low initial OCVs. From this, it can be seen that it is difficult to obtain a lithium primary battery that exhibits a high OCV and a low IR both at the initial stage and after high-temperature storage if the second component is used alone.
- the lithium primary battery of the present disclosure is suitably used, for example, as a main power supply for various meters and a memory backup power supply.
- the usage of the lithium primary battery is not limited to these.
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Abstract
Description
イソシアネート化合物は、例えば、少なくとも1つのイソシアネート基と、C1~C20の脂肪族炭化水素基またはC6~C20の芳香族炭化水素基を有する。イソシアネート化合物を構成する脂肪族炭化水素基および芳香族炭化水素基は置換基を有してもよい。置換基は、安定に存在し得る基であればよく、例えば、ハロゲン原子でもよく、ニトリル基でもよい。脂肪族基は、脂環式脂肪族基でもよく、直鎖状または分岐鎖状の脂肪族基でもよい。芳香族炭化水素基は、芳香環を1つ以上有する炭化水素基であり、芳香環と脂肪族基とが連結した有基でもよい。
環状イミド化合物は、ジアシルアミン環(イミド環)を有していればよい。イミド環に他の環(第2の環)が縮合していてもよい。第2の環は、芳香環でもよく、飽和または不飽和の脂肪族環でもよい。第2の環に少なくとも1つのヘテロ原子が含まれていてもよい。ヘテロ原子としては、酸素原子、イオウ原子、窒素原子などが挙げられる。非水電解液は、環状イミド化合物を1種含んでいてもよく、2種以上含んでいてもよい。
フタル酸エステル化合物は、フタル酸エステルおよびその誘導体を含む。誘導体は、フタル酸に由来する芳香環に結合する置換基を有してもよい。このような置換基としては、ヒドロキシ基、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、ハロゲン原子などが挙げられる。アルキル基としては、例えば、C1~C4のアルキル基が挙げられ、メチル基、エチル基などであってもよい。アルコキシ基としては、例えば、C1~C4のアルコキシ基が挙げられ、メトキシ基、エトキシ基などであってもよい。ハロゲン原子としては、塩素原子、フッ素原子などが挙げられる。
(正極)
正極は、正極合剤を含む。正極合剤は、正極活物質を含む。正極活物質は、二酸化マンガンを含む。正極活物質として二酸化マンガンを含む正極は、比較的高電圧を発現し、パルス放電特性に優れている。二酸化マンガンは、複数種の結晶状態を含む混晶状態であってもよい。正極には、二酸化マンガン以外のマンガン酸化物が含まれていてもよい。二酸化マンガン以外のマンガン酸化物としては、MnO、Mn3O4、Mn2O3、Mn2O7などが挙げられる。正極に含まれるマンガン酸化物の主成分(例えば50質量%以上)が二酸化マンガンであればよい。
負極は、金属リチウムまたはリチウム合金を含んでいればよく、金属リチウムおよびリチウム金属の両方を含んでもよい。金属リチウムとリチウム合金との複合物を用いてもよい。
非水電解液は、第1成分(イソシアネート化合物)および第2成分(環状イミド化合物およびフタル酸エステル化合物の少なくとも一方)と、非水溶媒と、リチウム塩もしくはリチウムイオンとを含む。第1成分および第2成分の少なくとも一方が、リチウム塩であってもよく、リチウムイオンを生成可能であってもよい。
非水溶媒としては、エーテル、エステル、炭酸エステルなどが挙げられる。より具体的には、ジメチルエーテル、γ-ブチルラクトン、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、1,2-ジメトキシエタンなどを用いることができる。非水溶媒は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiCF3SO3、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiPF6、LiRaSO3(RaはC1~C4のフッ化アルキル基)、LiFSO3、LiN(SO2Rb)(SO2Rc)(RbおよびRcはそれぞれ独立にC1~C4のフッ化アルキル基)、LiN(FSO2)2、LiPO2F2、LiB(C2O4)2、LiBF2(C2O4)が挙げられる。非水電解液は、これらのリチウム塩を1種含んでいてもよく、2種以上含んでいてもよい。
非水電解液に含まれるリチウム塩(もしくはリチウムイオン)の濃度は、例えば、0.2~2.0mol/Lであり、0.3~1.5mol/Lであってもよい。
リチウム一次電池は、通常、正極と負極との間に介在するセパレータを備えている。セパレータとしては、例えば、不織布、微多孔膜またはこれらの積層体などが挙げられる。セパレータの厚みは、例えば、5μm以上、100μm以下である。
以下、本開示を実施例および比較例に基づいて具体的に説明するが、本開示は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
(正極の作製)
正極として、電解二酸化マンガン100質量部に、導電剤であるケッチェンブラック5質量部と、結着剤であるポリテトラフルオロエチレン5質量部と、適量の純水と、を加えて混錬し、湿潤状態の正極合剤を調製した。電解二酸化マンガンの粒子径の中央値は、25μm~27μmの範囲内であり、BET比表面積は15~20m2/gの範囲内である。
