WO2012051957A1 - 包含污泥的废弃物的处理设备 - Google Patents

包含污泥的废弃物的处理设备 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012051957A1
WO2012051957A1 PCT/CN2011/081080 CN2011081080W WO2012051957A1 WO 2012051957 A1 WO2012051957 A1 WO 2012051957A1 CN 2011081080 W CN2011081080 W CN 2011081080W WO 2012051957 A1 WO2012051957 A1 WO 2012051957A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
waste
dewatered sludge
temperature
fluidized bed
gasification furnace
Prior art date
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PCT/CN2011/081080
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
林敏和
井上英二
渡边达也
片畑正
市谷升
松内孝夫
郭文叁
李顺安
何承发
张长乐
汪克春
李朝晖
Original Assignee
川崎重工业株式会社
安徽海螺集团有限责任公司
安徽海螺川崎工程有限公司
安徽海螺建材设计研究院
安徽海螺川崎节能设备制造有限公司
安徽铜陵海螺水泥有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by 川崎重工业株式会社, 安徽海螺集团有限责任公司, 安徽海螺川崎工程有限公司, 安徽海螺建材设计研究院, 安徽海螺川崎节能设备制造有限公司, 安徽铜陵海螺水泥有限公司 filed Critical 川崎重工业株式会社
Priority to EP11833863.1A priority Critical patent/EP2631220B1/en
Priority to BR112013008813A priority patent/BR112013008813B1/pt
Priority to JP2013532042A priority patent/JP5789669B2/ja
Priority to DK11833863.1T priority patent/DK2631220T3/en
Priority to KR1020137005986A priority patent/KR101571155B1/ko
Publication of WO2012051957A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012051957A1/zh

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/06Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by oxidation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/10Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by pyrolysis
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/36Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
    • C04B7/43Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, melting; Cooling
    • C04B7/44Burning; Melting
    • C04B7/4407Treatment or selection of the fuel therefor, e.g. use of hazardous waste as secondary fuel ; Use of particular energy sources, e.g. waste hot gases from other processes
    • C04B7/4415Waste hot gases
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/36Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
    • C04B7/43Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, melting; Cooling
    • C04B7/47Cooling ; Waste heat management
    • C04B7/475Cooling ; Waste heat management using the waste heat, e.g. of the cooled clinker, in an other way than by simple heat exchange in the cement production line, e.g. for generating steam
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/006General arrangement of incineration plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/008Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor adapted for burning two or more kinds, e.g. liquid and solid, of waste being fed through separate inlets
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0276Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using direct heating
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/30Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a fluidised bed
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46Recuperation of heat
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/001Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for sludges or waste products from water treatment installations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/12Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the silicate or ceramic industries, e.g. waste waters from cement or glass factories
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/02Temperature
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2290/00Organisational aspects of production methods, equipment or plants
    • C04B2290/20Integrated combined plants or devices, e.g. combined foundry and concrete plant
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/30Pyrolysing
    • F23G2201/303Burning pyrogases
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23GCREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/20Waste heat recuperation using the heat in association with another installation
    • F23G2206/201Waste heat recuperation using the heat in association with another installation with an industrial furnace
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/30Technologies for a more efficient combustion or heat usage
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/10Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
    • Y02P40/121Energy efficiency measures, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/40Valorisation of by-products of wastewater, sewage or sludge processing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for sanitaryally treating waste by means of a cement manufacturing facility, and more particularly to the treatment of waste containing sludge having a high water content.
  • Patent Document 1 This is a fluidized bed gasifier in which a nearby cement manufacturing facility is installed, in which the waste gas such as garbage is vaporized, and the generated pyrolysis gas is supplied while keeping the carbon and ash contained therein unchanged.
  • the garbage disposal equipment can be constructed at a much lower cost than the construction of a new garbage incinerator and in a shorter period of time. Further, the pyrolysis gas and carbon supplied to the cement decomposition furnace and the firing furnace become a part of the fuel, and the ash becomes a part of the cement raw material. That is to say, instead of using only the existing cement manufacturing equipment, the thermal decomposition gas, charcoal and ash generated by the garbage can be utilized in the cement manufacturing process, and the reciprocal relationship is established.
  • Patent Document 2 There is described a technique for controlling the temperature of a sand layer by changing the amount of sludge mixed with solid waste in a flow furnace used for incineration or thermal decomposition of waste.
  • patent document 3 In the case of the waste gasification unit described above, when the sludge and the waste other than the sludge are mixed and burned in a fluidized bed gasification furnace, high-calorie waste such as wood chips is supplied to the furnace to maintain the required hair. The technology that heat causes it to burn and thermally decompose.
  • Patent Document 1 Chinese Patent Application Publication No. 101434461;
  • Patent Document 2 Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 11-337036;
  • Patent Document 3 Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-220365.
  • the dewatered sludge has a moisture content of up to about 80 %, the latent heat of evaporation of water is large, and the particle size of the solid content of the dewatered sludge is smaller than that of the broken garbage, and the proportion of scattering of the fluidized bed before gasification and heat generation is high. Therefore, if the proportion of the sludge in the waste is high, the temperature of the fluidized bed is lowered, and it may be difficult to maintain the thermal decomposition reaction.
  • the ratio of the sludge in the existing incinerator to the garbage is usually about 5%, and in fact, it can only be processed at most. % or so. Also, like the above patent document 3 In this way, it is effective to use wood chips as a combustion-supporting material, but it is not necessary to have a high-calorie waste like wood chips to ensure a balance with the processing amount of ordinary sludge, so it cannot be said that this technique lacks practicality.
  • the inventors of the present application have developed a system in which a reciprocal relationship between an existing cement manufacturing facility and an adjacently disposed waste disposal facility has been developed, and in order to further improve the system, the research is continued, and the use is considered.
  • the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment is used as a heat source for maintaining the temperature of the fluidized bed of the gasifier, and the present invention has been completed.
  • the present invention is directed to a waste treatment facility disposed adjacent to a cement manufacturing facility, and includes a fluidized bed gasification furnace that vaporizes waste to generate a pyrolysis gas, and a pyrolysis gas to be produced in the gasification furnace. Delivery to a gas delivery passage from the cement preheater of the cement manufacturing facility to the decomposition furnace while maintaining carbon and ash content, and utilizing waste heat of the cement manufacturing facility to provide to the gasification furnace A heating device for raising the temperature of the fluidized air.
  • the fluidized air heated by the fluidized bed gasification furnace for waste disposal can set the temperature of the fluidized bed of the gasification furnace even if the waste contains a large amount of dehydrated sludge. Keep it in the right range.
  • the temperature rise of the fluidized air is very suitable for environmental protection because it utilizes the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment, can not consume the combustion-supporting material or greatly reduce its consumption.
  • the thermal decomposition gas generated in the gasification furnace is transported to the cement preheater and the decomposition furnace by using the gas delivery passage while maintaining the carbon and ash content, and the heat generated by the combustion is utilized for preheating and decomposition of the cement raw material.
  • the water vapor generated by the dewatered sludge is also supplied together with the pyrolysis gas, and together with the heat of the rise of the fluidized air as described above, is also sent to the cement preheater and the decomposition furnace.
  • the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment is returned to the cement manufacturing equipment together with the thermal decomposition gas generated at the place, after the temperature of the fluidized bed of the gasification furnace is maintained.
  • the waste treatment equipment by combining the waste treatment equipment with the cement manufacturing equipment, it is possible to effectively utilize the heat generated by the cement manufacturing equipment and maintain the temperature of the fluidized bed of the gasification furnace, and as a result, it is possible to use more sludge and garbage than before. Wait for processing at the same time.
  • an input device capable of introducing wastes other than dehydrated sludge and dewatered sludge into a gasification furnace.
  • the ratio of the input amount can also adjust the temperature of the flowing layer. In particular, it is effective to adjust the input amount of dewatered sludge having a high water content.
  • the "input amount” is the amount of input per unit time
  • the “adjustment” means that the dehydrated sludge and the dewatered sludge are investigated in advance, in addition to the feedback control of changing the input amount, for example, the temperature of the fluidized bed.
  • the calorific value of the waste other than the dewatered sludge and the dewatered sludge is set to the operating conditions, and the temperature of the fluidized bed is maintained within a predetermined range.
  • the low calorific value of all the waste containing the dehydrated sludge is a predetermined value (for example, 800) ⁇ 1200 kcal / kg or more), it is possible to ensure the heat for thermal decomposition by their own combustion, and it is not necessary to provide a combustion-supporting material.
  • the component analysis of the dewatered sludge or the like is performed in advance before being introduced into the gasification furnace, and the low calorific value is obtained and stored.
  • the waste other than the dewatered sludge is charged into the gasification furnace, and the temperature of the fluidized bed is measured, and the low calorific value of the waste other than the dehydrated sludge is estimated based on the measurement result.
  • the ratio of the amount of waste other than the dewatered sludge and the dewatered sludge is adjusted so that the low calorific value of all the wastes is equal to or higher than the predetermined value. Just fine.
  • the temperature of the fluidized bed is measured while the waste other than the dehydrated sludge and the dewatered sludge are put into the gasification furnace, and the amount of the dewatered sludge is changed according to the measurement result.
  • the temperature of the layer is close to the target value.
  • the waste liquid is charged into the gasification furnace, and the temperature of the fluidized bed is measured, and the amount of the waste (excluding the dewatered sludge) is adjusted according to the measurement result, thereby causing the fluidized bed.
  • the temperature is higher than the target value.
  • the temperature of the fluidized bed can be measured while the dewatered sludge is also introduced into the gasification furnace, and the amount of the dewatered sludge is adjusted according to the measurement result, whereby the temperature of the fluidized bed is set to the above target value.
  • the amount of waste other than the dewatered sludge can be maintained constant, and the amount of the input can be changed.
  • the gasifier is less than the air ratio Since the operation of 1 is performed in an anaerobic state, if the amount of waste input is increased, the layer temperature is lowered in accordance with the heat capacity. On the other hand, if the supply amount of the fluidizing air is increased, as the combustion is more technological, the layer temperature rises.
  • the fluidized bed can be adjusted by adjusting the degree of temperature rise, that is, adjusting the amount of heat supplied to the fluidized air. temperature.
  • the temperature of the fluidized bed can be controlled by adjusting the supply amount of the fluidized air or the temperature thereof, so that the degree of freedom is improved while the control is improved. It is also high.
  • the inside of the gasification furnace can be maintained at a negative pressure, or the fluidized state of the flowing medium can be appropriately maintained, and various conditions can be satisfied while maintaining the fluidized bed at an appropriate temperature.
  • the dewatered sludge is introduced into the fluidized bed of the gasification furnace as described above, if a large amount of the dewatered sludge is put into one place, the local temperature may be greatly lowered in the vicinity thereof, and the thermal decomposition reaction may not occur. Therefore, when the input ratio of the dewatered sludge is increased, it is preferable that the dewatered sludge is dispersed into the fluidized bed from a plurality of places above the fluidized bed flow layer. If this is done, the control of the temperature of the fluidized bed can be facilitated, which is advantageous in maintaining the temperature within a prescribed range.
  • the fuel supply device that supplies the combustion-supporting material to the fluidized bed may be provided. By doing so, it is possible to process more dehydrated sludge, and even if the waste other than the dewatered sludge is a so-called low-grade waste having a lower calorific value than the assumed calorific value, the combustion of the combustion-supporting material can be used to maintain the layer temperature.
  • such a combustion-supporting material may be a solid combustion-supporting material such as carbon fine powder, which is introduced into an empty tower portion above the fluidized bed.
  • a solid combustion-supporting material such as carbon fine powder
  • the average particle size of the carbon micropowder is preferably 0.1 to 3 mm or so.
  • combustion-supporting material is not limited to the carbon fine powder, and may be, for example, a waste tire, a plastic, a wood chip, a carbon, a peat compound, or the like, and may be any material that can be burned in the fluidized bed, regardless of the type.
  • a drying device that uses the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment to dry the dewatered sludge before it is supplied to the gasification furnace may be provided. If this is done, the calorific value of the waste containing the dewatered sludge can be increased, which is advantageous for maintaining the temperature of the fluidized bed. Since the water content of the dewatered sludge is low, the local temperature drop of the fluidized bed is also suppressed when it is put in.
  • the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment can be used for fluidization.
  • the temperature of the air is raised, whereby the temperature of the fluidized bed can be maintained within a predetermined range.
  • the heat generated in the cement manufacturing facility can be effectively utilized, and in the waste disposal facility, it is possible to treat more dehydrated sludge than before in the treatment of garbage or the like.
  • Fig. 1 is a system diagram of a waste treatment facility and a cement production facility according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the configuration of a gasification furnace of the above waste disposal facility and a control system therefor.
  • Fig. 3A is a schematic view showing a state in which the local temperature of the fluidized bed at the dewatering sludge input is lowered and the diffusion coefficient is large.
  • Fig. 3B is a schematic view showing a case where the diffusion coefficient is small as shown in Fig. 3A.
  • Fig. 4 is a graph showing experimental results showing the relationship between the bed area of the gasification furnace and the standard deviation of the fluidized bed temperature.
  • Fig. 5A is a flow chart showing an example of a method of operating a gasification furnace.
