WO2013100087A1 - レドックスフロー二次電池及びレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜 - Google Patents
レドックスフロー二次電池及びレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013100087A1 WO2013100087A1 PCT/JP2012/083961 JP2012083961W WO2013100087A1 WO 2013100087 A1 WO2013100087 A1 WO 2013100087A1 JP 2012083961 W JP2012083961 W JP 2012083961W WO 2013100087 A1 WO2013100087 A1 WO 2013100087A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a redox flow secondary battery and an electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery.
- a redox flow secondary battery stores and discharges electricity, and belongs to a large stationary battery used for leveling electricity usage.
- a redox flow secondary battery is composed of an electrolyte containing a positive electrode and a positive electrode active material (positive electrode cell), and a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode and a negative electrode active material (negative electrode cell) separated by a diaphragm, and oxidizing both active materials. Charging and discharging is performed using a reduction reaction, and an electrolytic solution containing both the active materials is circulated from a storage tank to an electrolytic cell to be used.
- an iron-chromium system for example, an iron-chromium system, a chromium-bromine system, a zinc-bromine system, or a vanadium system utilizing a difference in charge is used.
- vanadium-based secondary batteries have the advantages of high electromotive force, fast electrode reaction of vanadium ions, small amount of hydrogen generation as a side reaction, high output, and so on. .
- the diaphragm is devised so as not to mix the electrolyte containing the active material of both electrodes.
- the conventional diaphragm has a problem that it is easily oxidized and the electric resistance must be sufficiently low.
- permeation of each active material ion contained in the cell electrolyte solution of the bipolar electrode contamination of the electrolyte in the bipolar electrolyte solution
- protons (H + ) that carry charge Is required to be an ion exchange membrane excellent in ion selective permeability.
- the vanadium bivalent (V 2+ ) / 3 valent (V 3+ ) redox reaction in the negative electrode cell and the vanadium tetravalent (V 4+ ) / 5 valent (V 5+ ) in the positive electrode cell The redox reaction is used. Therefore, since the electrolyte solution of the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell contains the same kind of metal ion species, even if the electrolyte solution is mixed through the diaphragm, it is regenerated normally by charging, so compared to other types of metal species Hard to be a big problem. However, since active materials that are wasted increase and current efficiency decreases, active material ions should not permeate freely as much as possible.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter also referred to as “PTFE”) porous membrane, a polyolefin (hereinafter also referred to as “PO”) porous membrane, a PO nonwoven fabric, and the like as a redox battery diaphragm. Is disclosed.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PO polyolefin
- Patent Document 2 discloses a composite membrane combining a porous membrane and a hydrous polymer for the purpose of improving the charge / discharge energy efficiency of a redox flow secondary battery and improving the mechanical strength of the diaphragm.
- Patent Document 3 for the purpose of improving the charge / discharge energy efficiency of a redox flow secondary battery, a non-porous hydrophilic polymer film having a hydrophilic hydroxyl group excellent in ion permeability is used as a cellulose or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer.
- the use of polymeric membranes is disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 discloses that by using a polysulfone membrane (anion exchange membrane) as a hydrocarbon ion exchange resin, the current efficiency of a vanadium redox secondary battery is 80% to 88.5%, and resistance to radical oxidation. It is also described that it is excellent.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a method of increasing the reaction efficiency by supporting expensive platinum on porous carbon of the positive electrode in order to increase the current efficiency of the redox flow secondary battery.
- Nafion manufactured by DuPont is disclosed.
- N117 and polysulfone-based ion exchange membrane are described as the diaphragm.
- Patent Document 6 discloses an iron-chromium redox flow battery in which a hydrophilic resin is applied to pores of a porous film such as polypropylene (hereinafter also referred to as “PP”).
- a hydrophilic resin is applied to pores of a porous film such as polypropylene (hereinafter also referred to as “PP”).
- PP polypropylene
- Patent Document 7 discloses a vanadium-based redox flow secondary battery in which cell electrical resistance is reduced as much as possible by improving the electrode side, such as using a two-layer liquid-permeable porous carbon electrode having a specific surface lattice. Examples are disclosed.
- Patent Document 8 discloses a vanadium-based redox flow battery using an anion exchange type diaphragm made of a crosslinked polymer having a low membrane resistance, excellent proton permeability, etc., and having a pyridinium group (using cation N + ). Examples are disclosed.
- a crosslinked polymer a polymer obtained by copolymerizing a pyridinium group-containing vinyl polymerizable monomer, a styrene monomer, and a crosslinking agent such as divinylbenzene is disclosed.
- Patent Document 9 a cation exchange membrane (fluorine polymer or other hydrocarbon polymer) and an anion exchange membrane (polysulfone type) are used as a diaphragm for the purpose of reducing cell resistance and improving power efficiency.
- a redox flow secondary battery using a film formed by alternately laminating a polymer or the like and having a cation exchange membrane disposed on the side of the film in contact with the positive electrode electrolyte side.
- Patent Document 10 discloses that a vinyl heterocyclic compound having two or more hydrophilic groups on a porous substrate made of a porous PTFE resin as a membrane having excellent chemical resistance, low resistance and excellent ion selective permeability.
- a secondary battery using an anion exchange membrane formed by combining a crosslinked polymer having a repeating unit (such as vinylpyrrolidone having an amino group) as a diaphragm is disclosed.
- a potential difference when a potential difference is applied, metal cations having a large ionic diameter and charge amount are electrically repelled by cations on the surface layer of the diaphragm, and the metal cation permeates through the membrane. It is described that protons (H + ) which are small and monovalent can easily diffuse and permeate a diaphragm having a cation, and thus have a low electric resistance.
- the battery disclosed in Patent Document 1 does not have sufficient electrical resistance and ion selective permeability of the diaphragm, and has insufficient current efficiency and durability.
- the composite membrane disclosed in Patent Document 2 has high electric resistance, and each ion is not as large as the porous membrane, but has a problem that it diffuses freely, and the current efficiency of the battery is not high.
- the film disclosed in Patent Document 3 also has the same problem as described above and is inferior in oxidation resistance.
- the battery disclosed in Patent Document 4 still has insufficient current efficiency, is inferior in oxidation resistance deterioration in a sulfuric acid electrolyte over a long period of time, and has insufficient durability.
- Cited Document 7 Since the battery disclosed in Cited Document 7 uses a polysulfone-based diaphragm, the ion selective permeability and oxidation degradation resistance of the diaphragm are not sufficient, and the electric resistance, current efficiency, and durability of the battery are not sufficient.
- the battery disclosed in Patent Document 8 has insufficient current efficiency and also has problems with long-term use because of oxidative degradation.
- the film disclosed in Patent Document 9 has a problem that electric resistance is increased. According to the results shown in the examples of Patent Document 10, it cannot be said that the internal resistance (electrical resistance) of the film is sufficiently low, and oxidation resistance deterioration becomes a problem in long-term use.
- a conventional vanadium redox flow battery electrolyte (separation) membrane is composed of a cell (negative electrode side) in which the majority of the ions in the low-valence group of vanadium ions, which are the active materials of the electrolyte solution of both electrodes, In each cell (positive electrode side) having a large number of ion groups, active material ions are prevented from being diffused and transferred to the counter electrode (cell), and protons (H + ) Is selectively transmitted.
- the performance is not sufficient.
- membrane base materials mainly composed of hydrocarbon resins, porous membranes that do not have ion-selective permeability that simply isolates the electrolyte containing the main electrolyte of both cells, and those that do not have ion-selective permeability (non-porous)
- a hydrophilic membrane substrate a porous membrane in which a hydrophilic membrane substrate is embedded or coated is used.
- a so-called cation exchange membrane having various anion groups or a composite membrane in which a cation exchange resin is coated or embedded in pores of a porous membrane substrate, similarly, an anion exchange membrane in which the membrane itself has a cation group, Similarly, a composite membrane in which an anion exchange resin is coated or embedded on a porous membrane base material, a laminated type of the two, and the like are used as a diaphragm, and researches that make use of the respective characteristics are being conducted.
- An ion-exchange resin membrane that fully satisfies the two contradicting properties of electrical resistance (mainly dependent on proton permeability) as a membrane and metal ion (polyvalent cation) permeability blocking, which is the main active material. Furthermore, an ion exchange resin membrane that satisfies the above-mentioned two performances in addition to long-term oxidation deterioration resistance (hydroxy radical resistance) has not been developed so far. Fluorine ion exchange resins also have excellent proton (H + ) permeability and have not been fully studied for contradictory properties of suppressing the transmission of active material ions, resulting in low electrical resistance and high current. A redox flow battery and an electrolyte membrane therefor have not been developed that sufficiently satisfy the efficiency and long-term oxidation deterioration resistance (hydroxy radical resistance).
- the present invention provides a redox flow secondary battery having low electrical resistance, excellent current efficiency, and durability, and without degrading proton (H + ) permeability.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery having excellent ion selective permeability capable of suppressing substance ion permeability, and further having oxidation deterioration resistance (hydroxy radical resistance).
- the present inventors have included a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a specific structure, and the fluorine ion elution amount in a immersion test using a Fenton reagent solution is within a specific range. It has been found that, by adjusting, an electrolyte membrane having excellent ion selective permeability and excellent oxidation resistance (hydroxy radical resistance) can be provided. Furthermore, the inventors have found that by using the electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm, a redox flow secondary battery having low electrical resistance, excellent current efficiency, and excellent durability can be provided, and the present invention has been completed.
- a positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- a negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material, and the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material,
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1): Fluorine detected in the solution in a test in which 0.1 g of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer was immersed in 50
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- a positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- a negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material, and the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material,
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution,
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1):
- a redox flow secondary battery in which the ion exchange resin composition contains 0.1 to 20 parts by mass of a polyphenylene ether resin and /
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- a positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- a negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material, and the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material,
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution,
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1):
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- a positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- a negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode;
- An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material, and the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material,
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution,
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1):
- a redox flow secondary battery in which the ion exchange resin composition contains a Co-based and / or Mn-based additive.
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- An electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery comprising 0.1 to 20 parts by mass of a polyphenylene ether resin and / or a polyphenylene sulfide resin.
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- An electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery comprising an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1), wherein the ion exchange resin composition contains a Ce-based additive .
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- a redox flow composition comprising an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1), wherein the ion exchange resin composition contains a Co-based and / or Mn-based additive. Electrolyte membrane for secondary battery.
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer has an equivalent mass EW (dry mass in grams per equivalent of ion-exchange groups) of 300 to 1300, and the equilibrium water content of the electrolyte membrane is 5 to 80% by mass [9 ]
- EW dry mass in grams per equivalent of ion-exchange groups
- the electrolyte membrane for redox flow secondary batteries according to any one of [14] to [14].
