WO2013147082A1 - 不死化幹細胞及びその産生物を有効成分とする医薬組成物並びに医薬製剤 - Google Patents
不死化幹細胞及びその産生物を有効成分とする医薬組成物並びに医薬製剤 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition and a pharmaceutical preparation comprising an immortalized stem cell derived from dental pulp and a product thereof as active ingredients. More specifically, an immortalized stem cell obtained by modifying a stem cell obtained from the pulp of a human deciduous tooth or permanent tooth that has been naturally dropped or extracted, a pharmaceutical composition containing as an active ingredient various biological factors produced by the cell, and It relates to pharmaceutical preparations.
- Transplant medicine is intended to restore the function of a living body by receiving an organ from a donor and transplanting it.
- regenerative medicine is medical treatment that repairs or regenerates lost tissues and organs by culturing and processing some cells or tissues, including the person, and replacing them with damaged organs. It is said that stem cells and the like are used.
- stem cells there are three types of human somatic stem cells, human embryonic stem cells (ES cells), and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that are or are applicable to regenerative medicine. .
- somatic stem cells have already been used in research, and are present in adult tissues and have the property of differentiating only into specific tissues, organs and organs.
- meenchymal stem cells present in bone marrow and adipose tissue can exceptionally differentiate into various tissues such as bone, cartilage, and blood vessels.
- somatic stem cells there is no immune rejection if self cells are used, and engraftment is also good.
- engraftment is also good.
- the number of cells that can be differentiated is limited to some extent, that it involves invasion when harvested from human tissues, that the types of tissues that can be differentiated are limited, and the number that can be subcultured It is known that there is a limit of 100 to 200 days in terms of the number of days.
- ES cells Human embryonic stem cells
- ES cells are stem cells obtained by removing “inner cell mass” from surplus embryos (blastocysts) generated by reproductive medicine and culturing them. It is thought that it can differentiate into any of the three germ layers because it forms a teratoma that is an indicator of having pluripotency. There are also reports of differentiation into cardiac muscle, nerves, and retina.
- embryonic stem (ES) cells are immortalized cell lines, one cell line can be continuously cultured indefinitely.
- a product that is homogeneous as a cell can be mass-produced under appropriate culture conditions.
- fertilized eggs are used, strict measures are required to prevent ethical problems during provision.
- Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are cells established by introducing a part of genes specifically expressed in ES cells into adult cells (such as skin). If autologous iPS cells are used, the problem of immune rejection does not occur, and the differentiation technique of ES cells can be used as it is. Finally, artificial pluripotent stem (iPS) cells do not use fertilized eggs like ES cells, and can be used to produce cells that are almost the same quality as embryonic stem cells using adult tissues. If cells are used, there is no problem of rejection due to immune reaction. On the other hand, not only benign tumors but also malignant tumors (germ cell carcinoma), and it was established as iPS cells to select cells that are morphologically similar to ES cells from all the cells into which genes were introduced. It is known that the proportion of cells is low.
- Prior art 1 includes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- ⁇ ).
- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
- HGF hepatocyte growth factor
- IGF insulin-like growth factor
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor-beta
- Prior art 1 is an excellent technique in that it provides the above-mentioned composition for treating an injured part that is effective in recovery of damage caused by photoaging of the skin, bone regeneration, and the like.
- the stem cells derived from dental pulp used are not cell lines, if the stem cells are adjusted as needed or if the cryopreserved sample is not thawed to proliferate the cells, the target culture supernatant will be There was a problem that it could not be obtained and it took time to obtain the culture supernatant.
- the cell does not divide after 50 to 60 passages, and the cell dies.
- the composition of biological factors produced by cultured cells also changes over time, so it is difficult to obtain a culture supernatant with a constant composition unless a cell line capable of infinite growth can be used. There's a problem.
- typical cells capable of infinite growth include cancer cells. This is due to the fact that cancer cells, which are normally properly controlled for division and proliferation under the control of the living body, are now out of control and grow indefinitely. is there. For this reason, even cells that can be infinitely proliferated cannot be used because they may produce biological factors that are harmful to the living body. From the above, there is a strong social demand for the establishment of immortalized stem cells that can be infinitely proliferated but have not become cancerous. In addition, in order to use the culture supernatant as a pharmaceutical composition, the above-described immortalized stem cells must be capable of continuously producing certain biological factors over a long period of time.
- the first aspect of the present invention is obtained by isolating a stem cell selected from the group consisting of mammalian mesenchymal stem cells, somatic embryos excluding early developing embryos and mesenchymal cells, and initially culturing the stem cells.
- An immortalized stem cell prepared by introducing four types of genes into the initial cultured cell to prepare a gene-introduced cell, and selecting STRO-1 expression as an index from the gene-introduced cell.
- the mesenchymal stem cells are preferably selected from the group consisting of dental pulp stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, umbilical cord cells, and adipose stem cells.
- the dental pulp stem cell is preferably a cell obtained from the dental pulp of any tooth selected from the group consisting of a dropped deciduous tooth, a dropped permanent tooth, a extracted deciduous tooth, and a extracted permanent tooth. Is preferably a blastocyst stage embryo.
- the mammal is preferably selected from the group consisting of humans, pigs, horses, and monkeys.
- the bone marrow stem cells are preferably cells having the ability to differentiate both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal cells such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipose stem cells that form bone.
- the umbilical cord cells refer to hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal cells contained in umbilical cord blood connecting the fetus and the placenta, and preferably contain a large amount of these.
- the bone marrow stem cells are preferably cells having the ability to differentiate both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal systems such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes that form bone.
- the umbilical cord cells are preferably cells obtained from Warton's jelly.
- the adipose stem cell is preferably an undifferentiated cell that can be differentiated into any stem cell.
- the four types of genes are preferably four types selected from the group consisting of hTERT, bmi-1, E6, E7, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and p16INK4a.
- hTERT, bmi-1, E6 and E7 are preferable.
- somatic cells four types selected from the group consisting of Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and p16INK4a are preferable.
- the immortalized stem cell preferably has a telomere repair ability and a division ability capable of dividing at least 200 times.
- the immortalized stem cells are preferably those that secrete at least IGF-1, VEGF, TGF- ⁇ 1 and HGF into the culture supernatant.
- the second aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a culture supernatant of immortalized stem cells having the above-described characteristics.
- a third aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical preparation for restoring damaged tissue containing the above pharmaceutical composition.
- the dosage form of the pharmaceutical preparation for restoring damaged tissue is any one selected from the group consisting of a powder, a liquid, a gel, a spray, and a transdermal absorption system.
- the damaged tissue may be ulcer or pressure ulcer formed tissue, brain tissue damaged by cell degeneration, brain tissue deficient by surgical operation, brain tissue damaged by traumatic brain disease, inflammatory brain disease It is preferably a tissue selected from the group consisting of damaged brain tissue, damaged bone tissue, damaged periodontal tissue, tissue damaged by central nervous system disease, and tissue damaged by refractory dermatitis.
- the cell degeneration includes Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia, schizophrenia, depression, hypoxic encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cerebral infarction, cerebellar degeneration, diabetes, and It is preferably caused by a disease selected from the group consisting of hepatitis.
- the traumatic brain disease is preferably caused by a traffic accident or a fall accident.
- the inflammatory brain disease is preferably selected from the group consisting of encephalitis encephalopathy, epilepsy, Jacob disease, and polio.
- the central nervous system disease is preferably selected from the group consisting of spinal cord injury and myelopathy.
- the refractory dermatitis is preferably atopic dermatitis.
- the content of the culture supernatant in the pharmaceutical preparation for restoring damaged tissue is 50 to 500% (w / v) when the culture supernatant produced by any of the above immortalized stem cells is 100%. Preferably there is.
- the fourth aspect of the present invention comprises an isolation step of isolating a stem cell from a cell group selected from the group consisting of mammalian mesenchymal cells, early developing embryos and somatic cells excluding mesenchymal cells; A culture step of initial culture and obtaining an initial culture cell; a gene transfer step of introducing four types of genes into the initial culture cell to create a gene transfer cell; and an individual doubling frequency of 20 times from the gene transfer cell
- An immortalizing stem cell production method comprising: a selection step of selecting cells using STRO-1 expression level and bone regeneration ability at the time as indices.
- the mesenchymal cells are preferably selected from the group consisting of dental pulp cells, bone marrow cells, umbilical cord cells, and fat cells.
- the dental pulp cells are as described above for the early embryo, the bone marrow stem cells, and the umbilical cord cells.
- the mammal is also as described above.
- the four types of genes are preferably four types selected from the group consisting of hTERT, bmi-1, E6, E7, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and p16INK4a.
- hTERT, bmi-1, E6 and E7 are preferable.
- somatic cells four types selected from the group consisting of Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and p16INK4a are preferable.
- the above hTERT is a gene for human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- bmi-1 is a polycomb group gene involved in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation control.
- E6 and E7 are genes present in an open reading frame that encodes the early genes used by human papillomavirus for self-replication.
- a dosage form preparation step in which the above-described pharmaceutical preparation is absorbed into a sheet-like moisturizing member to form a sheet-form preparation, and a site damaged by the sheet-form preparation is coated
- a transdermal absorption method comprising: a damaged site covering step, and an electrode contact step of bringing a positively charged electrode into contact with a desired site.
- the immortalized stem cell of the present invention contains STRO-1-expressing cells of at least 40% or more of the cell population even after 40 divisions. Moreover, since it has the ability to repair telomeres, it can divide at least 200 times. In addition, the various biological factors described above can be secreted into the culture supernatant for a long period of time.
- an immortalized stem cell capable of continuously producing a certain biological factor for a long period of time.
- a pharmaceutical composition and a pharmaceutical preparation that can be used for repairing a wide range of damaged tissues can be provided.
- a new transdermal absorption method that can increase the absorption efficiency of the active ingredient from the damaged site.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between an immortalized stem cell selected from the above-described dental pulp cells, the individual doubling number of cells that are not immortalized stem cells (hereinafter referred to as “PD”), and the culture period. It is.
- SHED-T represents an immortalized stem cell
- SHED-C represents a cell that is not an immortalized stem cell.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of STRO-1 expression in SHED-C and SHED-T (FIGS. 2 (A) to (D)).
- FIG. 3 is a photograph showing a recovery situation when a skin ulcer is treated. (A) shows the condition of the skin before treatment, and (B) shows the condition of the skin after treatment.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the individual doubling time (number of times) and the amount of new bone, in which ** represents p ⁇ 0.05 and *** represents p ⁇ 0.01.
- the amount of new bone was determined by the following calculation formula.
- New bone mass New bone area / field of view x 100
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a tissue staining image when SHED-C and SHED-T are transplanted at the individual doubling time shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph showing the recovery status when treating a pressure ulcer ulcer.
- (A) shows the condition of the skin before treatment
- (B) shows the condition of the skin after treatment.
- FIG. 7 is a CT scan showing the progress of remodeling after 1 to 6 months when the above pharmaceutical preparation is used during implant surgery.
- (A) to (C) are taken images from the front, and (D) to (F) are taken images from the horizontal direction.
- FIG. 8 is a photograph showing the state of the alveolar bone of a patient with periodontal disease.
- A shows the state of the alveolar bone at the start of treatment (before surgery) and (B) after 3 months from the surgery.
- FIG. 9 is a photograph showing the results of observing bone formation in the extraction fossa using ⁇ -TCP as a scaffold.
- A shows the result of implanting 3 months after extraction and (B) 6 months after extraction.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the replacement of ⁇ -TCP with bone and the like when ⁇ -TCP ( ⁇ tricalcium phosphate, 3CaO ⁇ P 2 O 5 ) is used as a scaffold.
- (A) is a photograph showing the excised material
- (B) is a photograph showing the result of tissue staining.
- (C) and (D) are partially enlarged images.
- NB represents new bone
- TCP represents ⁇ -TCP.
- BV represents a blood vessel
- SF represents the bottom of the extract.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an application site when nasal administration of a culture supernatant derived from stem cells via the olfactory bulb is performed.