  • Fig. 5B is a flow chart showing the procedure of adjusting the supply amount of the dewatered sludge in the normal operation procedure of the gasification furnace.
  • Figure 6 It is a time-series chart showing the relationship between the change of the amount of input of waste water etc. and dewatered sludge in normal operation, and the change of the temperature of the fluidized layer.
  • Fig. 7 is a graph showing the accumulation of the results of the increase in the amount of dewatered sludge that can be supplied due to the temperature rise of the fluidized air.
  • Fig. 8 is a view corresponding to Fig. 1 showing a second embodiment in which the cooling exhaust gas flows into the decomposition furnace.
  • Fig. 9 is a view corresponding to Fig. 1 showing a modification of a decomposition furnace having a rotary decomposition chamber and a mixing chamber.
  • Fig. 10 is a view corresponding to Fig. 1 showing a modified example in which a ring-shaped converging portion is provided in the middle of the peripheral wall and air for re-combustion is introduced in the vicinity thereof.
  • Fig. 11 is a view corresponding to Fig. 1 without a modification of the decomposition furnace.
  • combustion-supporting material supply device (fuel supply device);
  • Fig. 1 is a general system diagram of a waste treatment facility 100 according to a first embodiment and a cement production facility 200 disposed adjacent thereto.
  • the waste treatment facility 100 shown on the left side in FIG. 1 thermally decomposes waste in the gasification furnace 1, and mixes and burns the generated gas (thermal decomposition gas) in the cement baking process.
  • the amount of the pyrolysis gas is, for example, about 2 to 30,000 Nm 3 /h, which is much less than the amount of exhaust gas (for example, 300,000 Nm 3 /h) of the cement manufacturing equipment 200 shown, and thus the waste treatment equipment. 100 can be built close to existing cement plants, with almost no modifications to existing cement plants.
  • wastes containing flammable objects such as discarded garbage and waste plastics from households are collected (hereinafter, in particular, when it is distinguished from dehydrated sludge, it is called 'garbage, etc.' or 'waste such as garbage'). These wastes are transported by land transportation, etc., and are put into the pit.
  • the hopper 2a in 2 is crushed by a crusher (not shown).
  • the waste such as the shredded waste is transported by the crane 3, and is put into a garbage input device 4 composed of a hopper and a conveyor belt, by means of the garbage input device. 4 action put it into the gasifier 1 .
  • a sludge supply system for supplying dewatered sludge to the gasification furnace 1 separately from the garbage or the like.
  • the dewatered sludge is a solid component separated from the sewage sludge by a sewage treatment plant outside the drawing, and is transported by land transportation or the like and stored in the sludge tank 80.
  • the vehicle (not shown) that transports the dewatered sludge is replaced with the pit from the pit 2
  • the sewage is transported repeatedly to the downstream water treatment site.
  • the sewage from the pit 2 has been subjected to evaporation treatment in the past, but if it is transported to the downstream water treatment plant as described above, the heat for evaporation can be used for other purposes.
  • the dewatered sludge stored in the sludge tank 80 is supplied to the sludge discharge device 81 having a conveyor belt or the like (refer to Fig. 2).
  • the operation is put into the gasification furnace 1 like the waste such as garbage mentioned above.
  • the sludge input device 81 and the above garbage input device 4 For example, a screw conveyor can be adjusted, and by changing the operating speed, it is possible to adjust the amount of input of dewatered sludge such as garbage per unit time. This adjusts the amount of waste including dewatered sludge, and adjusts the temperature and flow rate of the fluidized air as described below to control the gasifier.
  • the gasifier 1 is a fluidized bed gasifier, as shown in Fig. 2, in the gasifier 1
  • the lower part of the furnace is filled with flowing sand (flow medium) to form a fluid layer 1a .
  • the flowing sand is floated by the supplied fluidized air, and the air flows upward through the gap.
  • Wastes including dewatered sludge are once put into the fluidized bed 1a
  • These wastes are dispersed by the flowing sand and thermally decomposed and vaporized. At this time, a part of the waste is burned, and the temperature of the fluidized bed is maintained to promote the thermal decomposition reaction.
  • the fluidized air supplied to the fluidized bed 1a is sucked out from the pit 2 of the waste by the electric blower 5 in this embodiment. 2
  • the inside is kept at a negative pressure, and the abnormal odor is not easily leaked to the outside.
  • the air from the blower 5 is supplied to the gasification furnace after the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment 200 is raised as described below. .
  • the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a can be maintained even in a large amount of mixed-burned dewatered sludge.
  • the low calorific value of waste such as garbage is usually 1000 to 3000 kcal / It is about kilograms, so the combustion heat for thermal decomposition can be ensured by the combustion of a part thereof, and the fluidized bed 1a The temperature is maintained at a suitable temperature.
  • the dehydrated sludge contains organic matter in the sewage, the potential calorific value is high, but the moisture content is as high as 80 Since it is about %, the low heat generation is low, and when it is mixed with waste such as garbage, the layer temperature is difficult to maintain.
  • the dewatered sludge with a large amount of mixed combustion can maintain the temperature of the fluidized bed at an appropriate range of about 500 to 600 °C. That is, as shown in the schematic diagram of Fig. 2, a temperature sensor 91 is disposed in the fluid layer 1a.
  • the controller 90 that receives the signal from the place controls the actions of the garbage input device 4 and the sludge input device 81.
  • the exhaust air heater 41 (GAH)
  • the bypass valve 42 for adjusting the flow rate of the air bypassed is provided in the temperature rising device, and the temperature of the fluidizing air is adjusted by controlling the opening degree by the controller 90.
  • the damper 55 which is adjustable in opening degree, is disposed in the middle of the air supply passage 5a of the gasifier 1 through the exhaust gas air heater 41 (shown only in Fig. 2), and the damper is controlled by the controller 90. The opening and the speed of the blower 5 are controlled so that the flow of the fluidized air can also be adjusted.
  • the temperature of the fluidizing air is raised to, for example, about 150 to 200 ° C, a considerable amount of heat can be supplied to the fluidized bed 1a. Therefore, it is possible to treat waste containing a large amount of dewatered sludge without lowering the layer temperature. And because of the type of garbage, etc., its calorific value is sometimes lower than expected (for example, less than 1000 kcal / In this case, even if the fluidized air is heated as described above, the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a may not be maintained.
  • the carbon fine powder supply device 7 is provided so as to be able to pass from the waste inlet port to the gasification furnace 1
  • the empty tower inside is charged with, for example, carbon fine powder as a combustion-supporting material.
  • the average particle diameter of the carbon fine powder introduced into the fluidized bed 1a from above by the supply means 7 is about 0.1 to 3 mm.
  • the carbon micropowder is the particle size 0.1mm, according to the calculation of its final speed of about 0.9m / s, due to slightly lower than through the gasifier 1
  • the internally rising thermal decomposition gas and air flow rate (the gas-based superficial flow rate), most of which are scattered, do not contribute to the combustion produced by the fluidized bed 1a.
  • the particle size of the carbon fine powder is too large, it immediately settles through the fluidized bed 1a and leaves the fluidized bed 1a. It may not contribute much to the burning.
  • the time required for the carbon micropowder having a particle diameter of 3.0 mm to burn in the fluidized layer 1a at about 500 °C is a particle diameter of 0.1 mm. Dozens of times the particles, in order to contribute to the combustion in the layer, it is necessary to ensure the time the particles stay in the layer.
  • the minimum fluidization velocity of the carbon micropowder having a particle diameter of 3.0 mm is calculated to be about 1.8 m/s, and the fluidized bed.
  • the gas-based tower flow rate of 1a is the same, so there is no problem if the average particle size is below 3 mm.
  • the carbon micropowder is supplied as needed, and even if the waste containing a lot of dehydrated sludge is put into the flow layer 1a
  • the temperature is kept within a suitable range, and the waste can be thermally decomposed and vaporized with high efficiency.
  • the pyrolysis gas is discharged from the upper portion of the gasification furnace 1, and is transported to the cement manufacturing facility by the gas delivery line 6 (gas delivery passage). 200.
  • the carbon and ash which are unburned portions in the pyrolysis gas float as small particles and are transported together with the pyrolysis gas.
  • the pyrolysis gas from the gasification furnace 1 is transported by the negative pressure of the decomposition furnace 20 of the following cement, so that the gasification furnace 1 The inside also maintains a negative pressure, and the thermal decomposition gas does not leak to the outside. Further, since the pyrolysis gas can be transported by the negative pressure of the decomposition furnace 20, the gas transfer line 6 The blower is not set in the middle. Therefore, there is no fear that the carbon and ash in the pyrolysis gas adhere to and accumulate on the impeller or the like of the blower.
  • a plurality of holes are disposed at a predetermined interval or more in the middle of the gas transfer line 6.
  • Spray device 6a The accumulated carbon and ash can be blown away by intermittently blowing compressed air supplied from an air compressor (not shown) by means of the respective injection devices 6a.
  • the opening and closing type damper is also provided in the middle to close the waste disposal apparatus 100 when it is stopped.
  • the pyrolysis gas of the waste can be discharged from the upper portion of the gasification furnace 1 to the gas delivery line 6, and the gasification furnace 1 is included.
  • the residue after thermal decomposition that is, the non-combustible object of the metal piece, sinks into the flowing sand, and falls from the lower end of the gasification furnace 1 together with the flowing sand. That is to say, the waste residue is by means of the fluid layer 1a
  • the so-called specific gravity separation is performed.
  • the sand and non-combustible objects discharged from the gasification furnace 1 are conveyed by a conveyor belt or the like (not shown), and the sand separated from the classification device outside the drawing is returned to the gasification furnace. .
  • the metal component is sorted from the non-combustible object by the sorting device, and the remaining non-combustible object is used as a cement raw material.
  • Cement manufacturing equipment 200 is a general NSP in the example of Figure 1.
  • Kiln equipment The cement raw material is preheated in the suspended preheater 10 as a preheater, and then heated to about 900 °C (decomposed) by the decomposition furnace 20, and in the rotary kiln 30 as a baking furnace, 1500 The temperature is high at a temperature of about °C.
  • AQC In the quenching, it becomes a granular cement clinker ( ⁇ ), and then sent to the refining process outside the figure.
  • the above-described suspension type preheater 10 has a multi-stage swirler 11 arranged side by side in the vertical direction. Cyclone 11 Heat exchange is performed with the high-temperature exhaust gas blown from the lower stage while conveying the cement raw material by the swirling airflow.
  • the exhaust gas stream passes through the decomposition furnace 20 as described below, and the high-temperature exhaust gas (hereinafter referred to as 'kiln exhaust gas') from the rotary kiln 30
  • the inside rises and is supplied to the bottom stage of the cyclone 11 .
  • the kiln exhaust gas is ascended as shown by the dotted line in the figure, and is gradually raised by the cyclone 11 to reach the uppermost cyclone 11 from which the exhaust gas line 50 Flow out.
  • a large-capacity induction ventilator for inducing kiln exhaust gas to be sent to the stack 51 is provided in the exhaust line 50.
  • a gas cooler 53 e.g., a boiler
  • a dust collector 54 are interposed on the front side of the induction ventilator 52, i.e., on the upstream side of the exhaust gas flow.
  • Induced ventilator 52 with suspended preheater 10 The decomposition furnace 20 directs a large amount of exhaust gas from the rotary kiln 30, and at the same time, a negative pressure is formed in the decomposition furnace 20, thereby inducing a function of thermally decomposing gas from the gasification furnace 1.
  • each of the cyclones 11 of the suspended preheater 10 In the heat exchange between the cement raw material and the high-temperature kiln exhaust gas as described above, as shown by the solid line in the figure, it falls downward and moves to the next-stage cyclone 11.
  • the plurality of cyclones 11 are sequentially passed from the uppermost cyclone 11 in order.
  • the cement raw material is sufficiently preheated to be supplied from the upper stage first stage cyclone 11 to the decomposition furnace 20.
  • the decomposition furnace 20 is disposed in the kiln rear portion of the rotary kiln 30 in the vertical direction, and is connected to the rotary kiln at the lower end of the decomposition furnace 20.
  • the lower duct 21 to be connected is connected at the upper end of the precalciner 20 to the upper duct 22 which is connected to the lowermost stage cyclone 11 of the suspended preheater 10. .
  • the kiln exhaust gas guided by the induction ventilator 52 as described above flows from the lower duct 21 to the lower end of the decomposition furnace 20, and is blown upward as a jet flow.
  • a supply port of the carbon fine powder as a combustion-supporting material and a gasification furnace 1 are provided in the lower portion of the decomposition furnace 20, respectively.
  • an air quenching cooler is used as the air for combustion.
  • the high-temperature cooling exhaust gas like the thermal decomposition gas, is attracted by the negative pressure in the decomposition furnace 20. Being attracted to the decomposition furnace 20 The internal thermal decomposition gas and the combustion air are burned for a sufficient period of time while being mixed with the high-temperature kiln exhaust gas.