- the electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery according to any one of [9] to [15] above, wherein the electrolyte membrane is heat-treated at 130 to 200 ° C. for 1 to 60 minutes.
- the redox flow secondary battery of the present invention has low electrical resistance and high current efficiency. Furthermore, compared with a redox flow secondary battery using a hydrocarbon-based electrolyte as a diaphragm, desorption of ionic groups and polymer electrolyte It is possible to suppress the collapse phenomenon, etc., and has excellent durability.
- the electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery of the present invention has excellent ion selective permeability, is excellent in high proton (H + ) permeability and permeation-preventing ability of active material ions in the electrolytic solution, and Is excellent in oxidation deterioration resistance (hydroxy radical resistance) over a long period of time.
- a redox flow secondary battery By using it as a diaphragm of a redox flow secondary battery, it is possible to provide a redox flow secondary battery with low cell electrical resistance and high current efficiency. In addition, since it exhibits a high oxidative degradation prevention effect for a long time against hydroxy radicals generated in the electrolyte cell in the system, ionic group desorption that occurs when using ordinary hydrocarbon electrolytes, The collapse phenomenon of molecular electrolytes can be suppressed.
- the redox flow secondary battery in Embodiment 1 is A positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode; A negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode; An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material
- the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1): Fluorine detected in the solution in a test in which 0.1 g of the fluorine detected in the solution in a test in
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a schematic diagram of a redox flow secondary battery according to the first embodiment.
- the redox flow secondary battery 10 according to Embodiment 1 includes a positive electrode cell chamber 2 including a positive electrode 1 made of a carbon electrode, a negative electrode cell chamber 4 including a negative electrode 3 made of a carbon electrode, the positive electrode cell chamber 2, and the negative electrode
- An electrolytic cell 6 including an electrolyte membrane 5 as a diaphragm that separates and separates the cell chamber 4 from the cell chamber 4, the positive electrode cell chamber 2 includes a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material, and the negative electrode cell chamber 4 includes a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode electrolyte containing the substance is included.
- the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte containing the active material are stored, for example, by the positive electrode electrolyte tank 7 and the negative electrode electrolyte tank 8, and are supplied to each cell chamber (arrows A and B) by a pump or the like.
- the current generated by the Redox flow secondary battery may be converted from direct current to alternating current via the AC / DC converter 9.
- a liquid-permeable and porous current collector electrode (for negative electrode and positive electrode) is arranged on both sides of the diaphragm, and they are sandwiched by pressing and partitioned by the diaphragm.
- One is a positive electrode cell chamber and the other is a negative electrode cell chamber, and the thickness of both cell chambers is secured by a spacer.
- a positive electrode electrolyte composed of a sulfuric acid electrolyte containing vanadium tetravalent (V 4+ ) and vanadium pentavalent (V 5+ ) is provided in the positive electrode cell chamber, and vanadium is provided in the negative electrode cell chamber.
- the battery is charged and discharged by circulating a negative electrode electrolyte containing trivalent (V 3+ ) and vanadium divalent (V 2+ ).
- V 4+ is oxidized to V 5+ in the positive electrode cell chamber because the vanadium ions emit electrons
- V 3+ is reduced to V 2+ by the electrons returning through the outer path.
- protons (H + ) are excessive in the positive electrode cell chamber, while protons (H + ) are insufficient in the negative electrode cell chamber.
- the diaphragm selectively moves excess protons in the positive electrode cell chamber to the negative electrode chamber, thereby maintaining electrical neutrality.
- the reverse reaction proceeds during discharge.
- the battery efficiency (%) at this time is expressed as a ratio (%) obtained by dividing the discharge power amount by the charge power amount. Both power amounts are related to the internal resistance of the battery cell, the ion selective permeability of the diaphragm, and other current losses. Dependent. A reduction in internal resistance improves voltage efficiency, and an improvement in ion selective permeability and other reductions in current loss improve current efficiency, and thus are important indicators for redox flow secondary batteries.
- the electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery in Embodiment 1 is an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a specific structure and having a part of the molecular chain terminal fluorinated. Is included.
- the ion exchange resin composition contains a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the above formula (1).
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer has a structure represented by the following formula (1). -[CF 2 -CX 1 X 2 ] a- [CF 2 -CF ((-O-CF 2 -CF (CF 2 X 3 )) b -O c- (CFR 1 ) d- (CFR 2 ) e- (CF 2 ) f -X 4 )] g- (1)
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represent one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are preferably a fluorine atom or a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms from the viewpoint of chemical stability such as oxidation resistance of the polymer.
- X 4 represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ.
- X 4 is also referred to as an “ion exchange group”.
- Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ).
- NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 .
- it does not specifically limit as an alkali metal atom, A lithium atom, a sodium atom, a potassium atom, etc. are mentioned.
- alkaline-earth metal atom A calcium atom, a magnesium atom, etc. are mentioned.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each independently represent one or more selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- X 4 is PO 3 Z 2
- Z may be the same or different.
- X 4 is preferably SO 3 Z from the viewpoint of chemical stability such as oxidation resistance of the polymer.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and a fluorochloroalkyl group.
- a halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- b represents an integer of 0 to 8.
- c represents 0 or 1;
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6. However, d, e, and f are not 0 at the same time.
- Fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer in Embodiment 1 is preferably a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid resin (hereinafter also referred to as “PFSA resin”) because the effects of the present invention tend to become more prominent.
- the PFSA resin in this embodiment has a main chain composed of a PTFE skeleton chain, a perfluorocarbon as a side chain, and one to two or more sulfonic acid groups in each side chain (some of which are in a salt form). Which may be bonded).
- the PFSA resin is It preferably contains a repeating unit represented by — (CF 2 —CF 2 ) — and a repeating unit derived from a compound represented by the following formula (3) or (4), and — (CF 2 It is preferably composed of a repeating unit represented by —CF 2 ) — and a repeating unit derived from the compound represented by the formula (3) or the formula (4).
- [A] represents (CF 2 ) m —SO 3 H (m represents an integer of 0 to 6. However, n and m are not 0 at the same time), Or Formula (4): CF 2 ⁇ CF—O— (CF 2 ) P —CFX (—O— (CF 2 ) K —SSO 3 H) or CF 2 ⁇ CF—O— (CF 2 ) P —CFX ( -(CF 2 ) L -O- (CF 2 ) m -SO 3 H) (wherein X represents a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, P represents an integer of 0 to 12, Represents an integer of 1 to 5, L represents an integer of 1 to 5, and m represents an integer of 0 to 6. However, K and L may be the same or different, and P, K and L are It is not 0 at the same time.)
- the PFSA resin includes a repeating unit represented by — (CF 2 —CF 2 ) — and — (CF 2 —CF (—O— (CF 2 CFXO) n — (CF 2 ) m —SO 3 H.
- X represents F or CF 3 , n represents an integer of 0-5, m represents an integer of 0-12, provided that n and m are simultaneously
- a copolymer containing a unit (wherein X represents CF 3 , n represents 0 or 1, m represents an integer of 0 to 12, provided that n and m are not 0 at the same time) More preferably.
- the PFSA resin is a copolymer having the above structure and has a predetermined equivalent mass EW, the obtained electrolyte membrane has sufficient hydrophilicity and has high resistance to radical species generated by oxidative degradation. There is a tendency.
- n in the repeating unit represented by — (CF 2 —CF (—O— (CF 2 CFXO) n — (CF 2 ) m —SO 3 H)) — of the PFSA resin is 0; Is an integer of 1 to 6, or —CF 2 —CF (—O— (CF 2 ) P —CFX (—O— (CF 2 ) K —SO 3 H) — represented by formula (4) And —CF 2 —CF (—O— (CF 2 ) P —CFX (— (CF 2 ) L —O— (CF 2 ) m —SO 3 H) — And the hydrophilicity of the resulting electrolyte membrane tends to increase.
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer represented by the formula (1) in the first embodiment tends to be more prominent in the effects of the present invention, it is a PFSA resin having a structure represented by the following formula (2).
- the fluorinated polymer electrolyte polymer represented by the above formula (1) and the PFSA resin having the structure represented by the above formula (2) are represented by the above formula (1) and the above formula (2), respectively. As long as it has the structure represented by this, it will not specifically limit, Other structures may be included.
- the fluorinated polymer electrolyte polymer represented by the above formula (1) and the PFSA resin having the structure represented by the above formula (2) are directly connected between some molecules of the ion exchange group. Alternatively, it may be indirectly cross-linked.
- the partial crosslinking is preferable from the viewpoint of controlling solubility and excessive swelling. For example, even if the EW of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer is about 280, the water solubility of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer can be reduced (water resistance is improved) by performing the partial crosslinking.
- a fluorine-type polymer electrolyte polymer is a low melt flow area
- the intermolecular entanglement can be increased by the said partial bridge
- Examples of the partial crosslinking reaction include a reaction between an ion exchange group and a functional group or main chain of another molecule, a reaction between ion exchange groups, an oxidation-resistant low molecular compound, an oligomer, or a high molecular substance. In some cases, it may be a reaction with a salt (including an ionic bond with a SO 3 H group) forming substance.
- Examples of the oxidation-resistant low molecular weight compound, oligomer or polymer substance include polyhydric alcohols and organic diamines.
- the equivalent weight EW (dry mass gram of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer per equivalent of ion-exchange groups) of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer in Embodiment 1 is preferably 300 to 1300 (g / eq). More preferably, it is 350 to 1000 (g / eq), still more preferably 400 to 900 (g / eq), and particularly preferably 450 to 750 (g / eq).
- the ion exchange resin composition containing it is excellent in combination with the chemical structure.
- the electrolyte membrane obtained by using the resin composition can impart hydrophilicity, has lower electrical resistance, higher hydrophilicity, and smaller clusters (the ion exchange groups coordinate water molecules and / or Or a large number of adsorbed minute portions), and oxidation resistance (hydroxy radical resistance) and ion selective permeability tend to be further improved.
- the equivalent mass EW of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer is preferably 300 or more from the viewpoint of hydrophilicity and water resistance of the film, and is preferably 1300 or less from the viewpoint of hydrophilicity and electric resistance of the film.
- the equivalent mass EW of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer can be measured by salt-substituting the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer and back titrating the solution with an alkaline solution.
- the equivalent mass EW can be adjusted by the copolymerization ratio of the fluorine-based monomer that is a raw material of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer, the selection of the monomer type, and the like.
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer in Embodiment 1 can be obtained, for example, by producing a precursor of a polymer electrolyte polymer (hereinafter also referred to as “resin precursor”) and then hydrolyzing it. it can.
- a PFSA resin for example, a PFSA resin comprising a copolymer of a fluorinated vinyl ether compound represented by the following general formula (5) or (6) and a fluorinated olefin monomer represented by the following general formula (7) It is obtained by hydrolyzing the precursor.
