WO2011111717A1 - レドックスフロー電池 - Google Patents
レドックスフロー電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011111717A1 WO2011111717A1 PCT/JP2011/055418 JP2011055418W WO2011111717A1 WO 2011111717 A1 WO2011111717 A1 WO 2011111717A1 JP 2011055418 W JP2011055418 W JP 2011055418W WO 2011111717 A1 WO2011111717 A1 WO 2011111717A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a redox flow battery and an operation method thereof.
- the present invention relates to a redox flow battery capable of obtaining a high electromotive force.
- a redox flow battery performs charge / discharge by supplying a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte to battery cells in which a diaphragm is interposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the electrolytic solution typically, an aqueous solution containing metal ions whose valence changes by oxidation-reduction is used.
- Typical examples include an iron-chromium redox flow battery using iron ions for the positive electrode and chromium ions for the negative electrode, and a vanadium redox flow battery using vanadium ions for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode (for example, Patent Document 1).
- Vanadium-based redox flow batteries have been put into practical use and are expected to be used in the future.
- the conventional iron-chromium redox flow battery and vanadium redox flow battery cannot be said to have a sufficiently high electromotive force.
- a new redox that has a higher electromotive force and can stably supply metal ions used in active materials, preferably stably and inexpensively. Development of a flow battery is desired.
- one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a redox flow battery capable of obtaining a high electromotive force.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a redox flow battery operating method capable of maintaining a state having excellent battery characteristics.
- the standard redox potential of the metal ions of the positive electrode active material used in the conventional redox flow battery is 0.77V for Fe 2+ / Fe 3+ and 1.0V for V 4+ / V 5+ .
- the present inventors are water-soluble metal ions as the metal ions of the positive electrode active material, have a higher standard redox potential than conventional metal ions, are relatively cheaper than vanadium, and are excellent in terms of resource supply.
- a redox flow battery using manganese (Mn) is considered.
- the standard oxidation-reduction potential of Mn 2+ / Mn 3+ is 1.51 V, and manganese ions have favorable characteristics for constituting a redox pair having a larger electromotive force.
- Mn 3+ is unstable, and in an aqueous solution of manganese ions, Mn 2+ (divalent) and MnO 2 (tetravalent) are generated by the following disproportionation reaction.
- the present inventors even if manganese ions are used as the positive electrode active material, precipitation associated with the disproportionation reaction of Mn (trivalent) hardly occurs, and the reaction of Mn 2+ / Mn 3+ is performed stably. Further studies were made on a configuration that provides practical solubility. As a result, as means for suppressing the precipitation, (1) the positive electrode electrolyte contains a specific metal ion, (2) the state of charge of the positive electrode electrolyte (SOC: State of Charge, sometimes referred to as the depth of charge). It has been found that the operation can be suitably utilized so as to be within a specific range.
- SOC State of Charge
- the precipitation can be effectively suppressed by making the positive electrode electrolyte contain titanium ions together with manganese ions.
- the state of charge of the positive electrode electrolyte is more than 90% and more than 130% when all manganese ion reactions are calculated by one-electron reaction (Mn 2+ ⁇ Mn 3+ + e ⁇ ).
- Mn 2+ ⁇ Mn 3+ + e ⁇ one-electron reaction
- the above precipitation can be effectively suppressed by operating so that the charged state of the positive electrode electrolyte is 90% or less.
- the said specific operating condition since the said precipitation can be suppressed, it is not necessary to make the acid concentration of a solvent unnecessarily high, and the solubility of manganese ion can be made into a sufficiently practical value.
- the above specific operating conditions even if a slight amount of MnO 2 is deposited, at least a part of MnO 2 (tetravalent) deposited in the charge / discharge process can be reduced to Mn (divalent). I also found a new fact.
- Ti / Mn system, V / Mn system using at least one metal ion of titanium ion, vanadium ion, chromium ion, zinc ion, and tin ion as the negative electrode active material, Cr / Mn-based, Zn / Mn-based, Sn / Mn-based redox flow batteries can have a high electromotive force and can be stably and satisfactorily used by using an electrolytic solution in which the above metal ions are dissolved at a high concentration. I got the knowledge that it can work.
- manganese ion is used as a positive electrode active material
- an electrolytic solution containing titanium ions is used as a positive electrode electrolytic solution
- titanium ion is used as a negative electrode active material
- an electrolytic solution containing manganese ions is used as a negative electrode electrolytic solution. If the metal ion species in the electrolyte solution are equal, (1) the metal ions move to the counter electrode, and the battery capacity reduction phenomenon due to the relative reduction of the metal ions that naturally react at each electrode is effectively avoided.
- the present invention relates to a redox flow battery in which a positive electrode electrolyte and a negative electrode electrolyte are supplied to a battery cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a diaphragm interposed between the two electrodes, and charging / discharging is performed. is there.
- the positive electrode electrolyte contains manganese ions
- the negative electrode electrolyte contains at least one metal ion selected from titanium ions, vanadium ions, chromium ions, zinc ions, and tin ions.
- the redox flow battery comprises suppressing deposition suppression means precipitation of MnO 2. Examples of the precipitation suppressing means include the following (1) and (2).
- the positive electrode electrolyte contains titanium ions as the precipitation suppressing means.
- As the precipitation suppression means operation is performed so that the state of charge of the positive electrode electrolyte is 90% or less as calculated by a one-electron reaction. Furthermore, when the positive electrode electrolyte contains titanium ions, the following configuration (3) can be obtained. (3) Both the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte contain both manganese ions and titanium ions.
- a high electromotive force equivalent to or higher than that of a conventional redox flow battery can be obtained, and the active material can be stabilized by using a relatively inexpensive metal ion (manganese ion) as at least a positive electrode active material. It is expected that it can be supplied. In particular, in the configuration (3), it is expected that both the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material can be stably supplied.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention can be suitably used for smoothing output fluctuation of new energy, storing surplus power, and leveling load.
- the state of charge of the positive electrode electrolyte is 90% or less when all the reactions of manganese ions are calculated by one-electron reaction (Mn 2+ ⁇ Mn 3+ + e ⁇ ).
- Mn 2+ ⁇ Mn 3+ + e ⁇ the state of charge of the positive electrode electrolyte is 90% or less when all the reactions of manganese ions are calculated by one-electron reaction (Mn 2+ ⁇ Mn 3+ + e ⁇ ).
- the present invention that handles manganese ions, it is considered that a one-electron reaction mainly occurs. Therefore, the state of charge is calculated by a one-electron reaction. However, since not only a one-electron reaction but also a two-electron reaction (Mn 2+ ⁇ Mn 4+ + 2e ⁇ ) can occur, the present invention allows a two-electron reaction. When a two-electron reaction occurs, the energy density can be increased.
- the positive electrode electrolyte when the positive electrode electrolyte does not contain titanium ions, a form containing at least one kind of divalent manganese ions and trivalent manganese ions, titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte
- a form containing at least one kind of divalent manganese ion and trivalent manganese ion and tetravalent titanium ion there may be mentioned a form containing at least one kind of divalent manganese ion and trivalent manganese ion and tetravalent titanium ion.
- Tetravalent titanium ions can be contained in the electrolyte by dissolving sulfate (Ti (SO 4 ) 2 , TiOSO 4 ) in the solvent of the electrolyte, typically present as Ti 4+ To do.
- the tetravalent titanium ions may include TiO 2+ and the like.
- the titanium ions present in the positive electrode mainly act to suppress the precipitation of MnO 2 and do not act positively as an active material.
- a form in which the positive electrode electrolyte contains at least one kind of manganese ions of divalent manganese ions and trivalent manganese ions, tetravalent manganese, and tetravalent titanium ions.
- the tetravalent manganese is considered to be MnO 2 , but this MnO 2 is not a solid precipitate but is considered to exist in a stable state that seems to be dissolved in the electrolyte.