  • the cement raw material put into the decomposition furnace 20 is heated to 900 as the jet flow of the kiln exhaust gas as described above rises. At around °C, decarbonation occurs in 80 to 90% of the lime component. Thereafter, it is transferred from the uppermost portion of the decomposition furnace 20 through the upper pipe 22 to the lowermost cyclone of the suspended preheater 10 11 Here, the kiln exhaust gas is separated from the cement raw material and flows to the cyclone 11 of the upper stage. On the other hand, the cement raw material falls from the lower end of the cyclone 11 to the inlet of the rotary kiln 30.
  • the rotary kiln 30 is to be, for example, up to 70 to 100 m
  • the laterally long cylindrical rotary kiln is formed by a slight downward inclination from the inlet to the outlet.
  • the rotary kiln rotates slowly around its axis to transport the cement raw material to the outlet side.
  • a combustion device is disposed on the outlet side 31
  • the high-temperature combustion gas generated by the combustion of coal, natural gas, heavy oil, etc. is ejected toward the inlet side.
  • the cement raw material surrounded by the combustion gas undergoes a chemical reaction (cement firing reaction), and a part thereof is fired to a semi-molten state.
  • the cement burnt material is in an air quench cooler 40 It is cooled by cold wind and forms granular cement clinker. Then, the cement clinker is stored in the clinker silo, and the composition is adjusted by adding gypsum or the like, and then pulverized into fine powder by grinding (finishing step) (illustration and detailed description are omitted). On the other hand, the heat taken from the burned material is raised to The cooling exhaust gas at about 800 °C is supplied to the decomposition furnace 20 as air for combustion as described above. In other words, the waste heat is recovered to raise the temperature of the combustion air in the decomposition furnace 20, thereby improving the heat efficiency.
  • a portion of the cooled exhaust gas is again directed to the exhaust gas air heater 41, as described above, with the blower from the exhaust gas treatment device 100.
  • the fluidized air sent is exchanged for heat.
  • the fluidizing air can be heated to about 300 °C, and the air flow rate through the bypass passage (not shown) can be adjusted to approximately 100 Adjust from °C to 300 °C.
  • the flow rate of the air flowing through the exhaust air heater 41 is bypassed as described above according to the bypass valve 42 controlled by the controller 90. The opening is adjusted. Further, the cooling exhaust gas which is subjected to heat exchange with the fluidized air and whose temperature is lowered flows through the boiler 43 and the dust collector 41, and then flows to the chimney.
  • the cement manufacturing apparatus 200 of the present embodiment in order to prevent passing through the suspension type preheater 10 and the decomposition furnace 20 When circulating, the chlorine and alkali components in the gas are concentrated and the bypass line is set. .
  • the thermal decomposition gas of the waste is mixed in the cement manufacturing facility, and the chlorine component in the cement clinker is affected by the chlorine component and the alkali component originally contained in the waste.
  • the alkali concentration tends to become high, and there is a possibility that adhesion may occur.
  • a bypass line connected to the lower portion of the decomposition furnace 20 (or the lower piping 21) is utilized.
  • 60 A portion of the extracted gas is cooled by a cooler 61 and sent to a cyclone 62 (classifier) to classify the dust.
  • a cyclone 62 classifier
  • For the cooler 61 use the fan 63
  • the cold air is sent, and the extracted gas is rapidly cooled to a temperature equal to or lower than the melting point of the chloride or the like, and the chlorine component or the alkali component in the extracted gas is separated as a solid (dust).
  • the dust in the extracted gas is classified into coarse powder and fine powder, and the coarse powder containing almost no chlorine component and alkali component falls from the lower end of the cyclone 62, and the return is omitted by a part thereof.
  • the line 60a returns to the decomposition furnace 20.
  • the fine powder having a high concentration of the chlorine component and the alkali component is discharged to the downstream side line 60b of the bypass line 60 along with the gas sucked from the cyclone 62, and is collected by the dust collector 54.
  • the downstream side line 60b of the bypass line 60 is connected to the exhaust line 50.
  • the induction ventilator 52, the exhaust gas cooler 53 and the dust collector 54 which are used to send the kiln exhaust gas to the chimney 51 are shared, but in the actual equipment, in the bypass line 60 A dedicated induction fan, exhaust gas cooler, and dust collector can also be provided.
  • the dewatered sludge having a higher water content than the garbage is put into the gasification furnace 1 Therefore, a local drop in the temperature of the fluidized layer occurs near the input position. And if a lot of dewatered sludge is concentrated in one place, it is possible to fall below the lower limit of the temperature required to maintain the thermal decomposition reaction (for example, 450 °C). This localized low temperature condition is largely affected by the flow rate of the dewatered sludge which is put into one place and the rate at which it diffuses in the fluidized bed 1a.
  • the proportion of dewatered sludge in the waste is assumed to be 25 %, set a plurality of values for the diffusion rate, and perform a simulation to investigate the change in the temperature of the flowing layer. Diffusion rate usually due to the flow layer 1a
  • Diffusion rate usually due to the flow layer 1a
  • the size and traits of the flowing sand, the state of fluidization, and the particle size, water content, and viscosity of the dewatered sludge vary, so the diffusion coefficient including these important causes is defined, and the numerical value is set by experiments or the like. use.
  • Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B show simulation results in the case where the diffusion coefficient is maximum and the case where the diffusion coefficient is the smallest. Also, for the fluid layer 1a In the up and down direction, in order to facilitate the diffusion rate of the dewatered sludge as infinite, the influence due to the difference in the diffusion speed in the horizontal direction and the evaporation rate of the water in the dewatered sludge are considered.
  • Figure 3A and Figure 3B Comparing, it can be seen that the smaller the diffusion coefficient, the lower the temperature range (sludge diffusion range) is narrowed, and the temperature drop in this range becomes conspicuous. Especially in the graph B with a small diffusion coefficient, the local layer temperature is lower than 450. °C, the thermal decomposition reaction is difficult to continue.
  • the dewatered sludge When the dewatered sludge is introduced in this manner, it is preferable to increase the diffusion coefficient.
  • As a method in order to refine the dewatered sludge, it is conceivable to reduce the tip end of the inlet to form a nozzle. However, in this case, there is a possibility that the high-viscosity dewatered sludge is clogged at the tip end of the nozzle, and the front end of the inlet port cannot be excessively narrowed. Thus, it is difficult in reality to arbitrarily change the diffusion coefficient when dewatering sludge is introduced.
  • Fig. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the area of the hearth and the standard deviation of the fluidized bed temperature under the condition that the average value of the fluidized bed temperature is constant. As can be seen from Fig. 4, even if the average value of the fluidized bed temperature is the same, the standard deviation of the fluidized bed temperature becomes larger as the hearth area increases. That is to say, the range of influence of dewatered sludge input from one place on the temperature of the fluidized bed can be known. According to the results, it can be said that when the dewatered sludge is put into one place, the area of the hearth must be 5 m 2 or less, preferably 3 m 2 or less.
  • a plurality of input ports 82 are arranged in an upper portion of the gasification furnace 1 in a ring shape or a lattice shape, for example, and dewatering is sent from the sludge introducing device 81.
  • the mud is poured into the upper surface of the fluidized bed 1a, and is dispersed as a place every 3 to 5 m 2 .
  • the parameter for the temperature is basically the amount of the waste containing the dehydrated sludge, and the temperature and the flow rate of the fluidized air.
  • the fluidized air capable of ensuring the amount of waste or the like per day is set.
  • the temperature and flow rate of the dewatered sludge are adjusted according to the temperature of the fluidized bed during operation. When the low calorific value of the waste containing dehydrated sludge is too low, carbon fine powder is supplied as needed.
  • the controller 90 In accordance with the operation of the operator. Referring to Figure 2, as described above, the controller 90 At least a signal from the temperature sensor 91 for measuring the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a and a signal from the operator's operation panel 92 are input, according to the garbage input device 4 and the sludge input device 81. The operation is controlled to adjust the amount of waste containing waste sludge. Further, the controller 90 controls the opening degree of the bypass valve 42 of the exhaust gas air heater 41, adjusts the temperature of the fluidizing air, and controls the blower. The rotational speed of 5 and the opening of the damper 55 of the air supply passage 5a adjust the flow rate of the fluidized air.
  • Figure 5A shows a gasifier 1 also including the operation of the operator 1
  • the operation method of Fig. 5B shows the control step of adjusting the amount of dewatered sludge input during normal operation without using the combustion-supporting material.
  • Figure 6 It is a flowchart conceptually showing the relationship between the change in the amount of input of the garbage and the like and the dewatered sludge in the normal operation and the resulting change in the temperature of the flowing layer.
  • the waste disposal apparatus 100 of the present embodiment In the middle, we investigated the low calorific value of waste such as garbage in the morning time. As described above, the garbage or the like is broken and stored in the hopper 2a in the pit 2 Therefore, the variation in calorific value due to the type of garbage is reduced, but even so, the deviation is large as compared with the dewatered sludge. Therefore, a large amount of dewatered sludge having a high water content is mixed and burned to cause the fluidized bed 1a. When the temperature is lowered, it may be lower than the lower limit (for example, 450 °C) required for the thermal decomposition reaction.
  • the lower limit for example, 450 °C
  • the sludge is put into the apparatus by the instruction of the controller 90 at a predetermined time every morning according to the operation of the operator.
  • the operation is stopped, and the input of the dewatered sludge is stopped after a predetermined period of time.
  • the operation of the garbage input device 4 is also continued, so that only waste materials such as garbage are put into the gasification furnace 1 (SA1) : Garbage runs alone).
  • SA1 gasification furnace 1
  • SA1 gasification furnace 1
  • the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a during the individual operation of the garbage is higher than the usual target value (for example, 530). °C) is high, and receives a signal from the temperature sensor 91 that measures this, and the controller 90 estimates the low calorific value (SA2) of the garbage or the like.
  • the controller 90 calculates the maximum amount of dewatered sludge that can be input at the same time based on the calorific value of the estimated garbage (SA3) : Calculation of the amount of sludge that can be input).
  • SA3 estimated garbage
  • the low calorific value of all the wastes combined is calculated at a predetermined value (for example, 1000 kcal / The ratio of the amount of dewatered sludge to the amount of waste, etc., in the case of kilograms or more.
  • the amount of dewatered sludge that can be obtained in this way is compared with the amount of processing of the predetermined dewatered sludge per hour, and it is determined whether or not a predetermined amount of dewatered sludge can be treated ( SA4), the result of the judgment is displayed on the display of the operator's operation panel.
  • the operator looking at the display does not use the combustion-supporting material for normal operation if it is capable of performing a predetermined amount of processing (determined as YES in SA4).
  • SA5 On the other hand, if the predetermined amount cannot be processed (NO in SA4), the combustion-supporting operation (SA6) using the combustion-supporting material is performed.
  • the controller 90 is putting the garbage into the device 4
  • the sludge charging device 81 is operated to start the dewatering sludge (SB1).
  • the time t1 ⁇ t2 As shown, when the input amount is increased to a component corresponding to the predetermined amount of processing per hour (time t2), the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a is stabilized shortly (time t3). Controller 90 It is judged that the predetermined time (SB2) required so far is passed, and the measurement value of the layer temperature (for example, using the moving average) is compared with a predetermined target value (SB3).
  • a suitable range of the temperature of the fluidized layer 1a is, for example, about 500 to 600 ° C, if it is lower than 450 At °C, although the thermal decomposition reaction can be maintained, as described above, the temperature at the position where the dewatered sludge is dropped is lower than the other portions.
  • the control value of the layer temperature is set to, for example, 530. °C or so. Further, if the layer temperature is higher than the target value (YES determined by SB3), the amount of dewatered sludge input (SB4) is increased in accordance with the temperature deviation.
  • the layer temperature is lower than the target value (SB3 If the determination is negative, the amount of dewatered sludge input (SB5) is reduced. Further, when the layer temperature is within a predetermined range including the target value, the amount of the dewatered sludge is maintained.
  • the layer temperature is also rapidly changed by increasing or decreasing the input amount as described above, and can be maintained approximately in the vicinity of the target value (Fig. 6). The moment t3 later).
  • the amount of the dewatered sludge to be input but also the amount of waste such as garbage can be adjusted at the same time, or the amount of waste such as garbage can be adjusted.
  • Gasifier 1 usually less than air ratio 1 When the amount of the garbage or the like is increased, the temperature of the fluidized bed is lowered in accordance with the heat capacity.
  • the controller 90 The amount of carbon fine powder supplied per unit time in which the low calorific value of the carbon fine powder is higher than a predetermined value (for example, 1000 kcal / kg) is calculated, and the supply device 7 is supplied based on the supply amount. Action. Then, as in the usual operation described above, according to the fluid layer 1a The measured value of the temperature increases or decreases the amount of dewatered sludge input. The amount of the dewatered sludge to be supplied may be set to a constant value, and the amount of the carbon fine powder supplied may be increased or decreased depending on the layer temperature.
  • a predetermined value for example, 1000 kcal / kg
  • the controller 90 It is judged whether or not the amount of treatment of the dewatered sludge reaches a predetermined amount (SA7 of Fig. 5A).
  • the treatment amount of dewatered sludge is based on sludge input device 81
  • the cumulative value of the processing amount per unit time based on the action.
  • the temperature of the fluidized air is calculated based on the deviation of the amount, and the bypass valve 42 is opened to bypass the exhaust air heater.