- Formula (5) CF 2 ⁇ CF—O— (CF 2 CFXO) n —A
- X represents F or a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- n represents an integer of 0 to 5
- A represents (CF 2 ) m -W
- W represents water.
- Formula (6) CF 2 ⁇ CF—O— (CF 2 ) P —CF ((— O— (CF 2 ) K —W) or CF 2 ⁇ CF—O— (CF 2 ) P —CF (— ( CF 2 ) L —O— (CF 2 ) m —W)
- p represents an integer of 0 to 12
- m represents an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that n and m are not 0 simultaneously)
- K represents an integer of 1 to 5
- L represents an integer of 1 to 5 (provided that n and L or K are not simultaneously 0)
- W represents a functional group that can be converted to SO 3 H by hydrolysis.
- Formula (7): CF 2 CFZ (In Formula (7), Z represents H, Cl, F, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a cyclic perfluoroalkyl group that may
- the W shown a functional group capable of conversion to SO 3 H by hydrolysis in the above formula (5) is not particularly limited, SO 2 F, SO 2 Cl , SO 2 Br are preferred.
- X CF 3
- W SO 2 F
- Z F.
- the resin precursor in Embodiment 1 can be synthesized by a known means.
- a radical generator such as peroxide.
- fluorinated olefins such as tetrafluoroethylene (TFE).
- the polymerization method is not particularly limited, and a method of polymerizing by dissolving the vinyl fluoride compound or the like and a gas of fluorinated olefin in a polymerization solvent such as fluorine-containing hydrocarbon (reaction polymerization), fluorine-containing A method in which a vinyl fluoride compound itself is polymerized as a polymerization solvent without using a solvent such as hydrocarbon (bulk polymerization), an aqueous solution of a surfactant is used as a medium, and a vinyl fluoride compound and a fluorinated olefin gas are charged.
- a polymerization solvent such as fluorine-containing hydrocarbon
- reaction polymerization reaction polymerization
- fluorine-containing fluorine-containing
- an aqueous solution of a surfactant is used as a
- Polymerization method by reacting (emulsion polymerization), Polymerization method by emulsifying and reacting an aqueous solution of co-emulsifier such as surfactant and alcohol with a vinyl fluoride compound and a fluorinated olefin gas. Polymerization), and by suspending and reacting an aqueous suspension stabilizer solution with a vinyl fluoride compound and a fluorinated olefin gas. How to (suspension polymerization), or the like can be used.
- those prepared by any of the polymerization methods described above can be used. Moreover, it is good also considering the polymer of a block shape or a taper shape obtained by adjusting superposition
- the resin precursor is obtained by treating an impurity terminal generated in a resin molecular structure during a polymerization reaction or a structurally oxidizable portion (CO group, H bond portion, etc.) under a fluorine gas by a known method,
- the part may be fluorinated.
- a part of an ion exchange group precursor group (for example, SO 2 F group) may be partially imidized (including intermolecular) (such as alkyl imidization).
- the molecular weight of the resin precursor is not particularly limited, but the precursor was measured to have a melt flow index (MFI) value of 0.00 based on ASTM: D1238 (measurement conditions: temperature 270 ° C., load 2160 g). It is preferably 05 to 50 (g / 10 minutes), more preferably 0.1 to 30 (g / 10 minutes), and still more preferably 0.5 to 20 (g / 10 minutes). .
- MFI melt flow index
- the shape of the resin precursor is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of increasing the treatment speed in the hydrolysis treatment and acid treatment described later, the resin precursor is in the form of pellets of 0.5 cm 3 or less, dispersed liquid, powder particles In particular, it is preferable to use a powdered product after polymerization. From the viewpoint of cost, an extruded film-like resin precursor may be used.
- the method for producing the fluorinated polymer electrolyte polymer of Embodiment 1 from the resin precursor is not particularly limited.
- the resin precursor is extruded with a nozzle or a die using an extruder, and then added with water.
- a hydrolysis treatment is carried out after performing a decomposition treatment or making it into a dispersion-like product or a powdered product that has been precipitated and filtered as it is after the polymerization.
- the resin precursor obtained as described above and molded as necessary is subsequently immersed in a basic reaction liquid and hydrolyzed.
- the basic reaction solution used for the hydrolysis treatment is not particularly limited, but an aqueous solution of an amine compound such as dimethylamine, diethylamine, monomethylamine, and monoethylamine, or hydroxylation of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.
- An aqueous solution of the product is preferable, and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is particularly preferable.
- an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide is used, its content is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 10 to 30% by mass with respect to the entire reaction solution.
- the reaction solution further preferably contains a swellable organic compound such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- a swellable organic compound such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- the content of the swellable organic compound is preferably 1 to 30% by mass with respect to the entire reaction solution.
- the resin precursor is hydrolyzed in the basic reaction liquid, sufficiently washed with warm water, and then acid-treated.
- the acid used for the acid treatment is not particularly limited, but preferred are mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and organic acids such as oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid, and a mixture of these acids and water. Is more preferable.
- the said acids may be used independently or may use 2 or more types together.
- the basic reaction solution used in the hydrolysis treatment may be removed in advance before the acid treatment, for example, by treatment with a cation exchange resin.
- the ion exchange group precursor group of the resin precursor is protonated to generate an ion exchange group.
- W in the formula (5) is protonated by acid treatment to become SO 3 H.
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer obtained by the hydrolysis and acid treatment can be dispersed or dissolved in a protic organic solvent, water, or a mixed solvent of both.
- the part of the molecular chain terminal of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer in Embodiment 1 is fluorinated.
- Fluorine-based polyelectrolyte polymer has a durable function because the unstable functional group present at a part of the molecular chain terminal is fluorinated and stabilized, so that degradation of the polymer during operation of the redox flow secondary battery is suppressed. It is possible to obtain an electrolyte membrane for a redox flow secondary battery excellent in the above.
- the method for fluorinating the molecular chain terminal of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer is not particularly limited.
- the impurity terminals generated in the resin molecular structure during the polymerization reaction of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer precursor described above a portion that is structurally susceptible to oxidation (CO group, H bond portion, etc.) may be treated under a fluorine gas by a known method to fluorinate the portion.
- a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid resin having a sulfonic acid group precursor group is heat-treated at a temperature of 200 to 300 ° C. under a reduced pressure of 0.02 MPa or less for 0.1 hour or more, and then 150
- fluorine gas By contacting with fluorine gas at a temperature of ⁇ 200 ° C., a part of molecular chain terminals can be fluorinated.
- the fluorination of the molecular chain terminal of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer can be evaluated by the following Fenton reagent immersion test. After preparing 50 g of a Fenton reagent solution containing 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 200 ppm of divalent iron ions, 0.1 g of the polymer is immersed in the Fenton reagent solution at 40 ° C. without stirring for 16 hours within 1 minute. In the test, the evaluation is based on the amount of change in the elution amount of fluorine ions detected in the solution before and after the test.
- the fluorine ion elution amount detected in the solution is 0.03% or less, preferably 0.01% or less, more preferably 0.002% or less of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- the fluorine ion elution amount is 0.03% or less of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer, the amount of unstable terminal groups is small, and the voltage is less likely to decrease during long battery operation.
- the sample shape of the Fenton reagent immersion test may be a polymer electrolyte polymer, or a film in which a dispersion liquid containing the polymer electrolyte is formed by a known method.
- the fluorine ion elution amount is an index of resistance to polymer degradation in the operation of the redox flow secondary battery.
- the content of the fluorinated polymer electrolyte polymer having the structure represented by the formula (1) contained in the ion exchange resin composition forming the electrolyte membrane in Embodiment 1 is not particularly limited, but ion selective permeation From the viewpoint of resistance and oxidation degradation resistance, it is preferable that the ion exchange resin composition is mainly composed of a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having the specific structure.
- “mainly” means that the lower limit of the content in the resin composition is about 33.3 mass%, preferably 40 mass%, more preferably 50 mass%, still more preferably 50 mass%, more More preferably, it means 80% by mass, particularly preferably 90% by mass.
- the upper limit value is not particularly limited, but is preferably 99.5% by mass or less.
- the ion exchange resin composition in Embodiment 1 is made of a fluorine-based resin other than the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer represented by the formula (1) (a resin containing a carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, or the like or other known fluorine-based resins). You may contain.
- the fluororesin is preferably contained in an amount of 30 to 50 parts by mass, preferably 10 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer represented by the formula (1) used in the present embodiment. More preferably, it is more preferably 0 to 10 parts by mass.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and may be mixed in a solvent or dispersed in a medium, or resin precursors may be extruded and mixed.
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer is a partial salt (total ion) with an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or other radical-degradable transition metal (Ce-based additive, Co-based additive, Mn-based additive, etc.) It may be contained in the form of about 0.01 to 5 equivalent% of the exchange group equivalent) alone or in combination with the basic polymer described later.
- the ion exchange resin composition according to Embodiment 1 contains a basic polymer (including a low molecular weight substance such as an oligomer) in addition to the above-described fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer. It is preferable because stability (mainly oxidation resistance and the like) tends to increase. These compounds partially form an ion complex in the resin composition in a form close to fine particles or molecular dispersion to form an ion cross-linked structure. In particular, when the EW of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is low (for example, 300 to 500), it is preferable from the viewpoint of balance between water resistance and electric resistance.
- the equilibrium moisture content of the electrolyte membrane in Embodiment 1 is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, and further preferably 15% by mass or more. Further, the equilibrium water content of the electrolyte membrane in the present embodiment 1 is preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 50% by mass or less, and further preferably 40% by mass or less. When the equilibrium water content of the electrolyte membrane is 5% by mass or more, the electric resistance, current efficiency, oxidation resistance, and ion selective permeability of the membrane tend to be good.
- the equilibrium moisture content of the electrolyte membrane is based on a membrane obtained by forming a resin composition from a dispersion of water and an alcohol-based solvent and drying at 160 ° C. or lower, and the equilibrium is 23 ° C. and 50% relative humidity (RH). It is expressed as saturated water absorption (Wc).
- the equilibrium moisture content of the electrolyte membrane can be adjusted by the same method as that for EW described above.
- the manufacturing method (film forming method) of the electrolyte membrane in the first embodiment is not particularly limited, and a known extrusion method or cast film forming method can be used.
- the electrolyte membrane may be a single layer or a multilayer (2 to 5 layers). In the case of a multilayer, it is possible to improve the performance of the electrolyte membrane by laminating films having different properties (for example, EW and resins having different functional groups). it can. In the case of a multilayer, it may be laminated at the time of extrusion film formation or casting, or the obtained respective films may be laminated.
- the electrolyte membrane formed by the above method is thoroughly washed with water (or treated with a dilute aqueous acidic solution such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or the like before washing with water if necessary) to remove impurities.