- MnO 2 floating in this electrolyte is reduced to Mn 2+ (discharged) as a two-electron reaction at the time of discharge, that is, MnO 2 acts as an active material and can be used repeatedly. May contribute to an increase in Therefore, in the present invention, the presence of tetravalent manganese is allowed.
- the negative electrode electrolyte may have a form containing a single type of metal ion among titanium ions, vanadium ions, chromium ions, zinc ions, and tin ions, or a form containing a plurality of types of metal ions listed. . All of these metal ions are water-soluble and can be easily used because the electrolyte can be made into an aqueous solution. When these metal ions are used as negative electrode active materials and positive electrode active materials are used as manganese ions, a redox flow with high electromotive force is used. A battery is obtained.
- titanium ions when titanium ions are present in the positive electrode electrolyte, it does not precipitate even if MnO 2 is generated, and the surprising finding that the generated MnO 2 is stably present in the electrolyte and can be charged and discharged. Got. Thus, precipitation of MnO 2 can be suppressed and Mn 3+ can be stabilized, and charging and discharging can be sufficiently performed. Therefore, titanium ions are preferable for the negative electrode active material.
- the metal ion species present in the electrolyte solution of both electrodes is By duplicating, it is difficult to cause problems due to liquid transfer.
- free of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte from the start operation the mode of using the titanium ions as an anode active material, since liquid transfer is not inherently preferred behavior, the specific operating conditions, as described above, the MnO 2 It is preferable to actively suppress precipitation.
- the electromotive force is about 1.8 V, chromium containing chromium ions.
- an electromotive force is about 1.9V
- a zinc-manganese redox flow battery containing zinc ions is used, an electromotive force is a redox flow battery having a higher electromotive force of about 2.2V. can do.
- a redox flow battery having an electromotive force of about 1.4 V and an electromotive force comparable to that of a titanium-manganese redox flow battery can be obtained.
- Examples of the form in which the negative electrode electrolyte contains a single type of metal ion among the above metal ions include a form in which the negative electrode electrolyte satisfies any one of the following (1) to (5).
- the negative electrode electrolyte may contain at least one kind of titanium ion selected from divalent titanium ions, trivalent titanium ions, and tetravalent titanium ions.
- the negative electrode electrolyte contains multiple types of metal ions, take into account the standard redox potential of each metal so that each metal ion performs a battery reaction one by one as the voltage increases during charging. It is preferable to combine them. A form containing a combination of Ti 3+ / Ti 4+ , V 2+ / V 3+ , Cr 2+ / Cr 3+ in order of increasing potential is preferable. Further, manganese ions can also be contained in the negative electrode, and for example, a negative electrode electrolyte containing titanium ions and manganese ions, chromium ions and manganese ions, and the like can be obtained.
- Manganese ions contained in the negative electrode electrolyte do not function as an active material, but are mainly contained in order to overlap the metal ion species of the electrolytes of both electrodes. More specifically, for example, when the negative electrode active material contains titanium ions as a negative electrode active material and contains manganese ions so as to overlap or be aligned with the metal ion species of the positive electrode electrolyte, the negative electrode electrolyte contains trivalent titanium ions.
- a form containing at least one kind of titanium ion of tetravalent titanium ion and divalent manganese ion, at least one kind selected from divalent titanium ion, trivalent titanium ion, and tetravalent titanium ion examples include a form containing titanium ions and divalent manganese ions.
- the positive electrode electrolyte can also be in a form containing metal ions that do not substantially function as an active material, such as the above-described titanium ions, in addition to manganese ions serving as a positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode electrolyte contains chromium ions and manganese ions (typically divalent manganese ions), and the positive electrode electrolyte contains chromium ions (typically (Trivalent chromium ions) may be included.
- the metal ion species of the electrolyte solution of both electrodes overlap or the metal ion species are equal, (1) the metal ions of each electrode move to the counter electrode with each other, It is possible to suppress the phenomenon in which the metal capacity that reacts as an active material at each electrode decreases and the battery capacity decreases, (2) easy to correct even if the liquid volume becomes unbalanced due to liquid transfer, (3) the electrolyte solution There is an effect such as excellent manufacturability.
- the positive electrode electrolyte contains titanium ions
- the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte is 50% or more of the concentration of manganese ions in the positive electrode electrolyte.
- the ratio of the concentration of titanium ions to the concentration of manganese ions used as the positive electrode active material the higher the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn.
- the energy density and the like can be improved by setting the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn to 50% or more as in the above embodiment.
- the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn satisfies the above range, the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode is relatively increased, and the generation of MnO 2 precipitates (solid) can be effectively suppressed, and the positive electrode
- the manganese ion can also be used for a two-electron reaction by combining the trivalent ⁇ tetravalent reaction, compared to the one-electron reaction alone. This is considered to be because an energy density of about 1.5 times is obtained. Ratio of the above ion concentration: The higher the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn, the higher the energy density, etc.
- the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn When the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn is 80% or more, the energy density can be further increased and the electromotive force of manganese is further increased.
- the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn 100% or more, that is, when the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode is equal to or higher than the concentration of manganese ions in the positive electrode, the electromotive force of manganese can be maximized.
- the upper limit of the positive electrode Ti / the positive electrode Mn is not particularly provided, but the concentrations of manganese ions and titanium ions preferably satisfy a specific range described later.
- concentration of each ion may be monitored and a density
- the negative electrode electrolyte contains titanium ions
- the concentration of titanium ions in the negative electrode electrolyte is equal to the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte.
- the titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte diffuse to the negative electrode side over time (the ions move due to liquid transfer), and the titanium ions in the positive electrode
- the energy density may be reduced due to the decrease in the concentration of MnO 2 and the difficulty in suppressing the formation of MnO 2 precipitates (solid).
- the negative electrode titanium ion concentration is equal to the positive electrode titanium ion concentration, that is, the ratio of the negative electrode titanium ion concentration to the positive electrode titanium ion concentration:
- the negative electrode Ti / positive electrode Ti is 100%, the positive electrode It can suppress that the titanium ion of a positive electrode spread
- concentration of the titanium ion of the negative electrode is higher than the concentration of the titanium ion of the positive electrode, that is, when the negative electrode Ti / positive electrode Ti exceeds 100%, the titanium ion of the negative electrode may diffuse to the positive electrode side.
- the said form can maintain the outstanding battery characteristics, such as a high energy density, over a long period of time.
- the upper limit of negative electrode Ti / positive electrode Ti is not particularly provided, it is preferable that the concentration of ions of both electrodes satisfy a specific range described later.
- concentration of each ion may be monitored suitably and a density
- the diaphragm is an ion exchange membrane.
- an ion exchange membrane as a diaphragm as another method for suppressing the diffusion of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte over time as described above. Obtained. Therefore, it is proposed to use an ion exchange membrane in the form in which the positive electrode electrolyte contains titanium ions.
- the ion exchange membrane is preferably one having a small permeability of titanium ions and manganese ions. Examples of such an ion exchange membrane include those composed of a copolymer of perfluorosulfonic acid and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Commercial products may be used.
- the concentration of manganese ions and titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte and the concentration of manganese ions and titanium ions in the negative electrode electrolyte are as follows: The same form is mentioned respectively.
- the manganese ion concentration of the positive electrode electrolyte solution is higher than the manganese ion concentration of the negative electrode electrolyte solution.
- the concentration of manganese ions in the positive electrode is decreased, that is, the positive electrode active material may be decreased.
- the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte is higher than the concentration of titanium ions in the negative electrode electrolyte, the titanium ions in the positive electrode also diffuse to the negative electrode side (the ions move due to liquid transfer), and the positive electrode electrolyte solution
- concentration of titanium ions may be reduced, and the formation of MnO 2 precipitates (solid) may not be sufficiently suppressed.
- concentration of the manganese ion and titanium ion of a positive electrode was higher than the density
- the bipolar electrolyte solution has the same composition. Suggest to do.
- This form of positive and negative metal ions with the same concentration can suppress a decrease in battery capacity due to the movement of metal ions to the counter electrode and maintain excellent battery characteristics such as high energy density over a long period of time. it can.