  • the flow of fluidized air of 41 is increased. That is, the operating conditions of the gasification furnace 1 are changed, the temperature of the fluidizing air is lowered (SA8), and then returned.
  • the flow rate of the fluidized air is constant, and by adjusting the temperature, the temperature of the fluidized bed can be maintained to ensure the disposal amount of the garbage and the dehydrated sludge.
  • the actual treatment amount of garbage and dewatered sludge is approximately as the predetermined treatment amount, so the amount of thermal decomposition gas generated is not excessive, and the gasification furnace is It is also desirable to maintain the internal pressure in the negative pressure state.
  • the bypass valve 42 is closed to reduce the exhaust gas air heater.
  • the amount of heat generated by the combustion is calculated based on the supply amount of the carbon fine powder as the combustion-supporting material, and the bypass valve 42 is closed.
  • the fluidized air is heated up in accordance with the calculated calorific value. That is, changing the operating conditions of the gasification furnace 1 raises the temperature of the fluidizing air (SA9) and then returns.
  • the existing cement manufacturing equipment 200 is adjacent thereto.
  • the fluidized bed type gasification furnace 1 is provided, and the pyrolysis gas containing the waste of the dewatered sludge is supplied to the decomposition furnace 20 of the cement together with the carbon and ash, and on the other hand, the waste heat of the air quenching cooler 40 is used for gasification.
  • Furnace 1 Since the fluidized air is heated up, the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a of the gasification furnace 1 can be maintained in an appropriate range even in the case of a large amount of dewatered sludge having a high moisture content.
  • the temperature of the fluidized air is increased, and the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a used in the gasification furnace 1 is maintained, and the gasification furnace 1
  • the generated thermal decomposition gas and water vapor are transported together through the gas delivery passage 6, and are returned to the cement manufacturing equipment 200 again, which is very efficient.
  • cement manufacturing equipment 200 The heat generated in the heat is utilized as much as possible, and the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a of the gasification furnace 1 is maintained, so that more waste sludge can be treated than before in the treatment of garbage or the like.
  • Fig. 7 is a graph showing the flow of the fluidizing air to the gasification furnace as in the present embodiment.
  • the extent to which dewatered sludge can be increased As an example, in the case where the combustion-supporting material is not used, if the temperature of the fluidizing air is about 40 °C, the amount of the dewatered sludge can reach the garbage, etc. 15 %more.
  • the ratio of the amount of the dewatered sludge to the amount of the garbage or the like is used as a reference (1). As shown in the figure, the higher the temperature of the fluidized air, the more the dewatered sludge that can be supplied is increased, for example, at 180 °C or more. In addition, it is known that about 25% of dewatered sludge such as garbage can be disposed.
  • a combustion-supporting material such as carbon fine powder is provided as needed, and even if it is deposited in a garbage having a low low calorific value, it can be simultaneously treated with the dewatered sludge, and the gasification furnace is not supplied. The operation caused a failure.
  • the amount of dehydrated sludge that can be processed at the same time is counted every day, and the amount of dewatered sludge that can be processed at the same time is calculated. If the combustion-supporting material is not used, the consumption amount can be suppressed to the minimum required.
  • the temperature is adjusted based on the measured value of the temperature, and the amount of dewatered sludge to be treated is changed after the end of the operation in the predetermined period, and the temperature of the flowing air is adjusted after the period so that the temperature can be predetermined.
  • the amount of processing In other words, basically do not change into the gasifier
  • the amount of fluidized air supplied to the fluid layer 1a The state of the waste is a suitable state, and the amount of waste treatment of the waste containing the dewatered sludge is not changed, and the amount of waste disposal and the amount of sludge to be treated can be achieved.
  • the flow rate of the fluidizing air it is not necessary to make the flow rate of the fluidizing air a constant value, and it is also possible to change the flow rate to some extent together with the temperature. In this case, if the flow rate of the fluidized air increases, for example, the combustion becomes severe, so the fluidized bed The temperature of 1a tends to rise. In this way, as a control gasifier 1
  • the parameters of the operating state in addition to the amount of waste including dewatered sludge, as well as the temperature and flow rate of the fluidized air and the supply of combustion-supporting materials, due to the high degree of freedom of control, the gasifier can be made 1
  • the state is a more ideal state.
  • a waste treatment facility and a cement production facility will be described with reference to Fig. 8 .
  • This figure is equivalent to the above 1st Figure 1 of the embodiment.
  • the structure of the suspension type preheater 10 and the decomposition furnace 20 of the cement manufacturing equipment 200 is different from that of the first embodiment, but the decomposition furnace 20 Except for the absence of the air introduction port, it is the same as that of the first embodiment, and therefore the same reference numeral 20 is used.
  • the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and their description will be omitted.
  • a part of the gas delivery line 6 is shielded by the suspended preheater 10, so the ejection device 6a
  • the illustration is omitted, and the illustration of the bypass line 60 is omitted for convenience.
  • a plurality of injection devices 6a are disposed on the gas delivery line 6, and a bypass line 60 is also provided. , cooler 61, cyclone 62, etc.
  • the suspended preheating device 10 is divided into 2
  • Each system has, for example, a 5-stage cyclone 11 .
  • the kiln exhaust gas is blown from the lower stage, except that the decomposition furnace 20 is not provided, and the first The embodiment has the same structure.
  • a decomposition furnace 20 is provided, which is not a kiln exhaust gas but a high-temperature cooling exhaust gas which flows into the air quench cooler 40.
  • the cooled exhaust gas flows into the decomposition furnace as in the kiln exhaust gas in the first embodiment.
  • the lower end is blown upward as a jet (indicated by a little lock line in the figure).
  • the cooled exhaust gas is mixed with the pyrolysis gas introduced into the decomposition furnace 20, and the cement raw material is blown upward while being combusted, from the upper pipe 22 Arrive at the lowest level of the cyclone 11 . Then, it is stepped up by the cyclone 11 and flows out from the uppermost cyclone 11 to the exhaust line 50.
  • the slave cyclone 11 A cement raw material (not shown in detail) is provided, and a gas introduction port for guiding the pyrolysis gas from the gasification furnace 1 is provided, but an inlet port for the air for combustion is not provided. Passing the decomposition furnace 20 as described above The cooling flue gas blown up inside is different from the kiln exhaust gas because it contains a large amount of oxygen.
  • the structure of the decomposition furnace 20 is the same as that of the first embodiment, and is introduced into the decomposition furnace 20
  • the internal thermal decomposition gas is mixed with the blown cooling exhaust gas to be fully combusted. Due to this combustion, the temperature of the cooled exhaust gas rises to 900 Above °C, by this, decomposition of the blown cement raw material (decarbonation reaction) can be promoted.
  • the waste heat of the air quenching cooler 40 is also used to make the gasifier to the waste processing apparatus 100 1 Since the supplied fluidized air is heated up, the temperature of the fluidized bed 1a can be maintained in an appropriate range even if the dehydrated sludge is mixed in a waste such as garbage. That is, even like the 2nd In the case where the waste processing apparatus 100 is installed in the cement manufacturing facility 200 in which the cooling exhaust gas flows into the decomposition furnace 20 as in the embodiment, the same effects as those in the first embodiment can be obtained.
  • the decomposition furnace 70 of the modification shown in Fig. 9 is provided in the rotary kiln 30 like the decomposition furnace of the first embodiment.
  • the kiln tail mixing chamber 71 and the rotary decomposition chamber 72 communicating with the lower portion thereof are provided with a combustion device 73 in the rotary combustion chamber 72. , ejecting high-temperature combustion gases from combustion of coal, natural gas, heavy oil, etc.
  • the air quench cooler 40 The high-temperature cooling exhaust gas (air) is introduced as a swirling flow while preheating the cement raw material from the cyclone 11 of the uppermost stage.
  • the cement raw material is decomposed by the combustion gas from the combustion device 73 while being supplied to the mixing chamber 71. Move, here, the jet of kiln exhaust gas from below blows it upwards. That is, in the mixing chamber 71 In the middle, the combustion gas flow including the cement raw material merges with the kiln exhaust gas flow, and the two rise while being mixed with each other.
  • the cement raw material is sufficiently decomposed during the ascending flow as it rises from the mixing chamber 71
  • the uppermost outlet is conveyed to the lowermost cyclone 11 through a pipe. Further, the thermal decomposition gas from the gasification furnace 1 is introduced between the inlet of the rotary kiln 30 and the outlet of the mixing chamber 71 or the rotary decomposition furnace 72 It can be between the mixing chamber 71 and the mixing room 71.
  • the decomposition furnace of the embodiment has substantially the same configuration and extends in the vertical direction in the kiln tail of the rotary kiln 30.
  • an annular converging portion 75a is formed at a substantially central portion of the upper and lower sides, and the converging portion 75a is formed. Air can also be introduced into the decomposition furnace 75.
  • the air quenching cooler 40 can be provided.
  • the high-temperature cooling exhaust gas is introduced into the lower portion of the decomposition furnace 75 as a swirling flow, but a part of the cooling exhaust gas can be led to the converging portion 75a by means of a branching path branched from the cooling exhaust gas supply passage. From the inlet formed here, it is led to the decomposition furnace 75. A part of the cooling exhaust gas thus introduced is supplied as a re-combustion air to the decomposition furnace 75 The jet flow of the kiln exhaust gas blown up inside.
  • the thermal decomposition gas from the gasification furnace 1 is also guided to the inlet of the rotary kiln 30 to the outlet of the decomposition furnace 75.
  • the lower duct 21 connected to the inlet of the rotary kiln 30 is not provided without the decomposition furnace.
  • a vertical riser 29 is connected between the upper pipe 22 connected to the lowermost stage of the cyclone 11 of the suspended preheater 10. Providing cement raw materials and gasifiers to the vertical riser 29 respectively 1
  • the thermal decomposition gas rises by means of the jet flow of the kiln exhaust gas.
  • the pyrolysis gas reacts with the oxygen contained in the kiln exhaust gas and is burned in the riser tube 29 and the suspended preheater 10.
  • the above 1st, 2nd The embodiment and its modifications are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the invention, its application, or its use.
  • the calorific value of the garbage or the like is inspected every day, and the ratio of the dewatered sludge that can be simultaneously treated is determined, and the dehydrated sludge is started to be introduced, but the amount of heat generated by the accumulated garbage does not change drastically. Therefore, its calorific value can be investigated without daily investigation.
  • the calorific value of the garbage or the like may be investigated once a day or a week, or may be investigated irregularly depending on the amount of the dewatered sludge to be treated and the temperature of the fluidized air or the like which is changed accordingly.
  • the operation method as described below is also possible.
  • the temperature of the waste is adjusted according to the measurement result so that the layer temperature is higher than the target value.
  • the fluidized bed 1a was measured while the dewatered sludge was introduced.
  • the temperature of the dewatered sludge is adjusted according to the measurement result so that the layer temperature reaches the target value.
  • the amount of heat generated by the garbage collected by the geographical relationship is very high, and the total low calorific value combined with the predetermined amount of dehydrated sludge is more than 1000 kcal/kg.
  • the supply device 7 for the combustion-supporting material may be omitted in each embodiment or the like.
  • the bypass line 60 may be omitted in each embodiment and the like.
  • the exhaust gas from the air quenching cooler 40 is introduced into the exhaust gas air heater 41.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • it may be provided on the upstream side of the gas cooler 53 in the middle of the exhaust gas line 50 as long as the waste heat of the cement manufacturing equipment 200 can be utilized.
  • the heat used for drying the dewatered sludge is discharged out of the system together with the steam, and does not return to the cement manufacturing equipment.
  • the heat source of the drying device is preferably a low-temperature heat source such as the exhaust gas air heater 41 used for raising the temperature of the fluidized air, or may be disposed through, for example, the exhaust gas air heater 41.
  • the cooling exhaust gas flows through the downstream side of the boiler 43.
  • the thermal decomposition gas is supplied from the gasification furnace 1 by the negative pressure on the side of the cement manufacturing equipment 200, in the gas delivery line.
  • the blower can also be set here.
  • the injection device 6a of the gas delivery line 6 may be omitted.
  • the gasifier 1 and the cement manufacturing equipment 200 of the waste treatment equipment 100 The structure of the kiln (baking furnace) or the like is not limited to the above embodiments.
  • a cement firing furnace is not limited to the rotary kiln 30, and may be a fluidized bed kiln.
  • the present invention in a gasification furnace of a waste disposal facility disposed adjacent to an existing cement production facility, it is possible to co-fire a large amount of dewatered sludge in waste such as garbage, and to achieve sanitary treatment. Therefore, the industrial availability is extremely large.