- the film is heat-treated in air or in an inert gas (preferably in an inert gas), preferably at 130 to 200 ° C., more preferably at 140 to 180 ° C., and even more preferably at 150 to 170 ° C. for 1 to 60 minutes. It is preferable.
- the heat treatment time is more preferably 1 to 30 minutes, further preferably 2 to 20 minutes, still more preferably 3 to 15 minutes, and particularly preferably about 5 to 10 minutes.
- the resin is not sufficiently entangled between the particles derived from the raw material (between the primary particles and the secondary particles) and between the molecules.
- One of the reasons for performing the above heat treatment is to stabilize the water absorption (particularly lower the ratio of hot water dissolved components), stabilize the saturated water absorption rate of the water, and stabilize the cluster. Is to generate. It is also useful from the viewpoint of improving the film strength. This is particularly useful when the cast film forming method is used.
- the heat treatment at least a part of the ion exchange groups of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer in the ion exchange resin composition becomes active reaction sites (such as aromatic rings) of other additive (including resin) components. It is assumed that minute crosslinks are generated and stabilized via the reaction (particularly due to the reaction of ion exchange groups existing in the vicinity of other resin components which are dispersed additives).
- the degree of this crosslinking is preferably 0.001 to 5%, more preferably 0.1 to 3%, and still more preferably 0.2 to 0.2% in terms of EW (degree of EW reduction before and after heat treatment). About 2%.
- Performing the above heat treatment under the above suitable conditions can be caused by the viewpoint of exerting the effect of the above heat treatment and the generation and increase of defluorination, dehydrofluorination, desulfonic acid, thermal oxidation sites, etc. It is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing the deterioration of the oxidation deterioration resistance during the actual use as an electrolytic membrane, starting from the defects in the structure.
- the redox flow secondary battery in Embodiment 2 is A positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode; A negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode; An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material
- the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1):
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- the ion exchange resin composition forming the electrolyte membrane in the present embodiment 2 contains a Ce-based additive.
- a Ce-based additive it is considered that a part of ion exchange groups contained in the electrolyte membrane is ion-exchanged by cerium ions, and as a result, ion selective permeability and oxidation degradation resistance are improved. improves.
- the Ce-based additive is preferably one that forms + 3-valent and / or + 4-valent cerium ions in the solution.
- the salt containing + trivalent cerium ions include cerium nitrate, cerium carbonate, cerium acetate, cerium chloride, and cerium sulfate.
- the salt containing + tetravalent cerium ions include cerium sulfate (Ce (SO 4 ) 2 .4H 2 O), diammonium cerium nitrate (Ce (NH 4 ) 2 (NO 3 ) 6 ), and tetraammonium cerium sulfate. (Ce (NH 4 ) 4 (SO 4 ) 4 .4H 2 O) and the like.
- an organometallic complex salt of cerium can be used as the Ce-based additive.
- an organometallic complex salt of cerium for example, cerium acetylacetonate (Ce (CH 3 COCHCOCH 3 ) 3 .3H 2 O ) And the like.
- cerium nitrate and cerium sulfate are particularly preferred because they are water-soluble and tend to be handled easily.
- the Ce-based additive content is a ratio of cerium ions to the number of ion-exchange groups in the electrolyte membrane, preferably 0.02 to 20%, more preferably 0.05 to 15%, and still more preferably 0.07. ⁇ 10%.
- the content of the Ce-based additive is 20% or less, the ion selective permeability tends to be good, and when it is 0.02% or more, the oxidation deterioration resistance (hydroxy radical resistance) tends to be improved. is there.
- the ion-exchangeable resin composition according to the second embodiment includes an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a radical-decomposable transition metal (Co-based additive, When a Mn-based additive and the like and a basic polymer (including a low molecular weight substance such as an oligomer) are contained, chemical stability (mainly oxidation resistance and the like) as the resin composition tends to increase. These compounds partially form an ion complex in the form of fine particles or close to molecular dispersion in the resin composition to form an ion cross-linked structure.
- the EW of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is low (300 to 500), it is preferable from the viewpoint of balance between water resistance and electric resistance.
- the redox flow secondary battery in Embodiment 3 is A positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode; A negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode; An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material
- the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1):
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- the ion exchange resin composition forming the electrolyte membrane in Embodiment 3 contains a Co-based and / or Mn-based additive.
- the ion exchange resin composition contains a Co-based and / or Mn-based additive, it is considered that a part of the ion-exchange groups contained in the electrolyte membrane is exchanged with cobalt ions and / or manganese ions. Selective permeability and oxidation degradation resistance are improved.
- Co-based additive those that form +2 and / or +3 valent cobalt ions in the solution are preferable.
- the salt containing +2 valent cobalt ions include cobalt nitrate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt acetate, cobalt chloride, and cobalt sulfate.
- the salt containing + trivalent cobalt ions include cobalt chloride (CoCl 3 ) and cobalt nitrate (Co (NO 3 ) 2 ).
- an organometallic complex salt of cobalt can also be used. Examples of such an organometallic complex salt of cobalt include cobalt acetylacetonate (Co (CH 3 COCHCOCH 3 ) 3 ).
- cobalt nitrate and cobalt sulfate are preferable because they are water-soluble and tend to be handled easily.
- Mn-based additive various compounds such as water-soluble manganese salts, water-insoluble manganese salts, and insoluble compounds such as oxides and hydroxides can be used.
- Manganese has a valence of +2 or +3.
- the salt containing +2 valent manganese ions include manganese acetate (Mn (CH 3 COO) 2 .4H 2 O), manganese chloride (MnCl 2 .4H 2 O), manganese nitrate (Mn (NO 3 ) 2. 6H 2 O), manganese sulfate (MnSO 4 .5H 2 O), manganese carbonate (MnCO 3 .nH 2 O), and the like.
- Examples of the salt containing + trivalent manganese ions include manganese acetate (Mn (CH 3 COO) 3 .2H 2 O). Also, an organometallic complex salt of manganese can be used. Examples of such an organometallic complex salt of manganese include manganese acetylacetonate (Mn (CH 3 COCHCOCH 3 ) 2 ) and the like. Among these, manganese nitrate and manganese sulfate are preferable because they are water-soluble and tend to be handled easily.
- the content of the Co-based and / or Mn-based additive is a ratio of cobalt ions and / or manganese ions to the number of ion-exchange groups in the electrolyte membrane, preferably 0.01 to 50%, more preferably 0.05. -30%, more preferably 0.07-20%.
- the content of the Co-based and / or Mn-based additive is 50% or less, the ion selective permeability tends to be good, and when it is 0.01% or more, oxidation deterioration resistance (hydroxy radical resistance) Tend to improve.
- the ion-exchangeable resin composition in the present embodiment includes an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a radical-decomposable transition metal (in addition to the above-described fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer and a Co-based and / or Mn-based additive (When a Ce-based additive, etc.) and a basic polymer (including a low molecular weight substance such as an oligomer) are contained, the chemical stability (mainly oxidation resistance, etc.) of the resin composition tends to increase. These compounds partially form an ion complex in the form of fine particles or close to molecular dispersion in the resin composition to form an ion cross-linked structure.
- the EW of the fluoropolymer electrolyte polymer is low (300 to 500), it is preferable from the viewpoint of balance between water resistance and electric resistance.
- the redox flow secondary battery in Embodiment 4 is A positive electrode cell chamber including a positive electrode made of a carbon electrode; A negative electrode cell chamber including a negative electrode made of a carbon electrode; An electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm for separating and separating the positive electrode cell chamber and the negative electrode cell chamber; Having an electrolytic cell containing
- the positive electrode cell chamber contains a positive electrode electrolyte containing a positive electrode active material
- the negative electrode cell chamber contains a negative electrode electrolyte containing a negative electrode active material
- a redox flow secondary battery that charges and discharges based on a change in valence of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material in the electrolyte solution
- the electrolyte membrane includes an ion exchange resin composition containing a fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having a structure represented by the following formula (1):
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 each independently represents one or more selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- X 4 Represents COOZ, SO 3 Z, PO 3 Z 2 or PO 3 HZ, where Z is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, an alkaline earth metal atom, or an amine (NH 4 , NH 3 R 1 , NH 2 R 1 R 2 , NHR 1 R 2 R 3 , NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group and an arene group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a halogen atom
- a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more selected from the group consisting of fluorochloroalkyl groups, a and g are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 1, and a + g 1, b is an integer of 0 to 8 C represents 0 or 1.
- d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 to 6 (provided that d, e and f are not 0 at the same time).
- the ion-exchangeable resin composition according to Embodiment 4 is a polyphenylene ether resin (hereinafter also referred to as “PPE resin”) and / or a polyphenylene sulfide resin (hereinafter referred to as “PPE resin”) from the viewpoint of oxidation resistance and cluster diameter of the electrolyte membrane. Also referred to as “PPS resin”).
- PPE / PPS resin can be mixed with a resin composition containing a fluorine polymer electrolyte polymer by an extrusion method, or an aqueous solvent dispersion of PPE / PPS resin can be mixed with a resin composition containing a fluorine polymer electrolyte polymer.
- the content addition amount of the PPE / PPS resin is 0.1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte polymer having the structure represented by the formula (1), and 0.5 to 10 parts by mass. It is preferable that it is a mass part.
- the content of PPE and / or PPS resin is 0.1 parts by mass or more, the oxidation resistance and ion selective permeability of the electrolyte membrane are improved, and when it is 20 parts by mass or less, sufficient membrane strength is obtained. .
- the PPS resin in the present embodiment is preferably a PPS resin containing a paraphenylene sulfide skeleton of 70 mol% or more, preferably 90 mol% or more.
- the method for producing the PPS resin is not particularly limited.
- a halogen-substituted aromatic compound for example, p-dichlorobenzene is polymerized in the presence of sulfur and sodium carbonate, and sulfurized in a polar solvent.
- a method of reacting sodium sulfide and p-dichlorobenzene in an amide solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone or dimethylacetamide or a sulfone solvent such as sulfolane is preferable.
- an amide solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone or dimethylacetamide
- a sulfone solvent such as sulfolane
- US Pat. No. 2,513,188 Japanese Patent Publication No. 44-27671, Japanese Patent Publication No. 45-3368, Japanese Patent Publication No. 52-12240, Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 61-225217, US Patent No. 3,274,165, British Patent No. 1160660, Japanese Patent Publication No. 46-27255, Belgian Patent No. 29437, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-222196, etc.
- the illustrated prior art methods can be used.
- the acidic functional group to be introduced is preferably a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a maleic acid group, a maleic anhydride group, a fumaric acid group, an itaconic acid group, an acrylic acid group, or a methacrylic acid group. Particularly preferred.
- the method for introducing the acidic functional group is not particularly limited, and a general method can be used.
- the introduction of the sulfonic acid group can be carried out under known conditions using a sulfonating agent such as sulfuric anhydride or fuming sulfuric acid.
