WO2012114659A1 - シリコン基板の製造方法及びシリコン基板 - Google Patents
シリコン基板の製造方法及びシリコン基板 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012114659A1 WO2012114659A1 PCT/JP2012/000696 JP2012000696W WO2012114659A1 WO 2012114659 A1 WO2012114659 A1 WO 2012114659A1 JP 2012000696 W JP2012000696 W JP 2012000696W WO 2012114659 A1 WO2012114659 A1 WO 2012114659A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02002—Preparing wafers
- H01L21/02005—Preparing bulk and homogeneous wafers
- H01L21/02027—Setting crystal orientation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/06—Silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B33/00—After-treatment of single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
- C30B33/02—Heat treatment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/322—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to modify their internal properties, e.g. to produce internal imperfections
- H01L21/3221—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to modify their internal properties, e.g. to produce internal imperfections of silicon bodies, e.g. for gettering
- H01L21/3225—Thermally inducing defects using oxygen present in the silicon body for intrinsic gettering
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
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- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention manufactures a silicon substrate having a defect-free region (Denuded Zone, hereinafter referred to as a DZ layer) free from glow-in oxygen precipitates, glow-in defects, and RIE defects (defects detectable by RIE) from the substrate surface to a certain depth.
- the present invention relates to a method and a silicon substrate manufactured by the method.
- CZ method a silicon single crystal produced by the Czochralski method
- oxygen of about 10-20 ppma (JEIDA: conversion factor by Japan Electronics Industry Promotion Association) is normally dissolved into the melt from the quartz crucible, and silicon at the silicon melt interface. It is taken up in a single crystal. Thereafter, in the process of cooling the silicon single crystal, the incorporated oxygen becomes supersaturated and aggregates to form oxygen precipitates (hereinafter also referred to as glow-in oxygen precipitates) when the crystal temperature becomes 700 ° C. or lower.
- glow-in oxygen precipitates oxygen precipitates
- the size is extremely small, and TZDB (Time Zero Dielectric Breakdown) characteristics and device characteristics that are one of oxide breakdown voltage characteristics and device characteristics are not deteriorated at the shipment stage.
- Defects due to single crystal growth that degrade oxide breakdown voltage characteristics and device characteristics are vacancy-type point defects called vacancy (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as Va) taken into a silicon single crystal from a silicon melt.
- Interstitial silicon point defects called interstitial silicon (hereinafter abbreviated as I) are complex defects that become supersaturated during crystal cooling and aggregate together with oxygen.
- FPD, LSTD , COP, OSF, etc. have been found to be grown-in defects. In explaining these defects, first, what is generally known about factors that determine the concentrations of Va and I taken into the silicon single crystal will be explained.
- FIG. 5 shows an average value G (° C./mm) of the temperature gradient in the crystal in the pulling axis direction in the temperature range from the silicon melting point to 1300 ° C. by changing the pulling rate V (mm / min) during single crystal growth. It is a figure which shows the defect area
- the temperature distribution in the single crystal depends on the structure in the CZ furnace (hereinafter referred to as hot zone (HZ)), and the distribution hardly changes even if the pulling rate is changed.
- HZ hot zone
- V / G corresponds to only a change in pulling speed. That is, the pulling speed V and V / G are approximately directly proportional. Therefore, the pulling speed V is used on the vertical axis of FIG.
- glow-in defects such as FPD, LSTD, and COP that are considered to be voids in which vacancies that are point defects called vacancy are agglomerated are present at a high density almost in the entire crystal diameter direction.
- a region where these defects exist is called a V-rich region.
- the OSF ring generated in the periphery of the crystal contracts toward the inside of the crystal and eventually disappears.
- a neutral (Neutral, hereinafter referred to as “N”) region appears with little excess or deficiency of vacancy and interstitial silicon. Although this N region has a bias of Va and I but is below the saturation concentration, it does not aggregate and form a glow-in defect.
- the N region is divided into an Nv region where Va is dominant and an Ni region where I is dominant.
- the BMD as described above occurs on the surface of the silicon substrate which is the device active region, it adversely affects the device characteristics such as junction leakage.
- it exists in the bulk other than the device active region it is mixed in the device process This is effective because it functions as a gettering site for capturing metal impurities.