Description

包含污泥的废弃物的处理设备 技术领域
本发明涉及利用水泥制造设备卫生地处理废弃物用的设备,特别是涉及包含有高含水率污泥的废弃物的处理 。
背景技术
近年来,随着例如发展中国家生活水平的提高,也越来越需要对垃圾进行卫生处理,其焚烧处理量在增大也在预测之中。但是也存在建设一般的垃圾焚烧炉需要很大的费用,需要很长的工期的问题。而且在日本还存在掩埋分解炉产生的炉灰的掩埋处理场不足的问题,在设立新垃圾处理场的情况下,灰熔融炉的设置和灰的再利用方法的确立等是必要条件。
对此,本申请的发明人开发出有效利用已有的水泥制造设备的垃圾处理系统,首先提出了专利申请(专利文献 1 )。这是邻近已有的水泥制造设备设置流动床式气化炉,在该气化炉使垃圾等废弃物气化,将产生的热分解气体在保持含有的炭和灰分不变的情况下提供给水泥分解炉或烧成炉(烧成窑)的技术。
如果能够这样使垃圾的热分解气体在水泥分解炉或烧成炉中燃烧,则能够用比建设新的垃圾焚烧炉低得多的费用而且能够在较短的时间建设垃圾处理设备。而且提供给水泥分解炉和烧成炉的热分解气体和炭成为燃料的一部分,灰分成为水泥原料的一部分。也就是说,不是停留在只利用已有的水泥制造设备,而是在水泥的制造过程中能够利用垃圾产生的热分解气体、炭以及灰分,互惠关系成立。
但是,与上述垃圾处理的需求增大相同,随着下水处理场的整备的进展,产生的下水污泥的处理量也增大。通常是将下水污泥脱水后掩埋,但是下水污泥可能污染地下水而且有恶臭,对此有人提出如下所述将污泥与垃圾一起焚烧,或将其投入气化炉使其热分解的方案。还有,用已有的垃圾焚烧炉混烧少量的脱水污泥是一直在使用的技术。
作为一个例子,专利文献 2 记载有在使用于废弃物的焚烧或热分解的流动炉中,通过改变与固体废弃物混烧的污泥的供给量,控制砂层的温度的技术。而在专利文献 3 记载的废弃物气化装置的情况下,用流动床式气化炉将污泥和污泥以外的废弃物混烧时,向炉子内提供例如木屑那样的高热量废弃物,保持所需要的发热量使其燃烧、热分解的技术。
专利文献 1 :中国专利申请公开第 101434461 号说明书;
专利文献 2 :日本特开平 11 - 337036 号公报;
专利文献 3 :日本特开 2006 - 220365 号公报。
发明内容
但是通常脱水污泥的含水率高达约 80 %,其水分的蒸发潜热大,而且脱水污泥的固体成分的粒径比破碎的垃圾小,在流动层气化、发热之前飞散的比例高。因此废弃物中污泥的比例如果高,则流动层的温度下降,可能难以维持热分解反应。
因此在已有的焚烧炉与垃圾混烧的污泥的比例通常为 5 %左右,实际上最多也只能够处理 10 %左右。还有,像上述专利文献 3 那样,木屑作为助燃材料使用是有效的,但是不见得像木屑那样的高热量废弃物能够确保与平常污泥的处理量平衡,因此不能不说这种技术缺乏实用性。例如在同时处理生活废弃物( 0.8 千克 / 人·日)与生活下水( 300 升 / 人·日)的脱水污泥的情况下, 30 万人口的都市同时处理 240 吨 / 日的废弃物与 60 吨 / 日的脱水污泥,即必须同时处理 20 %的污泥。
鉴于这样的情况,本发明的目的在于,提供即使是处理比以往包含更多高含水率脱水污泥的废弃物,也能够使气化炉的流动层温度维持于合适的温度范围的废弃物处理设备。
如上所述,本申请的发明人开发研究已有的水泥制造设备与相邻设置的废弃物处理设备之间的互惠关系而成立的系统,为了进一步改善该系统,继续锐意进行研究中,想到利用水泥制造设备的废热作为气化炉流动层维持温度用的热源,完成了本发明。
亦即本发明以与水泥制造设备相邻设置的废弃物处理设备为对象,具备使废弃物气化产生热分解气体的流动床式气化炉、将在所述气化炉产生的热分解气体在保持含有炭和灰分的情况下输送到从所述水泥制造设备的水泥预热器到分解炉之间的气体输送通道,以及利用所述水泥制造设备的废热使提供给所述气化炉的流动化空气升温的升温装置。
借助于这样的结构,对处理废弃物用的流动床式气化炉升温过的流动化空气,因此即使是废弃物中包含比较多的脱水污泥,也能够将气化炉的流动层的温度保持于合适的范围。流动化空气的升温由于利用水泥制造设备的废热,可以不消耗助燃材料或大大减少其消耗量,很适合环境保护。
而且在气化炉产生的热分解气体在保持含有炭和灰分的情况下利用气体输送通道输送到水泥预热器、分解炉,其燃烧产生的热被利用于水泥原料的预热和分解。脱水污泥产生的水蒸汽也与该热分解气体一起输送,与其一起,如上所述使用于流动化空气的升温的热量也被输送到水泥预热器和分解炉。
也就是说,水泥制造设备的废热被使用于气化炉的流动层的温度的维持后,再度与在该处产生的热分解气体等一起返回水泥制造设备。换句话说,通过将废弃物处理设备与水泥制造设备组合,能够有效利用水泥制造设备产生的热量,维持气化炉的流动层的温度,其结果是,能够将比以往多的污泥与垃圾等同时处理。
在上述废弃物处理设备中,最好是具备能够将脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物分别投入气化炉的投入装置。这样一来,不仅调整包含脱水污泥的废弃物的总投入量,而且调整发热量互不相同的脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的其他废弃物中的某一种的投入量,改变两者的投入量的比例,也能够调整流动层的温度。特别是调整高含水率的脱水污泥的投入量是有效的。
还有,在这里所谓'投入量'是单位时间的投入量,所谓对其'进行调整'也意味着根据例如流动层的温度改变投入量的反馈控制外,预先调查脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的发热量,设定脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量乃至于其比例这些运行条件,将流动层的温度维持于规定的范围内。
作为一个例子,例如,如果调整脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量的比例,以使得包含脱水污泥的全部废弃物的低位发热量为规定值(例如 800 ~ 1200 千卡 / 千克左右)以上,则能够由它们自己的燃烧确保热分解用的热量,可以不要提供助燃材料。
为此,在投入气化炉之前预先进行脱水污泥的成分分析等,求出其低位发热量加以存储。而且首先在气化炉中投入脱水污泥以外的废弃物,测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果推定脱水污泥以外的废弃物的低位发热量。而且根据该推定值与上述存储的脱水污泥的低位发热量,调整脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量的比例,以使全部废弃物的低位发热量在所述规定值以上即可。
也可以那样调整投入量的比例,并且一边把脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物投入气化炉一边测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果改变脱水污泥的投入量,以此使流动层的温度接近目标值。通过改变高含水率的脱水污泥的投入量,能够迅速调整流动层的温度。
作为另一例子,首先一边把脱水污泥以外的废弃物投入气化炉一边测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果调整上述废弃物(不包含脱水污泥)的投入量,以此使流动层的温度高于目标值。其后也可以一边把脱水污泥也投入气化炉一边测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果调整脱水污泥的投入量,以此使流动层的温度为上述目标值。
那时候,脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量可以维持一定,也可以改变其投入量。又可以不调整脱水污泥的投入量,而代之以调整脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量。通常气化炉在空气比小于 1 的无氧状态下运行,因此如果使废弃物的投入量增大,则与其热容量相应,层温度降低。另一方面,如果增大流动化空气的供给量,作为燃烧更旺,层温度上升。
而且如上所述,在本发明中,由于利用水泥制造设备的废热使进入气化炉的流动化空气升温,通过调整该升温的程度、即调整提供给流动化空气的热量,也能够调整流动层的温度。也就是说,除了包含脱水污泥的废弃物的投入量外,通过调整流动化空气的供给量乃至于其温度等,也能够控制流动层的温度,因此在控制得到提高的同时,其自由度也高了。例如能够使气化炉内维持为负压、或合适地维持流动介质的流动化状态等,各种条件能够得到满足同时能够维持流动层于合适的温度。
但是如上所述将脱水污泥投入气化炉的流动层的情况下,如果大量将其投入一处,则在其附近会发生局部温度大幅度下降的情况,有可能热分解反应不能够发生。因此在使脱水污泥的投入比例增加的情况下,最好是脱水污泥从气化炉流动层的上方的多个地方分散投入所述流动层。如果这样做,能够方便对流动层的温度的控制,有利于将该温度维持于规定的范围。
而且即使是如上所述使流动化空气升温,仅此也不能够维持层温度的情况下,也可以具备向流动层提供助燃材料的燃料供给装置。如果这样做,则能够处理更多的脱水污泥,同时即使脱水污泥以外的废弃物是发热量比设想的发热量低的所谓低品位废弃物,也能够利用助燃材料的燃烧维持层温度。
具体地说,这样的助燃材料可以采用炭微粉那样的固体助燃材料,将其投入流动层上方的空塔部。在这种情况下,炭微粉颗粒如果过细,则会随着热分解气体的气流从气化炉排出,另一方面,如果颗粒过大则在流动层内立即下沉,也许不能够对燃烧作出充分的贡献。因此炭微粉的平均粒径最好是 0.1 ~ 3mm 左右。
还有,助燃材料不限于炭微粉,除此以外也可以是例如废轮胎、塑料、木片、炭、泥炭化合物等,只要是能够在流动层内燃烧的材料即可,不管其种类。
在上述废弃物处理设备中,也可以具备在将脱水污泥提供给气化炉之前,利用水泥制造设备的废热将其干燥的干燥装置。如果这样做,则能够提高包含脱水污泥的废弃物的发热量,有利于维持流动层的温度。由于脱水污泥的含水率低,将其投入时流动层的局部温度下降也得到抑制。
如上所述,如果采用本发明的废弃物处理设备,即使是在气化炉中处理的废弃物中大量包含高含水率的脱水污泥的情况下,也能够利用水泥制造设备的废热使流动化空气升温,借助于此,能够将流动层的温度维持于规定的范围。也就是说,在水泥制造设备中产生的热能够得到有效利用,在废弃物处理设备中能够在处理垃圾等的同时处理比以往多的脱水污泥。
附图说明
图 1 是本发明第 1 实施形态的废弃物处理设备以及水泥制造设备的系统图。
图 2 是表示上述废弃物处理设备的气化炉以及其控制系统的结构的示意图。
图 3A 是表示脱水污泥投入处的流动层的局部温度下降且所表示的是扩散系数大的情况的示意图。
图 3B 是相当于图 3A 的扩散系数小的情况的示意图。
图 4 是表示气化炉的炉床面积与流动层温度的标准偏差之间的关系的实验结果曲线图。
图 5A 是表示气化炉的运行方法的一个例子的流程图。
图 5B 是表示气化炉的通常运行程序中的脱水污泥的供给量的调整步骤的流程图。
图 6 是表示通常运行时的垃圾等和脱水污泥的投入量的变化与由此引起的流动层温度变化之间的关系的时序图。
图 7 是由于流动化空气的升温,可投入的脱水污泥在多大程度上增大的调查结果积累的曲线图。
图 8 是冷却废气流入分解炉的第 2 实施形态的与图 1 相当的图。
图 9 是具有具备旋转分解室和混合室的分解炉的变形例的与图 1 相当的图。
图 10 是周壁的中途具有环状收束部,向其近旁引入再燃烧用的空气的变形例的与图 1 相当的图。
图 11 是没有分解炉的变形例的与图 1 相当的图。
符号说明
100 废弃物处理设备;
1 气化炉;
4 垃圾投入装置;
6 气体输送管线(气体输送通道);
7 助燃材料供给装置(燃料供给装置);
8 污泥供给系统;
80 污泥层;
81 污泥投入装置;
200 水泥制造设备;
10 悬挂式预热器(预热器);
20 分解炉;
40 空气淬火冷却器(熟料冷却器);
41 废气空气加热器( gas air heater )(升温装置)。
具体实施方式