- FIG. 12 is a photograph when nasal administration is performed.
- FIG. 13 is an MRA image showing a blockage of a blood vessel of a stroke patient.
- FIG. 14 is a CT scan image showing the damaged part of the brain of a stroke patient.
- FIG. 15 is an MRI image showing the blood flow at the damaged site of the brain of a stroke patient.
- (A) is an image immediately after a stroke
- (B) is an image after treatment.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the transition of a score (NIHSS) indicating the patient's condition during the treatment period.
- FIG. 17 is a photograph showing the recovery of patient function.
- (A) A photograph showing the recovery status of the hand function, and (B) are photos showing the recovery status of the legs and hips.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing the change over time in the results of performing either the mini mental state test (Mini Mental State: MMS) or the Hasegawa test in the administration group and the non-administration group.
- MMS Mini Mental State
- FIG. 18A shows the results of the non-administered group
- FIG. 18B shows the results of the administered group.
- FIG. 19 is a photograph showing the therapeutic effect on intractable dermatitis.
- FIG. 19A shows a state before the start of treatment
- FIG. 19B shows a state at the end of treatment.
- a stem cell is isolated from a group of cells consisting of mammalian mesenchymal cells, early embryos and somatic cells other than mesenchymal cells.
- the mammal is preferably selected from the group consisting of humans, pigs, horses and monkeys because of its high genetic similarity with human cells and low risk of infection.
- the “mesenchymal cell” refers to a cell having an ability to differentiate into a cell belonging to the mesenchymal system such as an osteoblast, an adipocyte, a muscle cell, or a chondrocyte.
- mesenchymal cells include dental pulp cells, bone marrow cells, umbilical cord cells, and adipocytes of the above animals.
- the “early-development embryo” refers to an embryo at an early stage up to a blastocyst that has developed more than a fertilized egg, which is necessary for establishing ES cells.
- Somatic cell refers to a general term for cells other than germ cells among the cells constituting an organism.
- “dental pulp cell” refers to a kind of stem cell contained in a nerve of a tooth having regenerative ability. Because it is protected by a hard material called teeth, it has the property that it does not transmit ultraviolet rays or radiation, and genes are not easily damaged.
- “Bone marrow cell” is a general term for cells obtained in a bone marrow aspirate, and includes leukocyte cells such as myeloblasts, erythroblast cells, bone marrow megakaryocytes, and plasma cells.
- the umbilical cord cell is a cell that exists in the umbilical cord that connects the fetus and the placenta, and is also included in the umbilical cord and includes umbilical cord blood that is rich in hematopoietic stem cells.
- Examples of the gene introduced into the stem cell described above include hTERT, bmi-1, E6, E7, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and p16INK4a.
- hTERT is a gene for telomere repair enzyme
- bmi-1 is a gene for Bmi-1, which is one of the proteins constituting the polycomb complex.
- Bmi-1 is necessary for maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells, and has an effect that hematopoietic stem cells can be increased by enhancing the activity.
- E6 and E7 are early genes of HPV-16 or HPV-18.
- Oct3 / 4 is a gene that activates transcription of the target gene in cooperation with Sox2.
- Klf4 (Kruppel-type transcription factor 4) regulates genes involved in cell division and embryogenesis, and has been implicated as a tumor suppressor for digestive cancer.
- Sox2 belongs to the SRY-related HMG box gene family, and is a gene known to be involved in maintaining undifferentiated (pluripotent) functions.
- c-Myc is an oncogene and promotes both cell survival and death in tumors induced with c-Myc.
- p16INK4a is a gene that plays an important role in controlling the cell cycle of cancer cells.
- the crown portion is divided, and the pulp tissue is collected with a dental reamer.
- the collected dental pulp tissue is basal medium such as Dulbecco's modified Eagle containing 5-15% calf serum (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “CS”) and 50-150 units / mL antibiotics. It is suspended in a medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, hereinafter referred to as “DMEM”). Subsequently, the cells are treated with 1-5 mg / mL collagenase and 1-5 mg / mL dispase at 37 ° C. for 0.5-2 hours.
- CS Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- IMDM Iskov modified Dulbecco medium
- HamF12 Ham F12 medium
- RPMI1640 medium Two or more basic media may be used in combination.
- IMDM and HamF12 are mixed in equal amounts (for example, commercially available as trade name: IMDM / HamF12 (GIBCO)) can be mentioned.
- FBS fetal bovine serum or fetal calf serum
- human serum human serum
- sheep serum and other sera serum substitutes (Knockout) serum replacement (KSR)
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- penicillin streptomycin and other antibiotics
- various vitamins and various minerals various vitamins and various minerals.
- the above basic medium can also be used for culturing cells to be described later and culturing cells after sorting.
- the adherent cells selected as described above are cultured.
- the dental pulp stem cells obtained as described above are seeded in an adherent cell culture dish and cultured in an incubator under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C.
- primary cultured cells (SHED-P) of human deciduous deciduous tooth stem cells can be obtained.
- SHED-P primary cultured cells
- the subculture is detached and collected from the culture vessel using trypsin and EDTA as described above. Seed in a culture vessel containing
- the sub-conflict refers to a state in which cells adhere to about 70% of the cell attachment surface in the culture vessel.
- the subculture is performed 1 to 8 times, and the selected cells are grown to the required number of cells, for example, about 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL.
- the cells are collected and stored in liquid nitrogen.
- Cells collected from various donors may be stored in the form of dental pulp stem cell banks.
- genes introduced here are preferably four types selected from the group consisting of hTERT, bmi-1, E6, E7, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, and p16INK4a.
- hTERT is a gene for human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- bmi-1 is a polycomb group gene involved in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation control.
- E6 and E7 are genes present in an open reading frame that encodes the early genes used by human papillomavirus for self-replication. Such gene introduction can be performed as follows.
- a plasmid for incorporating the above gene of interest is prepared, and this is incorporated into a shuttle vector, for example, pShuttle2, and the above gene is cloned.
- E. coli is transformed with this shuttle vector, and kanamycin resistant transformants are selected.
- the plasmid DNA of the selected kanamycin resistant transformant is purified and the restriction enzyme site is analyzed to identify the recombinant.
- the expression cassette is then excised from the shuttle vector using restriction enzymes such as PI-Sce I and I-Cue I and ligated to an adenoviral vector such as Adeno-X viral DNA.
- the resulting ligation product is cleaved with SwaI and used to transform E. coli.
- An ampicillin resistant transformant is selected from the obtained transformants.
- the recombinant adenovirus DNA in which the above gene is incorporated is purified, and the restriction enzyme site is analyzed to identify the recombinant.
- the recombinant adenovirus is then digested with Pac I and transfected into HEK293 cells.
- Recombinant adenovirus is propagated and collected to determine virus titer.
- the virus is purified according to a conventional method and infected with the target cell, SHED-P.
- the cell group after virus infection is stained with FITC according to a conventional method, and STRO-1-positive cells are detected using a flow cytometer.
- STRO-1 is considered as one of the markers of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow and serves as an indicator of cell immortalization.
- the obtained immortalized stem cells are cultured for 24 to 48 hours under the conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. using the above-mentioned basic medium, for example, DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. Get Qing.
- DMEM fetal calf serum
- Get Qing For the collection of the culture supernatant, for example, a comago pipette can be used.
- the collected culture supernatant may be used as it is as an active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, and after the concentration, solvent replacement, dialysis, lyophilization, dilution and other treatments, the effective of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. It may be used as an ingredient.
- the culture supernatant of the immortalized stem cells obtained as described above contains various growth factors and exhibits various actions without high purification. That is, since the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention that can be used for treatment of various diseases can be produced by a simple process, it is possible to avoid a decrease in physiological activity of various growth factors accompanying high-purification.
- the “culture supernatant of immortalized stem cells” used in the present invention refers to a culture supernatant containing various biological factors obtained by culturing immortalized stem cells, and does not include immortalized stem cells or other cells. Refers to a solution.
- serum-free media When preparing culture supernatants that do not contain serum, use serum-free media in all steps from initial culture to passage, or do not pass through several passages before harvesting the cells. Serum medium may be used.
- the dental pulp stem cells selected and cultured by the above method are tissues and cells collected from the living body and have the same properties as the primary cultured cells initially seeded.
- primary cultured cells are important in that they have properties similar to those of the source organ and are close to normal cells.
- the growth is slower than that of the established cell line, and de-differentiation may occur while the culture is continued, which is difficult to maintain while maintaining its properties.
- the expression rate of STRO-1 which is a marker of the degree of cell undifferentiation, is significantly higher than that of dental pulp stem cells that are not immortalized stem cells when the number of cell doublings is 20 or 40. It is preferable that the ratio is as high as about 1.5 to 3 times. This is because the high expression rate of STRO-1 is an indicator that the same properties as the primary cultured cells are exhibited.
- the immortalized stem cells of the present invention are insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), and hepatocyte growth factor HGF. At least two or more growth factors selected from the group consisting of are secreted into the culture supernatant.
- the “growth factor” is a general term for polypeptides that promote mitosis and cause morphological changes and hypertrophy. Factors vary depending on the type of cells that produce growth factors, and are roughly classified into epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), tumor growth factor (TGF), and the like.
- receptors on the cell membrane of each cell have tyrosine kinase activity, and when a growth factor binds, the tyrosine residue of the protein is phosphorylated, causing cell proliferation and differentiation.
- growth factors are mesoderm inducers in ontogeny.
- mesoderm inducers in lymphokine ontogeny that regulates the immune system.
- Such growth factors can be quantified by a known ELISA method, microarray method or the like.
- IGF-1 is a polypeptide having a sequence highly similar to that of insulin, and induces a mitogenic reaction or the like in the same manner as insulin in cell culture. It is known to affect the growth of nerve cells.
- VEGF is a group of glycoproteins involved in angiogenesis that forms new blood vessels where there are no blood vessels and angiogenesis that branches from existing blood vessels to form blood vessels during the embryogenesis stage. is there.
- TGF- ⁇ is also a potent growth inhibitory factor for many cells and is closely involved in cell differentiation, migration, and adhesion, ontogeny and tissue remodeling, wound healing, inflammation / immunity, cancer invasion / It plays an important role in a wide range of areas such as metastasis.
- HGF is versatile not only for hepatocytes but also for various cells that promote cell proliferation, promote cell motility, induce anti-apoptosis (cell death), induce morphogenesis, and regenerate and protect other tissues and organs. It has various physiological activities.
- a culture supernatant containing the above growth factor By culturing the various stem cells described above in a DMEM supplemented with 15% FCS, for example, at 37 ° C. for a predetermined period, a culture supernatant containing the above growth factor can be obtained.
- the stem cell culture supernatant contains about 70 types of proteins in addition to IGF-1, VEGF, TGF- ⁇ , and HG. 15 mL of the obtained culture supernatant is put into Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter Units-10K (Millipore), centrifuged at 4,000 g for about 60 minutes, and concentrated to about 200 ⁇ l.
- the culture supernatant is mixed with 45 mL of 100% ethanol and left at -20 ° C. for 60 minutes. Thereafter, the supernatant is removed by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 15 minutes at 4 ° C. Next, for example, 10 mL of 90% ethanol is added and stirred well, and again centrifuged at 15,000 g for 5 minutes at 4 ° C. The supernatant can be removed and the resulting pellet can be dissolved, for example, in 500 ⁇ L of sterile water.
- the culture supernatant obtained as described above can also be lyophilized according to a conventional method to obtain a pharmaceutical composition prepared at the time of use.
- the amount of growth factor in the culture supernatant contained in this pharmaceutical preparation is preferably about 50 to 500% by weight based on the total dry weight. This is because if the amount is less than 50% by weight, the effect is not exhibited, and if the amount exceeds 500% by weight, the improvement of the effect cannot be expected.
- the dosage form of this pharmaceutical composition include powders, solutions, gels, sprays, and transdermal absorption systems.
- additives such as fillers, excipients, and pH adjusters can be added and placed in sterilized glass ampoules, serum tubes, or other small containers to make pharmaceutical preparations.