- the bipolar electrolyte solution since the bipolar electrolyte solution has the same composition, the electrolyte solution is excellent in manufacturability, and correction of the liquid transfer is easy even when the liquid transfer occurs.
- the concentration of manganese ions and titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte is obtained by mixing the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte. It is proposed that the concentrations of manganese ion and titanium ion in the negative electrode electrolyte are equal.
- the concentration of manganese ion and titanium ion in the bipolar electrolyte is different before the start of operation, the ions may move with time as described above, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity and energy density. Therefore, when performing long-term operation, monitoring the concentration and making the concentration of manganese ion and titanium ion in the bipolar electrolyte equal to each other at an appropriate time can effectively prevent ion migration, After adjustment, a state having excellent battery characteristics such as high energy density can be maintained. As a method for equalizing the concentration, it is conceivable to separately prepare and add desired ions. However, the bipolar electrolyte can be mixed most easily and the workability is excellent.
- the concentration of metal ions serving as active materials contained in the electrolyte solution of both electrodes is preferably 0.3 M or more and 5 M or less (“M”: volume molar concentration). Therefore, as an embodiment of the redox flow battery of the present invention, there is an embodiment in which the concentration of manganese ions in the positive electrode electrolyte and the concentration of each metal ion in the negative electrode electrolyte are both 0.3M or more and 5M or less. Further, the concentration of metal ions contained mainly for the purpose of overlapping metal ion species in the electrolyte solution of each electrode is preferably 0.3 M or more and 5 M or less.
- the positive electrode electrolyte contains titanium ions
- a form in which the concentrations of manganese ions and titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte are both 0.3 M or more and 5 M or less.
- both the positive and negative electrode electrolytes contain both manganese ions and titanium ions
- a form in which each concentration of manganese ions and titanium ions is 0.3 M or more and 5 M or less can be mentioned.
- the concentration of the metal ions serving as the active material of both electrodes is less than 0.3M, it is difficult to ensure a sufficient energy density (for example, about 10 kWh / m 3 , preferably higher) for a large-capacity storage battery.
- the concentration of the metal ions is preferably higher, more preferably 0.5M or more, and even more preferably 1.0M or more.
- Mn trivalent
- Mn is stable and precipitated even if the manganese ion concentration in the positive electrode electrolyte is very high, such as 0.5 M or higher, 1.0 M or higher. Since it can suppress a thing, it can charge / discharge favorably.
- the electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution of acid
- the acid concentration is increased to some extent, the precipitation of MnO 2 can be suppressed as described above, but the solubility of metal ions decreases and the energy density decreases as the acid concentration increases. Therefore, the upper limit of the metal ion concentration is considered to be 5M.
- the titanium ions that do not function positively as the positive electrode active material also sufficiently suppress the precipitation of MnO 2 by satisfying the concentration of 0.3M to 5M,
- the acid concentration can be increased to some extent when the solvent of the positive electrode electrolyte is an aqueous acid solution.
- the types and concentrations of the positive and negative electrode metal ions are made equal, it is easy to reduce the battery capacity and correct the liquid transfer accompanying the movement of the metal ions to the counter electrode.
- the solvent of the above-mentioned bipolar electrolyte solution is H 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , H 4 P 2 O 7 , K 2 PO 4 ,
- Examples include a form that is at least one aqueous solution selected from Na 3 PO 4 , K 3 PO 4 , HNO 3 , KNO 3 , and NaNO 3 .
- the solvent for the electrolyte solution for both electrodes As an aqueous solution, it can be used suitably.
- the aqueous solution contains at least one of the above sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate, (1) improved stability and reactivity of the metal ion, improved solubility.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention a form in which the above-mentioned bipolar electrolyte contains a sulfate anion (SO 4 2 ⁇ ) can be mentioned.
- the sulfuric acid concentration of the bipolar electrolyte is preferably less than 5M.
- the bipolar electrolyte contains a sulfate anion (SO 4 2- ), compared to the case where the phosphate anion and the nitrate anion described above are contained, the stability and reactivity of the metal ion that is an active material of the bipolar electrode, The purpose is to stabilize metal ions for suppressing precipitation and to make the metal ion species of both electrodes equal, and this is preferable because the stability of metal ions that do not actively function as an active material can be improved.
- the bipolar electrolyte solution to contain a sulfate anion, for example, use of a sulfate containing the above metal ion can be mentioned.
- the stability and reactivity of metal ions can be improved, side reactions can be suppressed, and internal resistance can be reduced. it can.
- the sulfuric acid concentration is preferably less than 5M, more easily 1M to 4M, and more preferably 1M to 3M.
- the sulfuric acid concentration of the bipolar electrolyte is 1M to 3M
- the manganese ion concentration of the bipolar electrolyte is 0.5M to 1.5M
- An example is a form in which the concentration of titanium ions in the bipolar electrolyte is 0.5 M or more and 1.5 M or less.
- the energy density tends to be smaller than when using an organic solvent. Therefore, when a redox flow battery system using an aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution is constructed, a tank for storing each electrolytic solution occupies a large volume. In order to make the system smaller, it is preferable to increase the energy density of the electrolytic solution. As a method for increasing the energy density, it is possible to sufficiently increase the solubility of desired ions. For example, it is conceivable to reduce the sulfuric acid concentration to some extent in the sulfuric acid aqueous solution used as the solvent as described above. On the other hand, another characteristic required for a battery is a low cell resistivity.
- the cell resistivity tends to decrease as the sulfuric acid concentration increases as shown in the test examples described later. Therefore, as a result of examining a redox flow battery that satisfies the requirements of high energy density and low cell resistivity, sulfuric acid concentration: 1M-3M, manganese ion concentration and titanium ion concentration in each electrode electrolyte: 0.5M It was found that ⁇ 1.5M is preferable. More preferably, the sulfuric acid concentration is 1.5 M or more and 2.5 M or less, the manganese ion concentration in each electrode electrolyte is 0.8 M or more and 1.2 M or less, and the titanium ion concentration in each electrode electrolyte is 0.8 M or more and 1.2 M or less. Since a practically more preferable solubility is considered to be 1M or more, the concentration of ions serving as at least an active material in each electrode electrolyte is more preferably 1M or more.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be formed of at least one material selected from the following (1) to (10).
- a composite material containing an oxide e.g., a Ti substrate coated with Ir oxide or Ru oxide
- Conductive polymers for example, polymer materials that conduct electricity such as polyacetylene and polythiophene
- the electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution
- the standard oxidation-reduction potential of Mn 2+ / Mn 3+ is nobler than the oxygen generation potential (about 1.0 V). May be accompanied.
- an electrode composed of a non-woven fabric (carbon felt) made of carbon fiber is used, oxygen gas is hardly generated, and oxygen gas is substantially not contained in the electrode made of conductive diamond. Some do not occur.
- the electrode composed of the carbon fiber non-woven fabric has effects such as (1) a large surface area and (2) excellent electrolyte flowability.
- the membrane may be at least one membrane selected from a porous membrane, a swellable membrane, a cation exchange membrane, and an anion exchange membrane.
- the swellable diaphragm refers to a diaphragm made of a polymer having no functional group and containing water (for example, cellophane).
- the ion exchange membrane has the effects of (1) excellent segregation of metal ions, which are active materials of the positive and negative electrodes, and (2) excellent permeability of H + ions (charge carriers inside the battery), and is suitable for a diaphragm. Can be used.
- the ion exchange membrane is preferably one having the effect of preventing diffusion of manganese ions and titanium ions as described above.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention can obtain a high electromotive force and suppress the formation of precipitates.
- the operation method of the redox flow battery of the present invention can maintain a state where the energy density is high and the battery characteristics are excellent over a long period of time.
- FIG. 1 (I) is an explanatory view showing the operating principle of a battery system including the redox flow battery of Embodiment 1
- FIG. 1 (II) is a functional block diagram of the battery system further including control means.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an operation principle of a battery system including the redox flow battery according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing an operation principle of a battery system including the redox flow battery according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and the battery voltage (V) when different diaphragms are used in the Ti / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 2.