下面参照附图对本发明的理想的实施形态进行说明。图 1 是第 1 实施形态的废弃物处理设备 100 以及与其相邻设置的水泥制造设备 200 的总体系统图。图 1 中左侧表示的废弃物处理设备 100 在气化炉 1 中使废弃物热分解,将产生的气体(热分解气体)用在水泥的烧成工序中混合燃烧。该热分解气体的量为例如 2 ~ 3 万 Nm3/h 左右,与图示的水泥制造设备 200 的废气量(例如 30 万 Nm3/h )相比要少得多,因此废弃物处理设备 100 可以在已有的水泥厂近旁建设,而几乎无须对已有的水泥厂进行任何修改。
废弃物处理设备
在废弃物处理设备 100 中收集例如家庭来的废弃的垃圾、废塑料等包含可燃性物体的废弃物(下面,特别是与脱水污泥区别的情况下称为'垃圾等'或'垃圾等废弃物')。这些废弃物通过陆上输送等运来,被投入坑 2 内的料斗 2a ,利用未图示的破碎机进行破碎。这样破碎过的垃圾等废弃物利用吊车 3 输送,投入料斗和传送带等构成的垃圾投入装置 4 ,借助于该垃圾投入装置 4 的动作将其投入气化炉 1 。
又,在本实施形态中,也设置与上述垃圾等分开地将脱水污泥提供给气化炉 1 进行处理用的污泥供给系统 8 。脱水污泥是在附图外的下水处理场从下水污泥分离出的固体成分,利用陆上运输等方式运送过来贮留于污泥槽 80 。将脱水污泥运送来的车辆(未图示),与其替换,从坑 2 装入污水反复向下水处理场运送。从坑 2 来的污水以往要进行蒸发处理,但是如果如上所述,向下水处理场运输,则可以将使其蒸发用的热量用在别的用途上。
另一方面,贮存于污泥槽 80 的脱水污泥借助于具备传送带等的污泥投入装置 81 (参照图 2 )的动作与上述垃圾等废弃物一样被投入气化炉 1 。该污泥投入装置 81 和上述垃圾投入装置 4 具备例如螺旋式输送器,通过改变其动作速度,能够调整每单位时间投入垃圾等脱水污泥的投入量。这样调整包括脱水污泥的废弃物的投入量,并且调整如下所述的流动化空气的温度和流量,能够控制气化炉 1 的流动层 1a 的温度。
也就是说,气化炉 1 是流动床式气化炉,也如图 2 所示,在气化炉 1 的炉内下部充填流动砂(流动介质),形成流动层 1a 。在这里,利用所提供的流动化空气使流动砂浮游,空气通过其间隙向上方流动。包括脱水污泥的废弃物一旦被投入流动层 1a ,这些废弃物就被流动砂分散并热分解、气化。这时废弃物的一部分燃烧,维持流动层的温度促进热分解反应。
被提供给流动层 1a 的流动化空气,在本实施形态中,利用电动送风机 5 从废弃物的坑 2 被吸出以此将坑 2 内保持于负压,异常臭味不容易泄露到外部。而且从送风机 5 来的空气如下所述,利用水泥制造设备 200 的废热升温后,被提供给气化炉 1 。通过这样以流动空气为媒介提供热量,即使是大量混烧脱水污泥也能够维持流动层 1a 的温度。
详细地说,通常垃圾等废弃物的低位发热量为 1000 ~ 3000 千卡 / 千克左右,因此通过其一部分的燃烧能够确保热分解用的反应热,将流动层 1a 的温度维持于合适的温度。另一方面,虽然由于在脱水污泥中含有下水中的有机物质,因此潜在发热量高,但是由于含水率高达 80 %左右,因此低位发热量变低,将其与垃圾等废弃物混烧时,层温度难以维持。
因此,在本实施形态中,不仅调整垃圾和脱水污泥等的投入量,而且将流动化空气的温度和流量设定为适当值,即使是在气化炉 1 中混烧较多的脱水污泥,也能够将流动层温度维持于 500 ~ 600 ℃左右的适当范围。也就是说,如图 2 的示意图所示,在流动层 1a 中配设温度传感器 91 ,接收从该处来的信号的控制器 90 对垃圾投入装置 4 和污泥投入装置 81 的动作进行控制。
又,为使来自送风机 5 的空气升温,在废气空气加热器 41 ( GAH :升温装置)中设置用来调节使其旁路的空气流量的旁通阀 42 ,利用控制器 90 对其开度进行控制,以此调整流动化空气的温度。而且在从送风机 5 经过废气空气加热器 41 到达气化炉 1 的空气供给通道 5a 的中途设置开度可调整的调节风门 55 (仅表示于图 2 ),由控制器 90 对该调节风门 55 的开度和送风机 5 的转速进行控制,这样也可以调整流动化空气的流量。
如果这样使流动化空气升温到例如 150 ~ 200 ℃左右,则能够将相当多的热量提供给流动层 1a ,因此能够不降低层温度地对包含许多脱水污泥的废弃物进行处理。而且因垃圾等的种类的不同,其发热量有时候比想象的要低(例如低于 1000 千卡 / 千克的所谓低品位废弃物),在这种情况下即使是如上所述使流动化空气升温,也可能无法维持流动层 1a 的温度。
对于这个问题,在本实施形态中,设置炭微粉供给装置 7 以便能够从废弃物投入口向气化炉 1 内的空塔部投入例如炭微粉作为助燃材料。又,利用供给装置 7 从上方投入流动层 1a 的炭微粉的平均粒径为 0.1 ~ 3mm 左右。假定炭微粉为粒径 0.1mm ,根据计算其最终速度为约 0.9m/s ,由于稍微低于通过气化炉 1 内上升的热分解气体和空气流速(气体基准的空塔流速),其大多数都飞散了,对于流动层 1a 产生的燃烧没有贡献。
另一方面,如果炭微粉的粒径过大,则立即通过流动层 1a 内沉降并离开流动层 1a ,可能对燃烧不大有贡献。粒径为 3.0mm 的炭微粉在 500 ℃左右的流动层 1a 内燃烧所需要的时间为粒径 0.1mm 的颗粒的数十倍,为了对层内的燃烧有贡献,必须确保颗粒在层内滞留的时间。在这里,粒径 3.0mm 的炭微粉的最小流动化速度的计算值约为 1.8m/s ,与流动层 1a 的气体基准的空塔流速相同,因此如果平均粒径在 3mm 以下就没有问题。
因此根据需要提供炭微粉,即使是将包含许多脱水污泥的废弃物投入也能够将流动层 1a 的温度保持在合适的范围内,废弃物能够高效率地热分解并气化。该热分解气体从气化炉 1 的上部排出,利用气体输送管线 6 (气体输送通道)输送到水泥制造设备 200 。在热分解气体中作为未燃烧部分的炭和灰分作为小颗粒浮游,与热分解气体一起被输送。
在本实施形态中,从气化炉 1 来的热分解气体利用下述水泥的分解炉 20 的负压进行输送,因此气化炉 1 内也保持负压,热分解气体不会泄露到外部。又,热分解气体由于能够利用分解炉 20 的负压进行输送,气体输送管线 6 中不设置送风机。因此不用担心送风机的叶轮等上附着、堆积热分解气体中的炭和灰分等而造成故障。
但是在气体输送管线 6 的管道内壁面上,随着时间迁移也有炭和灰分附着堆积的情况发生,因此而增大压力损失,所以在本实施形态中,在气体输送管线 6 的中途以规定以上的间隔配设多个喷射装置 6a 。借助于各喷射装置 6a ,间歇性地吹入从未图示的空压机提供的压缩空气,可以将堆积的炭和灰分吹走。还有,在气体输送管线 6 上也在中途设置开闭式的调节风门,可以在使废弃物处理设备 100 停止运行时将其关闭。
这样做,可以将废弃物的热分解气体从气化炉 1 的上部向气体输送管线 6 排出,而包含气化炉 1 中的热分解后的残渣,即金属片的不燃烧物体沉入流动砂中,与该流动砂一起从气化炉 1 的下端落下。也就是说,废弃物的残渣借助于流动层 1a 进行所谓比重分离。这样从气化炉 1 排出的砂和不燃烧物体利用未图示的传送带等输送,由附图外的分级装置分离的砂返回气化炉 1 。另一方面,利用分选装置从不燃烧物体中分选出金属成分,残留的不燃烧物体作为水泥原料使用。
水泥制造设备
水泥制造设备 200 在图 1 的例子中是具备一般的 NSP 窑的设备。水泥原料在作为预热器的悬挂式预热器 10 中预热后,用分解炉 20 加热到 900 ℃左右(分解),在作为烧成炉的转窑 30 中,以 1500 ℃左右的高温进行烧成。通过转窑 30 的烧成物在空气淬火冷却器 40 ( AQC )中急冷,成为颗粒状的水泥熟料(セメントクリンカ),然后送到图外的精制工序中。
上述悬挂式预热器 10 具有在上下方向并排设置的多级旋流器 11 。旋流器 11 分别一边利用涡旋状气流输送水泥原料一边与从下级吹入的高温废气进行热交换。该废气流如下所述,从转窑 30 来的高温废气(以下称为'窑废气')通过分解炉 20 内上升,被提供给最下一级的旋流器 11 。窑废气如图中虚线所示,通过旋流器 11 逐级上升,到达最上一级的旋流器 11 ,从该处向废气管线 50 流出。
如图所示,在废气管线 50 设置诱导窑废气将其往烟囱 51 送出用的大容量的诱导通风机 52 ,在该诱导通风机 52 的跟前一侧、即废气流的上游侧,介入设置气体冷却器 53 (例如锅炉)以及集尘器 54 。诱导通风机 52 具备通过悬挂式预热器 10 和分解炉 20 从转窑 30 引导出大量废气,同时在分解炉 20 内形成负压,以此从气化炉 1 诱导出热分解气体的功能。
另一方面,在悬挂式预热器 10 的各旋流器 11 中,如上所述水泥原料与高温窑废气进行热交换后,如图中实线所示,向下方降落,向下一级旋流器 11 移动。这样从最上级的旋流器 11 依序逐级通过多个旋流器 11 时,水泥原料得到充分预热,从最下一级的上面一级旋流器 11 向分解炉 20 提供。
分解炉 20 在上下方向延伸地设置于转窑 30 的窑后部,在分解炉 20 的下端连接将其与转窑 30 加以连接的下部管道 21 ,另一方面,在分解炉 20 的上端连接将其与悬挂式预热器 10 的最下一级旋流器 11 加以连接的上部管道 22 。如上所述由诱导通风机 52 引导的窑废气从下部管道 21 向分解炉 20 下端流入,作为喷流向上方吹。
又在分解炉 20 的下部分别设置作为助燃材料的炭微粉的供给口和上述气化炉 1 来的热分解气体的气体导入口、以及它们的燃烧用的空气的导入口(图示省略)。作为燃烧用的空气,采用空气淬火冷却器 40 来的高温冷却废气,与热分解气体一样,利用分解炉 20 内的负压将其吸引。被吸引到分解炉 20 内的热分解气体和燃烧用的空气一边与高温窑废气混合一边经过充分的时间的燃烧。
而且被投入该分解炉 20 内的水泥原料在随着上面所述的窑废气的喷流上升时被加热到 900 ℃左右,石灰成分的 80 ~ 90 %发生脱二氧化碳反应。其后从分解炉 20 的最上部通过上部管道 22 传输到悬挂式预热器 10 的最下级的旋流器 11 ,在这里,窑废气与水泥原料分离,流向上面一级的旋流器 11 ,另一方面,水泥原料从旋流器 11 的下端落下,到达转窑 30 的入口。
转窑 30 是将一个例如长达 70 ~ 100m 的横向长圆筒状的旋转窑从入口向出口稍微向下倾斜配置形成的。旋转窑围绕其轴心缓慢旋转,以此将水泥原料向出口侧输送。在该出口侧配设燃烧装置 31 ,煤、天然气、重油等燃烧产生的高温燃烧气体向入口侧喷出。被燃烧气体包围的水泥原料发生化学反应(水泥烧成反应),其一部分烧成到半熔融状态。
该水泥烧成物在空气淬火冷却器 40 中受到冷风急冷,形成颗粒状的水泥熟料。然后,水泥熟料储藏于熟料筒仓后,添加石膏等进行成分调整,然后经过研磨粉碎为细粉(精加工工序)(图示和详细说明省略)。另一方面,从烧成物中取得热量升高到 800 ℃左右的冷却废气,如上所述,作为燃烧用的空气提供给分解炉 20 。也就是说,回收废热使分解炉 20 中的燃烧用空气升温,以此谋求提高热效率。
又将该冷却废气的一部分引导到废气空气加热器 41 ,如上所述,与从废气处理设备 100 的送风机 5 送来的流动化空气进行热交换。通过与高温的冷却废气进行热交换,流动化空气可升温到 300 ℃左右,借助于流过未图示的旁通通路的空气流量的调整,大致可以在 100 ℃~ 300 ℃左右的范围进行调整。旁通流过废气空气加热器 41 的空气的流量,如上所述根据利用控制器 90 进行控制的旁通阀 42 的开度进行调整。还有,与流动化空气进行热交换而温度下降的冷却废气流过锅炉 43 和集尘器 41 后,流向烟囱。
除了如上所述的结构外,在本实施形态的水泥制造设备 200 中,为了防止在通过悬挂式预热器 10 和分解炉 20 进行循环时,气体中的氯成分和碱分浓缩,设置旁通管线 60 。也就是说,如果像本实施形态这样,在水泥制造设备中混烧废弃物的热分解气体,则由于原来包含于废弃物中的氯成分和碱分的影响,水泥熟料中的氯成分和碱分浓度有变高的倾向,也有可能发生附着的麻烦。
因此,在图中所示的水泥制造设备 200 中,利用连接于分解炉 20 下部(或下部管道 21 )的旁通管线 60 抽出气体的一部分,用冷却器 61 冷却后送到旋流器 62 (分级器)对粉尘( dust )进行分级。对冷却器 61 利用风扇 63 送冷风,通过将抽出的气体急冷到氯化物等的熔点以下,将抽出的气体中的氯成分或碱成分作为固态(粉尘)分离。
而且在旋流器 62 中将抽出的气体中的粉尘分级为粗粉和微粉,几乎不含氯成分和碱成分的粗粉从旋流器 62 的下端落下,借助于对其一部分省略表示的返回管线 60a 返回分解炉 20 。另一方面,氯成分和碱成分浓度高的微粉随着从旋流器 62 吸出的气体向旁通管线 60 的下游侧管线 60b 排出,被集尘器 54 所收集。