- collagen, ⁇ -TCP, or the like may be used as a scaffold, and these may be immersed in the above solution and embedded.
- damaged tissues to which the pharmaceutical preparation of the present invention can be applied include tissues in which ulcers or pressure ulcers are formed, brain tissues damaged by occlusion of blood vessels, bones, periodontal tissues, tissues damaged by central nervous system diseases, and the like. it can.
- “ulcer” refers to a tissue defect formed on the surface of an organ after the necrotic tissue has melted or separated, and is formed in the epithelium, dermis, mucous membrane, and the like. Those that have not reached the dermis are said to be eroded.
- ulcers are formed on the skin, the nasal cavity mucosa, the cornea, and other places in contact with the body surface, and on the luminal surfaces of the digestive tract, airways, urinary tract, blood vessels and other luminal organs.
- “decubitus” is a local area where the body and support surface (often a bed) are in contact when a patient has been unable to roll over in the same position for a long time. This is a state in which blood circulation failure has occurred and necrosis has occurred in surrounding tissues.
- “Deficient due to surgical operation” means that the defect was caused by removal of a brain tumor or other surgical operation.
- “Vessel occlusion” refers to a state in which a blood vessel is occluded for some reason.
- arteriosclerosis causes blood vessels to stenosis, and blood no longer flows from there.
- plugs blood and fat, etc.
- the “brain” has functions such as memory, emotion, and decision making.
- the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a role in protecting the brain and transporting nutrients and metabolites. Although cerebrospinal fluid can be collected by spinal tap, its properties vary depending on the disease.
- the “spinal cord” refers to a nerve trunk possessed by a vertebrate.
- the “central nervous system” refers to a tissue that combines the spinal cord and the brain. The central nervous system functions as a reflex center by stimulation from the periphery or has a function of integrating stimulation. The damage to the central nervous system is caused by spinal cord injury or the like.
- spinal cord injury refers to a condition in which the spinal cord is damaged by external impact, spinal cord tumor, hernia or other internal factors. Depending on the degree of injury, the spinal cord is divided into a complete type in which the spinal cord is completely cut off and an incomplete type in which the spinal cord is damaged or compressed but the spinal cord function is partially maintained.
- myelopathy develops when the spinal cord in the vertebral canal of the cervical spine is compressed due to changes in cervical spondylosis (disc swelling and formation of bone thorns) due to aging.
- the above pharmaceutical preparation may be applied to the wound site as a liquid or gel, but may also be applied as a sheet preparation.
- a moisturizing member for example, gauze, a medical moisturizing sheet, etc.
- the damaged part is covered with this sheet-form preparation.
- a negatively charged rod-shaped electrode is moved on the sheet covering the damaged site while gently rotating to bring the desired site away from the wound site into contact with the positively charged electrode.
- the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical preparation can be efficiently administered using the current flowing between the electrode applied on the wound site and the electrode applied on the other site.
- E. coli competent cells Supercharge EZ10 Electrocompetent Cells, product code 636756), Swa I (product code 1111A, Smi I is equivalent), Xho I (product code 1094A), T4 DNA Ligase (product) Code 2011A), NucleoBond Xtra Midi (product code 740410.10 / .50 / .100), and NucleoSpin Plasmid (product code 740588 10/50/250) were all purchased from Takara Bio. Pac I was purchased from New England Biolabs.
- Buffer 1 25 mM Tris-HCl containing 10 mM EDTA and 50 mM glucose (PH 8.0) (After autoclaving, store at 4 ° C)
- Buffer 2 0.2M NaOH containing 1% SDS (prepare and seal immediately before use, Room temperature storage)
- Buffer 3 5M KOAc (stored at 4 ° C after autoclaving)
- Buffer 4 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) containing 1 mM EDTA and 20 ⁇ g / ml RNase (Add RNase immediately before use. Store at -20 ° C)
- HEK293 cells (ATCC # CRL1573) transformed with human type 5 adenovirus were used.
- HEK293 cells were cultured in complete medium.
- the composition of the complete medium was DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, basic medium) supplemented with 100 unit / ml penicillin G sodium, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin, 4 mM glutamine and 10% FBS.
- a penicillin G sodium solution was prepared at 10,000 units / ml
- a streptomycin sulfate solution was prepared at 10,000 ⁇ g / ml and stored as a stock solution.
- 60 mm plates, 100 mm plates, 6-well plates, T75 and T175 flasks were used.
- Trypsin-EDTA (product code CC-5012) was purchased from Takara Bio. Phosphate buffered saline (without PBS, Ca2 + and Mg2 + ) and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (with DPBS, Ca2 + and Mg2 + ) were prepared. Further, a 0.33% neutral red staining solution and a 0.4% trypan blue staining solution were used.
- ⁇ -gal assay a solution of X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside (25 mg / ml)) dimethylformamide (DMF) was stored at ⁇ 20 ° C. protected from light. Luminescent ⁇ -gal Detection Kit II (product code 631712, manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) was used.
- Biable counting was performed, and 10 5 cells were transferred to a 100 mm plate containing 10 ml of the culture solution and spread uniformly.
- a recombinant adenovirus containing lacZ was constructed according to the attached protocol.
- the target cell, SHED was infected and assayed for ⁇ -galactosidase expression to confirm that the vector was constructed.
- rpShuttle2 Vector Before construction of recombinant pShuttle2 Vector (hereinafter referred to as “rpShuttle2 Vector”), DH5 ⁇ E. coli was transformed with pShuttle2 Vector and pShuttle2-lacZ Vector included in the kit. . A transformant was selected on an LB agar plate (hereinafter referred to as “LB / Kan”) containing 50 ⁇ g / ml kanamycin, and the cells taken from a single colony were streaked to a new LB / Kan. Incubate overnight at ° C.
- LB / Kan LB agar plate
- hTERT, bmi-1, E6, and E7 were cloned into pShuttle2 by the following procedure.
- the pShuttle2 Vector was cleaved with restriction enzymes suitable for these genes.
- pShuttle2 Vector Information Packet (PT3416-5) attached to the above kit, a multicloning site matching the DNA to be inserted was determined.
- the above plasmid treated with the restriction enzyme was purified by treatment with alkaline phosphatase.
- a target DNA fragment was prepared and purified according to a conventional method.
- the vector digested with the restriction enzyme and the gene fragment were ligated, and DH5 ⁇ cells (competent cells) were transformed with the ligation product.
- a part of the above competent cells was taken and transformed with the control vector pShuttle2-lacZ Vector included in the kit to serve as a positive control.
- the mixed solution containing transformed E. coli was inoculated on an LB / Kan agar plate, and kanamycin resistant (Kanr) transformants (colony) were selected. Five to ten Kan resistant clones were selected and inoculated into a small amount of liquid medium for amplification. After confirming that these clones had rpShuttle2 Vector, they were incubated overnight. Thereafter, the constructed plasmid DNA was purified by a conventional method using a commercially available silica adsorption column.
- rpShuttle2 plasmid DNA Recombinant pShuttle2 plasmid DNA
- rpShuttle2 plasmid DNA was directly transfected into target cells, and Western blotting was performed to preliminarily check the expression of the target protein.
- the mixture was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C., and the supernatant was removed by aspiration to obtain a pellet.
- 300 ⁇ L of 70% ethanol was added and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 2 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant was carefully aspirated off and the pellet was air dried at room temperature for approximately 15 minutes. After the pellets were dried, they were dissolved in 10 ⁇ L of sterilized 1 ⁇ TE Buffer (pH 8.0) and stored at ⁇ 20 ° C. until use.
- the transformation mixture was inoculated on an agar plate (hereinafter referred to as “LB / Amp agar plate”) in which ampicillin (final concentration 100 ⁇ g / mL) was added to LB medium, and incubated at 37 ° C. overnight. About 10 6 colonies were obtained as ampicillin resistant (Ampr) transformants. The obtained colonies were checked with the Adeno-X System PCR Screening Primer Set attached to the product.
- ampicillin final concentration 100 ⁇ g / mL
- Adeno-X plasmid DNA was purified according to the mini-scale method described later. (4-4) Mini-scale preparation of recombinant Adeno-X plasmid DNA 5 mL of the culture solution in logarithmic growth was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 30 seconds, and the supernatant was removed. The pellet was again centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1 minute, and the supernatant was removed using a micropipette. To this, 150 ⁇ L of the above buffer 1 was added, gently pipetted and resuspended.
- the cell suspension was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C., and the clear supernatant was transferred to a clean 1.5 ml centrifuge tube.
- 450 ⁇ L of a PCI mixed solution was added, mixed by inversion and stirred. Thereafter, the mixture was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ° C., and the aqueous layer was transferred to a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
- the following ethanol precipitation was carried out in the same manner as in (4-1) above, and the pellet solution was stored at ⁇ 20 ° C. until use.
- the target rDNA was identified by restriction enzyme analysis and PCR described below.
- Each culture plate is transfected with 10 ⁇ L of Pac I-digested Adeno-X plasmid DNA and Adeno-X DNA is transferred to HEK293 cells according to standard transfection methods (CalPhos Mammalian Transfection Kit product code 631312, manufactured by Takara Bio). Introduced. From the day after transfection, it was confirmed whether CPE (cytopathic effect) occurred. One week later, the cells adhering to the bottom and sides of the culture plate were gently agitated to release them. The resulting cell suspension was transferred to a 15 ml sterilized conical centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 1,500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature. The resulting precipitate was suspended in 500 ⁇ L of sterile PBS.
- the freeze-thaw operation of freezing in dry ice / ethanol and thawing in a 37 ° C. constant temperature bath was repeated three times to obtain a lysate in which cells were sufficiently thawed. Then, the suspension was lightly centrifuged to remove the suspended matter, and the supernatant was transferred to another sterilized tube and used immediately. The portion not used immediately was stored at -20 ° C. The culture was continued by adding 250 ⁇ L of the lysate to cultured cells on a 60 mm plate.
- the anti-Hexon antibody contained in the Adeno-X Rapid Titer Kit (product code 631028, manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) was used to measure the titer of adenovirus according to the instruction manual for this kit (PT3651-1).
- a free cell suspension was prepared in the same manner as described above, and transferred to a 15 mL sterilized conical centrifuge tube. Freezing and thawing operations similar to the above were performed to thaw the cells. A titer of 10 7 PFU / mL was obtained using the Adeno-X Rapid Titer Kit (product code 631028). Western blotting was performed to confirm that the packaged adenovirus genome has a functional copy of the transcription unit specific for the gene of interest.
- Adenovirus infection to target cells (7-1) Infection to target cells 6-well plates were inoculated with 1 ⁇ 10 6 SHEDs 24 hours before infection. The day after inoculation, the medium was removed and 1.0 mL of medium containing virus was added to the center of each plate. This solution was spread evenly over the monolayer formed by SHED. The cells were cultured at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 for 4 hours to infect the virus with SHED. Then, a fresh medium was added and further cultured at 37 ° C. in the presence of 5% CO 2 . Transgene expression was analyzed over time from 24 to 48 hours after infection.
- DMEM containing 10% FCS and (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) was added to the dish and about two weeks incubation at adjusted incubator in 5% CO 2, 37 °C.
- the adherent cells (dental pulp stem cells) that formed colonies were treated with 0.05% trypsin / 0.2 mM EDTA for 5 minutes at 37 ° C., and the cells detached from the dish were collected.
- adherent cells selected as described above are seeded in an adherent cell culture dish (collagen-coated dish), and then primary cultured in an incubator adjusted to 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. It was.
- the cells become sub-confluent (contain approximately 70% of the surface of the culture vessel) or confluent by visual observation, the cells are treated with 0.05% trypsin / 0.2 mM EDTA for 5 minutes at 37 ° C. to remove the cells from the culture vessel. It peeled and collect
- the cells thus obtained were seeded again in a dish containing the above medium, and subculture was performed several times to grow to about 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL. The resulting cells were stored in liquid nitrogen.
- SHED was fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde, then rinsed twice with PBS and treated with 100 mM glycine for 20 minutes.