- FIG. 1 (I) is an explanatory view showing the operating principle of a battery system including the redox flow battery of Embodiment 1
- FIG. 1 (II) is a functional block diagram of the battery system further including control means.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the sulfuric acid concentration (M) and the solubility (M) of manganese ions (divalent).
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and the battery voltage (V) when the manganese ion concentration is changed in the V / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 4.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and the battery voltage (V) when the sulfuric acid concentration is changed in the V / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 5.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and the battery voltage (V) when the sulfuric acid concentration is changed in the V / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 5.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and the battery voltage (V) when the sulfuric acid concentration is changed in the V / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 6.
- FIG. 9 shows the ratio of the concentration of titanium ions to the concentration of manganese ions in the positive electrode electrolyte in the Ti / Mn-based redox flow battery produced in Test Example 7: electromotive force and charge state of positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn and positive electrode manganese. : It is a graph which shows the relationship with SOC.
- FIG. 10 shows the Ti / Mn-based redox flow battery fabricated in Test Example 8-1, in which charging and discharging are performed using an electrolytic solution in which the concentration of titanium ions in the negative electrode electrolyte is smaller than the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte.
- 6 is a graph showing a change in current efficiency and a change in discharge capacity over time.
- FIG. 11 shows changes in current efficiency over time when charging / discharging was performed using an electrolyte having the same titanium ion concentration in the bipolar electrolyte in the Ti / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 8-2. It is a graph which shows the change of discharge capacity.
- FIG. 12 shows the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and battery voltage (V) when charging / discharging was performed using an ion exchange membrane for the diaphragm in the Ti / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 9. It is a graph which shows a relationship.
- FIG. 13 shows the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time (sec) and the battery voltage (V) when the electrolyte amount and current density of each electrode were changed in the Ti / Mn redox flow battery produced in Test Example 10. It is a graph which shows a relationship.
- FIG. 14 shows the change in current efficiency over time and the discharge capacity of the Ti / Mn-based redox flow battery produced in Test Example 11 when charging / discharging was performed using an electrolyte of the same composition as a bipolar electrolyte. It is a graph which shows a change.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the relationship between the sulfuric acid concentration (M) and the solubility (M) of manganese ions and titanium ions.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the relationship between sulfuric acid concentration (M) and cell resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ).
- FIGS. 1 (I) and 2 are exemplary. 1 to 3, the same reference numerals indicate the same names.
- a solid line arrow indicates charging, and a broken line arrow indicates discharging.
- the metal ions shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 show typical forms and may include forms other than those shown.
- FIGS. 1 (I), 2 and 3 show Ti 4+ as a tetravalent titanium ion, but other forms such as TiO 2+ may also be included.
- the redox flow battery 100 typically includes an AC / DC converter, a power generation unit (e.g., a solar power generator, a wind power generator, other general power plants, etc.) and a power system or a consumer. It is connected to a load, is charged using the power generation unit as a power supply source, and is discharged using the load as a power supply target.
- a circulation mechanism for circulating the electrolytic solution in the battery 100 is constructed.
- the redox flow battery 100 includes a positive electrode cell 102 including a positive electrode 104, a negative electrode cell 103 including a negative electrode 105, and a diaphragm 101 that separates the cells 102 and 103 and appropriately transmits ions.
- a positive electrode electrolyte tank 106 is connected to the positive electrode cell 102 via pipes 108 and 110.
- a negative electrode electrolyte tank 107 is connected to the negative electrode cell 103 via pipes 109 and 111.
- the pipes 108 and 109 include pumps 112 and 113 for circulating the electrolyte solution of each electrode.
- the redox flow battery 100 uses the pipes 108 to 111 and the pumps 112 and 113 to connect the positive electrode electrolyte in the tank 106 and the negative electrode electrolyte in the tank 107 to the positive electrode cell 102 (positive electrode 104) and the negative electrode cell 103 (negative electrode 105), respectively. Is charged and discharged along with the valence change reaction of the metal ions that become the active material in the electrolyte solution of each electrode.
- the redox flow battery 100 typically uses a form called a cell stack in which a plurality of the cells 102 and 103 are stacked.
- the cells 102 and 103 have a bipolar plate (not shown) in which the positive electrode 104 is disposed on one side and the negative electrode 105 is disposed on the other side, a liquid supply hole for supplying an electrolytic solution, and a drainage hole for discharging the electrolytic solution.
- a typical configuration is a cell frame including a frame (not shown) formed on the outer periphery of the bipolar plate. By laminating a plurality of cell frames, the liquid supply hole and the drainage hole constitute an electrolyte flow path, and the flow path is appropriately connected to the pipes 108 to 111.
- the cell stack is configured by repeatedly stacking a cell frame, a positive electrode 104, a diaphragm 101, a negative electrode 105, a cell frame,.
- a well-known structure can be utilized suitably for the basic structure of a redox flow battery system.
- the positive electrode electrolyte contains manganese ions
- the negative electrode electrolyte contains at least one metal ion selected from titanium ions, vanadium ions, chromium ions, zinc ions, and tin ions.
- titanium ions are shown as an example.
- the redox flow battery 100 of Embodiment 1 is operated so that manganese ions are used as a positive electrode active material, the metal ions are used as a negative electrode active material, and the charged state of the positive electrode electrolyte is 90% or less.
- the redox flow battery system further includes control means for controlling the operation state so that the charge state falls within a specific range.
- the state of charge is obtained from, for example, a charging time and a theoretical charging time. Therefore, the control means 200, for example, as shown in FIG. 1 (II), the input means 201 for inputting in advance parameters (charging current, amount of electricity in the active material, etc.) used for calculation of the theoretical charging time are input.
- the charging time calculation means 202 for calculating the theoretical charging time from the parameters, the storage means 203 for storing various input values, the timer means 204 for measuring the charging time of the battery 100, and the measured charging time and calculation From the result of the SOC calculation means 205 for calculating the charge state from the theoretical charge time, the determination means 206 for determining whether or not the charge state is within a specific range, for example, the charge time of the battery 100 is adjusted. Therefore, there may be mentioned one provided with command means 207 for commanding the continuation or stop of the operation of the battery 100, the flow condition of the electrolyte, and the like.
- a control means a computer including a processing device including the arithmetic means and a direct input means 210 such as a keyboard can be preferably used. Furthermore, display means 211 such as a monitor may be provided.
- the positive electrode electrolyte contains both manganese ions and titanium ions
- the negative electrode electrolyte is selected from titanium ions, vanadium ions, chromium ions, zinc ions, and tin ions. It contains at least one metal ion (in FIG. 2, titanium ions are shown as an example).
- manganese ions are used as a positive electrode active material
- the metal ions are used as a negative electrode active material.
- both the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte contain both manganese ions and titanium ions, the manganese ions in the positive electrode electrolyte are used as the positive electrode active material, and the negative electrode electrolyte The titanium ion in the inside is used as the negative electrode active material.
- manganese sulfate (divalent) was dissolved in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (H 2 SO 4 aq) having a sulfuric acid concentration of 4M to prepare an electrolytic solution having a manganese ion (divalent) concentration of 1M.
- vanadium sulfate (trivalent) was dissolved in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (H 2 SO 4 aq) having a sulfuric acid concentration of 1.75 M to prepare an electrolytic solution having a vanadium ion (trivalent) concentration of 1.7 M.
- carbon felt was used for the electrode of each electrode, and an anion exchange membrane was used for the diaphragm.
- Theoretical charging time active material electricity / charging current (I)
- the vanadium-manganese redox flow battery shown in this test example can have a high electromotive force of about 1.8V.
- the negative electrode active material was a metal ion different from that in Test Example 1.
- the negative electrode electrolyte is obtained by dissolving titanium sulfate (tetravalent) in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (H 2 SO 4 aq) having a sulfuric acid concentration of 3.6 M, and having a titanium ion (tetravalent) concentration of 1 M.