还有,在图 1 中,将旁通管线 60 的下游侧管线 60b 连接于废气管线 50 的中途,表示出将用于把窑废气向烟囱 51 送出的诱导通风机 52 、废气冷却器 53 、以及集尘器 54 共用,但是在实际设备中,在旁通管线 60 也可以设置专用的诱导通风机、废气冷却器、以及集尘器。
向气化炉分散投入脱水污泥
如上所述,在本实施形态的废弃物处理设备 100 中,将含水率比垃圾等高的脱水污泥投入气化炉 1 ,因此在该投入位置附近流动层温度有局部下降的情况发生。而且如果很多脱水污泥集中在一个地方,则有可能下降到低于维持热分解反应所需要的温度的下限值(例如 450 ℃)。这种局部温度低下的情况很大程度上受到投入到一个地方的脱水污泥的流量及其在流动层 1a 扩散的速度的影响。
因此,假定废弃物中的脱水污泥的比例为 25 %,对扩散速度设定多个值,进行调查流动层温度变化的模拟。扩散速度通常因流动层 1a 的流动砂的大小和性状、流动化的状态、以及脱水污泥的颗粒大小和含水率、黏性等而变化,所以对包括这些重要原因的扩散系数进行定义,利用实验等设定其数值加以使用。
图 3A 、图 3B 分别表示在扩散系数为最大的情况和最小的情况的模拟结果。还有,对于流动层 1a 的上下方向,为了方便将脱水污泥的扩散速度看作无限大,考虑由于水平方向的扩散速度的不同而造成的影响和脱水污泥中的水分蒸发速度的影响。将图 3A 和图 3B 加以比较,可以看出扩散系数越小温度越低的范围(污泥扩散范围)变窄,同时在该范围中的温度下降变得明显。特别是在扩散系数小的图 B 中,局部层温度低于 450 ℃,热分解反应难以继续。
这样投入脱水污泥时,最好是加大其扩散系数,作为其方法,为了将脱水污泥弄细再投入,可以考虑将该投入口的前端缩小,形成喷嘴。但是这样一来,也有可能发生高粘度的脱水污泥在喷嘴的前端堵塞的情况,投入口的前端不能过度缩小。这样,在投入脱水污泥时随意改变其扩散系数在现实中是困难的。
因此实际上从一个地方将脱水污泥投入气化炉中,在多个地方测定流动层的温度,从这些测定结果的标准偏差确认脱水污泥投入的影响和范围。图 4 是表示流动层温度的平均值为一定的条件下炉床面积与流动层温度的标准偏差之间的关系的曲线图。从图 4 可知,即使是流动层温度的平均值相同,随着炉床面积的增大,流动层温度的标准偏差也变大。也就是说,可知从一个地方投入的脱水污泥对流动层温度的影响范围。根据该结果,可以说将脱水污泥投入到一个地方的情况下,炉床面积必须在 5m2 以下,最好是 3m2 以下。
换句话说,可知在炉床面积超过 3 ~ 5m2 的气化炉中,有必要至少每 5m2 作为一个地方分散投入脱水污泥,每 3m2 作为一个地方是合适的。因此,在本实施形态中,如图 2 的示意图所示,在气化炉 1 的上部将多个投入口 82 排列设置为例如环状或格子状,将从污泥投入装置 81 送出的脱水污泥投入到流动层 1a 的上表面,将每 3 ~ 5m2 作为一个地方分散投入。
气化炉的运行
下面对气化炉 1 中将流动层 1a 的温度维持在合适的范围的运行方法进行说明。如上所述,控制流动层 1a 的温度用的参数基本上是包含脱水污泥的废弃物的投入量、流动化空气的温度和流量,但是在本实施形态中,设定能够确保每一天的垃圾等的处理量的流动化空气的温度以及流量,在运行中根据流动层温度调整脱水污泥的供给量。包含脱水污泥的废弃物的低位发热量过低时,根据需要提供炭微粉。
这样的气化炉 1 的运行根据操作人员的操作利用控制器 90 进行。参照图 2 ,如上所述,控制器 90 至少输入测定流动层 1a 的温度的温度传感器 91 来的信号和操作者的操作盘 92 来的信号,根据其对垃圾投入装置 4 、污泥投入装置 81 的动作进行控制,调节包含脱水污泥的废弃物的投入量。又,控制器 90 对废气空气加热器 41 的旁通阀 42 的开度进行控制,调整流动化空气的温度,控制送风机 5 的转速和空气供给通道 5a 的调节风门 55 的开度调整流动化空气的流量。
下面参照图 5 、图 6 对气化炉 1 的运行进行详细说明。图 5A 表示也包括操作者的操作的气化炉 1 的运行方法,图 5B 表示不使用助燃材料的通常运行时的脱水污泥投入量的调整的控制步骤。又,图 6 是概念性表示通常运行时垃圾等和脱水污泥的投入量变化与因此造成的流动层温度变化之间的关系的流程图。
作为一个例子,在本实施形态的废弃物处理设备 100 中,调查了每天早上规定的时间垃圾等废弃物的低位发热量。如上所述,垃圾等经过破碎,贮留于坑 2 内的料斗 2a ,因此由于垃圾的种类的关系造成的发热量的偏差减小,但是即使如此,与脱水污泥相比,偏差还是大的。因此大量混入高含水率的脱水污泥进行燃烧而使流动层 1a 的温度降低时,有可能低于热分解反应所需要的下限值(例如 450 ℃)。
具体地说,每天早上在规定时刻根据操作者的操作,利用控制器 90 来的指令使污泥投入装置 81 停止动作,从这时经过规定时间即停止脱水污泥的投入。在这期间,垃圾投入装置 4 的动作也继续进行,因此只向气化炉 1 投入垃圾等废弃物( SA1 :垃圾单独运行)。如图 6 的时刻 t0 ~ t1 所示,在该垃圾单独运行期间流动层 1a 的温度比通常的目标值(例如 530 ℃)高,接收对此进行测定的温度传感器 91 来的信号,控制器 90 推定垃圾等的低位发热量( SA2 )。
该发热量推定计算中,除了流动层温度外还使用垃圾等的投入量、流动化空气的温度以及流量等。又,控制器 90 根据推定的垃圾等的发热量计算与此同时可投入的脱水污泥的最大量( SA3 :可投入的污泥的数量的计算)。也就是说,脱水污泥由于与垃圾等相比性状比较整齐,因此其低位发热量预先根据燃烧试验等求出并存储于控制器 90 的存储器中。然后根据该脱水污泥的低位发热量和上述垃圾等的低位发热量的推定值,计算两者合在一起的全部废弃物的低位发热量在规定值(例如 1000 千卡 / 千克)以上的情况下脱水污泥的投入量与垃圾等的投入量之比。
也就是说,每天早上调查发热量的波动比较大的垃圾等的低位发热量,在此基础上,求在垃圾中添加脱水污泥的全部废弃物的充分的低位发热量,即使是不投入助燃材料也能够使气化炉 1 继续运行的脱水污泥每小时可投入的量。
将这样求出的脱水污泥可投入量与预定的脱水污泥每小时的处理量相比,判定是否能够处理预定量的脱水污泥( SA4 ),该判断结果显示于操作者的操作盘的显示器上。看着该显示器的操作者,如果是能够进行预定量的处理(在 SA4 中判定为是)就不使用助燃材料进行通常运行( SA5 ),另一方面,如果不能够处理预定的量( SA4 中判定为否),就进行使用助燃材料的助燃运行( SA6 )。
下面对通常运行的情况进行说明,如图 5B 的子流程显示,控制器 90 在使垃圾投入装置 4 的动作继续进行的同时,使污泥投入装置 81 动作,开始投入脱水污泥( SB1 )。然后如图 6 的时刻 t1 ~ t2 所示,增大投入量,增大到与预定的每小时的处理量相符的分量时(时刻 t2 ),不久后流动层 1a 的温度就稳定下来(时刻 t3 )。控制器 90 判断经过了至此所需要的规定的时间 (SB2) ,将层温度的计量值(例如使用移动平均)与预先设定的目标值做比较( SB3 )。
流动层 1a 的温度的合适范围是例如 500 ~ 600 ℃左右,如果低于 450 ℃,则虽然能够维持热分解反应,但是如上所述,在脱水污泥投下的位置其温度比此外的其他部分低,考虑到这种情况,层温度的控制目标值定为例如 530 ℃左右。而且如果层温度比目标值高( SB3 判定为是),就根据其温度偏差增加脱水污泥的投入量( SB4 )。另一方面,如果层温度比目标值低( SB3 判定为否),就减少脱水污泥的投入量( SB5 )。还有,层温度处于包含目标值的规定范围时,维持脱水污泥的投入量。
脱水污泥由于含水率高,如上所述通过使投入量增减,层温度也迅速变化,能够大概维持于目标值附近(图 6 的时刻 t3 以后)。当然,不仅调整脱水污泥的投入量,此外还可以同时调整垃圾等的废弃物的投入量,或代之以调整垃圾等的废物投入量。气化炉 1 通常在空气比小于 1 的状态下运行,因此如果增加垃圾等的投入量,则相应于其热容量,流动层温度下降。但是如上所述,脱水污泥的投入量变化造成的温度调整效果大,因此最好是使垃圾等的投入量为一定量,确实地处理一天份额的预定处理量。
还有,在操作者选择助燃运行的情况下(图 5A 的流程的 SA6 ),控制器 90 计算能够使全部废弃物加上炭微粉的低位发热量高于规定值(例如 1000 千卡 / 千克)的单位时间的炭微粉供给量,根据该供给量使供给装置 7 动作。然后与上述通常运行一样,根据流动层 1a 的温度的测定值使脱水污泥的投入量增减。也可以使该脱水污泥的投入量为一定值,根据层温度增减炭微粉的供给量。
然后,进行规定期间运行,在处理了大概预定份额的垃圾等废弃物后,控制器 90 判断脱水污泥的处理量是否达到预定量(图 5A 的 SA7 )。脱水污泥的处理量是以污泥投入装置 81 的动作为依据的每单位时间的处理量的累计值。而且如果实际处理量多于预定值,则根据该量的偏差计算流动化空气的温度偏低量,打开旁通阀 42 使旁通通过废气空气加热器 41 的流动化空气的流量增加。也就是说,改变气化炉 1 的运行条件,使流动化空气的温度下降( SA8 ),然后返回。
也就是说,为了保持流动层 1a 的流动化状态,流动化空气的流量不变,通过对其温度的调整,可以维持流动层温度,确保垃圾等和脱水污泥的处理量。垃圾等和脱水污泥的实际处理量大概如预定的处理量,因此产生的热分解气体量不会过多,在将气化炉 1 内维持于负压状态上也是理想的。
另一方面,如果脱水污泥的实际处理量比预定量少,则相应于该量的偏差,计算出流动化空气温度需要上升的量,关闭旁通阀 42 以减少废气空气加热器 41 的旁通空气量。又,在助燃运行后,根据作为助燃材料的炭微粉的供给量计算由于其燃烧而产生的发热量,关闭旁通阀 42 ,按照该计算出的发热量使流动化空气升温。也就是说,改变气化炉 1 的运行条件使流动化空气的温度上升( SA9 ),然后返回。
如上所述,如果采用本实施形态的废弃物处理设备 100 ,邻近已有的水泥制造设备 200 设置流动床式气化炉 1 ,将包含脱水污泥的废弃物的热分解气体与炭和灰分一起提供给水泥的分解炉 20 ,另一方面,利用空气淬火冷却器 40 来的废热使气化炉 1 的流动化空气升温,因此即使是大量混烧含水率高的脱水污泥的情况下,也能够将气化炉 1 的流动层 1a 的温度维持于合适的范围。
而且那样使流动化空气升温,使用于气化炉 1 的流动层 1a 的温度维持的热量,与该气化炉 1 产生的热分解气体和水蒸汽一起通过气体输送通道 6 输送,再度返回水泥制造设备 200 ,效率非常高。换句话说,将水泥制造设备 200 中产生的热量尽可能地有效利用,维持气化炉 1 的流动层 1a 的温度这样能够在处理垃圾等的同时处理比以往更多的脱水污泥。
图 7 的曲线表示通过像本实施形态这样使流动化空气升温,投入气化炉 1 中的脱水污泥可以增加到什么样的程度。作为一个例子,不使用助燃材料的情况下,如果流动化空气的温度为 40 ℃左右,则脱水污泥的投入量可以达到垃圾等的 15 %多一点。将该脱水污泥相对于垃圾等的投入量之比作为基准( 1 ),如图所示,流动化空气的温度越高,则可投入的脱水污泥增加越多,例如在 180 ℃超过 1.6 倍,因此可知可以处理垃圾等的约 25 %的脱水污泥。
又,在本实施形态中,根据需要提供炭微粉等助燃材料,即使是低位发热量非常低的垃圾等堆积时,也能够将其与脱水污泥同时处理,不会给气化炉 1 的运行带来故障。而且每天调查投入的垃圾等的发热量,计算能够与其同时处理的脱水污泥的量,在不必要时就不使用助燃材料,因此能够将其消耗量抑制于需要的最低限度。
而且,在气化炉 1 的运行中,为了维持流动层 1a 的温度,根据该温度的测定值调整脱水污泥的投入量,因此而引起的脱水污泥的处理量变化在规定期间的运行结束后确认,在其期间以后调整流动空气的温度以便能够进行预定量的处理。也就是说,基本上不改变流入气化炉 1 的流动化空气的供给量,使流动层 1a 的状态为合适的状态,同时不大改变包含脱水污泥的废弃物的规定期间处理量,能够实现所需要的垃圾处理量和脱水污泥处理量。
还有,不一定要使流动化空气的流量为一定值,也可以与该温度一起也在某种程度上改变流量。在这种情况下,例如流动化空气的流量一旦增加,则燃烧变得剧烈,因此流动层 1a 的温度有上升的倾向。这样,作为控制气化炉 1 的运行状态的参数,除了包括脱水污泥的废弃物的投入量外,还有流动化空气的温度和流量还有助燃材料的供给量,由于控制的自由度高,可以使气化炉 1 的状态为更理想的状态。
第 2 实施形态