- the cells were then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton-X (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 minutes and then incubated in a mixture of 5% donkey serum and 0.5% bovine serum albumin for 20 minutes.
- the cells were incubated with a mouse anti-human STRO-1 antibody (1: 100, manufactured by R & D) for 1 hour as a primary antibody, and a goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin M-FITC antibody (1: 500, secondary antibody).
- FIG. 1 shows the doubling state of the number of individuals of SHED-T (SHED into which gene was introduced).
- the vertical axis represents the number of individual doublings (number of cell divisions, times), and the horizontal axis represents time (culture days).
- SHED-C stopped growing after about 30 times, and entered the aging or growth stopping stage.
- SHED-T exceeded 250 PD and proliferated after 800 days.
- Anti-STRO-1 monoclonal antibody (1: 100) was added to 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells, left to stand, and analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). Expression was positive when the fluorescence level was high at a rate of 99% or higher compared to a control antibody with the same isotype.
- SHED-T and SHED-C early and late passage cells were fixed and stained with FITC-conjugated STRO-1 antibody. Then, it analyzed by flow cytometry. Each test was performed twice.
- SHED-C the percentage of STRO-1 positive cells was 27% in PD20 and decreased to 15% in PD30 (FIGS. 2 (A) and (B)).
- SHED-T the proportion of STRO-1 positive cells was 46% for PD20 and 41% for PD40, respectively (FIGS. 2 (C) and (D)).
- Paraffin sections were deparaffinized, hydrated, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (hereinafter referred to as “H & E”).
- 5 (A) to (C) show stained images of PD0 to PD20 of SHED-T (immortalized stem cells), and (D) to (F) of PD0 to PD20 of SHED-C (normal cells). A stained image is shown.
- a specific area was selected, and for each implant formed after SHED-T transplant or SHED-C transplant, And the amount of new bone was determined from these values.
- New bone mass new bone area / visual field area ⁇ 100
- FIG. 4 shows changes in the amount of new bone between SHED-T and SHED-C at each individual doubling number (doubling time).
- ** represents p ⁇ 0.05
- *** represents p ⁇ 0.01.
- the amount of new bone was calculated
- SHED-C the amount of new bone decreased as the number of individuals increased, and PD20 decreased to about 1/5 of PD0.
- SHED-T the amount of new bone hardly changed until PD20, and it was shown that in PD20, SHED-T formed more than five times the bone of SHED-C.
- SHED-C and SHED-T cells were transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue of immunocompromised mice. After the transplantation, observation was performed for 30 days or more. During this period, no tumor was formed in any mouse transplanted with the above cells. In SHED-T cells, there was no change in the morphology of all clones of 40-200 PD cultured cells. From the above, it was shown that SHED-T has no carcinogenic activity.
- SHED-T was shown to have the ability to proliferate while maintaining differentiation ability even when exceeding 260 PD, SHED-C was aged at 30 PD or less, although it had differentiation ability. . From the above, it was shown that SHED-T is an immortalized stem cell and is suitable for mass production of highly active SHED culture supernatant.
- Sinus lift is performed when the maxillary sinus present inside the maxilla is enlarged and the thickness of a portion of the alveolar bone becomes insufficient for implanting.
- This refers to a technique for pushing up the bottom part of the maxillary sinus by inserting a transplanted bone or bone grafting material, recently a part of the implant body into the maxillary sinus where the thickness is insufficient.
- the evaluation of the cases performed was evaluated by X-rays (including CT) at 3 or 6 months after surgery for 26 sites up to September 2011. The evaluation was divided into the following five stages. The results are shown in Table 6, FIGS. 7 (A) to (F), FIGS. 8 (A) and (B), and FIGS. 9 (A) and (B). In FIG.
- FIG. 7A it was observed that ⁇ -TCP powder was clogged in the portion indicated by the white arrow.
- FIG. 7 (C) the structure of the same part indicated by the arrow changes, and the structure is the same as the underlying bone, confirming that bone formation is promoted.
- FIG. 7D it was observed that not a bone but a granulation tissue was formed at a white arrow portion and immature osteoblast formation was formed at a black arrow portion.
- FIG. 7 (F) the portion of the black food arrow is a mature bone, and it was confirmed that bone formation was promoted. From the above, the promotion of bone formation in the dental field was confirmed.
- Bone regeneration is observed in 30% or more of the defects 4 (Effect): Bone regeneration is observed in the defect (approximately ⁇ 30%) 3 (unchanged): bone regeneration is not clear, but no resorption 2 (Resorption): Bone resorption is observed 1 (Poor): Remarkably bone resorption or adverse event occurred
- FIGS. 7 to 9 bone remodeling was observed in all cases.
- ⁇ -TCP was used as a scaffold, it was confirmed by staining the submitted tissue with hematoxylin and eosin how ⁇ -TCP was replaced with bone.
- FIGS. 10 (A) to (D) The results are shown in FIGS. 10 (A) to (D).
- formation of a new bone represented by NB was clearly observed, and blood vessels represented by BV were also observed. From the above, it was confirmed that the culture supernatant of SHED-T has bone forming ability.
- MRA Magnetic resonance angiography
- FIG. 13 shows an MRA image of a patient
- FIG. 14 shows an MRI image.
- Blood oxygen concentration, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, etc. before and after administration of SHED-T culture supernatant were carefully monitored using an electrocardiogram. Chest X-rays were also taken before and after administration.
- the index value started to increase from the third month, and after 7 months, even if evaluated by either MMS or Hasegawa formula, the increase range becomes large, Improvement in symptoms of Alzheimer's disease was observed.
- liver cancer is the definitive treatment method for severe liver diseases including decompensated cirrhosis, but in reality there is only coping therapy for reasons such as donor shortage Only done.
- liver regeneration therapy was performed by administering immortalized breast stem cell-derived growth factor (SHED-T).