- the metal salt it is preferable to use an alkali metal salt such as sodium salt or potassium salt, or an alkaline earth metal salt such as calcium salt.
- the PPE resin is not particularly limited.
- poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), poly (2-methyl-6-ethyl-1,4-phenylene ether), poly (2- Methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene ether), poly (2,6-dichloro-1,4-phenylene ether) and the like and 2,6-dimethylphenol and other phenols (for example, 2 , 3,6-trimethylphenol and 2-methyl-6-butylphenol) and other polyphenylene ether copolymers.
- poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and a copolymer of 2,6-dimethylphenol and 2,3,6-trimethylphenol are preferable, and poly (2,6-dimethyl-1 , 4-phenylene ether) is particularly preferred.
- the production method of the PPE resin is not particularly limited.
- a complex of cuprous salt and amine described in US Pat. No. 3,306,874 is used as a catalyst, for example, 2,6-xylenol.
- U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,306,875, 3,257,357, 3,257,358, Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 52-17880, 50-51197, and 63-152628 are disclosed. It can also be easily manufactured by a method described in a gazette or the like.
- polystyrene having atactic and syndiotactic stereoregularity is used in an amount of 1 to 400 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the PPE component. What was mix
- blended in the range of the mass part can also be used suitably.
- the PPE resin those obtained by introducing a reactive functional group into the various PPEs listed above can be suitably used.
- the reactive functional group include an epoxy group, an oxazonyl group, an amino group, an isocyanate group, a carbodiimide group, and other acidic functional groups, and among them, the acidic functional group is more preferably used.
- the acidic functional group to be introduced is not particularly limited, but sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, carboxylic acid group, maleic acid group, maleic anhydride group, fumaric acid group, itaconic acid group, acrylic acid group, and methacrylic acid group are included. Of these, sulfonic acid groups are preferred.
- the weight average molecular weight of the PPE resin is preferably 1000 or more and 5000000 or less, more preferably 1500 or more and 1000000 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight refers to a value measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- the electrolyte membranes in Embodiments 1 to 4 have excellent ion selective permeability, low electrical resistance, and excellent durability (mainly hydroxyl radical oxidation resistance), and are used as a diaphragm for a redox flow secondary battery. Excellent performance.
- each physical property in this specification can be measured according to the method described in the following Examples, unless otherwise specified.
- Charging / discharging test Redox flow secondary batteries have liquid-permeable porous collector electrodes (for negative electrode and positive electrode) arranged on both sides of the diaphragm on both sides of the diaphragm. One was sandwiched and separated by a diaphragm, the positive electrode cell chamber, the other was the negative electrode cell chamber, and the thickness of both cell chambers was secured with a spacer.
- the positive electrode cell chamber is composed of a sulfuric acid electrolyte containing vanadium tetravalent (V 4+ ) and pentavalent (V 5+ ), and the negative electrode cell chamber is composed of vanadium trivalent (V 3+ ) and the same.
- a negative electrode electrolyte containing divalent (V 2+ ) was circulated to charge and discharge the battery.
- V 4+ is oxidized to V 5+ because vanadium ions emit electrons in the positive electrode cell chamber, and V 3+ is changed to V 2 by electrons returning through the outer path in the negative cell chamber. Reduced to + .
- protons (H + ) are excessive in the positive electrode cell chamber, while protons (H + ) are insufficient in the negative electrode cell chamber.
- the diaphragm selectively moved the excess protons in the positive electrode cell chamber to the negative electrode chamber to maintain electrical neutrality. The reverse reaction progressed during the discharge.
- the battery efficiency (energy efficiency) (%) at this time is expressed as a ratio (%) obtained by dividing the discharge power amount by the charge power amount, and both the power amounts are the ion resistance of the battery cell and the ion selective permeability of the diaphragm. Others depend on current loss.
- the current efficiency (%) is expressed as a ratio (%) obtained by dividing the amount of discharged electricity by the amount of charged electricity, and both the amounts of electricity depend on the ion selective permeability of the diaphragm and other current losses.
- Battery efficiency is expressed as the product of current efficiency and voltage efficiency.
- the charge / discharge experiment was conducted at a current density of 80 mA / cm 2 .
- the cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was determined by measuring a DC resistance value at an AC voltage of 10 mV and a frequency of 20 kHz at the start of discharge using the AC impedance method, and multiplying it by the electrode area.
- Durability Durability was evaluated by current efficiency (%) and cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) after 200 cycles of charge / discharge of (6) above.
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- the fluorine gas is exhausted, the polymer is taken out, pulverized with a pulverizer, and a polymer having —SO 2 F groups, which are fluorinated sulfonic acid group precursor groups (hereinafter referred to as “precursor”). Also referred to as “polymer”.
- the PFSA resin dispersions obtained from the PFSA resins A1 and A2 were used as dispersions (ASF1) and (ASF2), respectively.
- a charge / discharge test was performed using the obtained electrolyte membrane as a diaphragm of a vanadium redox flow secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge experiment was performed after sufficiently equilibrating in the electrolyte solution, and then the cell electrical resistivity and current efficiency were measured after the cell was stabilized.
- the rate / current efficiency was ASF1 (97.5 / 0.90), respectively, and an excellent tendency was observed.
- Example 2 An electrolyte membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that Nafion DE2021CS (registered trademark, DuPont, 20% solution) was used instead of the dispersion (ASF1). The equilibrium moisture content of this membrane was 6% by mass, and the maximum moisture content was 14% by mass.
- the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 94.5 / 1.20.
- the current efficiency was 94% and the electric resistance was 1.20.
- the amount of fluorine ion elution was measured using the obtained electrolyte membrane, it was 0.002% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Example 3 An electrolyte membrane having a film thickness of 50 ⁇ m obtained by the same method as in Example 1 using the dispersion (ASF2) was immersed in a 1% aqueous cerium nitrate solution in which cerium nitrate was dissolved in distilled water, and stirred at room temperature for 40 hours. The cerium ion was contained in the electrolyte membrane by stirring with the use of.
- the content of cerium ions in this electrolyte membrane was 10 2%.
- the obtained electrolyte membrane had an equilibrium moisture content of 12% by mass and a maximum moisture content of 23% by mass. Moreover, as a result of conducting a charge / discharge test in the same manner as in Example 1, the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 97.5 / 0.90, and the durability test As a result of carrying out 200 cycles of charging / discharging, the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 97.3 / 0.90, showing very little change and excellent oxidation resistance. When the amount of fluorine ion elution was measured using the obtained electrolyte membrane, it was 0.008% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Example 4 The electrolyte membrane was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that Nafion DE2021 (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont, 20% solution, EW1050) was used instead of the dispersion (ASF2), and cerium carbonate was used instead of cerium nitrate. Got. The equilibrium moisture content of this membrane was 6% by mass, and the maximum moisture content was 14% by mass. Moreover, as a result of conducting a charge / discharge test by the same method as in Example 1, the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 94.5 / 1.20. The level was lower than in Example 3. This is presumably because the electrolyte membrane of Example 4 has a slightly low ion selective permeability.
- Example 5 Using a dispersion (ASF2), an electrolyte membrane having a film thickness of 50 ⁇ m obtained by the same method as in Example 1 was prepared by dissolving cobalt nitrate (Example 5) or manganese acetate (Example 6) in distilled water 1 Cobalt ions and manganese ions were respectively contained in the electrolyte membrane by dipping in a% aqueous solution and stirring with a stirrer at room temperature for 40 hours.
- ASF2 dispersion
- Cobalt ions and manganese ions were respectively contained in the electrolyte membrane by dipping in a% aqueous solution and stirring with a stirrer at room temperature for 40 hours.
- the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 97.5 / 0.90
- the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 97.3 / 0.90, showing very little change and excellent oxidation resistance. It was.
- the amount of fluorine ion elution was measured using the obtained electrolyte membrane, it was 0.01% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Example 7 and 8 An electrolyte membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Examples 5 and 6 except that Nafion DE2021 (DuPont, 20% solution, EW1050) was used instead of the dispersion (ASF2).
- the equilibrium moisture content of this membrane was 6% by mass for both of the electrolyte membranes of Examples 7 and 8, and the maximum moisture content was 14% by mass for both.
- the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 94.5 / 1.20. The level was lower than in Examples 5 and 6. This is presumably because the electrolyte membranes of Examples 7 and 8 have slightly low ion selective permeability.
- Example 9 PPS powder (manufactured by Chevron Phillips, Model No. P-4) dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution (10% aqueous KOH solution) is stirred in the PFSA resin dispersion (ASF2) while uniformly mixing and dispersing to obtain a final (solid component) And uniformly mixed so as to be 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the PFSA resin component.
- ASF3 the mixed dispersion (ASF3) which produced
- the obtained mixed dispersion is cast on a polyimide film as a carrier sheet by a known ordinary method, hot air at 120 ° C. (20 minutes) is applied, and the solvent is almost completely blown off and dried. A film was obtained. This was further heat-treated in a hot air atmosphere at 160 ° C. for 10 minutes to obtain an electrolyte membrane having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m.
- the change rate of EW before and after the heat treatment of the obtained electrolyte membrane was about 0.2 to 0.3%.
- the obtained electrolyte membrane had an equilibrium water content of 12% by mass.
- the maximum water content of the electrolyte membrane in 25 ° C. water for 3 hours was 18% by mass.
- the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 98.2 / 0.95, and the durability test.
- the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was extremely small as 98 / 0.95, and was excellent in oxidation resistance.
- the amount of fluorine ion elution was measured using the obtained electrolyte membrane, it was 0.01% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Example 10 An electrolyte membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 9, except that Nafion DE2021 (DuPont, 20% solution, EW1050) was used instead of the dispersion (ASF2). The equilibrium moisture content of this membrane was 6% by mass, and the maximum moisture content was 14% by mass. Moreover, as a result of performing the charging / discharging test by the method similar to Example 1, current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity (ohm * cm ⁇ 2 >) was 97.2 / 0.98. Further, as a durability test, as a result of performing 200 cycles of charge and discharge, the current efficiency was 97% and the cell electric resistance was 0.99 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 . When the amount of fluorine ion elution was measured using the obtained electrolyte membrane, it was 0.02% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Example 11 An electrolyte membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 9 except that PPE powder (manufactured by Nippon Extron Co., Ltd.) was used instead of the PPS powder used in Example 9. The equilibrium moisture content of this membrane was 11% by mass, and the maximum moisture content was 18% by mass. In addition, as a result of conducting a charge / discharge test in the same manner as in Example 1, the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 98 / 0.95. In addition, as a durability test, as a result of performing 200 cycles of charge and discharge, the current efficiency was 97.8% and the cell electric resistance was 0.95 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 . Using the obtained electrolyte membrane, the fluorine ion elution amount was measured and found to be 0.01% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Example 1 An electrolyte membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Nafion DE2021 (DuPont, 20% solution, EW1050) was used instead of the dispersion (ASF1). The equilibrium water content of this membrane was 4% by mass. As a result of conducting a charge / discharge test in the same manner as in Example 1, the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 94.5 / 1.20. And a level lower than 2. This is presumably because the electrolyte membrane of Comparative Example 1 has low ion selective permeability.