- RTP Rapid Thermal Process
- the RTP treatment is a heat treatment method in which a silicon substrate is rapidly heated from room temperature at a temperature rising rate of, for example, 50 ° C./sec, heated and held at a temperature of about 1200 ° C. for about several tens of seconds, and then rapidly cooled.
- the mechanism by which BMD is formed by performing oxygen precipitation heat treatment after RTP treatment is described in detail in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2.
- the BMD formation mechanism will be briefly described.
- Va is injected from the surface of the silicon substrate while being held at a high temperature of 1200 ° C. in an N 2 atmosphere, and then redistribution due to diffusion of Va and disappearance of I occur while the temperature is lowered. As a result, Va is unevenly distributed in the bulk.
- the silicon substrate in such a state is heat-treated at, for example, 800 ° C., oxygen is rapidly clustered in a high Va concentration region, but oxygen is not clustered in a low Va concentration region.
- heat treatment is performed at 1000 ° C. for a certain period of time, clustered oxygen grows to form BMD.
- BMD having a distribution in the thickness direction of the silicon substrate is formed according to the concentration profile of Va formed by RTP treatment. Therefore, the desired Va concentration profile is formed on the silicon substrate by controlling the conditions such as the atmosphere, maximum temperature, and holding time of the RTP process, and then the desired DZ is performed by performing the oxygen precipitation heat treatment on the silicon substrate.
- a silicon substrate having a BMD profile in the width and thickness direction can be manufactured.
- Patent Document 3 discloses that when RTP treatment is performed in an oxygen gas atmosphere, an oxide film is formed on the surface, and I is injected from the oxide film interface, so that BMD formation is suppressed.
- the RTP treatment can promote the formation of BMD or can suppress it conversely depending on the conditions such as the atmospheric gas and the maximum holding temperature. Since such RTP treatment is an extremely short time annealing, oxygen outdiffusion hardly occurs, and a decrease in oxygen concentration at the surface layer is negligible.
- the depletion layer expands. It is known that the presence of BMD in this depletion layer region causes junction leakage. Yes.
- the surface layer which is the operation region of many devices, is required to be free of glow-in defects such as COP, BMD, and glow-in oxygen precipitates.
- the oxygen concentration is set below the solid solubility limit. For example, the defects can be eliminated by performing heat treatment at 1100 ° C.
- the semiconductor element in order for the semiconductor element to function properly, it is necessary for the minority carrier to have a sufficient lifetime. It is known that the lifetime of minority carriers (hereinafter referred to as lifetime) is lowered by the formation of defect levels due to metal impurities, oxygen precipitation, vacancies, and the like. Therefore, in order to stably secure the function of the semiconductor element, it is necessary to manufacture the silicon substrate by a method that provides a sufficient lifetime.
- Patent Document 1 describes a method of performing RTP treatment on a silicon substrate consisting of an entire N region by cutting out from an N region single crystal in which no Va or I aggregates exist.
- this method since there is no glow-in defect in Si as a material, it can be considered that there is no problem even if the RTP treatment is performed.
- the oxidation is performed.
- a TDDB (Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown) characteristic which is a temporal breakdown characteristic indicating long-term reliability of a film, is measured, the TZDB characteristic is hardly deteriorated in the Nv region of the silicon substrate, but the TDDB characteristic may be deteriorated.
- the region where the TDDB characteristic is degraded is an Nv region and a region (RIE defect) detected by the RIE method, and therefore there is an RIE defect on the surface layer.
- Development of a silicon substrate and a method for manufacturing the same are extremely important.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- the etching rate is different between the crystal defect forming region containing SiOx and the non-forming region not containing (the former has a lower etching rate)
- the main surface of the substrate contains SiOx.
- Conical protrusions with crystal defects as vertices remain. Since crystal defects are emphasized in the form of protrusions by anisotropic etching, even minute defects can be easily detected.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a silicon substrate manufacturing method and a silicon substrate that have no RIE defects on the surface layer and have a sufficiently long lifetime.
- the present invention is a method for manufacturing a silicon substrate, and at least a rapid heating / rapid cooling device is provided on a silicon substrate cut out from a silicon single crystal ingot grown by the Czochralski method.
- the first temperature drop at a temperature drop rate of 5 to 150 ° C./sec after a rapid heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 1300 ° C. and lower than the melting point of silicon for 1 to 60 seconds.