- SHED-T immortalized breast stem cell-derived growth factor
- Three male patients with a Child-Pugh value of 7 or more, total bilirubin value of 3.0 mg / dL or less, platelet count of 5.0x10 * 10 or more, and no active liver tumor shown in Table 10 (58- 70 years old) These patients are chronic cerebral infarction (1 year or more after the onset) and treated for Parkinson's disease.
- HbA1c % decreased compared to before treatment, and the improvement of diabetes was observed. From the above, it was shown that SHED-T is effective for diabetes.
- the present invention is extremely useful in the production of drugs used in the medical and dental fields.
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Abstract
Description
これに対し、再生医療は、本人を含む何人かの細胞又は組織を培養し、これを加工することによって、障害のある臓器に替えることにより、失われた組織や臓器を修復又は再生する医療といわれ、幹細胞等が用いられる。
現在、再生医療に応用されているか、または応用可能とされているのは、ヒト体性幹細胞、ヒト胚性幹細胞(ES細胞)、及びヒト人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞の3種類である。
一方で、分化させることができる細胞がある程度限定されていること、ヒトの組織から採取する際に侵襲を伴うこと、また、分化させられる組織の種類が限定されること、及び培養継代可能数が四十数回、日数にして100~200日間という制限があることが知られている。
一方で、受精卵を利用することとなるため、提供時には倫理的な問題が生じないよう、厳密な対応が必要とされる。また、基本的に他家移植となるため、免疫応答による拒絶反応への対処が必要となる。さらに、細胞培養に際しては、異種細胞や血清を用いる必要があること、移植した再生組織に、少しでも未分化細胞が混在していると奇形腫(良性腫瘍)を形成しやすいということが知られている。
最後に、人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞は、ES細胞のように受精卵を利用するものではなく、成人の組織を用いて胚性幹細胞とほぼ同質の細胞を作製でき、自己由来のiPS細胞を利用すれば、免疫反応による拒絶反応の問題もない。
一方で、良性腫瘍のみならず、悪性腫瘍(胚細胞癌)化しやすいこと、及び遺伝子を導入した全細胞の中から、形態的にES細胞と類似した細胞を選別するため、iPS細胞として樹立される細胞の割合は低いことが知られている。
そして、従来技術1には、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、インシュリン様成長因子(IGF)、血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)、形質転換成長因子-ベータ(TGF-β)等の成長因子を含む、ヒト脱落乳歯歯髄幹細胞等の幹細胞の培養上清を含む損傷部治療用組成物が開示されている。
一方で、使用されている歯髄由来の幹細胞が株化細胞ではないため、この幹細胞を要時調整するか、凍結保存した試料を融解させて細胞を増殖させなければ、目的とする培養上清を入手することができず、培養上清の入手までに時間がかかるという問題があった。
一般的には、培養細胞のうち、正常細胞から樹立された株化細胞の場合、50~60回の継代後には細胞が分裂しなくなり、その細胞は死を迎える。当然のことながら、培養細胞が産生する生体因子の組成も時間の経過とともに変化するため、無限増殖が可能な株化細胞を使用できないと、一定した組成の培養上清を入手することが難しいという問題がある。
以上から、無限増殖可能であるが、癌化していない不死化幹細胞の樹立に対する、強い社会的要請がある。
また、培養上清を医薬組成物として使用するためには、上記の不死化幹細胞は、一定の生体因子を長期間に渡って産生し続けることができるものでなければならない。
すなわち、本願発明の第1の態様は、哺乳類の間葉系幹細胞、初期発生胚及び間葉系細胞を除く体細胞からなる群から選ばれる幹細胞を単離し、前記幹細胞を初期培養して得られた初期培養細胞に、4種類の遺伝子を導入して遺伝子導入細胞を作成し、前記遺伝子導入細胞からSTRO-1の発現を指標として選択された、不死化幹細胞である。ここで、前記間葉系幹細胞は、歯髄幹細胞、骨髄幹細胞、臍帯細胞、及び脂肪幹細胞からなる群から選ばれるものであることが好ましい。また、前記歯髄幹細胞は、脱落した乳歯、脱落した永久歯、抜歯された乳歯、及び抜歯された永久歯からなる群から選ばれる、いずれかの歯の歯髄から得られる細胞であることが好ましい
前記発生胚は、胚盤期の胚であることが好ましい。また、前記哺乳類は、ヒト、ブタ、ウマ、及びサルからなる群から選ばれるものであることが好ましい。前記骨髄幹細胞は、骨をつくる骨芽細胞や軟骨細胞、脂肪幹細胞など間葉系と非間葉系両方ともに分化する能力を持った細胞であることが好ましい。また、前記臍帯細胞は、胎児と胎盤とをつないでいる臍帯血中に含まれる造血幹細胞及び間葉系細胞をいい、これらを多く含むものであることが好ましい。前記骨髄幹細胞は、骨をつくる骨芽細胞や軟骨細胞、脂肪細胞など間葉系と非間葉系両方ともに分化する能力を持った細胞であることが好ましい。また、前記臍帯細胞は、Warton's jellyから得られる細胞であることが好ましい。前記脂肪幹細胞は、あらゆる幹細胞に分化できる未分化細胞であることが好ましい。
また、上記不死化幹細胞は、テロメア修復能を有し、少なくとも200回以上分裂することができる分裂能を有することが好ましい。また、個体倍加回数20回の時点において、細胞個体数の少なくとも40%以上がSTRO-1発現細胞であり、かつ、初代培養細胞と同等の新生骨量産生能を有することが好ましい。
さらに、前記不死化幹細胞は、少なくとも、IGF-1、VEGF、TGF-β1及びHGFを培養上清中に分泌するものであることが好ましい。
また、本発明の第3の態様は、上記の医薬組成物を含有する損傷組織復元用医薬製剤である。ここで、前記損傷組織復元用医薬製剤の剤形が、粉末、液剤、ゲル剤、スプレー剤及び経皮吸収システムからなる群から選ばれるいずれかのものであることが好ましい。また、前記損傷組織は、潰瘍又は褥瘡が形成された組織、細胞の変性によって損傷した脳組織、外科的な操作によって欠損した脳組織、外傷性脳疾患によって損傷した脳組織、炎症性脳疾患によって損傷した脳組織、損傷した骨組織、損傷した歯周組織、中枢神経系疾患によって損傷した組織、及び難治性皮膚炎によって損傷した組織からなる群から選ばれる組織であることが好ましい。
さらに、前記損傷組織復元用医薬製剤中の培養上清の含有量が、上記いずれかの不死化幹細胞が産生する培養上清を100%としたときに、50~500%(w/v)であることが好ましい。
ここで、前記間葉系細胞は、歯髄細胞、骨髄細胞、臍帯細胞、及び脂肪細胞からなる群から選ばれるものであることが好ましい。前記歯髄細胞は、前記初期発生胚、前記骨髄幹細胞、及び前記臍帯細胞は、上述した通りである。前記哺乳類も上述した通りである。
上記hTERTは、ヒトテロメラーゼ逆転写酵素の遺伝子であり、bmi-1は幹細胞の自己複製や分化制御に関わっているポリコーム群遺伝子である。E6及びE7は、ヒトパピローマウイルスが自己複製のために使用する初期遺伝子をコードするオープンリーディングフレーム中に存在する遺伝子である。
本発明の不死化幹細胞は、40回分裂後でも、細胞個体数の少なくとも40%以上のSTRO-1発現細胞を含有している。また、テロメア修復能を有しているため、少なくとも200回以上分裂することができる。また、上述した各種の生体因子を、長期間、培養上清中に分泌することができる。
また、本願発明の別の態様によれば、幅広い損傷組織の修復に使用することができる医薬組成物及び医薬製剤を提供することができる。
さらに、損傷部位からの有効成分の吸収効率を高めることができる、新たな経皮吸収方法を提供することができる。
本願発明の不死化幹細胞を得るには、まず、哺乳類の間葉系細胞、初期発生胚及び間葉系細胞以外の体細胞からなる細胞群から幹細胞を単離する。上記哺乳類としては、ヒト、ブタ、ウマ、及びサルからなる群から選ばれるものであることが、ヒト細胞との遺伝的類似性が高いこと、及び感染の危険性が低いことから好ましい。
本明細書中、「間葉系細胞」とは、骨芽細胞、脂肪細胞、筋細胞、軟骨細胞等、間葉系に属する細胞への分化能を持つとされる細胞をいう。具体的な間葉系細胞としては、上記の動物の歯髄細胞、骨髄細胞、臍帯細胞及び脂肪細胞等を挙げることができる。また、「初期発生胚」とは、ES細胞を樹立するために必要な、受精卵よりも発生が進んだ胚盤胞までの初期段階の胚をいう。「体細胞」とは、生物体を構成している細胞のうち、生殖細胞以外の細胞を総称したものをいう。
本明細書中で臍帯細胞とは、胎児と胎盤とを結ぶ臍帯中に存在する細胞であり、臍帯中に含まれ、造血幹細胞を豊富に含有する臍帯血も含む。
E6及びE7はHPV-16又はHPV-18の初期遺伝子である。また、Oct3/4はSox2と協調して標的遺伝子の転写を活性化する遺伝子である。Klf4(Kruppel型転写因子4)は細胞分裂と胚発生にかかわる遺伝子を調節し、消化器系の癌の癌抑制因子としてかかわっている。
Sox2はSRY-related HMG box遺伝子ファミリーに属しており、機能の未分化性(多能性)維持に関与することが知られる遺伝子である。c-Mycは発癌遺伝子であり、c-Mycで誘導された腫瘍内で細胞の生存と死の両方を促進する遺伝子である。p16INK4aは癌細胞の細胞周期をコントロールするのに重要な役割を果たす遺伝子である。
まず、脱落乳歯を、例えば、クロロヘキシジン、イソジン溶液その他の消毒薬で消毒した後、歯冠部を分割し、歯科用リーマーにて歯髄組織を回収する。
採取した歯髄組織を、基本培地、例えば、5~15%のウシ血清(calf serum、以下、「CS」ということがある。)及び50~150ユニット/mLの抗生物質を含有するダルベッコ変法イーグル培地(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium、以下、「DMEM」という。)に懸濁する。ついで、1~5mg/mLのコラゲナーゼ及び1~5mg/mLのディスパーゼを用いて、37℃で、0.5~2時間処理する。
また、基本培地に添加するものとしては、ウシ胎仔血清(fetal bovine serum又はfetal calf serum、以下、「FBS」又は「FCS」という。)、ヒト血清、羊血清その他の血清、血清代替物(Knockout serum replacement (KSR)など)、ウシ血清アルブミン(bovine serum albumin、以下、「BSA」ということがある。)、ペニシリン、ストレプトマイシンその他の抗生物質、各種ビタミン、各種ミネラルを挙げることができる。
上記の基本培地は、後述する細胞選別用の培養、及び選別後の細胞の培養に使用することもできる。
次いで、培養液、例えば、10%FCSを含有するDMEMを添加した後、5%CO2インキュベータにて、37℃で2週間程度培養する。上記培養液を除去した後、PBS等で細胞を1~数回洗浄する。培養液の除去及び細胞の洗浄に代えて、コロニーを形成した接着性の歯髄幹細胞を回収することもできる。接着性の歯髄幹細胞は、例えば、0.025~0.1%のトリプシンと0.3~1mMのEDTAにて、数分間、37℃で処理してディッシュから剥離させ、次いで細胞を回収する。
次いで、培養液、例えば、10%FCSを含有するDMEMを添加した後、5%CO2インキュベータにて、37℃で2週間程度培養する。上記培養液を除去した後、PBS等で細胞を1~数回洗浄する。培養液の除去及び細胞の洗浄に代えて、コロニーを形成した接着性の歯髄幹細胞を回収することもできる。接着性の歯髄幹細胞は、例えば、0.025~0.1%のトリプシンと0.3~1mMのEDTAにて、数分間、37℃で処理してディッシュから剥離させ、次いで細胞を回収する。
継代培養は、例えば、肉眼で観察してサブコンフレント又はコンフレントに達したときに、上述のように、トリプシンとEDTAとを用いて細胞を培養容器から剥離させて回収し、再度、培養液を入れた培養容器に播種する。
ここで、サブコンフレントとは、培養容器中の細胞付着面の約70%に細胞が付着した状態をいう。例えば、継代培養を1~8回行い、選別された細胞を、必要な細胞数、例えば約1×107個/mLまで増殖させる。以上のように培養した後に、細胞を回収して液体窒素中にて保存する。様々なドナーから回収した細胞を歯髄幹細胞バンクの形態で保存することにしてもよい。
こうした遺伝子の導入は、以下のようにして行うことができる。
次に、制限酵素、例えば、PI-Sce I及びI-Cue Iを使用して発現カセットを上記のシャトルベクターから切り出し、これをアデノウイルスベクター、例えば、Adeno-X viral DNAにライゲーションする。得られたライゲーション産物をSwa Iで切断し、これを用いて大腸菌をトランスフォーメーションする。
次いで、Pac Iで組換えアデノウイルスを消化し、これをHEK293細胞にトランスフェクトする。組換えアデノウイルスを増殖させ、これを集めてウイルスの力価を測定する。常法に従ってウイルスを精製し、標的細胞であるSHED-Pに感染させる。
ウイルス感染後の細胞群を、常法に従ってFITCで染色し、フローサイトメーターを用いて、STRO-1陽性細胞を検出する。ここで、STRO-1は、骨髄における多分化能を有する間葉系幹細胞のマーカーの1つとして考えられており、細胞の不死化の指標となる。
以上の手順によって、歯髄由来の不死化幹細胞を得ることができる。
また、後述するように、上記のようにして得られた不死化幹細胞の培養上清は、種々の成長因子を含み、高度な精製をしなくとも、種々の作用を示す。すなわち、各種の疾病の治療に使用できる本発明の医薬組成物を、簡易な工程で製造できるため、高度精製に伴う各種成長因子の生理活性の低下を回避することができる。