厚み300μmの金属リチウム箔を縦3.7cmおよび横22cmのサイズに裁断することにより、負極を得た。負極の所定箇所にニッケル製のリードを溶接により接続した。
正極と負極とがセパレータを介して対向するように巻回し、電極群を作製した。セパレータには厚み25μmのポリプロピレン製の微多孔膜を用いた。
PCとECとDMEとを体積比4:2:4で混合した。混合溶媒にLiCF3SO3を0.5mol/Lの濃度となるように溶解させるとともに、表1に示す第1成分および第2成分を、各成分が表1に示す濃度となるように溶解させて、非水電解液を調製した。
負極端子を兼ねる円筒形状の電池ケースに電極群を収容した。電池ケースには、鉄製ケース(外径17mm、高さ45.5mm)を用いた。次いで、電池ケース内に非水電解液を注入した後、正極端子を兼ねる金属製の封口体を用いて電池ケースの開口部を閉じた。正極リードの他端部を封口体に接続し、負極リードの他端部を電池ケースの内底面に接続した。このようにして、試験用のリチウム一次電池を作製した。リチウム一次電池の設計容量は、2000mAhである。表1中において、A1~A8は、実施例1~8の電池であり、B1~B5は、比較例1~5の電池である。
1a 正極集電体
2 負極
3 セパレータ
4 正極リード
5 負極リード
6 上部絶縁板
7 下部絶縁板
8 封口板
9 電池ケース
10 リチウム一次電池
Claims (8)
- 正極と、負極と、非水電解液と、を備え、
前記正極は、二酸化マンガンを含む正極合剤を含み、
前記負極は、金属リチウムおよびリチウム合金の少なくとも一方を含み、
前記非水電解液は、第1成分であるイソシアネート化合物と、第2成分である環状イミド化合物およびフタル酸エステル化合物の少なくとも一方と、を含み、
前記非水電解液中の前記イソシアネート化合物の濃度は、5質量%以下である、リチウム一次電池。 - 前記非水電解液中に含まれる前記第1成分の前記第2成分に対する質量比は、1/3以上、50以下である、請求項1に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記イソシアネート化合物は、少なくとも1つのイソシアネート基と、C1~C20の脂肪族炭化水素基またはC6~C20の芳香族炭化水素基と、を有する、請求項1または2に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記イソシアネート化合物は、ヘキシルイソシアネート、ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、1,3-ビス(イソシアナトメチル)シクロヘキサンおよびイソホロンジイソシアネートからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記環状イミド化合物は、フタルイミドおよびN-置換フタルイミドからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記環状イミド化合物は、少なくともフタルイミドを含む、請求項5に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記フタル酸エステル化合物は、フタル酸ジメチルを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 二酸化マンガンを含む正極合剤を含む正極と、金属リチウムおよびリチウム合金の少なくとも一方を含む負極と、非水電解液と、を備えるリチウム一次電池に用いられる非水電解液であって、
前記非水電解液は、第1成分であるイソシアネート化合物と、第2成分である環状イミド化合物およびフタル酸エステル化合物の少なくとも一方と、を含み、
前記非水電解液中の前記イソシアネート化合物の濃度は、5質量%以下である、非水電解液。
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH0722069A (ja) * | 1993-07-05 | 1995-01-24 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解液電池 |
WO2014030684A1 (ja) * | 2012-08-24 | 2014-02-27 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス |
JP2015149140A (ja) * | 2014-02-05 | 2015-08-20 | Fdk株式会社 | リチウム一次電池用非水系有機電解液、およびリチウム一次電池 |
WO2020026525A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-06 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | リチウム一次電池 |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPH0722069A (ja) * | 1993-07-05 | 1995-01-24 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解液電池 |
WO2014030684A1 (ja) * | 2012-08-24 | 2014-02-27 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス |
JP2015149140A (ja) * | 2014-02-05 | 2015-08-20 | Fdk株式会社 | リチウム一次電池用非水系有機電解液、およびリチウム一次電池 |
WO2020026525A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-06 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | リチウム一次電池 |
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