- the cooling time X seconds and the cooling rate Y ° C./second are set to satisfy Y ⁇ 0.15X ⁇ 4.5 when X ⁇ 100, and Y ⁇ 10 when X ⁇ 100.
- a method for manufacturing a silicon substrate characterized by performing a temperature lowering step in a stage.
- the rapid heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing a nitride film forming atmosphere gas, a rare gas, or a mixed gas thereof. If rapid heat treatment is performed in such an atmosphere, it is possible to inject vacancies to the extent that sufficient BMD can be precipitated while preventing occurrence of slip dislocation.
- the silicon substrate subjected to the rapid thermal processing is cut out from a silicon single crystal ingot in which the entire surface grown by the Czochralski method is the OSF region, the entire surface is the N region, or the OSF region and the N region are mixed.
- a single crystal wafer is preferable.
- a silicon substrate manufactured by the method for manufacturing a silicon substrate of the present invention wherein there is no defect detected by the RIE method at a depth of at least 1 ⁇ m from the surface to be a device manufacturing region of the silicon substrate, and
- the silicon substrate is characterized in that the lifetime of the silicon substrate is 500 ⁇ sec or more.
- a silicon substrate as described above can be manufactured, and a high-quality silicon substrate that can improve the yield of device fabrication is obtained.
- the present invention it is possible to manufacture a high-quality silicon substrate having no defects in the surface layer serving as a device manufacturing region and having a lifetime of 500 ⁇ sec or more.
- a silicon single crystal ingot is grown by the Czochralski method, and a silicon substrate is cut out from the silicon single crystal ingot.
- the diameter of the silicon single crystal ingot to be grown is not particularly limited, and can be, for example, 150 mm to 300 mm or more, and can be grown to a desired size in accordance with the application.
- FIG. 1 shows a single crystal pulling apparatus 10.
- the single crystal pulling apparatus 10 includes a pulling chamber 11, a crucible 12 in the pulling chamber 11, a heater 14 disposed around the crucible 12, a crucible holding shaft 13 for rotating the crucible 12, and a rotating mechanism (not shown). ), A seed chuck 21 that holds the seed crystal of silicon, a wire 19 that pulls up the seed chuck 21, and a winding mechanism (not shown) that rotates or winds the wire 19.
- the crucible 12 is provided with a quartz crucible on the inner side containing the silicon melt (hot water) 18 and on the outer side with a graphite crucible.
- a heat insulating material 15 is disposed around the outside of the heater 14.
- annular graphite tube (rectifying tube) 16 may be provided as shown in FIG. 1, or an annular outer heat insulating material (not shown) may be provided on the outer periphery of the solid-liquid interface 17 of the crystal.
- a cylindrical cooling device that blows cooling gas or cools the single crystal by blocking radiant heat.
- a magnet (not shown) is installed outside the pulling chamber 11, and a horizontal or vertical magnetic field is applied to the silicon melt 18, thereby suppressing convection of the melt and stable growth of a single crystal.
- a so-called MCZ method apparatus can also be used.
- the same parts as those in the prior art can be used for each part of these devices, for example.
- a high-purity polycrystalline raw material of silicon is heated to a melting point (about 1420 ° C.) or higher and melted.
- a melting point about 1420 ° C.
- the tip of the seed crystal is brought into contact with or immersed in the approximate center of the surface of the silicon melt 18.
- the crucible holding shaft 13 is rotated in an appropriate direction, and the wire 19 is wound while being rotated, and the seed crystal is pulled up to start growing the silicon single crystal ingot 20.
- the pulling speed and temperature are appropriately adjusted so that a desired defect region is obtained, and a substantially cylindrical silicon single crystal ingot 20 is obtained.
- an ingot is grown in advance while changing the pulling speed, and a preliminary test for investigating the relationship between the pulling speed and the defect region is performed.
- the silicon single crystal ingot can be manufactured so that a desired defect region can be obtained by controlling the pulling rate again in this test based on the relationship.
- the entire surface can be grown from a V-rich region, an OSF region, an N region, or a region in which these regions are mixed. Then, a silicon single crystal ingot in which the entire surface is an N region and the entire surface is one of an OSF region, a region where the OSF region and the N region are mixed is grown. Since the silicon substrate having the above-described defect region hardly contains COP that is most difficult to disappear, the rapid heat treatment of the present invention can surely eliminate the defect and also eliminate the deeper RIE defect. Is particularly effective.