- the positive electrode electrolyte was the same as in Test Example 1 (sulfuric acid concentration: 4M, manganese sulfate (divalent) used, manganese ion (divalent) concentration: 1M).
- carbon felt was used for each electrode, and an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane were used for the diaphragm.
- Test Example 1 As in Test Example 1, a small single cell battery with an electrode reaction area of 9 cm 2 was prepared, and 6 ml (6 cc) of each of the above-mentioned electrolytes were prepared, and using these electrolytes, Test Examples In the same manner as in 1, charging / discharging was performed at a constant current of 70 mA / cm 2 . In this test, charging was terminated when the switching voltage reached 1.60 V as shown in FIG. 4 and switched to discharging so that the state of charge of the positive electrode electrolyte at the end of charging was 90% or less.
- the current efficiency is represented by discharge electric quantity (C) / charge electric quantity (C)
- the voltage efficiency is represented by discharge voltage (V) / charge voltage (V)
- the energy efficiency is represented by current efficiency ⁇ voltage efficiency.
- Each of these efficiencies is calculated by measuring the integrated value (A ⁇ h (time)) of the energized electricity, the average voltage during charging, and the average voltage during discharging, and using these measured values. Further, in the same manner as in Test Example 1, the state of charge: SOC was determined.
- the sulfuric acid concentration is less than 5M. It can be seen that lowering is preferable.
- Test Example 4 A vanadium-manganese redox flow battery system was constructed and charged / discharged in the same manner as in Test Example 1, and the deposition state was examined.
- the negative electrode electrolyte is prepared by dissolving vanadium sulfate (trivalent) in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (H 2 SO 4 aq) having a sulfuric acid concentration of 1.75 M to prepare an electrolyte having a vanadium ion (trivalent) concentration of 1.7 M. did.
- Both of charge and discharge current density performed at a constant current of 70 mA / cm 2, the battery voltage as shown in FIG. 6 (switching voltage) terminates the charge when it reaches the 2.10 V, switching to discharge, that Charging / discharging was repeated.
- the redox flow battery used in this test was examined for battery characteristics in the same manner as in Test Example 2.
- the redox flow battery using the positive electrode electrolyte (I) had a current efficiency of 84.2% and a voltage efficiency of 81.4.
- Test Example 5 A vanadium-manganese redox flow battery system was constructed and charged / discharged in the same manner as in Test Example 4, and the deposition state was examined.
- (III)) is prepared in the same manner as in Test Example 4 (negative electrode electrolyte; sulfuric acid concentration: 1.75 M, vanadium ion (trivalent) concentration: 1.7 M, diaphragm: anion exchange membrane) , Electrode: carbon felt, battery reaction area: 9 cm 2 , amount of each electrolyte: 6 ml), charge and discharge were repeated under the same conditions as in Test Example 4 (switching voltage: 2.1 V, current density: 70 mA / cm 2 ) .
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time and the battery voltage when the electrolytes (I) to (III) are used.
- the redox flow battery used in this test was examined for battery characteristics in the same manner as in Test Example 2. As a result, the redox flow battery using the electrolyte (I) had a current efficiency of 86.1% and a voltage efficiency of 84.4%.
- the theoretical discharge capacity (here, the discharge time) of the one-electron reaction in the electrolyte solution having a volume of 6 ml and a manganese ion (divalent) concentration of 1 M is 15.3 minutes.
- the electrolyte (III) having a sulfuric acid concentration of 4M was used, a discharge capacity of 19.3 minutes was surprisingly obtained.
- the reason why the discharge capacity increased in this way is considered to be that MnO 2 (tetravalent) produced by the disproportionation reaction was reduced to manganese ions (divalent) by a two-electron reaction. From this, it is considered that the energy density can be increased and a larger battery capacity can be obtained by utilizing the phenomenon associated with the two-electron reaction (tetravalent to divalent).
- electrolyte solution (I) the positive electrode electrolyte having a sulfuric acid concentration of 1M
- electrolyte solution (II) the positive electrode electrolyte having a sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5M
- electrolyte solution (II) the positive electrode electrolyte having a sulfuric acid concentration of 2.5M
- electrolyte solution (II) vanadium sulfate (trivalent) was dissolved in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (H 2 SO 4 aq) having a sulfuric acid concentration of 1.75 M to prepare an electrolytic solution having a vanadium ion (trivalent) concentration of 1.7 M.
- carbon felt was used for the electrode of each electrode, and an anion exchange membrane was used for the diaphragm.
- FIG. 8 (I) shows the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time and the battery voltage when the electrolytic solution (I) is used
- FIG. 8 (II) is the electrolytic solution (II).
- the state of charge of the redox flow battery using the electrolytic solution (I) is 118% (18 min), and the state of charge of the redox flow battery using the electrolytic solution (II) is 146%.
- the theoretical discharge capacity of one-electron reaction in the electrolyte solution having a volume of 6 ml and a manganese ion (divalent) concentration of 1 M is 15.3 minutes as described above.
- the discharge capacities are 16.8 min and 19.7 min, respectively, corresponding to 110% and 129% with respect to the theoretical discharge capacity, respectively.
- the reason why the discharge capacity is increased in this way is thought to be that MnO 2 (tetravalent) generated during charging was reduced to manganese ions (divalent) by a two-electron reaction.
- the reason for this is considered to be that the ratio of the ionic concentration of the positive electrode electrolyte: positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn was 50% or more as shown in the test examples described later. From this, it is considered that the energy density can be increased and a larger battery capacity can be obtained by utilizing the phenomenon associated with the two-electron reaction (tetravalent to divalent) as described above.
- the vanadium-manganese redox flow battery shown in this test example can have a high electromotive force of about 1.8V. Furthermore, by using carbon felt electrodes, the generation of oxygen gas was virtually negligible.
- manganese sulfate (divalent): MnSO 4 and titanium sulfate (tetravalent): TiOSO 4 were dissolved in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 2 M as a positive electrode electrolyte, and manganese ions (divalent) and titanium were dissolved.
- Cathode electrolytes with various concentrations of ions (tetravalent) were prepared.
- Ratio of titanium ion concentration to manganese ion concentration ( molar ratio): The amounts of manganese sulfate and titanium sulfate to be added were adjusted so that positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn had the values shown in Table 2.
- Sample No. 7-1 is an electrolytic solution in which titanium sulfate is not added and only manganese sulfate is dissolved.
- titanium sulfate tetravalent
- a sulfuric acid aqueous solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 2M was prepared in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 2M to prepare an electrolyte having a titanium ion (tetravalent) concentration of 1M.
- Carbon felt was used for each electrode, and an anion exchange membrane was used for the diaphragm.
- a small single cell battery having an electrode reaction area of 9 cm 2 was prepared, and the positive electrode electrolyte was 9 ml (9 cc), and the negative electrode electrolyte was 25 ml so that the amount was sufficiently larger than the amount of the positive electrode electrolyte ( 25cc) prepared. Then, using the prepared electrolytic solution, a charge test was conducted with a constant current of 50 mA / cm 2 and a charge end voltage of 2.0 V. After charging, the state of charge: SOC, energy density, and electromotive force of positive electrode manganese were examined.
- the state of charge (SOC) was determined in the same manner as in Test Example 1.
- the energy density (kWh / m 3 ) was determined as follows.
- the energy density when the ion concentration of manganese ion in the positive electrode and the ion concentration of titanium ion in the negative electrode are both 1 mol / liter and the discharge average voltage is 1.3
- V is [ ⁇ discharge (average) voltage (V) x ion concentration (Mol / liter) x Faraday constant (A ⁇ sec / mol) ⁇ 3600 (sec / h) ⁇ 2 (positive / negative)] (only one-electron reaction.
- the reference density was kWh / m 3
- the energy density of each sample was the above-mentioned reference density ⁇ charged state (SOC) of each sample.
- the electromotive force of the positive electrode manganese was set to a potential with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode: SHE.