下面参照图 8 对本发明第 2 实施形态的废弃物处理设备和水泥制造设备进行说明。该图相当于上述第 1 实施形态的图 1 。还有,在本实施形态中,水泥制造设备 200 的悬挂式预热器 10 和分解炉 20 的结构与第 1 实施形态不同,但是分解炉 20 除了没有空气导入口外,与第 1 实施形态相同,因此标以相同的符号 20 。除此以外,对相同结构的构件也标以相同的符号并省略其说明。
又,在该图中,气体输送管线 6 的一部分被悬挂式预热器 10 遮蔽,因此喷射装置 6a 的图示省略,同样为了方便省略了旁通管线 60 的图示,与第 1 实施形态相同,在气体输送管线 6 上配设多个喷射装置 6a ,而且也具备旁通管线 60 、冷却器 61 、旋流器 62 等。
而且在该第 2 实施形态的水泥制造设备 200 中,悬挂式预热装置 10 被分为 2 个系统,每一系统具备例如 5 级的旋流器 11 。在图左侧的系统中,从下级吹入窑废气,除了没有设置分解炉 20 以外,与第 1 实施形态结构相同。另一方面,在图中右侧的系统中,设置分解炉 20 ,这里不是流入窑废气,而是流入空气淬火冷却器 40 来的高温冷却废气。
冷却废气与第 1 实施形态中的窑废气一样流入分解炉 20 的下端,作为喷流向上吹(图中用一点锁线表示)。该冷却废气与被引入分解炉 20 内的热分解气体混合,一边使其燃烧一边将水泥原料向上吹,从上部管道 22 到达最下级的旋流器 11 。然后通过旋流器 11 逐级上升从最上级的旋流器 11 向废气管线 50 流出。
在分解炉 20 的下部,与第 1 实施形态一样,从旋流器 11 提供水泥原料(详细图示省略),又设置引导从气化炉 1 来的热分解气体的气体导入口,但是没有设置使其燃烧用的空气的导入口。如上所述,通过分解炉 20 内向上吹的冷却废气不同于窑废气,因为大量包含氧气。
除了这点外,分解炉 20 的结构与第 1 实施形态相同,被引入分解炉 20 内的热分解气体与吹上来的冷却废气混合充分燃烧。由于该燃烧,冷却废气的温度上升到 900 ℃以上,借助于此,可以促进被吹上来的水泥原料的分解(脱二氧化碳反应)。
而且在这第 2 实施形态中,也利用空气淬火冷却器 40 来的废热使向废弃物处理设备 100 的气化炉 1 提供的流动化空气升温,因此即使是在垃圾等废弃物中混烧比较多的脱水污泥,也能够将流动层 1a 的温度维持于合适的范围。也就是说,即使是像该第 2 实施形态那样邻近使冷却废气流入分解炉 20 的水泥制造设备 200 设置废弃物处理设备 100 的情况下,也能够得到与第 1 实施形态相同的效果。
变形例
图 9 和图 10 分别表示与水泥制造设备 200 的分解炉结构不同的第 1 实施形态的变形例。又,图 11 表示没有分解炉的情况。这些变形例中的任意一个变形例都是除了关于分解炉的结构以外与上述第 1 实施形态相同,因此对相同的构件标以相同的符号并省略其说明。
首先,图 9 所示的变形例的分解炉 70 ,与第 1 实施形态的分解炉一样,具有设置于转窑 30 的窑尾的混合室 71 和与其下部连通的旋转分解室 72 ,在该旋转燃烧室 72 配设燃烧装置 73 ,喷出煤、天然气、重油等燃烧产生的高温燃烧气体。如图所示,对旋转分解室 72 ,将空气淬火冷却器 40 来的高温冷却废气(空气)作为旋流引入,同时从最下一级的上一级的旋流器 11 提供预热的水泥原料。
该水泥原料受到燃烧装置 73 来的燃烧气体的分解,同时向混合室 71 移动,在这里,从下方来的窑废气的喷流将其吹向上方。也就是说,在混合室 71 中,包含水泥原料的燃烧气体流与窑废气流合流,两者一边相互混合一边上升。在随着该上升流上升的期间,水泥原料得到充分分解,从混合室 71 的最上部出口通过管道向最下一级的旋流器 11 输送。还有,将气化炉 1 来的热分解气体引入到转窑 30 的入口到混合室 71 的出口之间或旋转分解炉 72 与混合室 71 之间即可。
另一方面,图 10 所示的变形例的分解炉 75 与第 1 实施形态的分解炉具有大概相同的结构,在上下方向上延伸设置于转窑 30 的窑尾,但是在其上下的大致中央部位形成环状的收束部 75a ,在该收束部 75a 也能将空气引入分解炉 75 内。
也就是说,与上述第 1 实施形态一样,能够将空气淬火冷却器 40 来的高温的冷却废气作为旋流引入分解炉 75 的下部,但是借助于从该冷却废气供给通道分叉出的分叉路,能够将冷却废气的一部分引向上述收束部 75a ,从在这里形成的导入口引向分解炉 75 内。这样引入的冷却废气的一部分作为再燃烧用的空气提供到通过分解炉 75 内向上吹的窑废气的喷流中。在这一变形例中,也是将气化炉 1 来的热分解气体引向转窑 30 的入口到分解炉 75 的出口之间即可。
而且,在图 11 所示的变形例中,不设置分解炉,而在转窑 30 的入口上连接的下部管道 21 与悬挂式预热器 10 的最下一级的旋流器 11 上连接的上部管道 22 之间利用竖立管 29 连接。对该竖立管 29 分别提供水泥原料和来自气化炉 1 的热分解气体,借助于窑废气的喷流上升。热分解气体与窑废气中包含的氧气发生反应,在竖立管 29 和悬挂式预热器 10 中燃烧。
其他实施形态
还有,上述第 1 、第 2 实施形态以及其变形例不过是例示,无意限制本发明及其适用物或其用途。例如在上述各实施形态中,每天调查垃圾等的发热量,确定能够同时处理的脱水污泥的比例,在此基础上开始投入脱水污泥,但是堆积的垃圾等的发热量不大有急剧变化,因此其发热量可以不必每天调查。
例如 2 ~ 3 天一次或一周以次左右对垃圾等的发热量进行调查即可,也可以根据脱水污泥的处理量和据此变更的流动化空气等的温度等不定期进行调查。
而且也不一定要先调查垃圾等的发热量然后投入脱水污泥,例如如下所述的运行方法也是可以的。也就是说,首先一边将垃圾等投入一边测定流动层 1a 的温度,根据该测定结果调整废弃物的投入量使层温度比目标值高。其后也一边投入脱水污泥一边测定流动层 1a 的温度,根据该测定结果调整脱水污泥的投入量,以使层温度达到目标值。
而且也考虑因地域的关系收集的垃圾等的发热量非常高,与预定量的脱水污泥合在一起的总体的低位发热量超过 1000 千卡 / 千克的非常好的状况。如果是在这样的地域,在各实施形态等中也可以省略助燃材料的供给装置 7 。同样,如果是只处理氯成分和碱成分少的废弃物的地域,则在各实施形态等中也可以省略旁通管线 60 。
又,在上述各实施形态等中,将空气淬火冷却器 40 来的废气引入废气空气加热器 41 ,但是并不限于此,例如也可以在废气管线 50 中途,在气体冷却器 53 的上游侧设置,只要能够利用水泥制造设备 200 的废热即可。
又可以具备同样利用水泥制造设备 200 的废热,在投入气化炉 1 之前使脱水污泥干燥用的干燥装置。如果使脱水污泥干燥,则其低位发热量变高,对于流动层 1a 的温度维持是有利的。而且由于脱水污泥的含水率低,也可以抑制将其投入时,流动层 1a 的局部温度下降。
但是,被用于脱水污泥的干燥的热量与水蒸汽一起排出到系统外,不返回水泥制造设备 200 。根据这一点,干燥装置的热源最好是采取比使用于流动化空气升温的废气空气加热器 41 等低温的热源,也可以设置于通过例如废气空气加热器 41 的冷却废气流通的锅炉 43 的下游侧。
又,在上述各实施形态等中,利用水泥制造设备 200 一侧的负压从气化炉 1 输送热分解气体,在气体输送管线 6 上没有设置送风机,但是在这里也可以设置送风机。又,气体输送管线 6 的喷射装置 6a 也可以省略。
而且在废弃物处理设备 100 的气化炉 1 和水泥制造设备 200 的窑(烧成炉)等的结构也不限于上述各实施形态。例如水泥的烧成炉不限于转窑 30 ,也可以是流动层窑。
工业应用性
如果采用本发明,与已有的水泥制造设备相邻设置的废弃物处理设备的气化炉中,可以在垃圾等废弃物中混烧比以往多得多的脱水污泥,能实现卫生处理,因此在工业上的可利用性极大。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种废弃物处理设备,与水泥制造设备相邻设置,并具备
    使废弃物气化产生热分解气体的流动床式气化炉、
    将在所述气化炉产生的热分解气体在保持含有炭和灰分的情况下输送到从所述水泥制造设备的水泥预热器到分解炉之间的气体输送通道,以及
    利用所述水泥制造设备的废热使提供给所述气化炉的流动化空气升温的升温装置。
  2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的废弃物处理设备,其特征在于,所述废弃物中包含脱水污泥,且所述废弃物处理设备具备能够将该脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物分别投入所述气化炉的投入装置。
  3. 根据权利要求 2 所述的废弃物处理设备,其特征在于,所述投入装置形成使脱水污泥从所述气化炉的流动层的上方的多个地方分散投入所述流动层的结构。
  4. 根据权利要求 2 所述的废弃物处理设备,其特征在于,所述气化炉具备向流动层提供助燃材料的燃料供给装置。
  5. 根据权利要求 4 所述的废弃物处理设备,其特征在于,所述燃料供给装置向流动层提供平均粒径为 0.1 ~ 3mm 的固体助燃材料。
  6. 根据权利要求 1 ~ 5 中的任一项所述的废弃物处理设备,其特征在于,具备在将所述脱水污泥提供给气化炉之前,利用水泥制造设备的废热使所述脱水污泥干燥的干燥装置。
  7. 一种废弃物处理方法,是对包含脱水污泥的废弃物的处理方法,并包括
    邻近水泥制造设备设置并使所述废弃物气化产生热分解气体的流动床式气化炉,
    利用所述水泥制造设备的废热使提供给所述气化炉的流动化空气升温,
    同时将在所述气化炉产生的热分解气体在保持含有炭和灰分的情况下输送到从所述水泥制造设备的水泥预热器到分解炉之间的气体输送通道。
  8. 根据权利要求 7 所述的废弃物处理方法,其特征在于,
    将所述脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物分别投入所述气化炉,同时调整所述脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的至少其一的投入量,以将所述流动层的温度维持于规定的范围内。
  9. 根据权利要求 8 所述的废弃物处理方法,其特征在于,调整所述脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量之比,以使全部废弃物的低位发热量在规定值以上。
  10. 根据权利要求 9 所述的废弃物处理方法,其特征在于,
    在投入所述气化炉之前预先求出脱水污泥的低位发热量并加以存储,
    首先将脱水污泥以外的废弃物投入所述气化炉,测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果推定所述脱水污泥以外的废弃物的低位发热量,
    根据该推定值与存储的所述脱水污泥的低位发热量,调整脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物的投入量之比,以使全部废弃物的低位发热量在所述规定值以上。
  11. 根据权利要求 10 所述的废弃物处理方法,其特征在于,
    一边将脱水污泥和脱水污泥以外的废弃物投入所述气化炉,一边测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果,调整所述脱水污泥的投入量,以使流动层的温度接近目标值。
  12. 根据权利要求 8 所述的废弃物处理方法,其特征在于,
    首先,一边将脱水污泥以外的废弃物投入所述气化炉,一边测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果,调整所述废弃物的投入量,以使流动层的温度比目标值高,
    其后,一边将脱水污泥也投入所述气化炉,一边测定流动层的温度,根据该测定结果调整所述脱水污泥的投入量,以使流动层的温度为所述目标值。
  13. 根据权利要求 7 ~ 12 中的任一项所述的废弃物处理方法,其特征在于,调整包含所述脱水污泥的全部废弃物的投入量,以使得气化炉内部维持负压。
PCT/CN2011/081080 2010-10-21 2011-10-20 包含污泥的废弃物的处理设备 WO2012051957A1 (zh)

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