- a silicon substrate can be obtained by, for example, slicing and polishing the silicon single crystal ingot thus manufactured.
- the vacancies inside the silicon substrate combine with the impurity elements contained in the silicon substrate, and the behavior of the vacancies generated by the rapid heat treatment of the present invention is greatly influenced by the oxygen concentration of the silicon substrate.
- the direct causal relationship between the vacancies and the lifetime is not clear, for example, if the silicon substrate has an oxygen concentration before the rapid heat treatment of 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 (JEIDA) or more, the temperature drop after the rapid heat treatment At this time, it is preferable because vacancies-oxygen pairs are generated at a high concentration and it becomes easy to suppress the formation of defects that form deep levels that affect the lifetime.
- Such an oxygen concentration can be adjusted at the time of the ingot growing or the like.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an example of a single wafer rapid heating / cooling device that can be used in the production method of the present invention.
- a rapid heating / rapid cooling device 52 shown in FIG. 2 has a chamber 53 made of quartz, and the silicon substrate W can be rapidly heat-treated in the chamber 53. Heating is performed by a heating lamp 54 (for example, a halogen lamp) disposed so as to surround the chamber 53 from above, below, left, and right.
- the heating lamps 54 can control power supplied independently.
- an auto shutter 55 is provided to block outside air.
- the auto shutter 55 is provided with a wafer insertion opening (not shown) that can be opened and closed by a gate valve. Further, the auto shutter 55 is provided with a gas exhaust port 51 so that the furnace atmosphere can be adjusted.
- the silicon substrate W is disposed on a three-point support portion 57 formed on the quartz tray 56.
- a quartz buffer 58 is provided on the gas inlet side of the quartz tray 56, and can prevent an introduced gas such as an oxidizing gas, a nitriding gas, and an Ar gas from directly hitting the silicon substrate W. .
- the chamber 53 is provided with a temperature measurement special window (not shown), and the pyrometer 59 installed outside the chamber 53 can measure the temperature of the silicon substrate W through the special window.
- the above-described rapid heating / cooling apparatus is used to raise the silicon substrate to a temperature higher than 1300 ° C. and lower than the silicon melting point at a temperature rising rate of, for example, 50 ° C./sec or higher.
- a rapid heat treatment is performed, and then the first temperature decreasing step is performed at a temperature decreasing rate of 5 to 150 ° C./sec to a temperature in the range of 600 to 800 ° C., and then a cooling time of X seconds
- the second temperature decreasing step is performed so as to satisfy Y ⁇ 0.15X ⁇ 4.5, and when X ⁇ 100, Y ⁇ 10. .
- the rapid heat treatment time is in the range of 1 to 60 seconds, it is sufficient to eliminate defects, and if it exceeds 60 seconds, there is a possibility that productivity decreases, cost increases, slip dislocation occurs, and the like.
- the rapid heat treatment is performed for 60 seconds or less, it is possible to prevent the oxygen concentration from greatly decreasing in the surface layer due to excessive outward diffusion of oxygen during the rapid heat treatment, and it is possible to prevent a decrease in mechanical strength.
- the productivity is lowered, and it is faster than 150 ° C./sec. In some cases, slip may occur due to rapid cooling.
- the temperature of the first stage is lowered to a temperature in the range of 600 to 800 ° C., it is not necessary to lengthen the cooling time excessively, and it is possible to sufficiently control the holes when the temperature of the second stage is lowered. it can.
- the second-stage temperature decrease starts from a temperature higher than 800 ° C. the time required for cooling becomes longer, leading to a decrease in productivity.
- the second-stage temperature decrease starts from a temperature lower than 600 ° C. the control of the vacancies inside the substrate becomes insufficient.
- the temperature can be decreased until the temperature reaches a room temperature or lower.
- the second stage temperature drop rate as described above is relatively slow, from the viewpoint of productivity, it is necessary to increase the first stage temperature drop rate from a temperature higher than 1300 ° C. to a temperature in the range of 600 to 800 ° C.
- the second-stage temperature lowering step is performed at a temperature lowering speed slower than the first-stage temperature lowering speed.