- Example 2 An electrolyte membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersion liquid (ASF2) was used instead of the dispersion liquid (ASF1). This membrane had an equilibrium moisture content of 12% by mass and a maximum moisture content of 23% by mass. As a result of conducting a charge / discharge test in the same manner as in Example 1, the current efficiency (%) / cell electrical resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) was 97.5 / 0.90. In addition, as a result of endurance testing, the results of carrying out 200 cycles of charging / discharging were inferior in durability, with current efficiency of 89.7% and electrical resistance of 1.18. When the fluorine ion elution amount was measured using the obtained polymer, it was 0.04% of the total fluorine amount in the immersed polymer.
- Table 1 shows the results of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the redox flow secondary battery of the present invention has low electrical resistance, high current efficiency, and excellent durability.
- the electrolyte membrane for redox flow secondary battery of the present invention has excellent ion selective permeability, low electrical resistance, and excellent durability (mainly hydroxyl radical oxidation resistance), and is used for redox flow secondary batteries. Industrial applicability as a diaphragm.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献2に開示された複合膜は、電気抵抗が高く、また、各イオンは多孔膜ほどではないが、自由に拡散してしまうという問題があり、電池の電流効率は高くない。特許文献3に開示された膜についても、上記と同様の問題があり、耐酸化耐久性にも劣る。
特許文献4に開示された電池は、電流効率が未だ不十分であり、長期にわたる硫酸電解液中での耐酸化劣化性にも劣り、耐久性も不十分である。同文献には、比較例として、PTFE系イオン交換膜を使用する電池が開示されているが、その電流効率は64.8~78.6%であり、不十分であることが記載されている。
特許文献5に開示された電池も、上記と同様の問題点を解決できておらず、また、大型設備では、価格的にも高価となってしまうという問題がある。
特許文献6に開示された膜は、塗布膜の厚みを極薄(数μm)にしないと、内部抵抗が増加すると記載されている。また、イオン選択透過性を向上させる工夫については一切記載されていない。
引用文献7に開示された電池は、ポリスルホン系隔膜を使用するため、隔膜のイオン選択透過性や耐酸化劣化性が十分ではなく、電池の電気抵抗、電流効率、耐久性が十分ではない。
特許文献8に開示された電池は、電流効率が不十分であり、また、酸化劣化するため長期使用に関しても問題点を有している。
特許文献9に開示された膜は、電気抵抗が高くなるという問題点を有している。
特許文献10の実施例に示された結果では、膜の内部抵抗(電気抵抗)が十分低いとは言えず、また、長期使用では耐酸化劣化が問題となる。
[1]
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下であるレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[2]
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.002%以下である、上記[1]記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
[3]
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物が、前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー100質量部に対して0.1~20質量部のポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂及び/又はポリフェニレンスルフィド樹脂を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[4]
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCe系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[5]
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCo系及び/又はMn系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[6]
前記正極電解液及び負極電解液として、バナジウムを含む硫酸電解液を用いる、上記[1]~[5]のいずれか記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
[7]
前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーが、下記式(2)で表される構造を有するパーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸樹脂(PFSA)である、上記[1]~[6]のいずれか記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CF2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)]g- (2)
(式(2)中、a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示し、mは1~6の整数を示す。)
[8]
前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの当量質量EW(イオン交換基1当量あたりの乾燥質量グラム数)が300~1300g/eqであり、前記電解質膜の平衡含水率が5~80質量%である、上記[1]~[7]のいずれか記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
[9]
下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下であるレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[10]
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.002%以下である、上記[9]記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
[11]
下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、前記イオン交換樹脂組成物が、前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー100質量部に対して0.1~20質量部のポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂及び/又はポリフェニレンスルフィド樹脂を含むレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[12]
下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCe系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[13]
下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCo系及び/又はMn系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
[14]
前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーが、下記式(2)で表される構造を有するパーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸樹脂(PFSA)である、上記[9]~[13]のいずれか記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CF2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)]g- (2)
(式(2)中、a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示し、mは1~6の整数を示す。)
[15]
前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの当量質量EW(イオン交換基1当量あたりの乾燥質量グラム数)が300~1300であり、前記電解質膜の平衡含水率が5~80質量%である、上記[9]~[14]のいずれか記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
[16]
前記電解質膜が、130~200℃にて1~60分間加熱処理されたものである、上記[9]~[15]のいずれか記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
本発明のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜は、優れたイオン選択透過性を有しており、高いプロトン(H+)透過性と電解液中の活物質イオンの透過阻止性とに優れ、更には、長期にわたる耐酸化劣化性(耐ヒドロキシラジカル性)に優れるため、レドックスフロー二次電池の隔膜として使用することにより、セル電気抵抗が低く、電流効率が高いレドックスフロー二次電池を提供でき、また、系内の電解液セル内で発生するヒドロキシラジカルに対して長期に渡り、高い酸化劣化防止効果を発揮するため、通常の炭化水素系電解質を用いる場合に生じるイオン基の脱離や、高分子電解質の崩壊現象などを抑えることができる。
[レドックスフロー二次電池]
本実施形態1におけるレドックスフロー二次電池は、
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下であるレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
本実施形態1におけるレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜は、特定の構造を有し、且つ、分子鎖末端の一部がフッ素化されたフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含むものである。
本実施形態1において、イオン交換樹脂組成物は、上記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有する。
本実施形態1において、フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーは、下記式(1)で表される構造を有する。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
-(CF2-CF2)-で表される繰り返し単位と、下記式(3)又は(4)で表される化合物から誘導される繰り返し単位を含有することが好ましく、さらに、-(CF2-CF2)-で表される繰り返し単位と、前記式(3)又は前記式(4)で表される化合物から誘導される繰り返し単位とからなることが好ましい。
式(3):CF2=CF(-O-(CF2CFXO)n-[A])(式中、Xは、F又は炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基を示し、nは0~5の整数を示す。[A]は(CF2)m-SO3H(mは0~6の整数を示す。ただし、nとmは同時に0にならない。)、
又は式(4):CF2=CF-O-(CF2)P-CFX(-O-(CF2)K-SSO3H)若しくはCF2=CF-O-(CF2)P-CFX(-(CF2)L-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)(式中、Xは、炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基を示し、Pは0~12の整数を示し、Kは1~5の整数を示し、Lは1~5の整数を示し、mは0~6の整数を示す。ただし、KとLは同じでも、異なっていてもよく、P、K、Lは同時に0とはならない。)。
本発明者らが検討したところ、レドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜として使用する場合には、前記ナフィオンに比べて、前記-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2CFXO)n-(CF2)m-SO3H))-で表される繰り返し単位中のnが0であり、mが1~6の整数であるもの、又は式(4)で表される-CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)P-CFX(-O-(CF2)K-SO3H)-及び-CF2-CF(-O-(CF2)P-CFX(-(CF2)L-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)-の両方の繰り返し単位を含むPFSA樹脂の方が、親水性やイオン選択透過性が優れており、得られるレドックスフロー二次電池の電気抵抗が低く、電流効率も向上する傾向にあることがわかった。
-[CF2CF2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)]g- (2)
(式(2)中、a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示し、mは1~6の整数を示し、X4はSO3Hを示す。)
例えば、フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーのEWが280程度であっても、前記部分架橋を行うことにより、フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの水溶解性を低下(耐水性が向上)させることができる。
また、フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーが低メルトフロー領域(高分子領域)である場合にも、前記部分架橋により、分子間絡みを増加し、溶解性や過剰膨潤性を低下できる。
本実施形態1におけるフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの当量質量EW(イオン交換基1当量あたりのフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの乾燥質量グラム数)は、300~1300(g/eq)であることが好ましく、より好ましくは350~1000(g/eq)、更に好ましくは400~900(g/eq)、特に好ましくは450~750(g/eq)である。
本実施形態1におけるフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーは、例えば、高分子電解質ポリマーの前駆体(以下、「樹脂前駆体」ともいう。)を製造した後、それを加水分解処理することにより得ることができる。
PFSA樹脂の場合、例えば、下記一般式(5)又は(6)で表されるフッ化ビニルエーテル化合物と、下記一般式(7)で表されるフッ化オレフィンモノマーとの共重合体からなるPFSA樹脂前駆体を加水分解することにより得られる。
(式(5)中、Xは、F又は炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基を示し、nは0~5の整数を示し、Aは(CF2)m-Wを示し、Wは加水分解によりSO3Hに転換し得る官能基を示す。)
式(6): CF2=CF-O-(CF2)P-CF((-O-(CF2)K-W)又はCF2=CF-O-(CF2)P-CF(-(CF2)L-O-(CF2)m-W)