- the electromotive force was measured using a separately manufactured monitor cell. Specifically, a monitor cell (single cell) having the same structure as the single cell battery is manufactured and electrically connected to the single cell battery in series, and the positive electrode of the monitor cell in a state where no voltage is applied and a separate positive electrode electrolyte.
- the voltage with the inserted reference electrode was measured, and this voltage was used as the electromotive force of the positive electrode manganese. The results are shown in FIG.
- the energy density and the electromotive force can be further increased by setting the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn to 0.5 (50%) or more, further 0.8 (80%) or more, particularly 1.0 (100%) or more.
- the concentration of manganese ions and the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte are within a specific range. It can be seen that the density and electromotive force can be increased. Further, by increasing the energy density, it is possible to reduce the storage tank for the electrolyte solution that occupies a large volume in the redox flow battery system, which can contribute to downsizing of the system. Considering the energy density and electromotive force, it can be said that the positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn is most preferably 1.0 (100%) or more.
- the energy density is higher than the ideal energy density of 18.8kWh / m 3 when the discharge average voltage is 1.4V.
- the reason for this is considered to be that a two-electron reaction occurs in addition to a one-electron reaction.
- Test Example 8-1 Similar to Test Example 7, a Ti / Mn redox flow battery system was constructed and charged and discharged for several days, and the battery characteristics (discharge capacity, current efficiency, voltage efficiency, energy efficiency) were examined.
- manganese sulfate (divalent): MnSO 4 and titanium sulfate (tetravalent): TiOSO 4 were dissolved in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 2 M as the positive electrode electrolyte, and the concentration of manganese ions (divalent).
- Prepare an electrolyte solution with a concentration of 1M and a titanium ion (tetravalent) concentration of 0.8M (positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn 0.8 (80%)).
- the negative electrode electrolyte is an aqueous sulfuric acid solution with a sulfuric acid concentration of 2M.
- Fig. 10 shows the current efficiency and discharge capacity during operation.
- Current efficiency, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency were determined in the same manner as in Test Example 2.
- current current density ⁇ electrode area.
- the discharge capacity also decreased from 41 Ah to 31 Ah.
- the concentration of titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte was less than 50% of the concentration of manganese ions after the charge / discharge test for about 4 days. From this, it is considered that the titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte diffused into the negative electrode electrolyte over time.
- a redox flow battery system (anion exchange membrane, carbon felt electrode, electrode area: 500 cm 2 ) capable of obtaining an output of about 50 W similar to that in Test Example 8-1 was constructed, and the current density was 70 mA / cm 2 . Charging / discharging was performed at a constant current for about 4 days (switching voltage: 1.5 V).
- FIG. 11 shows the current efficiency and discharge capacity during operation.
- the Ti / Mn-based redox flow battery it is possible to maintain excellent battery characteristics over a long period of time by increasing the titanium ion concentration in the bipolar electrolyte solution or increasing the titanium ion concentration in the negative electrode electrolyte solution. It can be said that it has stable performance over a long period of time.
- Test Example 9 A Ti / Mn redox flow battery system was constructed in the same manner as in Test Example 7, and the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time and the battery voltage was examined in the same manner as in Test Example 6.
- an ion exchange membrane having a sufficiently small permeability of manganese ions and titanium ions as compared with the anion exchange membrane used in Test Example 8 was used for the diaphragm.
- a commercial product Nafion (registered trademark) PFSA diaphragm: N-117) composed of a copolymer of perfluorosulfonic acid and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time and the battery voltage. Further, in the same manner as in Test Example 1, the state of charge calculated from the initial charging time: SOC and the state of charge after 9 cycles: SOC were examined. Furthermore, the battery characteristics (current efficiency, voltage efficiency, energy efficiency) were examined in the same manner as in Test Example 2.
- the current efficiency was 100%, the voltage efficiency was 82.1%, and the energy efficiency was 82.1%.
- the current efficiency was almost 100% and maintained constant in 9 cycles of charge / discharge.
- the discharge capacity here, the discharge time
- the initial discharge capacity was 13.5 min, and the discharge capacity after 9 cycles was not changed to 13.5 min.
- the battery capacity was not substantially reduced.
- the reason for such a result is considered to be that titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte were prevented from diffusing to the negative electrode side by using an ion exchange membrane having low permeability of titanium ions and manganese ions. . Therefore, in a Ti / Mn redox flow battery, it can be said that excellent battery characteristics can be maintained over a long period of time by using an ion exchange membrane that can sufficiently suppress the permeation of titanium ions and manganese ions.
- test Example 9 the ratio of the concentration of titanium ions to the concentration of manganese ions as the positive electrode electrolyte: an electrolyte having a positive electrode Ti / positive electrode Mn of 50% or more was used, but an electrolyte of less than 50% can be used.
- an electrolytic solution having a titanium ion concentration less than or equal to the titanium ion concentration of the positive electrode electrolyte solution was used as the negative electrode electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode electrolyte solution and the negative electrode electrolyte solution had the same composition so that both the positive electrode electrolyte solution and the negative electrode electrolyte solution contained the same metal ion species.
- carbon felt was used for the electrode of each electrode, and an anion exchange membrane was used for the diaphragm.
- FIG. 13 (I) shows the relationship between the charge / discharge cycle time and the battery voltage in form (I), FIG. 13 (II) in form (II), and FIG. 13 (III) in form (III).
- the state of charge of Form (I) is 101% (26 min), and when the amount of negative electrode electrolyte is increased to be higher than the amount of positive electrode electrolyte, the state of charge of Form (II) is 110% (20.2 min) ).
- the amount of electrolyte in each electrode was the same as in Form (II), and the state of charge was increased by reducing the current density from 70 mA / cm 2 to 50 mA / cm 2.
- the state of charge in Form (III) was 139% (35.6min).
- the theoretical discharge capacity of a one-electron reaction (Mn 3+ + e ⁇ ⁇ Mn 2+ ) in an electrolyte with a volume of 6 ml and a manganese ion (divalent) concentration of 1.2 M (here, the current value is constant) Therefore, it is 25.7 minutes (50 mA / cm 2 ).
- the discharge capacities of forms (I) to (III) are 24.2 min (50 mA / cm 2 ), 20.1 min (70 mA / cm 2 ), and 33.5 min (50 mA / cm 2 ), respectively.
- the presence of titanium ions effectively suppresses precipitation of precipitates such as MnO 2 It turns out that charging / discharging can be performed.
- the titanium-manganese redox flow battery shown in this test example can have a high electromotive force of about 1.4V.
- this redox flow battery has the same metal ion species present in the positive and negative electrode electrolytes, so (1) the battery capacity is not substantially reduced due to the movement of metal ions to the counter electrode.
- each electrolyte volume about 3 L (liter)
- diaphragm anion exchange membrane
- each electrode carbon felt
- each electrode area 500 cm 2
- a battery cell with an output of about 50 W Ti / Mn redox flow battery system was constructed.
- FIG. 14 shows the current efficiency and discharge capacity during operation.
- Current efficiency, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency were determined in the same manner as in Test Example 2.
- current current density ⁇ electrode area
- the concentration of ions in each electrode electrolyte stored in each electrode tank is appropriately measured, You may adjust a density
- the concentration of ions in both electrodes can be made equal by mixing the bipolar electrolyte.
- a system including a pipe connecting each pole tank storing each of the polar electrolytes, and an open / close plug provided on this pipe that can switch between conduction and non-connection between the two electrodes can be mentioned.
- Table 4 and FIG. 15 show the maximum concentrations that can be dissolved when both the manganese ion concentration (M) and the titanium ion concentration (M) are equal.
- a small single cell battery having the same specifications as in Test Example 10 was constructed except that electrolytes of various compositions were used as the electrolytes of both electrodes (diaphragm: anion exchange membrane, each electrode). Electrode: Carbon felt electrode, area of each electrode: 9 cm 2 , amount of each electrolyte solution: 6 ml (6 cc)). The electrolyte solution of the same composition was used for the electrolyte solution of both electrodes. Then, charging / discharging was performed at a constant current of current density: 70 mA / cm 2 (switching voltage: 1.5 V), and the above characteristics were examined. The results are shown in Table 5. The current efficiency was determined in the same manner as in Test Example 2.