- the atmosphere for the rapid heat treatment as described above is not particularly limited, but it is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing a nitride film forming atmosphere gas, a rare gas, or a mixed gas thereof. If the atmosphere is as described above, slip dislocations can be suppressed as compared with, for example, a hydrogen atmosphere, and problems such as junction leakage due to slip dislocations can be prevented, so that the device yield can be improved. Moreover, vacancy injection can also be performed efficiently.
- Example, Comparative Example 1 A lateral magnetic field is applied by the silicon single crystal pulling apparatus shown in FIG. 1, and a silicon single crystal ingot (diameter 12 inches (300 mm), orientation ⁇ 100>, conductivity type p-type) in the N region is grown by the MCZ method.
- the rapid heating / rapid cooling device of FIG. 2 here, Helios manufactured by Mattson
- the first temperatures are 1250 ° C., 1290 ° C., 1320 ° C., and 1350 ° C., respectively.
- a heat treatment (rapid heat treatment) for 10 seconds was performed.
- the atmosphere in this rapid thermal processing was Ar, N 2 , NH 3 / Ar atmosphere.
- the first temperature decreasing step from the first temperature to the second temperature was performed at a temperature decreasing rate of 30 ° C./sec.
- the second temperature was set to 900 ° C, 800 ° C, 700 ° C, 600 ° C, and 500 ° C.
- a predetermined temperature lowering rate and a cooling time were set, and the wafer was cooled.
- the wafer surface was polished by about 5 ⁇ m.
- the RIE defects on the surface layer of the wafer were obtained when the Ar atmosphere, the second temperature was 800 ° C., and the second temperature decreasing step was performed at a temperature decreasing rate of 9 ° C./sec and the cooling time was 120 seconds. It was measured.
- etching was performed using a magnetron RIE apparatus (Centura manufactured by Applied Materials). Thereafter, the residual protrusions after etching were measured with a laser scattering foreign matter inspection apparatus (SP1 manufactured by KLA-Tencor), and the defect density was calculated. The measurement results are shown in Table 1.
- the first temperature is 1350 ° C. and heat treatment (rapid heat treatment) is performed in an Ar atmosphere for 10 seconds, and the first temperature lowering step is performed at a temperature of 30 ° C./sec to the second temperature of 800 ° C. Then, the second temperature lowering step was performed at various cooling times and temperature lowering speeds, and the lifetime of the wafer was measured.
- a treatment in which 2 g of iodine was dropped into ethanol was applied to the wafer (Chemical Passivation treatment, hereinafter referred to as CP treatment), and the lifetime was measured with a lifetime measurement device (WT-2000 manufactured by SEMILAB). The relationship with the measured lifetime is shown in FIG.
- the lifetime after the rapid heat treatment is good when the cooling rate is shorter than 100 seconds and when the cooling rate is smaller.
- a good lifetime is obtained by setting the temperature lowering rate to 10 ° C./sec or lower. From these relations, when the cooling time is X seconds and the cooling rate is Y ° C./sec when the temperature is lowered in the second stage, when X ⁇ 100, Y ⁇ 0.15X ⁇ 4.5 and X ⁇ 100 In this case, by setting X and Y so as to be in the range indicated by Y ⁇ 10 (the hatched portion shown in the graph), a wafer having a good lifetime can be manufactured.
- heat treatment is performed for 10 seconds at each temperature of 1250 ° C., 1300 ° C., 1325 ° C., and 1350 ° C. in each atmosphere of Ar, N 2 , NH 3 / Ar.
- the BMD density of the wafer was measured after the temperature was lowered to a temperature of 800 ° C. at a temperature drop rate of 30 ° C./sec, and then the second temperature drop step was performed at a temperature drop rate of 9 ° C./sec and a cooling time of 120 seconds.
- a simulation heat treatment of a flash memory manufacturing process was performed to deposit BMD in the wafer. Then, it was immersed in 5% HF, and the oxide film formed on the surface was removed.
- FIG. 4 As a reference example (Ref. In FIG. 4), the BMD density measured in the same manner as described above is also shown in FIG. 4 for a wafer manufactured in the same manner as described above except that the rapid heating / cooling heat treatment was not performed.
- the BMD formation during the device fabrication heat treatment can be easily controlled by the atmosphere.
- the BMD density is higher than that in the case where the rapid heating / cooling heat treatment is not performed.