しかし、本発明の不死化幹細胞は、細胞倍加回数が20回又は40回の時点で、細胞の未分化度のマーカーとなるSTRO-1の発現率が、不死化幹細胞ではない歯髄幹細胞よりも有意に高く、約1.5~3倍という高い割合を示すものであることが好ましい。STRO-1の発現率の高さは、初代培養細胞と同様の性質を示すことの指標となるからである。
さらに、各細胞の細胞膜にある受容体はチロシンキナーゼ活性をもち、成長因子が結合すると、たんぱく質のチロシン残基がリン酸化され、細胞の増殖や分化を引き起こす。成長因子が個体発生において中胚葉誘導物質となっている例がいくつか知られている。また、免疫系を調節するリンホカイン個体発生において中胚葉誘導物質となっている例がいくつか知られている。こうした成長因子は、公知のELISA法、マイクロアレイ法等で定量することができる。
得られた培養上清のうち15mLを、Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter Units-10K(ミリポア社製)に入れ、×4,000gで約60分間遠心し、約200μlまで濃縮する。次いで、このチューブに培養上清と同量の滅菌PBSを投入し、再度、×4,000gで約60分間遠心し、溶媒をPBSに置換する。得られた200μLの溶液をマイクロテストチューブへ回収し、濃縮幹細胞培養上清とする。
次いで、例えば、10mLの90%エタノールを加えてよく攪拌し、再び、×15,000gで5分間、4℃にて遠心する。上澄みを除去し、得られたペレットを、例えば、500μLの滅菌水に溶解することができる。溶解後、全量をマイクロテストチューブに回収し、濃縮幹細胞培養上清とする。
以上のようにして得られた培養上清はまた、常法に従って凍結乾燥し、用時調整の医薬組成物とすることができる。
この医薬組成物の剤形としては、粉末、液剤、ゲル剤、スプレー剤及び経皮吸収システム等を挙げることができる。例えば、充填剤、賦形剤、pH調整剤等の添加物を加えて、滅菌済みのガラスアンプル、セラムチューブその他の小型の容器に入れ、医薬製剤とすることができる。使用時に、生理食塩水や、滅菌済注射用で溶解し、経鼻投与してもよく、また、ガーゼに浸潤させて患部に貼付するようにしてもよい。歯槽骨その他の骨の再形成に使用する場合には、足場材として、コラーゲンやβ-TCP等を使用し、これらを上記溶解液に浸漬させて埋め込んでもよい。
ここで、「潰瘍」とは、壊死をおこした組織が融解又は剥離したあとに、臓器の表面にできた組織欠損部をいい、上皮、真皮、粘膜等に形成される。真皮に到達していないものはびらんといわれる。具体的には、皮膚、鼻口腔粘膜、角膜その他の体表に接する場所や、消化管、気道、尿路、血管その他の管腔臓器の内腔面に潰瘍が形成される。
「褥瘡」とは、臨床的には、患者が長期にわたって同じ体勢で寝返りが打てない状態になった場合に、体と支持面(多くはベッド)とが接触している箇所で、局所的に血行不全となって、周辺組織に壊死を起こした状態いう。
「外科的な操作によって欠損した」とは、脳腫瘍の摘出その他の外科手術によって欠損したことをいう。
「脳」は、記憶、情動、意志決定などの機能を有する。脳や脊髄は脳脊髄液とよばれる液体によって包まれている。脳脊髄液(cerebrospinal fluid、CSF)は、脳の保護や、栄養・代謝物を運ぶ役割を有する。脳脊髄液は脊椎穿刺によって採取できるが、その性状は疾患等によって変化する。
中枢神経系の損傷は、脊髄損傷等によって生じる。ここで、「脊髄損傷」は、外部からの衝撃、脊髄腫瘍、ヘルニアその他の内的要因によって脊髄が損傷した状態をいう。損傷の度合によって、脊髄が途中で完全に切断された完全型と、脊髄が損傷又は圧迫を受けているものの脊髄の機能が部分的に維持されている不完全型とに分けられる。
また、「脊髄症」は、加齢変化による頚椎症(椎間板の膨隆・骨のとげの形成)の変化によって、頚椎の脊柱管の中にある脊髄が圧迫されて発症する。
以上のようにして創傷部位上に適用された電極と、他の部位に適用された電極との間に流れる電流を利用して、上記医薬製剤中の有効成分を効率良く投与することができる。
以上のような損傷組織に本願発明の医薬製剤を適用することにより、組織の速やかな回復を図ることができる。
(1)抽出用試薬、プラスミド等
(1-1)試薬等
カナマイシン(Kan)、アンピシリン(Amp)、LB液体培地及びLB寒天培地、グリコーゲン、アガロース、滅菌水、酢酸アンモニウム、酢酸ナトリウム、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム及びRNase Aを使用した。50mg/mLのカナマイシン(Kan)及びアンピシリン(Amp)を調製し、ストック溶液として-20℃で保存した。グリコーゲンは20mg/mlに調製した。10mg/mlのRNase Aを調製し-20℃で保存した。10M(飽和)酢酸アンモニウム(NH4OAc)、3Mの酢酸ナトリウム(NaOAc;pH5.2)を調製した。
大腸菌コンピテントセル(Supercharge EZ10 Electrocompetent Cells、製品コード 636756)、Swa I(製品コード 1111A、Smi Iが同等品)、Xho I(製品コード 1094A)、T4 DNA Ligase(製品コード 2011A)、NucleoBond Xtra Midi(製品コード 740410.10/.50/.100)、NucleoSpin Plasmid(製品コード 740588 10/50/250)は、いずれもタカラバイオより購入した。Pac IはNew England Biolabsより購入した。
1×TE Buffer(1mMのEDTAを含む10mM Tris-HCl [pH8.0])、100 mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0)で飽和したフェノール:クロロホルム:イソアミルアルコール(25:24:1、以下、「PCI混液」という。)を調製した。エタノールは、100%及び70%で使用した。ミニスケールでの組換えで使用するpAdeno-X プラスミドDNAの精製用に、以下のバッファー1~4を調製した。
(pH8.0)(オートクレーブ後、4℃で保存)
バッファー2:1%SDSを含む0.2M NaOH(使用直前に用時調製、密封し、
室温保存)
バッファー3:5M KOAc(オートクレーブ後、4℃で保存)
バッファー4:1mM EDTA、20μg/ml RNaseを含む10 mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0)
(使用直前にRNaseを添加する。-20℃で保存)
ヒト5型アデノウイルスで形質転換したヒトHEK293細胞(ATCC #CRL1573)を使用した。HEK293細胞は完全培地で培養した。完全培地の組成は、100 unit/mlのペニシリンGナトリウムと100μg/mlのストレプトマイシン、4 mMのグルタミン及び10%FBSを添加したDMEM(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium、基本培地)とした。ペニシリンGナトリウム溶液は10,000 units/ml、硫酸ストレプトマイシン溶液は10,000μg/mlで調製し、ストック溶液として保存した。
培養には、60 mmプレート、100 mmプレート、6-ウェルプレート、T75及びT175フラスコを使用した。
β-galアッセイには、X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (25mg/ml))ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)溶液は-20℃で遮光保存した。Luminescent β-gal Detection Kit II(製品コード 631712、タカラバイオ製)を使用した。
(3-1)lacZ を含む組換えアデノウイルス(pAdeno-X-lacZ)の構築
10mLの上述した完全培地に、解凍後、DMSOを除去したHEK293細胞を再懸濁し、全量を100 mmの培養プレートに移した。HEK293細胞が付着した後に培養液を除去し、細胞を滅菌PBSで1度洗浄し、1mlのトリプシン-EDTA溶液を加えて約2分間処理した。
次に、10mlの完全培地を加えてトリプシンの反応を止め、穏やかに懸濁した。バイアブルカウントを行って、培養液10 mlを入れた100 mmのプレートに105個の細胞を移し、均一に拡げた。
pShuttle2-lacZ(Adeno-X Expression System 1に含まれている陽性対照ベクター)とキットに含まれているAdeno-X Viral DNA(PI-Sce I及びI-Ceu I digested)とを使用し、キットに添付されているプロトコルに従って、lacZを含む組換えアデノウイルスを構築した。標的細胞であるSHEDに感染させ、β-ガラクトシダーゼの発現をアッセイし、ベクターが構築されていることを確認した。
組換えpShuttle2 Vector(以下、「rpShuttle2 Vector」という。)の構築前に、キットに含まれているpShuttle2 Vector及びpShuttle2-lacZ VectorでDH5α大腸菌を形質転換した。50μg/mlのカナマイシンを含有するLB寒天プレート(以下、「LB/Kan」という。)上で形質転換体を選択し、単一コロニーからとった菌体を新しいLB/Kanに画線し、37℃で一晩インキュベートした。
次いで、hTERT、bmi-1、E6、E7を、pShuttle2へ以下の手順でクローニングした。これらの遺伝子に適した制限酵素でpShuttle2 Vectorを切断した。
次いで、上記のキットに添付されているpShuttle2 Vector Information Packet(PT3416-5)を参照し、挿入するDNAに合致するマルチクローニングサイトを決定した。制限酵素処理済みの上記プラスミドをアルカリホスファターゼで処理して精製した。
形質転換した大腸菌を含む混合液を、LB/Kan寒天プレートに接種し、カナマイシン耐性(Kanr)の形質転換体(コロニー)を選択した。5~10個のKan耐性クローンを選択し、少量の液体培地に接種して増幅した。これらのクローンがrpShuttle2 Vectorを有していることを確認した後に、一晩インキュベートした。その後、市販のシリカ吸着カラムを用いて、常法に従い、構築されたプラスミドDNAを精製した。
組換えpShuttle2プラスミドDNA(以下、「rpShuttle2プラスミドDNA」という。)をターゲット細胞に直接にトランスフェクトし、ウエスタンブロットを行って目的タンパク質の発現を予備的にチェックした。
上記のようにして作製したrpShuttle2プラスミドDNAから、導入した遺伝子の発現カセットをPI-Sce I及びI-Ceu Iで切り出した。キットに添付されたプロトコルに記載されたin vitroライゲーション方に従って、切り出した発現カセットをAdeno-X Viral DNAに組み込んだ。rpShuttle2プラスミドDNAのPI-Sce I/I-Ceu I二重消化液を30μl調製し、下記の表1に記載した試薬を1.5mlの滅菌済みマイクロ遠心チューブに入れて混合した。
1 kbラダー(DNA サイズマーカー)と共に上記二重消化後の反応液(5μl)を1%アガロース/EtBrゲルで泳動した。
(3-4)フェノール:クロロホルム:イソアミルアルコール抽出
遠心チューブに、上述した二重消化液の残り(25μl)に、70μLの1×TE Buffer(pH8.0)と100μLのPCI混液とを添加し、ボルテックスで十分に撹拌した。次いで、微量遠心機を用いて、4℃にて14,000 rpmで5分間遠心し、水層を清浄な1.5 mlのマイクロ遠心チューブ移した。ここに、400μLの95%エタノール、25μLの10M 酢酸アンモニウム、及び1μLのグリコーゲン(20 mg/ml)を添加し、ボルテックスで十分に撹拌した。
ペレットが乾燥した後に、これを10μLの滅菌した1×TE Buffer(pH8.0)に溶解し、使用するまで-20℃にて保存した。
(4)組換えAdeno-X プラスミドDNAの構築
(4-1)Adeno-X ウイルスゲノムへの発現カセットのサブクローニング
下記の表2に示す試薬を、順番通りに1.5 mlの滅菌済マイクロ遠心チューブに入れ、穏やかに混和し、軽く遠心した後に、16℃にて一晩インキュベートした。
4℃にて5分間、14,000 rpmで遠心し、上清を吸引により除去してペレットを得た。以下のエタノール沈殿操作は、上記(3-4)と同様に行った。
ペレットが乾燥した後に、これを15μLの滅菌脱イオン水に溶解した。
(4-2)組換えAdeno-X プラスミドDNAのSwa I消化
下記表3に示す消化液を調製し、遠心チューブに入れた各サンプルに加えて、2時間、25℃にて、インキュベートした。
(4-3)組換えAdeno-XプラスミドDNAによる大腸菌の形質転換の確認
エレクトロポレーション用コンピテントセル(大腸菌)を、Supercharge EZ10Electrocompetent Cell(製品コード 636756)を使用して、上記(4-2)で得たSwa I消化産物で形質転換した。
形質転換混合液を、LB培地にアンピシリン(終濃度100μg/mL)を加えた寒天プレート(以下、「LB/Amp寒天プレート」という。)に接種し、37℃で一晩インキュベートした。アンピシリン耐性(Ampr)形質転換体として、約106個のコロニーを得た。得られたコロニーを、製品に付属のAdeno-X System PCR Screening Primer Setでチェックした。
(4-4)組換えAdeno-XプラスミドDNAのミニスケール調製
対数増殖にある培養液5mLを、14,000 rpmで30秒間遠心し、上清を除去した。ペレットを再度10,000 rpmで1分間遠心し、マイクロピペットを用いて、上清を除去した。
ここに、150μLの上記バッファー1を加えて穏やかにピペッティングし、再懸濁した。この細胞懸濁液に、150μLのバッファー2を添加し、穏やかに転倒混和し、氷上に5分間放置した。冷却した細胞懸濁液に、150μLのバッファー3を加えて、再度転倒混和し、氷上に5分間放置した。
以下のエタノール沈殿の操作は、上記(4-1)と同様に操作を行い、ペレットの溶解液は、使用まで-20℃にて保存した。目的のrDNAは、後述する制限酵素による解析及びPCRにより同定した。
(5)得られたrAdeno-XプラスミドDNAの制限酵素部位解析
PI-Sce I及びI-Ceu Iを用いて解析を行った。下記の表4に示す試薬を、1.5mlの滅菌済みマイクロ遠心チューブに入れ、30μLのPI-Sce I/I-Ceu I二重消化反応液を加えて、十分に撹拌し、軽く回転させて内容物を集めた。