(式(6)中、pは0~12の整数を示し、mは0~6の整数を示し(ただし、nとmは同時に0にならない。)、Kは1~5の整数を示し、Lは1~5の整数を示し(ただし、nとL又はKは同時に0とならない。)、Wは加水分解によりSO3Hに転換し得る官能基を示す。)
式(7): CF2=CFZ
(式(7)中、Zは、H、Cl、F、炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基、又は酸素を含んでいてもよい環状パーフルオロアルキル基を示す。)
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50gを調製後、1分以内に前記フェントン試薬溶液中にポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間撹拌することなく浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量の試験前後における変化量により評価する。ここで、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量は、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下、好ましくは0.01%以下、より好ましくは0.002%以下である。フッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下であると、不安定末端基の量が少なく、長時間の電池運転において電圧低下が起こりにくくなる。
なお、フェントン試薬浸漬試験の試料形状は、高分子電解質ポリマーでもよいし、それを含む分散液を公知の方法により成膜したフィルムでもよい。
上記フッ素イオン溶出量は、レドックスフロー二次電池運転におけるポリマーの分解に対する耐性の指標となる。
本実施形態1における電解質膜を形成するイオン交換樹脂組成物中に含まれる前記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの含有量は、特に限定されないが、イオン選択透過性及び耐酸化劣化性の観点から、イオン交換樹脂組成物が前記特定の構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを主体とすることが好ましい。ここで、「主体とする」とは、樹脂組成物中の含有量の下限値が約33.3質量%、好ましくは40質量%、より好ましくは50質量%、更に好ましくは50質量%、より更に好ましくは80質量%、特に好ましくは90質量%含まれることをいう。上限値は特に制限はないが、99.5質量%以下であることが好ましい。
これらの樹脂を2種以上用いる場合、混合方法は特に限定されず、溶媒に溶解又は媒体に分散させて混合してもよく、樹脂前駆体同士を押し出し混合してもよい。
本実施形態1における電解質膜の平衡含水率は、好ましくは5質量%以上であり、より好ましくは10質量%以上、さらに好ましくは15質量%以上である。また、本実施形態1における電解質膜の平衡含水率は、好ましくは80質量%以下、より好ましくは50質量%以下、さらに好ましくは40質量%以下である。電解質膜の平衡含水率が5質量%以上であると、膜の電気抵抗や電流効率、耐酸化性、イオン選択透過性が良好となる傾向にある。一方、平衡含水率が80質量%以下であると、膜の寸法安定性や強度が良好となり、また水溶解性成分の増加を抑制できる傾向にある。電解質膜の平衡含水率は、樹脂組成物を水とアルコール系溶媒での分散液から成膜し、160℃以下で乾燥した膜を基準とし、23℃、50%関係湿度(RH)での平衡(24Hr放置)飽和吸水率(Wc)で表す。
本実施形態1における電解質膜の製造方法(成膜法)としては、特に限定されず、公知の、押し出し方法、キャスト成膜方法を用いることができる。電解質膜は単層でも多層(2~5層)でもよく、多層の場合は性質の異なる膜(例えば、EWや官能基の異なる樹脂)を積層することにより、電解質膜の性能を改善することができる。多層の場合は、押し出し製膜時、キャスト時に積層させるか、又は得られたそれぞれの膜を積層させればよい。
本実施形態2におけるレドックスフロー二次電池は、
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCe系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
本実施形態3におけるレドックスフロー二次電池は、
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCo系及び/又はMn系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
本実施形態4におけるレドックスフロー二次電池は、
炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物が、前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー100質量部に対して0.1~20質量部のポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂及び/又はポリフェニレンスルフィド樹脂を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。)
PPE・PPS樹脂は、押し出し法によりフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有する樹脂組成物に混合する方法や、PPE・PPS樹脂の水性溶媒分散体を、フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有する樹脂組成物の原液分散体に混合する方法により、添加できる。
PPE・PPS樹脂の含有添加量は、前記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー100質量部に対して、0.1~20質量部であり、0.5~10質量部であることが好ましい。PPE及び/又はPPS樹脂の含有量が0.1質量部以上である場合、電解質膜の耐酸化性やイオン選択透過性が向上し、20質量部以下である場合、十分な膜強度が得られる。
酸性官能基の導入方法は特に限定されず、一般的な方法を用いることができる。スルホン酸基の導入については、例えば、無水硫酸、発煙硫酸などのスルホン化剤を用いて公知の条件で実施することができ、具体的には、K.Hu, T.Xu, W.Yang, Y.Fu, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol.91,や、 E.Montoneri, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol.27, 3043-3051(1989)に記載の条件で実施できる。
また、PPS樹脂に導入した酸性官能基を金属塩またはアミン塩に置換したものも好適に用いられる。この場合、金属塩としては、ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩等のアルカリ金属塩、カルシウム塩等のアルカリ土類金属塩を用いることが好ましい。
(1) PFSA樹脂前駆体のメルトフローインデックス
ASTM:D1238に準拠して、測定条件:温度270℃、荷重2160gで測定を行った。
PFSA樹脂0.3gを、25℃、飽和NaCl水溶液30mLに浸漬し、攪拌しながら30分間放置した。次いで、飽和NaCl水溶液中の遊離プロトンを、フェノールフタレインを指示薬として0.01N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を用いて中和滴定した。中和滴定の終点をpH7とし、中和滴定後に得られた、イオン交換基の対イオンがナトリウムイオンの状態となっているPFSA樹脂分を純水ですすぎ、さらに上皿乾燥機により160℃で乾燥し、秤量した。中和に要した水酸化ナトリウムの物質量をM(mmol)、イオン交換基の対イオンがナトリウムイオンの状態となっているPFSA樹脂の質量をW(mg)とし、下記式より当量質量EW(g/eq)を求めた。
EW=(W/M)-22
以上の操作を5回繰り返した後、算出された5つのEW値の最大値および最小値を除き、3つの値を相加平均して測定結果とした。
電解質膜を23℃、50%RHの恒温恒湿の室内で1時間以上静置した後、膜厚計(東洋精機製作所製、商品名「B-1」)を用いて膜厚を測定した。
PFSA樹脂の分散液を清澄なガラス板上に塗布し、150℃で約10分間乾燥し、剥離して約30μmの膜を形成させ、これを23℃の水中に約3時間放置し、その後23℃、関係湿度(RH)50%の部屋に24時間放置した時の平衡含水率を測定した。基準の乾燥膜としては、80℃真空乾燥膜を用いた。平衡含水率は、膜の質量変化から算出した。また、平衡含水率測定時に観測される最大値を、最大含水率とした。
PFSA樹脂を、窒素を流したグローブボックス中に24時間保持し、約0.1gをグローブボックス中で秤量し、3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50gを調製後、1分以内に前記フェントン試薬溶液中に40℃で16時間撹拌することなく浸漬した。膜を取り除いた後、溶液質量を測定し、溶液中のフッ素イオン濃度をイオンメータで測定し、フッ素イオン溶出量を計算した。
レドックスフロー二次電池は、隔膜の両側にて、液透過性で多孔質の集電体電極(負極用、正極用)を隔膜の両側にそれぞれ配置し、押圧でそれらを挟み、隔膜で仕切られた一方を正極セル室、他方を負極セル室とし、スペーサーで両セル室の厚みを確保した。正極セル室には、バナジウム4価(V4+)及び同5価(V5+)を含む硫酸電解液からなる正極電解液を、負極セル室にはバナジウム3価(V3+)及び同2価(V2+)を含む負極電解液を流通させ、電池の充電及び放電を行った。このとき、充電時には、正極セル室においては、バナジウムイオンが電子を放出するためV4+がV5+に酸化され、負極セル室では外路を通じて戻って来た電子によりV3+がV2+に還元された。この酸化還元反応では、正極セル室ではプロトン(H+)が過剰になり、一方負極セル室では、プロトン(H+)が不足する。隔膜は正極セル室の過剰なプロトンを選択的に負極室に移動させ電気的中性が保たれた。放電時には、この逆の反応が進んだ。この時の電池効率(エネルギー効率)(%)は、放電電力量を充電電力量で除した比率(%)で表され、両電力量は、電池セルの内部抵抗と隔膜のイオン選択透過性及びその他電流損失に依存する。また、電流効率(%)は、放電電気量を充電電気量で除した比率(%)で表され、両電気量は、隔膜のイオン選択透過性及びその他電流損失に依存する。電池効率は、電流効率と電圧効率の積で表される。内部抵抗すなわちセル電気抵抗率の減少は電池効率(エネルギー効率)を向上させ、イオン選択透過性の向上及びその他電流損失の低減は、電流効率を向上させるので、レドックスフロー二次電池において、重要な指標となる。
充放電実験は、上述のようにして得られた電池を用いて行った。全バナジウム濃度が2M/Lで、全硫酸根濃度が4M/Lでの水系電解液を使用し、また、設置した正極及び負極セル室の厚みがそれぞれ5mmで、両多孔質電極と隔膜の間には炭素繊維からなる厚み5mmで嵩密度が約0.1g/cm3の多孔質状のフエルトを挟んで用いた。充放電実験は電流密度80mA/cm2で実施した。
セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は、ACインピーダンス法を用いて、放電開始時においてAC電圧10mV,周波数20kHzでの直流抵抗値を測定し、それに電極面積を掛けることによって求めた。
耐久性は、前記(6)の充放電を200サイクル実施した後の電流効率(%)及びセル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)により評価した。
(1)(PFSA樹脂前駆体の作製)
ステンレス製攪拌式オートクレーブに、C7F15COONH4の10%水溶液と純水とを仕込み、十分に真空、窒素置換を行った後、テトラフルオロエチレン(CF2=CF2)(以下、「TFE」ともいう。)ガスを導入してケージ圧力で0.7MPaまで昇圧した。引き続いて、過硫酸アンモニウム水溶液を注入して重合を開始した。重合により消費されたTFEを補給するため、連続的にTFEガスを供給してオートクレーブの圧力を0.7MPaに保つようにして、供給したTFEに対して、質量比で0.70倍に相当する量のCF2=CFO(CF2)2-SO2Fを連続的に供給して重合を行い、重合条件を最適な範囲に調整して、パーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸樹脂前駆体粉末を得た。得られたPFSA樹脂前駆体粉末A1のMFIは1.5(g/10分)であった。
内面がハステロイC合金で作られた内部容積50Lの耐圧反応容器に、ハステロイC合金で作られた多段式棚を入れ、フッ素ガス20%と窒素ガス80%の混合気体をゲージ圧力で0.25MPa導入し、190℃で4時間保持して金属表面の不動体化処理を行った。温度を低下させた後、上記のPFSA樹脂前駆体粉末を上記50Lの耐圧容器に入れ、フッ素ガス20%と窒素ガス80%の混合気体をゲージ圧力で0.25MPa導入し、180℃で4時間保持してフッ素化処理を行った。フッ素化処理後、フッ素ガスを排気してポリマーを取り出し、粉砕器で粉砕して、フッ素化処理されたスルホン酸基の前駆体基である-SO2F基を有するポリマー(以下、「前駆体ポリマー」ともいう。)を得た。
得られた前駆体ポリマーを、水酸化カリウム(15質量%)とメチルアルコール(50質量%)を溶解した水溶液中に、80℃で20時間接触させて、加水分解処理を行った。その後、60℃水中に5時間浸漬した。次に、60℃の2N塩酸水溶液に1時間浸漬させる処理を、毎回塩酸水溶液を更新して5回繰り返した後、イオン交換水で水洗、乾燥した。これにより、スルホン酸基(SO3H)を有し、式(2)(m=2)で表される構造を有するPFSA樹脂を得た。得られたPFSA樹脂A1のEWは650(g/eq)であった。また、前駆体ポリマーの代わりにPFSA樹脂前駆体粉末A1を用いて得られたPFSA樹脂A2のEWは650(g/eq)であった。
PFSA樹脂A1及びA2から得られたPFSA樹脂分散液を、それぞれ分散液(ASF1)及び(ASF2)とした。
得られた分散液(ASF1)を、公知の通常の方法にて、担体シートであるポリイミド製フィルム上にキャストし、120℃(20分)の熱風を当てて、溶媒をほぼ完全に飛ばし、乾燥させることにより膜を得た。これを更に、160℃10分の条件下における熱風空気雰囲気下で、熱処理することにより膜厚50μmの電解質膜を得た。得られた電解質膜の上記熱処理前後のEWは、その変化率が0.2~0.3%程度であった。
得られた電解質膜の平衡含水率は、ASF1は12質量%であった。
25℃水中3時間における電解質膜の最大含水率は、ASF1は23質量%、であった。
得られたポリマーを用いてフッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.001%であった。
分散液(ASF1)の代わりにナフィオンDE2021CS(登録商標、デュポン社製、20%溶液)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様の方法により電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は6質量%であり、最大含水率は14質量%であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は94.5/1.20であり、また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果、電流効率が94%、電気抵抗が1.20であった。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.002%であった。
分散液(ASF2)を用いて実施例1と同様の方法により得られた膜厚50μmの電解質膜を、硝酸セリウムを蒸留水に溶解した1%硝酸セリウム水溶液に浸漬し、室温で40時間、スターラーを用いて撹拌することにより、電解質膜中にセリウムイオンを含有させた。なお、浸漬前後の硝酸セリウム溶液を誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)発光分析により分析した結果、この電解質膜のセリウムイオンの含有率(膜中の-SO3-基の数に対するセリウムイオンの割合)は10.2%であった。
得られた電解質膜の平衡含水率は、12質量%であり、最大含水率は、23質量%であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は、97.5/0.90であり、また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は、97.3/0.90と変化が極めて小さく、耐酸化性に優れていた。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.008%であった。
分散液(ASF2)の代わりにナフィオンDE2021(登録商標、デュポン社製、20%溶液、EW1050)を用い、硝酸セリウムの代わりに炭酸セリウムを用いたこと以外は実施例3と同様の方法により電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は6質量%であり、最大含水率は14質量%であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は94.5/1.20であり、電流効率については、実施例3よりも低いレベルであった。これは、実施例4の電解質膜は、イオン選択透過性がやや低いためと推測される。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果においても、電流効率が94%、電気抵抗が1.20であり、耐久性にもやや劣っていた。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.01%であった。