- high BMD density is ensured by performing rapid heat processing at temperature higher than 1300 degreeC also in any atmosphere.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
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Abstract
Description
その後、シリコン単結晶が冷却される過程で、取り込まれた酸素が過飽和状態になり、結晶温度が700℃以下になると凝集して酸素析出物(以下、グローイン酸素析出物ともいう)を形成する。しかしながら、そのサイズは極めて小さく、出荷段階では酸化膜耐圧特性のひとつであるTZDB(Time Zero Dielectric Breakdown)特性やデバイス特性を低下させることはない。
これらの欠陥を説明するにあたって、先ず、シリコン単結晶に取り込まれるVaとIのそれぞれの取り込まれる濃度を決定する因子について、一般的に知られていることを説明する。
一般に、単結晶内の温度分布はCZ炉内構造(以下、ホットゾーン(HZ)という)に依存しており、引き上げ速度を変えてもその分布は殆ど変わらない。このため、同一構造のCZ炉の場合は、V/Gは引き上げ速度の変化のみに対応することになる。即ち、引き上げ速度VとV/Gは近似的には正比例の関係がある。したがって、図5の縦軸には引き上げ速度Vを用いている。
成長速度を遅くしていくと、結晶周辺部に発生していたOSFリングが結晶内部に向かって収縮していき、ついには消滅する。更に成長速度を遅くすると、ベーカンシーやインタースティシャルシリコンの過不足が少ないニュートラル(Neutral、以下Nという)領域が出現する。このN領域はVaやIの偏りはあるが飽和濃度以下であるため、凝集してグローイン欠陥とはならない。このN領域は、Vaが優勢なNv領域とIが優勢なNi領域に分別される。
以上から、例えば、結晶の中心から径方向全域に渡ってN領域となるような範囲に成長速度を制御しながら引き上げた単結晶を切断、研磨することにより、全面がN領域の極めて欠陥の少ないシリコン基板を得ることができる。
RTP処理後に酸素析出熱処理を行うことによって、BMDが形成されるメカニズムについては、特許文献1や特許文献2に詳細に記述されている。ここで、BMD形成メカニズムについて簡単に説明する。
このようなRTP処理は極めて短時間アニールであるため、酸素の外方拡散が殆ど発生せず、表層での酸素濃度の低下は無視できるほどである。
COPやOSF核、酸素析出物のような酸素関連の欠陥を消滅させるためには、酸素濃度を固溶限以下にする方法がある。例えば1100℃以上で熱処理し、酸素の外方拡散を利用して表層の酸素濃度を低下させることにより固溶限以下にすることで、上記欠陥の消滅が可能である。しかし、酸素の外方拡散により表層の酸素濃度が著しく低下してしまうため、表層の機械的強度も低下してしまうといった問題点がある。
RIE法とは、シリコン基板中の酸化珪素(以下SiOxという)を含有する微小な結晶欠陥を、深さ方向の分解能を付与しつつ評価する方法として、特許文献5に開示された方法が知られている。この方法は、基板の主表面に対して、反応性イオンエッチング(Reactive Ion Etching、以下RIEという)などの高選択性の異方性エッチングを一定厚さまで施し、残ったエッチング残渣を検出することにより結晶欠陥の評価を行うものである。SiOxを含有する結晶欠陥の形成領域と含有しない非形成領域とではエッチング速度が相違するので(前者の方がエッチング速度が小さい)、上記エッチングを施すと、基板の主表面にはSiOxを含有する結晶欠陥を頂点とした円錐状の突起が残留する。結晶欠陥が異方性エッチングにより突起部の形で強調されるため、微小な欠陥であっても容易に検出することができる。
熱処理によって、シリコン基板中に過飽和に溶存していた酸素がSiOxとして析出した酸素析出物が形成される。そして、市販のRIE装置を用いて、ハロゲン系混合ガス(例えばHBr/Cl2/He+O2)雰囲気中で、シリコン基板内に含まれるBMDに対して高選択比の異方性エッチングを行うと、BMDに起因した円錐状突起物がエッチング残渣(ヒロック)として形成される。したがって、このヒロックに基づいて結晶欠陥を評価することができる。例えば、得られたヒロックの数を数えれば、エッチングした範囲のシリコン基板中のBMDの密度を求めることができる。