(6)組換えアデノウイルスの産生
(6-1)HEK293細胞トランスフェクト用rAdeno-XプラスミドDNAの調製
下記表5に示す試薬等を、1.5 mlの滅菌済み遠心チューブに入れて混合し、微量遠心機で軽く遠心した。その後、37℃にて2時間、インキュベートし、rAdeno-X プラスミドDNAのPac I制限酵素処理を行った。
以下のエタノール沈殿の操作は、上記(3-4)と同様に操作を行い、ペレットの溶解液は、使用まで-20℃にて保存した。
(6-2)Pac I消化Adeno-XプラスミドDNAのHEK293細胞へのトランスフェクション
上記プラスミドDNAのトランスフェクションの24時間前に、60mmの培養プレートあたりの細胞数が1~2×106(およそ100 cells/mm2)になるよう、HEK293細胞を接種し、37℃、5%CO2存在下でインキュベートした。
1週間後に、培養プレートの底面や側面に付着している細胞を穏やかに撹拌して遊離させた。得られた細胞懸濁液を15 mlの滅菌済みの円錐遠心チューブに移し、室温にて5分間、1,500×gで遠心した。
得られた沈殿を、500μLの滅菌PBSに懸濁した。ドライアイス/ エタノール中で凍結させ、37℃の恒温槽で融解させるという凍結融解操作を3回繰り返して、細胞を十分に融解させたライセートを得た。次いで、軽く遠心して浮遊物を除き、上清を滅菌した別のチューブに移して、直ちに使用した。直ちに使用しない分は、-20℃で保存した。
60 mmプレートの培養細胞に250μLの上記ライセートを加えて、培養を続けた。なお、Adeno-X Rapid Titer Kit(製品コード 631028、タカラバイオ製)に含まれる抗Hexon 抗体を用いて、このキットの取扱説明書(PT3651-1)に従い、アデノウイルスの力価を測定した。
この力価測定を始める約24時間前に、HEK293細胞をT75フラスコに接種し、37℃、5%CO2存在下で一夜培養し、50~70%コンフルエントになっていることを確認した。
翌日、ウイルスを含む新しい培地と交換し、MOI = 10で感染させた。37℃、5%CO2存在下で90分間培養した後にフラスコを取り出し、10 mLの培地を加えた。
37℃、5%CO2存在下で3~4日間培養し、CPEを確認した。50%の細胞が剥がれたところで、上記と同様にして遊離細胞懸濁液とし、15 mLの滅菌済円錐遠心チューブに移した。上記と同様の凍結融解操作を行い、細胞を融解させた。Adeno-X Rapid Titer Kit(製品コード 631028)を使用し、107PFU/mLの力価を得た。
ウェスタンブロッティングを行い、パッケージングされたアデノウイルスゲノムが、目的遺伝子に特異的な転写単位のコピーを、機能する形で持っているかを確認した。
(7-1)標的細胞への感染
感染の24時間前に6-ウェルプレートに1×106個のSHEDを接種した。接種の翌日に培地を取り除き、ウイルスを含む1.0mLの培地を各プレートの中心に添加した。この溶液をSHEDが形成した単層全体に均一に広げた。
37℃、5% CO2存在下で4時間培養し、ウイルスをSHEDに感染させた。次いで、新鮮な培地を添加し、さらに、37℃、5%CO2存在下で培養した。感染24時間後~48時間後にかけて導入遺伝子の発現を経時的に解析した。
(7-2)感染細胞のβ--ガラクトシダーゼ発現の解析
Adeno-X-lacZを感染させた接着性細胞におけるβ--ガラクトシダーゼの発現は、Luminescent β-gal Detection Kit II(製品コード 631712、クロンテック社)を使用してアッセイした。
10歳の健常男児から得られた脱落乳歯を使用した。この脱落乳歯をイソジン溶液で消毒した後、歯科用ダイヤモンドポイントを用いて、歯冠を水平方向に切断し、歯科用リーマーを用いて歯髄組織を回収した。得られた歯髄組織を、3mg/mLのI型コラゲナーゼ及び4mg/mLのディスパーゼの溶液中で37℃にて1時間消化した。ついで、この溶液を70mmの細胞ストレーナ(Falcon社製)を用いて濾過した。
濾別した細胞を、4mLの上記培地に再懸濁し、直径6cmの付着性細胞培養用ディッシュに播種した。10%FCSを含有するDMEM(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)をこのディッシュに添加し、5%CO2、37℃に調整したインキュベータにて2週間程度培養した。コロニーを形成した接着性細胞(歯髄幹細胞)を、0.05%トリプシン・0.2mMEDTAにて5分間、37℃で処理し、ディッシュから剥離した細胞を回収した。
こうして得られた細胞を、再度、上記の培地を入れたディッシュに播種し、継代培養を数回行って、約1×107個/mLまで増殖させた。得られた細胞を、液体窒素中で保存した。
以上のようにして、ヒト脱落乳歯歯髄幹細胞(SHED)を得た。得られたSHEDを、FACSTARPLUS (ベクトン・ディキンソン社製)を用いて、各試料について、約1x106個のSTRO-1陽性細胞を以下のようにしてソートした。
ブロモデオキシウリジンBrdU染色キットのメーカー(Invitrogen社製)の取扱説明書に従いBrdUを12時間取り込ませ、SHEDの増殖速度を評価した(各群についてn=3)。実験は5回繰り返した。1元配置分散分析後に、Tukey-Kramer検定を行い、統計的有意差を評価した。
次に、細胞を一次抗体のマウス抗ヒトSTRO-1抗体(1:100、R&D社製)と一緒に1時間インキュベートし、二次抗体のヤギ抗マウス免疫グロブリンM-FITC抗体(1:500、Southern Biotech社製)と一緒に30分間インキュベートし、ベクタシールドDAPI(Vector Laboratories Inc)を用いてマウントした。
その後、15%FBSを添加したα-MEMを6ウェルプレートに入れ、ソートした細胞をクローン作製用に播種した。増殖した細胞の中から約300コロニーを試験用にプールした。
上述したように、bmi-1, E6, E7及びhTERTの4つの遺伝子をアデノウイルスベクターに組み込み、これらの遺伝子産物を発現するウイルスベクターを作製した。対照として、これらの遺伝子を組み込んでいない対照ベクターを作製した。
SHEDを100mmφのコラーゲンコートディッシュに1×106個を播種し、10%FBSを添加したDMEMを加えてサブコンフレントまで培養した。この培地を吸引除去して上記培地で希釈したウイルス溶液500μLを加え(MOI=10)、37℃にて、5%CO2インキュベータ中で1時間培養し、上記ウイルスベクターを感染させた。感染48時間後、培地を上記のものに換え、ピューロマイシン(1pg/mL)を加えた上記の培地中で感染細胞を10日間培養して選択し、500~600個の耐性クローンをプールした。3~4日ごとに約0.5x105個のSHEDを100mmφの培養シャーレに播種し、継代した。遺伝子が導入されたSHEDをSHED-T、遺伝子が導入されないSHEDをSHED-Cとした。
SHED-T(遺伝子導入をしたSHED)の個体数の倍加状態を、図1に示した。図中、縦軸は個体数倍化回数(細胞分裂回数、回)、横軸は時間(培養日数)である。また、培養中のSHEDが1ヶ月間分裂しない状態を、細胞の老化の判断基準とした。
SHED-Cは30回程で増殖が停止し、老化又は増殖停止段階に入った。これに対し、SHED-Tは250PDを超え、800日経過後も増殖した。
(2)フローサイトメトリー分析
単一細胞の懸濁液を得るため、接着性の単層細胞をトリプシン/EDTAで消化した。2x105個の細胞に抗STRO-1モノクローナル抗体(1:100)を加えて放置し、FACSCaliburフローサイトメーター(Becton Dickinson社)を使用して分析した。対応するアイソタイプが同一の対照抗体と比較し、99%以上の割合で蛍光レベルが高い場合に発現が陽性とした。SHED-T及びSHED-Cともに、初期及び後期の継代細胞を固定し、FITC結合STRO-1抗体で染色した。その後、フローサイトメトリーで分析した。試験はそれぞれ二回行なった。SHED-CではSTRO-1陽性細胞の割合がPD20で27%であり、PD30では15%まで減少した(図2(A)及び(B))。SHED-TではSTRO-1陽性細胞の割合が、それぞれPD20で46%、PD40で41%であった(図2(C)及び(D))。
PD0、PD10及びPD20におけるSHED-C及びSHED-Tの分化能を、新生骨量の形成能及び組織染色で調べた。
まず、2.0 x 106個のSHED-C又はSHED-Tを、40mgのヒドロキシアパタイト/三カルシウムリン酸(HA/TCP)セラミック粉末(オリンパス工業(株))に混合し、10週齢の免疫無防備状態マウス(NIH-bgnu-xid, 雌、Harlan Sprague Dawley社製)の背側表面の皮下に移植した。
移植8週間後に移植物を回収し、4%ホルマリンで固定して脱灰した後、パラフィン包埋するため10%EDTAを含むPBS溶液でバッファリングした。一部は、プラスチック包埋するために70%エタノール溶液中に保存した。
新生骨量=新生骨面積/視野面積×100
図4に示されるように、SHED-Cでは個体数倍加回数が増えるについて新生骨量が減少し、PD20ではPD0の約1/5まで低下した。これに対し、SHED-Tでは、PD20まで新生骨量はほとんど変動がなく、PD20では、SHED-TはSHED-Cの5倍以上の骨を形成したことが示された。
SHED-C及びSHED-T細胞を、免疫無防備状態マウスの皮下組織に、1×106個を移植した。移植後、30日以上観察を行ったが、この期間中、上記の細胞を移植したいずれのマウスにおいても、腫瘍は形成されなかった。また、SHED-T細胞では、40~200PDの培養細胞のすべてのクローンの形態に変化はなかった。
以上より、SHED-Tには、癌化活性はないことが示された。
(5)評価
SHED-Tは、260PDを超えても分化能力を保ったまま増殖する能力を有していることが示されたが、SHED-Cは、分化能力を有するものの30PD以下で老化した。
以上から、SHED-Tは不死化幹細胞となっており、活性の高いSHED培養上清の大量生産に適することが示された。
64歳の右舌癌(T3N0M0)患者(男性)の舌半側切除を行った。約6ヶ月後に右頸部にリンパ節に転位を認めたため、60GYの放射線照射及び全頸部郭清術を行った。術後3週に顎下から頸部にかけて創傷治癒不全が生じ、潰瘍が形成された(図3(A))。このため、放射線性頸部潰瘍と診断した。
患部の創傷治癒を促進するために、上記のようにして得たSHED-Tの培養上清10mLを、患部を覆う大きさのガーゼにしみこませて患部に貼付した。2日に1回、上記培養上清をしみこませたガーゼを14回交換したところ、1ヶ月後には潰瘍が閉鎖した(図3(B))。以上から、上記培養上清には、上皮の潰瘍に効果があることが示された。
60歳の男性の腰に形成された褥瘡を、上記のSHED-Tの培養上清で治療した。この男性は2年前に脳卒中を起こし、片麻痺となった。褥瘡の治療のために、来院した。
感染を起こした肉芽組織(図6(A))を完全に取り除き、10mLのSHED-Tの培養上清を希釈せずにガーゼに含浸させて患部を覆った。ガーゼ交換を毎日行ったところ、2週間後に皮膚の端から、患部を覆うように新たな上皮が形成された(図6(B))。
以上より、SHED-Tの培養上清は、上皮の潰瘍及び褥瘡の治癒に対して、効果があることが示された。
男性11名、女性5名の計16名の患者(35歳~70歳)の28部位に対して、歯科領域におけるSHED-Tの培養上清の治療効果を検討した。
症例の内訳は、インプラント関連が14名(18部位)及び歯周病関連が7名(10部位)であった。インプラント関連をさらに細かく見ると、骨再生誘導(GBR)・ソケットプリザベーションが11名(15部位)、サイナスリフトが3名(3部位)であった。
ここで、GBR(骨誘導再生)法とは、欠損した歯槽骨や顎骨などの骨組織の再生を促す治療方法であり、インプラントを埋め入れるために十分な骨の量がない場合などに利用される。また、ソケットプリザベーションとは、骨の吸収を防止するために、抜歯の時点で人工骨などを「穴」に入れて骨を再生させる方法をいう。
実施症例の評価を、2011年9月までの26部位について、術後3か月あるいは6ヶ月のレントゲン(CT含む)で評価した。以下の5段階に分けて評価した。結果を表6、図7(A)~(F)、図8(A)及び(B)、並びに図9(A)及び(B)に示す。
図7(A)では、白抜き矢印で示した部分にβ-TCPの粉末が詰まっていることが観察された。これに対し、図7(C)では同じ部分が矢印で示した部分の構造が変化し、下側にある骨と同じ無構造となっており、骨形成が促進されていることが確認された。
また、図7(D)では、白抜き矢印の部分に骨ではなく、肉芽組織が形成されていること、及び黒色の矢印の部分に未熟な骨芽形成されていることが観察された。これに対し、図7(F)では黒食の矢印の部分が成熟した骨となっており、骨形成が促進されていることが確認された。
以上から、歯科の分野における骨形成の促進が確認された。
4(効果):欠損部に骨再生がみられる(概ね~30%程度)
3(不変):骨再生は明らかでないが、吸収はない
2(吸収):骨吸収がみられる
1(不良):著しく骨吸収を及ぼしたか、又は有害事象が発生した
著効と効果を合わせると17例(65.4%)という高い奏効率を示した。
疾患別の内訳をみると、インプラント関連(17例)のうち、著効(5)9例(52.9%)、効果(4)4例(23.5%)、不変(3)3例(17.7%)、吸収(2)1例(5.9%)、不良(1)0例であった。インプラント関連では、著効と効果を合わせると13例(79.4%)という非常に高い奏効率を示した。
さらに、足場別に見てみると、β-TCPを足場とした8例では、著効が4例(50.0%)、効果が3例(37.5%)、不変及び不良はなし、吸収が1例(12.5%)という結果であった。足場としてβ-TCPを使用した場合には、著効と効果を合わせると7例(87.5%)という非常に高い奏効率を示した。
足場として、テルダーミス/テルプラグ(Col)を使用した18例では、著効6例(33.3%)、効果4例((22.2%)、不変8例(44.5%)、吸収1例(0.1%)、不良はなしということであった。足場としてテルダーミス/テルプラグ(Col)を使用した場合には、著効と効果とを合わせると、10例(55.5%)と高い奏効率を示した。
また、足場としてβ-TCPを使用したときに、β-TCPの骨への置換等がどのように起こっているかを、提出組織をヘマトキシリン及びエオシンで染色して確認した。結果を図10(A)~(D)に示す。図中、NBで表わされる新生骨の形成がはっきりと観察され、BVで表わされる血管も認められた。