分散液(ASF2)を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法により得られた膜厚50μmの電解質膜を、硝酸コバルト(実施例5)又は酢酸マンガン(実施例6)を蒸留水に溶解した1%水溶液に浸漬し、室温で40時間、スターラーを用いて撹拌することにより、電解質膜中に、各々コバルトイオン、マンガンイオンを含有させた。なお、浸漬前後の硝酸コバルト溶液、又は酢酸マンガン溶液を誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)発光分析により分析した結果、それぞれの電解質膜のコバルトイオン、マンガンイオンの含有率(膜中の-SO3-基の数に対するコバルトイオン、マンガンイオンの割合)は14.7%、13.8%であった。
得られた電解質膜の平衡含水率は、実施例5、6の電解質膜のいずれも12質量%であり、最大含水率は、いずれも23質量%であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は、いずれも97.5/0.90であり、また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は、97.3/0.90と変化が極めて小さく、耐酸化性に優れていた。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.01%であった。
分散液(ASF2)の代わりにナフィオンDE2021(デュポン社製、20%溶液、EW1050)を用いたこと以外は実施例5、6と同様の方法により電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は、実施例7、8の電解質膜のいずれも6質量%であり、最大含水率は、いずれも14質量%であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は94.5/1.20であり、電流効率については、実施例5、6よりも低いレベルであった。これは、実施例7、8の電解質膜は、イオン選択透過性がやや低いためと推測される。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果においても、電流効率が94%、電気抵抗が1.20であり、耐久性にもやや劣っていた。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.02%であった。
上記PFSA樹脂分散液(ASF2)に、アルカリ水溶液(KOH10%水溶液)に溶解したPPS粉末(シェブロン・フィリップス社製、型番P-4)を、均一に混合分散しながら攪拌し、最終的(固形成分で)に、該PFSA樹脂成分100質量部に対して5質量部となるように均一に混合した。次にこれを、粒子状カチオン交換樹脂粒子を充填したカラムに通して、アルカリイオン成分をほぼ完全に除去し、少なくとも一部の該官能基同士(スルホン酸基とアルカリ性の窒素原子と)のイオン結合を生成せしめた混合分散液(ASF3)とした。
25℃水中3時間における電解質膜の最大含水率は18質量%であった。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.01%であった。
分散液(ASF2)の代わりにナフィオンDE2021(デュポン社製、20%溶液、EW1050)を用いたこと以外は実施例9と同様の方法により電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は6質量%であり、最大含水率は、14質量%であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は97.2/0.98であった。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果、電流効率が97%、セル電気抵抗が0.99Ω・cm2であった。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.02%であった。
実施例9で用いたPPS粉末の代わりにPPE粉末(日本エクストロン株式会社製)を用いたこと以外は実施例9と同様の方法により電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は11質量%、最大含水率は18質量%であった。また、実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は98/0.95であった。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果、電流効率が97.8%、セル電気抵抗が0.95Ω・cm2であった。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、同フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.01%であった。
分散液(ASF1)の代わりにナフィオンDE2021(デュポン社製、20%溶液、EW1050)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様の方法により電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は4質量%であった。
実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は94.5/1.20であり、電流効率は、実施例1及び2よりも低いレベルであった。これは、比較例1の電解質膜は、イオン選択透過性が低いためと推測される。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果においても、電流効率が86.0%、電気抵抗が1.30であり、耐久性にも劣っていた。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.05%であった。
分散液(ASF1)の代わりに分散液(ASF2)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして電解質膜を得た。この膜の平衡含水率は12質量%、最大含水率は23質量%であった。
実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は97.5/0.90であった。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果においても、電流効率が89.7%、電気抵抗が1.18であり、耐久性に劣っていた。
得られたポリマーを用いて、フッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.04%であった。
ナフィオン112(デュポン社製、膜厚50μm)を用いて実施例1と同様の方法により充放電試験を行った結果、電流効率(%)/セル電気抵抗率(Ω・cm2)は94.0/1.20であった。また、耐久試験として、充放電を200サイクル実施した結果においても、電流効率が85.2%、電気抵抗が1.30であり、耐久性に劣っていた。
得られた電解質膜を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法によりフッ素イオン溶出量を測定したところ、浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.05%であった。
本発明のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜は、イオンの選択透過性に優れ、電気抵抗も低く、耐久性(主に、ヒドロキシラジカル耐酸化性)にも優れており、レドックスフロー二次電池用の隔膜としての産業上利用可能性を有する。
2 正極セル室
3 負極
4 負極セル室
5 電解質膜
6 電解槽
7 正極電解液タンク
8 負極電解液タンク
9 交直変換装置
10 レドックスフロー二次電池
Claims (16)
- 炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下であるレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.002%以下である、請求項1記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
- 炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物が、前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー100質量部に対して0.1~20質量部のポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂及び/又はポリフェニレンスルフィド樹脂を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCe系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 炭素電極からなる正極を含む正極セル室と、
炭素電極からなる負極を含む負極セル室と、
前記正極セル室と、前記負極セル室とを隔離分離させる、隔膜としての電解質膜と、
を含む電解槽を有し、
前記正極セル室は正極活物質を含む正極電解液を、前記負極セル室は負極活物質を含む負極電解液を含み、
前記電解液中の前記正極活物質及び前記負極活物質の価数変化に基づき充放電するレドックスフロー二次電池であって、
前記電解質膜が下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCo系及び/又はMn系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 前記正極電解液及び負極電解液として、バナジウムを含む硫酸電解液を用いる、請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
- 前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーが、下記式(2)で表される構造を有するパーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸樹脂(PFSA)である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
-[CF2-CF2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)]g- (2)
(式(2)中、a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示し、mは1~6の整数を示す。) - 前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの当量質量EW(イオン交換基1当量あたりの乾燥質量グラム数)が300~1300g/eqであり、前記電解質膜の平衡含水率が5~80質量%である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載のレドックスフロー二次電池。
- 下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、
3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.03%以下であるレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 3%の過酸化水素水と200ppmの2価鉄イオンを含むフェントン試薬溶液50g中に前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー0.1gを40℃で16時間浸漬する試験において、溶液中に検出されるフッ素イオン溶出量が浸漬したポリマー中の全フッ素量の0.002%以下である、請求項9記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
- 下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、前記イオン交換樹脂組成物が、前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマー100質量部に対して0.1~20質量部のポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂及び/又はポリフェニレンスルフィド樹脂を含むレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCe系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 下記式(1)で表される構造を有するフッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーを含有するイオン交換樹脂組成物を含み、前記イオン交換樹脂組成物がCo系及び/又はMn系添加剤を含むレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CX1X2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)]g- (1)
(式(1)中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子及び炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。X4は、COOZ、SO3Z、PO3Z2又はPO3HZを示す。Zは、水素原子、アルカリ金属原子、アルカリ土類金属原子、又はアミン類(NH4、NH3R1、NH2R1R2、NHR1R2R3、NR1R2R3R4)を示す。R1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立して、アルキル基及びアレーン基からなる群から選択されるいずれか1種以上を示す。ここで、X4がPO3Z2である場合、Zは同じでも異なっていてもよい。R1及びR2は、それぞれ独立して、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基及びフルオロクロロアルキル基からなる群から選択される1種以上を示す。a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示す。bは0~8の整数を示す。cは0又は1を示す。d、e及びfは、それぞれ独立して、0~6の整数を示す(ただし、d、e及びfは同時に0ではない。)。) - 前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーが、下記式(2)で表される構造を有するパーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸樹脂(PFSA)である、請求項9~13のいずれか1項記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
-[CF2-CF2]a-[CF2-CF((-O-(CF2)m-SO3H)]g- (2)
(式(2)中、a及びgは、0≦a<1、0<g≦1、a+g=1を満たす数を示し、mは1~6の整数を示す。) - 前記フッ素系高分子電解質ポリマーの当量質量EW(イオン交換基1当量あたりの乾燥質量グラム数)が300~1300であり、前記電解質膜の平衡含水率が5~80質量%である、請求項9~14のいずれか1項記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
- 前記電解質膜が、130~200℃にて1~60分間加熱処理されたものである、請求項9~15のいずれか1項記載のレドックスフロー二次電池用電解質膜。
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EP3091598A1 (en) | 2016-11-09 |
EP3091600A1 (en) | 2016-11-09 |
JPWO2013100087A1 (ja) | 2015-05-11 |
KR101560111B1 (ko) | 2015-10-13 |
EP3091599A1 (en) | 2016-11-09 |
EP3091599B1 (en) | 2019-05-08 |
JP6002685B2 (ja) | 2016-10-05 |
US10256493B2 (en) | 2019-04-09 |
KR20140088888A (ko) | 2014-07-11 |
EP2800192A1 (en) | 2014-11-05 |
EP3091598B1 (en) | 2020-04-01 |
EP2800192A4 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
CN104011921A (zh) | 2014-08-27 |
EP2800192B1 (en) | 2016-08-10 |
CN104011921B (zh) | 2016-03-09 |
US20140349160A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
EP3091600B1 (en) | 2018-10-17 |
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