- the energy density was calculated from discharge average voltage (V) ⁇ discharge time (h) ⁇ current value (A) ⁇ electrolyte volume (m 3 ).
- the cell resistivity was determined by ⁇ (average terminal voltage during charging (V) ⁇ average terminal voltage during discharging (V)) / (2 ⁇ current density (A / cm 2 )) ⁇ .
- FIG. 16 shows the relationship between cell resistivity ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) and sulfuric acid concentration (M).
- sulfuric acid It can be said that the concentration is preferably 1.5M to 2.5M, the concentration of titanium ions and the concentration of manganese ions in the bipolar electrolyte solution are 0.8 to 1.2M.
- the sulfuric acid concentration, the titanium ion concentration and the manganese ion concentration in the bipolar electrolyte solution can be controlled to a specific range, a redox flow battery having more practical energy density and cell resistivity can be obtained.
- the concentration of manganese ions and titanium ions in the positive electrode electrolyte, the acid concentration of the solvent in the positive electrode electrolyte, the type and concentration of metal ions in the negative electrode active material, the type and concentration of the solvent in each electrode electrolyte, and the electrode material can be changed as appropriate.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention has a large capacity for the purpose of stabilizing fluctuations in power generation output, storing electricity when surplus of generated power, load leveling, etc., for power generation of new energy such as solar power generation and wind power generation. It can utilize suitably for a storage battery.
- the redox flow battery of the present invention can be suitably used as a large-capacity storage battery that is provided in a general power plant and is intended for measures against instantaneous voltage drop / power outage and load leveling.
- the operating method of the redox flow battery of the present invention can be suitably used when the redox flow battery of the present invention is used in the above various applications.
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Abstract
Description
Mn3+は不安定であり、マンガンイオンの水溶液では、以下の不均化反応によってMn2+(2価)及びMnO2(4価)を生じる。
不均化反応:2Mn3++2H2O ⇔ Mn2++MnO2(析出)+4H+
(1) 上記析出抑制手段として、上記正極電解液にチタンイオンを含有している。
(2) 上記析出抑制手段として、上記正極電解液の充電状態を1電子反応で計算して90%以下となるように運転する。
更に、正極電解液にチタンイオンを含有する場合、以下の(3)の形態とすることができる。
(3) 上記正極電解液及び上記負極電解液の双方が、マンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの双方を含有している。
(1) 正極電解液が、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のマンガンと、4価のチタンイオンとを含有する形態
(2) 正極電解液が、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のマンガンとを含有する形態
(1) 3価のチタンイオン及び4価のチタンイオンの少なくとも一種のチタンイオンを含有する。
(2) 2価のバナジウムイオン及び3価のバナジウムイオンの少なくとも一種のバナジウムイオンを含有する。
(3) 2価のクロムイオン及び3価のクロムイオンの少なくとも一種のクロムイオンを含有する。
(4) 2価の亜鉛イオンを含有する。
(5) 2価のスズイオン及び4価のスズイオンの少なくとも一種のスズイオンを含有する。
(1) Ru,Ti,Ir,Mn,Pd,Au,及びPtから選択される少なくとも一種の金属と、Ru,Ti,Ir,Mn,Pd,Au,及びPtから選択される少なくとも一種の金属の酸化物とを含む複合材(例えば、Ti基体にIr酸化物やRu酸化物を塗布したもの)、(2) 上記複合材を含むカーボン複合物、(3) 上記複合材を含む寸法安定電極(DSE)、(4) 導電性ポリマ(例えば、ポリアセチレン、ポリチオフェンなどの電気を通す高分子材料)、(5) グラファイト、(6) ガラス質カーボン、(7) 導電性ダイヤモンド、(8) 導電性ダイヤモンドライクカーボン(DLC)、(9) カーボンファイバからなる不織布、(10) カーボンファイバからなる織布
[試験例1]
図1に示す実施形態1のレドックスフロー電池システムとして、正極活物質をマンガンイオンとし、負極活物質をバナジウムイオンとするV/Mn系レドックスフロー電池を構築して充放電を行い、この正極電解液の充電状態(SOC)と析出現象との関係を調べた。
活物質電気量=モル数×ファラデー定数=体積×濃度×96,485(A・秒/モル)
理論充電時間=活物質電気量/充電電流(I)
充電状態=充電電気量/理論充電電気量
=(充電時間×電流)/(理論充電時間×電流)
=充電時間/理論充電時間
図1に示す実施形態1のレドックスフロー電池システムとして、負極電解液にチタンイオンを含有するTi/Mn系レドックスフロー電池を構築して充放電を行い、電池特性(電流効率、電圧効率、エネルギー効率)を調べた。
硫酸(H2SO4)に対するマンガンイオン(2価)の溶解度を調べた。その結果を図5に示す。図5に示すように硫酸濃度の増加に従って、マンガンイオン(2価)の溶解度が減少し、硫酸濃度が5Mの場合、溶解度は0.3Mとなることが分かる。逆に、硫酸濃度が低い領域では、4Mという高い溶解度が得られることが分かる。この結果から、電解液中のマンガンイオン濃度を高めるためには、特に、実用上望まれる0.3M以上の濃度を得るためには、電解液の溶媒に硫酸水溶液を用いる場合、硫酸濃度を5M未満と低くすることが好ましいことが分かる。
試験例1と同様にバナジウム-マンガン系レドックスフロー電池システムを構築して充放電を行い、析出状態を調べた。
(I) 硫酸濃度:マンガンイオン(2価)濃度=1M:4M
(II) 硫酸濃度:マンガンイオン(2価)濃度=2M:3M
(III) 硫酸濃度:マンガンイオン(2価)濃度=4M:1.5M
試験例4と同様にバナジウム-マンガン系レドックスフロー電池システムを構築して充放電を行い、析出状態を調べた。
[試験例6]
図2に示す実施形態2のレドックスフロー電池システムとして、正極電解液に、マンガンイオンおよびチタンイオンの双方を含有する電解液、負極電解液にバナジウムイオンを含有する電解液を用いたV/Mn系レドックスフロー電池システムを構築して充放電を行い、析出状態及び電池特性を調べた。
図2に示すレドックスフロー電池システムとして、正極電解液に、マンガンイオンおよびチタンイオンの双方を含有する電解液、負極電解液にチタンイオンを含有する電解液を用いたTi/Mn系レドックスフロー電池システムを構築して充電試験を行い、エネルギー密度、正極マンガンの起電力、充電状態を調べた。
試験例7と同様にTi/Mn系レドックスフロー電池システムを構築して充放電を数日間行い、電池特性(放電容量、電流効率、電圧効率、エネルギー効率)を調べた。
そこで、負極電解液のチタンイオンの濃度の割合が上記試験例8-1と異なる電解液、具体的には、硫酸濃度:2M、チタンイオン(4価)の濃度が0.8M(負極Ti/正極Ti=1(100%))の電解液を用意した。正極電解液は、上記試験例8-1と同様のもの(硫酸濃度:2M、マンガンイオン(2価)の濃度:1M、チタンイオン(4価)の濃度:0.8M)とし、各極電解液をそれぞれ3L(リットル)程度用意した。そして、上記試験例8-1と同様の出力50W程度が得られるレドックスフロー電池システム(陰イオン交換膜、カーボンフェルト電極、電極面積:500cm2)を構築して、電流密度:70mA/cm2の定電流で充放電を約4日間行った(切替電圧:1.5V)。運転中の電流効率及び放電容量を図11に示す。
試験例7と同様にTi/Mn系レドックスフロー電池システムを構築して、試験例6と同様に充放電サイクル時間と電池電圧との関係を調べた。
[試験例10]
図3に示す実施形態3のレドックスフロー電池システムを構築し、正極電解液及び負極電解液の双方に、マンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの双方を含有する電解液を用いて充放電を行い、析出状態及び電池特性を調べた。
図3に示すレドックスフロー電池システムを構築し、長期に亘り充放電を行って、電池特性(放電容量、電流効率、電圧効率、エネルギー効率)を調べた。
硫酸(H2SO4)に対するマンガンイオン(2価)及びチタンイオン(4価)の双方を溶解させたときの溶解度を調べた。