以上より、SHED-Tの培養上清には、骨形成能があることが確認された。
灰白質での虚血性、白質での虚血、又は混合領域での虚血のいずれかを伴う8人の患者(男性6名、女性2名)に対し、SHED-Tの培養上清を投与して、治療効果を検討した。8人の患者はいずれも、この治験に加わる前に、脳卒中の標準的な治療を受けており、MRIによる診断、神経学的な試験及びNIHSSを用いて点数化した評価を受けていた。表1に示す患者は、脳卒中の発症後、20日~133日を経過していた。患者のプロファイルを下記表7に示す。
実施例1で調製したSHED-CM(SHED-Tの培養上清)を、鼻腔内の臭神経の集中する部位より経鼻投与した(図11及び12)。投与期間は、投与開始の時点から起算した。
SHED-Tの培養上清投与の前後の血中酸素濃度、体温、血圧、心拍数、呼吸数等を、心電図を用いて、注意深くモニターした。投与前後で胸部レントゲン撮影も行った。
SHED-CMの鼻腔内投与前及び投与1年経過後に、すべての患者について血管病変を特定するための核磁気共鳴血管撮影を行い、カラー化核磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)で撮影結果を観察した。神経学的な状態は米国国立保健研究所(NIH)の脳卒中基準(NIHSS)を基に点数化した。
8人中2人の患者(いずれの急性期)では、NIH基準及びMRI画像において顕著な回復が見られた(図15(A)及び15(B)、図16)。No.2の患者は、図17(A)に示すように、麻痺していた右手でカップの積み替えができるようになり、また、図17(B)に示すように歩行できるまでに回復した。
以上より、不死化幹細胞を用いることで、ほぼ無限の培養上清を得ることができ、この培養上清から薬剤を製造する場合には、成長因子の大量生産が可能となることが示された。また、これによって、低コストでの薬剤の製造が可能となるというメリットがある。
上述したように、セルソースとして特定の不死化幹細胞を使用すること、及びこの不死化幹細胞が特定の成長因子を持続的に同じような割合で産生し続けるものであることから、細胞上清中の成長因子の含有量や種類をほぼ一定になるように保つことが可能となる。これによって、量産化する場合に、培養上清の内容成分を規格化しやすいというメリットがある。
アルツハイマー病の患者に対して、SHED-Tの培養上清を経鼻投与して、治療効果を検討した。患者の平均年齢は79.5±3歳、女性3名であった。
SHED-Tの培養上清を、点鼻によって、1日1回、計28回投与した。投与の効果は、下記の表8及び表9に示すミニメンタルステート検査及び長谷川式検査で行った。
図18(A)に示すように、非投与群の場合、MMS及び長谷川式のいずれで評価した場合でも、大きな改善は認められなかった。
これに対し、SHED-Tの培養上清投与群では、3ヶ月目からインデックス値が上昇し始め、7カ月目以降は、MMS及び長谷川式のいずれで評価した場合でも、上昇幅が大きくなり、アルツハイマー病の症状の改善が認められた。
平成23年2月9日より、SHED-Tの培養上清を点鼻によって、1日1回、計28回投与し、投与の効果を、下記の表8及び表9に示すミニメンタルステート検査及び長谷川式検査で行ったところ、高次脳機能の大幅な改善が認められた。自炊及び自立歩行ができるまでに回復したため、この患者は、平成23年4月16日に退院し、帰宅した。
非代償性肝硬変をはじめとした重症肝疾患の根治治療法は肝移植であるが、ドナー不足などの理由で、現実には対処療法のみしか行われていない。これを補うために、不死化乳歯幹細胞由来成長因子(SHED-T)の投与による肝再生療法をおこなった。
表10に示すChild-Pugh値が7以上、また総ビリルビン値が3.0mg/dL以下、血小板数が5.0x10 *10以上でかつ、活性期の肝腫瘍をもたない男性患者3名(58~70歳)患者を対象とした。なおこれらの患者は、慢性期脳梗塞(発症後1年以上経過)にあり、パーキンソン病の治療が行われた症例である。
プロトコルは、1日1回、不死化乳歯幹細胞由来成長因子(2μg)を5mlの生理食塩水に溶解して経鼻的に連日投与した。28回を1クールとして2クール行った。
症例の内訳及び効果を表11に示す。
いずれの患者においても、総タンパク値及び血清アルブミン値がいずれも増加し、CPがB分類からA分類となっており、肝の再生が起こっていると考えられた。
II型糖尿病の患者に対するSHED-Tの治療効果を検討した。治療方法は、SHED-T(2μg)を5mlの生理食塩水に溶解し、1日1回、経鼻的に投与した。28回を1クールとして、2クール行った。
効果判定は、治療前と12週後のHbA1c(Glycated haemoglobin)の変化を指標として行った。なお症例には、全治療期間を通じて、頭痛、鼻痛、血糖変動などの有害事象は、認められなかった。また、いずれの患者も、糖尿病治療薬として、メトホルミンの内服、運動療法を行っていたが効果が見られなかった
難治性皮膚炎(アトピー性皮膚炎)を起こしているイヌ(ラブラドール・レトリバー、8歳、雌)に、SHED-T(2μg)を5mlの生理食塩水に溶解し、1日1回、患部に塗布した。14回を1クールとした。
SHED-Tを使用する前には、2ヶ月間、イヌインターフェロン-γ製剤を使用したが、治療効果が上がらなかったため、SHED-Tに切り替えた。
SHED-Tの治療開始前は、図19Aに示すように、難治性皮膚炎を起こしている部分の毛が抜けて白く見えていたが、治療後は、毛も生え揃い、皮膚炎が起きていた部位がわからないほどきれいに治癒した。
以上より、SHED-Tは、難治性皮膚炎に対しても効果があることが示された。
Claims (26)
- 哺乳類の間葉系細胞、初期発生胚及び間葉系細胞を除く体細胞からなる群から選ばれる細胞群から幹細胞を単離し、前記幹細胞を初期培養して得られた初代培養細胞に、4種類の遺伝子を導入して遺伝子導入細胞を作成し、前記遺伝子導入細胞からSTRO-1の発現を指標として選択された、不死化幹細胞。
- 前記間葉系幹細胞は、歯髄幹細胞、骨髄幹細胞、臍帯幹細胞、及び脂肪幹細胞からなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 前記歯髄幹細胞は、脱落した乳歯、脱落した永久歯、抜歯された乳歯、及び抜歯された永久歯からなる群から選ばれるいずれかの歯から得られた幹細胞であることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 前記初期発生胚は、胚盤期の胚であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 前記哺乳類は、ヒト、ブタ、ウマ、及びサルからなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 前記4種類の遺伝子は、hTERT、bmi-1、E6、E7、Oct3/4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc、及びp16INK4aからなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞。
- テロメア修復能を有し、少なくとも200回以上分裂することができる分裂能を有することを特徴とする、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 個体倍加回数20回の時点において、細胞個体数の少なくとも40%以上がSTRO-1発現細胞であり、かつ、初代培養細胞と同等の新生骨量産生能を有することを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 前記不死化幹細胞は、少なくとも、IGF-1、VEGF、TGF-β1及びHGFを培養上清中に分泌するものであることを特徴とする、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞。
- 請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞の培養上清を含有する医薬組成物。
- 請求項10に記載の医薬組成物を含有する、損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記損傷組織復元用医薬製剤の剤形は、粉末、液剤、ゲル剤、スプレー剤及び経皮吸収システムからなる群から選ばれるいずれかのものであることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記損傷組織は、潰瘍又は褥瘡が形成された組織、細胞の変性によって損傷した脳組織、外科的な操作によって欠損した脳組織、外傷性脳疾患によって損傷した脳組織、炎症性脳疾患によって損傷した脳組織、損傷した骨組織、損傷した歯周組織、中枢神経系疾患によって損傷した組織、及び難治性皮膚炎によって損傷した組織からなる群から選ばれる組織であることを特徴とする、請求項11又は12に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記細胞の変性は、アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、認知症、統合失調症、うつ病、低酸素脳症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、脳梗塞、小脳変性症、糖尿病、及び肝炎からなる群から選ばれる疾患によって生じたものであることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記外傷性脳疾患が、交通事故又は転落事故によって生じるものであることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記炎症性脳疾患は、脳炎脳症、てんかん、ヤコブ病、及びポリオからなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記中枢神経系疾患は、脊髄損傷及び脊髄症からなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記難治性皮膚炎は、アトピー性皮膚炎であることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 前記損傷組織復元用医薬製剤中の培養上清の含有量は、請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞が産生する培養上清を100%としたときに、50~500%(w/v)であることを特徴とする、請求項11~17のいずれかに記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤。
- 哺乳類の間葉系細胞、初期発生胚及び間葉系細胞を除く体細胞からなる群から選ばれる細胞群から幹細胞を単離する単離工程と;
前記幹細胞を初期培養し、初期培養細胞を得る培養工程と;
前記初期培養細胞に、4種類の遺伝子を導入し、遺伝子導入細胞を作成する遺伝子導入工程と;
前記遺伝子導入細胞から、個体倍加回数20回の時点におけるSTRO-1の発現量と骨再生能とを指標として細胞を選択する選択工程と;
を備える不死化幹細胞の産生方法。 - 前記間葉系細胞は、歯髄細胞、骨髄細胞、臍帯細胞、及び脂肪細胞からなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載の不死化幹細胞の産生方法。
- 前記歯髄細胞は、脱落した乳歯、脱落した永久歯、抜歯された乳歯、及び抜歯された永久歯からなる群から選ばれるいずれかの歯から得られた細胞であることを特徴とする、請求項20に記載の不死化幹細胞の産生方法。
- 前記初期発生胚は、胚盤期の胚であることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載の不死化幹細胞の産生方法。
- 前記哺乳類は、ヒト、ブタ、ウマ、及びサルからなる群から選ばれるものであることを特徴とする、請求項19~21のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞の産生方法。
- 前記4種類の遺伝子は、hTERT、bmi-1、E6、E7、Oct3/4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc、及びp16INK4aからなる群から選ばれる4種類であることを特徴とする、請求項19~22のいずれかに記載の不死化幹細胞の産生方法。
- 請求項11~18のいずれかに記載の損傷組織復元用医薬製剤を、シート状の保湿性の部材に吸収させてシート形の製剤とする剤形調製工程と、前記シート形の製剤で損傷された部位を被覆する損傷部位被覆工程と、プラスに帯電した電極を所望の部位に接触させる電極接触工程とを備えることを特徴とする、経皮吸収方法。
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RU2014143266A (ru) | 2016-05-20 |
US20170355960A1 (en) | 2017-12-14 |
EP2832851A4 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
IN2014DN08862A (ja) | 2015-05-22 |
US20150203821A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
KR20150009528A (ko) | 2015-01-26 |
JP6010112B2 (ja) | 2016-10-19 |
CA2868251A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 |
EP2832851B1 (en) | 2019-04-17 |
CN110079503A (zh) | 2019-08-02 |
CN104321426A (zh) | 2015-01-28 |
EP2832851A1 (en) | 2015-02-04 |
JPWO2013147082A1 (ja) | 2015-12-14 |
RU2619221C2 (ru) | 2017-05-12 |
CA2868251C (en) | 2019-02-12 |
KR101930718B1 (ko) | 2018-12-19 |
KR20170121340A (ko) | 2017-11-01 |
SG11201406141UA (en) | 2014-10-30 |
US10494606B2 (en) | 2019-12-03 |
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