ライフタイムの低下は、デバイス工程での歩留り低下やデバイス機能を不安定にさせる要因となり、特に、ライフタイムが500μsec未満の場合は、デバイス不良となる可能性が高いため、問題となる。
このような雰囲気で急速熱処理を行えば、スリップ転位の発生を防止しながら、十分なBMDを析出させることができる程度の空孔を注入できる。
本発明の急速熱処理を施すシリコン基板を、このようなシリコン単結晶ウェーハとすることで、基板内部まで欠陥を消滅でき、より確実にデバイス作製領域に欠陥が存在しないシリコン基板を製造できる。
本発明の製造方法によれば、上記のようなシリコン基板を製造することができ、デバイス作製の歩留まりを向上できる高品質のシリコン基板となる。
育成するシリコン単結晶インゴットの直径等は特に限定されず、例えば150mm~300mm、あるいはそれ以上とすることができ、用途に合わせて所望の大きさに育成することができる。
図1に単結晶引き上げ装置10を示す。この単結晶引き上げ装置10は、引き上げ室11と、引き上げ室11中のルツボ12と、ルツボ12の周囲に配置されたヒータ14と、ルツボ12を回転させるルツボ保持軸13及びその回転機構(図示せず)と、シリコンの種結晶を保持するシードチャック21と、シードチャック21を引き上げるワイヤ19と、ワイヤ19を回転または巻き取る巻き取り機構(図示せず)とを備えて構成されている。ルツボ12は、その内側のシリコン融液(湯)18を収容する側には石英ルツボが設けられ、その外側には黒鉛ルツボが設けられている。また、ヒータ14の外側周囲には断熱材15が配置されている。
また、引き上げ室11の外側に磁石(図示せず)を設置し、シリコン融液18に水平方向あるいは垂直方向の磁場を印加することによって、融液の対流を抑制し、単結晶の安定成長を図る、いわゆるMCZ法の装置を用いることもできる。
本発明では、これらの装置の各部は、例えば従来と同様のものを用いることができる。
まず、ルツボ12内で、シリコンの高純度多結晶原料を融点(約1420℃)以上に加熱して融解する。次に、ワイヤ19を巻き出すことにより、シリコン融液18の表面略中心部に種結晶の先端を接触または浸漬させる。その後、ルツボ保持軸13を適宜の方向に回転させるとともに、ワイヤ19を回転させながら巻き取り、種結晶を引き上げることにより、シリコン単結晶インゴット20の育成を開始する。
以後、引き上げ速度と温度を所望の欠陥領域となるように適切に調整し、略円柱形状のシリコン単結晶インゴット20を得る。
上記の欠陥領域のシリコン基板であれば、最も消滅しにくいCOPをほとんど含まないため、本発明の急速熱処理によって確実に欠陥を消滅させることができ、また、より深い位置のRIE欠陥も消滅させることが容易であるため、特に有効である。
図2に示す急速加熱・急速冷却装置52は、石英からなるチャンバー53を有し、このチャンバー53内でシリコン基板Wを急速熱処理できるようになっている。加熱は、チャンバー53を上下左右から囲繞するように配置される加熱ランプ54(例えばハロゲンランプ)によって行う。この加熱ランプ54は、それぞれ独立に供給される電力を制御できるようになっている。
そして、シリコン基板Wは、石英トレイ56に形成された3点支持部57上に配置される。石英トレイ56のガス導入口側には、石英製のバッファ58が設けられており、酸化性ガスや窒化性ガス、Arガス等の導入ガスが、シリコン基板Wに直接当たるのを防ぐことができる。
また、1300℃より高い温度から600~800℃の範囲の温度まで降温する際の降温速度が5℃/secよりも遅い場合は、生産性の低下を招き、また、150℃/secよりも早い場合には、急速冷却によりスリップが発生する場合がある。
基板表層のRIE欠陥を消滅させるために1300℃より高い温度で急速熱処理を施すと、空孔が過剰に発生して、この空孔起因の欠陥により基板のライフタイムが低下するという新規な課題を、本発明の上記のような降温工程により解決できる。
上記のような雰囲気であれば、例えば水素雰囲気で行う場合に比べてスリップ転位を抑制でき、スリップ転位が原因の接合リーク等の問題を防止できるため、デバイスの歩留まりを向上できる。また、空孔注入も効率的に行うことができる。
(実施例、比較例1)
図1のシリコン単結晶引き上げ装置により、横磁場を印加して、MCZ法によりN領域のシリコン単結晶インゴット(直径12インチ(300mm)、方位<100>、導電型p型)を育成し、それから切り出したシリコン単結晶ウェーハに、図2の急速加熱・急速冷却装置(ここでは、Mattson社製Helios)を用いて、第1の温度1250℃,1290℃,1320℃,1350℃の各温度で、10秒間の熱処理(急速熱処理)を施した。この急速熱処理における雰囲気は、Ar,N2,NH3/Arの各雰囲気とした。