図3に示すレドックスフロー電池システムを構築し、両極電解液として、硫酸濃度:1M~3M、マンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの濃度:1M~1.5Mの電解液を用いて充放電を行い、電流効率、エネルギー密度、セル抵抗率を調べた。
104 正極電極 105 負極電極 106 正極電解液用のタンク
107 負極電解液用のタンク 108,109,110,111 配管 112,113 ポンプ
200 制御手段 201 入力手段 202 充電時間演算手段 203 記憶手段
204 タイマ手段 205 SOC演算手段 206 判断手段 207 命令手段
210 直接入力手段 211 表示手段
Claims (22)
- 正極電極と、負極電極と、これら両電極間に介在される隔膜とを具える電池セルに正極電解液及び負極電解液を供給して充放電を行うレドックスフロー電池であって、
前記正極電解液は、マンガンイオンを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、チタンイオン、バナジウムイオン、クロムイオン、亜鉛イオン、及びスズイオンから選択される少なくとも一種の金属イオンを含有し、
MnO2の析出を抑制する析出抑制手段を具えることを特徴とするレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記析出抑制手段として、前記正極電解液にチタンイオンを含有していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記正極電解液及び前記負極電解液の双方が、マンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの双方を含有していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記正極電解液のチタンイオンの濃度は、前記正極電解液のマンガンイオンの濃度の50%以上であることを特徴とする請求項2又は3に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記負極電解液は、チタンイオンを含有し、
前記負極電解液のチタンイオンの濃度は、前記正極電解液のチタンイオンの濃度と同等以上であることを特徴とする請求項2~4のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記正極電解液のマンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの濃度と、前記負極電解液のマンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの濃度とがそれぞれ等しいことを特徴とする請求項3に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記正極電解液及び前記負極電解液の両極電解液は、硫酸アニオンを含有し、
前記両極電解液の硫酸濃度が1M以上3M以下、
前記両極電解液のマンガンイオンの濃度が0.5M以上1.5M以下、
前記両極電解液のチタンイオンの濃度が0.5M以上1.5M以下であることを特徴とする請求項3又は6に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記隔膜は、イオン交換膜であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記析出抑制手段として、前記正極電解液の充電状態を1電子反応で計算して90%以下となるように運転することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記正極電解液のマンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの各濃度がいずれも0.3M以上5M以下であることを特徴とする請求項2~7のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記正極電解液のマンガンイオンの濃度、及び前記負極電解液の各金属イオンの濃度がいずれも0.3M以上5M以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 前記正極電解液及び前記負極電解液の両極電解液は、硫酸アニオンを含有し、
前記両極電解液の硫酸濃度が5M未満であることを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記正極電解液は、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のチタンイオンとを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、以下の(1)~(5)のいずれか一つを満たすことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
(1) 3価のチタンイオン及び4価のチタンイオンの少なくとも一種のチタンイオンを含有する。
(2) 2価のバナジウムイオン及び3価のバナジウムイオンの少なくとも一種のバナジウムイオンを含有する。
(3) 2価のクロムイオン及び3価のクロムイオンの少なくとも一種のクロムイオンを含有する。
(4) 2価の亜鉛イオンを含有する。
(5) 2価のスズイオン及び4価のスズイオンの少なくとも一種のスズイオンを含有する。 - 前記正極電解液は、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のマンガンと、4価のチタンイオンとを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、以下の(I)~(V)のいずれか一つを満たすことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
(I) 2価のチタンイオン、3価のチタンイオン、及び4価のチタンイオンから選択される少なくとも一種のチタンイオンを含有する。
(II) 2価のバナジウムイオン及び3価のバナジウムイオンの少なくとも一種のバナジウムイオンを含有する。
(III) 2価のクロムイオン及び3価のクロムイオンの少なくとも一種のクロムイオンを含有する。
(IV) 2価の亜鉛イオンを含有する。
(V) 2価のスズイオン及び4価のスズイオンの少なくとも一種のスズイオンを含有する。 - 前記正極電解液は、更に、3価のクロムイオンを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、クロムイオンと、2価のマンガンイオンとを含有することを特徴とする請求項2に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記正極電解液は、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のチタンイオンとを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、3価のチタンイオン及び4価のチタンイオンの少なくとも一種のチタンイオンと、2価のマンガンイオンとを含有することを特徴とする請求項3に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記正極電解液は、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のマンガンと、4価のチタンイオンとを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、2価のチタンイオン、3価のチタンイオン、及び4価のチタンイオンの少なくとも一種のチタンイオンと、2価のマンガンイオンとを含有することを特徴とする請求項3に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記正極電解液は、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、以下の(1)~(5)のいずれか一つを満たすことを特徴とする請求項9に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
(1) 3価のチタンイオン及び4価のチタンイオンの少なくとも一種のチタンイオンを含有する。
(2) 2価のバナジウムイオン及び3価のバナジウムイオンの少なくとも一種のバナジウムイオンを含有する。
(3) 2価のクロムイオン及び3価のクロムイオンの少なくとも一種のクロムイオンを含有する。
(4) 2価の亜鉛イオンを含有する。
(5) 2価のスズイオン及び4価のスズイオンの少なくとも一種のスズイオンを含有する。 - 前記正極電解液は、2価のマンガンイオン及び3価のマンガンイオンの少なくとも一種のマンガンイオンと、4価のマンガンとを含有し、
前記負極電解液は、以下の(I)~(V)のいずれか一つを満たすことを特徴とする請求項9に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
(I) 2価のチタンイオン、3価のチタンイオン、及び4価のチタンイオンから選択される少なくとも一種のチタンイオンを含有する。
(II) 2価のバナジウムイオン及び3価のバナジウムイオンの少なくとも一種のバナジウムイオンを含有する。
(III) 2価のクロムイオン及び3価のクロムイオンの少なくとも一種のクロムイオンを含有する。
(IV) 2価の亜鉛イオンを含有する。
(V) 2価のスズイオン及び4価のスズイオンの少なくとも一種のスズイオンを含有する。 - 前記正極電極及び前記負極電極は、
Ru,Ti,Ir,Mn,Pd,Au,及びPtから選択される少なくとも一種の金属と、Ru,Ti,Ir,Mn,Pd,Au,及びPtから選択される少なくとも一種の金属の酸化物とを含む複合材、
前記複合材を含むカーボン複合物、
前記複合材を含む寸法安定電極(DSE)、
導電性ポリマ、
グラファイト、
ガラス質カーボン、
導電性ダイヤモンド、
導電性ダイヤモンドライクカーボン(DLC)、
カーボンファイバからなる不織布、
及びカーボンファイバからなる織布から選択される少なくとも一種の材料から構成されており、
前記隔膜は、多孔質膜、膨潤性隔膜、陽イオン交換膜、及び陰イオン交換膜から選択される少なくとも一種の膜であることを特徴とする請求項1~19のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。 - 前記正極電解液及び前記負極電解液の両極電解液の溶媒は、H2SO4、K2SO4、Na2SO4、H3PO4、K2PO4、Na3PO4、K3PO4、H4P2O7、HNO3、KNO3、及びNaNO3から選択される少なくとも一種の水溶液であることを特徴とする請求項1~20のいずれか1項に記載のレドックスフロー電池。
- 請求項3に記載のレドックスフロー電池の運転方法であって、
前記正極電解液と前記負極電解液とを混合することで、前記正極電解液のマンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの濃度と、前記負極電解液のマンガンイオン及びチタンイオンの濃度とをそれぞれ等しくすることを特徴とするレドックスフロー電池の運転方法。
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