この測定では、マグネトロンRIE装置(Applied Materials社製 Centura)を用いてエッチングを行った。その後、レーザー散乱方式の異物検査装置(KLA―Tencor社製 SP1)でエッチング後の残渣突起を計測し、欠陥密度を算出した。測定結果を表1に示す。
測定方法としては、エタノールにヨウ素を2g滴下した溶液をウェーハに塗布する処理(Chemical Passivation処理 以下CP処理)を行い、ライフタイム測定装置(SEMILAB社製 WT-2000)でライフタイムを測定した。上記測定したライフタイムとの関係を図3に示す。
しかし、第2の温度を900℃もしくは500℃に設定した比較例の場合は、上記の関係は得られず、この場合、1300℃より高い温度の急速熱処理を施したウェーハではライフタイムが低下していた。
測定方法としては、フラッシュメモリ作製プロセスのシミュレーション熱処理を施し、ウェーハ内にBMDを析出させた。その後、5%HFに浸漬させ、表面に形成された酸化膜を除去した。その後、RIE装置でエッチングを行い、残渣突起の個数を電子顕微鏡を用いて計測し、欠陥密度を算出してBMD密度を測定した。測定結果を図4に示す。なお、参照例(図4のRef.)として、急速加熱・急速冷却熱処理を行わなかった以外は上記と同様に作製されたウェーハの上記と同様に測定されたBMD密度も図4に示す。
図1のシリコン単結晶引上げ装置により、横磁場を印加して、MCZ法によりN領域のシリコン単結晶インゴット(直径12インチ(300mm)、方位<100>、導電型p型)を育成し、それから切り出したシリコン単結晶ウェーハに図2の急速加熱・急速冷却装置(ここでは、Mattson社製Helios)を用いて、1250℃,1290℃,1320℃,1350℃で、10秒間の熱処理(急速熱処理)を施した。この急速熱処理における雰囲気は、Ar、NH3/Arの各雰囲気とした。
上記のように作製したウェーハを、実施例、比較例1と同様にウェーハの表層のRIE欠陥を測定した。その結果、表1と同様の傾向が得られた。さらに、作製されたウェーハのライフタイムを実施例と同様に測定した結果を表2に示す。
Claims (4)
- シリコン基板を製造する方法であって、少なくとも、
チョクラルスキー法により育成したシリコン単結晶インゴットから切り出されたシリコン基板に、急速加熱・急速冷却装置を用いて、1300℃より高くかつシリコン融点以下の温度で1~60秒保持して急速熱処理を施した後、600~800℃の範囲の温度まで降温速度5~150℃/secで一段目の降温工程を行い、その後、冷却時間X秒と降温速度Y℃/secが、X<100の場合はY≦0.15X-4.5を、X≧100の場合はY≦10を満たすように二段目の降温工程を行うことを特徴とするシリコン基板の製造方法。 - 前記急速熱処理を、窒化膜形成雰囲気ガス、希ガス又はこれらの混合ガスを含む雰囲気で行うことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシリコン基板の製造方法。
- 前記急速熱処理を施すシリコン基板を、チョクラルスキー法により育成した全面がOSF領域、全面がN領域、又はOSF領域とN領域が混合した領域であるシリコン単結晶インゴットから切り出されたシリコン単結晶ウェーハとすることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載のシリコン基板の製造方法。
- 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載のシリコン基板の製造方法によって製造されたシリコン基板であって、該シリコン基板のデバイス作製領域となる表面から少なくとも1μmの深さにRIE法により検出される欠陥が存在せず、かつ、前記シリコン基板のライフタイムが500μsec以上であることを特徴とするシリコン基板。
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CN103392223B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
US9390905B2 (en) | 2016-07-12 |
KR101703696B1 (ko) | 2017-02-07 |
US20130316139A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
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