WO2012001978A1 - 不揮発性記憶素子及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
不揮発性記憶素子及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012001978A1 WO2012001978A1 PCT/JP2011/003745 JP2011003745W WO2012001978A1 WO 2012001978 A1 WO2012001978 A1 WO 2012001978A1 JP 2011003745 W JP2011003745 W JP 2011003745W WO 2012001978 A1 WO2012001978 A1 WO 2012001978A1
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- electrode layer
- memory element
- nonvolatile memory
- resistance change
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Images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/061—Shaping switching materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/061—Shaping switching materials
- H10N70/063—Shaping switching materials by etching of pre-deposited switching material layers, e.g. lithography
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/24—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on migration or redistribution of ionic species, e.g. anions, vacancies
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/25—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on bulk electronic defects, e.g. trapping of electrons
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/826—Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/883—Oxides or nitrides
- H10N70/8833—Binary metal oxides, e.g. TaOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/30—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having three or more electrodes, e.g. transistors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a variable resistance nonvolatile element and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Nonvolatile memory elements have been proposed.
- Such a nonvolatile memory element includes an upper electrode layer, a lower electrode layer, and a resistance change layer sandwiched between the upper electrode layer and the lower electrode layer.
- the resistance value of the resistance change layer changes reversibly. Therefore, by associating information with this resistance value, the information can be stored without volatilization (for example, Patent Document 1).
- Such a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is expected to be finer, faster, and consume less power than a flash memory using a floating gate.
- the resistance value expected from the film thickness and film composition of the resistance change layer, the electrode, etc., and the dimension and shape of the photoresist mask after lithography is expected.
- the resistance value varies more than the variation.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element capable of suppressing variations in resistance value.
- the present inventor has intensively studied and investigated the cause of the variation in resistance value.
- the present inventors believe that the reason why the resistance value varies in the above-described conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is the etching damage in dry etching when the nonvolatile memory element is formed, as will be described later. Thought. The present invention has been made based on such findings.
- one embodiment of a method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention is a method for manufacturing a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, which includes a step of forming a lower electrode layer on a substrate, and a step of forming a lower electrode layer on the lower electrode layer.
- a variable resistance layer made of a transition metal oxide Forming a variable resistance layer made of a transition metal oxide; forming an upper electrode layer on the variable resistance layer; forming a hard mask layer on the upper electrode layer; and the hard mask Forming a photoresist mask on the layer; etching the hard mask layer using the photoresist mask to form a hard mask; and using the hard mask to form the upper electrode layer and the
- the resistance change layer and the lower electrode layer are etched with an etching gas containing an oxygen deficiency suppressing gas, and the resistance change layer and the lower electrode layer are formed of the upper electrode layer, the resistance change layer, and the lower electrode layer.
- the resistance change layer has a resistance value changed by a change in oxygen content, and the resistance change etched when the etching gas does not contain an oxygen deficiency suppressing gas.
- the oxygen content of the layer fluctuates, and in the step of forming the nonvolatile memory element, the etching is performed using the etching gas containing the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas, and the side wall portion of the resistance change layer is In the step of forming the photoresist mask by adhering the components constituting the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas, a photoresist mask having a shape in which a corner portion in a planar shape is set back to the center side of the photoresist mask is formed.
- a hard mask is formed using a photoresist mask having a shape in which a corner portion in a planar shape is set back to the center portion side, and further, a nonvolatile memory element is formed using the hard mask. Therefore, the planar shape of the nonvolatile memory element has a round shape without a corner portion having an angle of 90 °, and the non-uniformity of the difference in the etching amount of the resistance change layer is reduced. Furthermore, since the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas is included in the etching gas, the variation in the oxygen content of the resistance change layer at the etching end face is also reduced, and the non-uniformity of etching damage to the resistance change layer is reduced. Therefore, the resistance value variation of the nonvolatile memory element can be reduced, and a high-quality nonvolatile memory element having no variation in the initial operation and operation characteristics of the resistance value can be realized.
- the coherence factor at the time of photolithography is set to less than 1, and the square shape drawn on the reticle is projected onto the exposed region to form the photoresist mask.
- a coherence factor at the time of photolithography is set to less than 0.5, and a quadrangular shape drawn on a reticle is projected onto an exposed region, whereby the photoresist mask is formed.
- the difference in the amount etched at the etching end face of the resistance change layer (dimensional difference from the photoresist mask dimension) is reduced.
- the non-uniformity of etching damage applied to the etching end face of the resistance change layer is reduced, and the resistance value varies. Therefore, it is possible to realize a high-quality nonvolatile memory element that does not vary in initial operation and operation characteristics of the resistance value at low cost.
- the photoresist mask may be formed by photolithography using a reticle on which a shape formed by two adjacent end faces is drawn with an angle larger than 90 degrees.
- the shape in which the angle at which the two surfaces contact is greater than 90 degrees means that the angle formed by the two surfaces is 90, such as a hexagon as shown in FIG. 4A or an octagon as shown in FIG. 4B. This indicates that the polygonal shape is larger than the angle, or the shape is such that the corners are rounded by connecting adjacent outlines with curves as shown in FIG. 4C.
- the shape (planar shape) of the photoresist mask viewed from the top surface of the substrate approaches a circle.
- the pattern information drawn on the reticle can be transferred more faithfully, so that a fine pattern requiring high resolution can be faithfully formed, and device design is facilitated.
- variable resistance layer is preferably formed using tantalum oxide TaO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5). Further, in the step of forming the upper electrode layer, it is preferable to form the upper electrode layer using any one of platinum, iridium, and palladium.
- the hard mask layer it is preferable to form the hard mask layer using titanium titanium nitride.
- the mixed gas of Cl and O 2 can make the etching rate of the upper electrode layer about 7.5 times the etching rate of the hard mask layer, and the upper electrode layer, the resistance change layer, and the lower electrode. It can function sufficiently as a mask layer for etching the layer, and a variable resistance element having a stable shape can be formed.
- the present invention can be realized not only as a method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory element but also as a nonvolatile memory element.
- One form of the nonvolatile memory element is a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, which is composed of a lower electrode layer formed on a substrate and a transition metal oxide formed on the lower electrode layer. A variable resistance layer; and an upper electrode layer formed on the variable resistance layer, wherein each of the upper electrode layer, the variable resistance layer, and the lower electrode layer has a corner in a planar shape at a central portion side.
- the component which comprises suppression gas has adhered.
- a bromine compound is attached to the side wall portion of the resistance change layer as a component constituting the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas.
- the planar shapes of the upper electrode layer, the resistance change layer, and the lower electrode layer are all rounded shapes having no corners having an angle of 90 °, and the amount of etching of the resistance change layer The non-uniformity of the difference is reduced. Furthermore, since the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas contained in the etching gas is attached to the side wall of the resistance change layer, fluctuations in the oxygen content of the resistance change layer at the etching end face are also reduced. Therefore, non-uniformity of etching damage to the resistance change layer is reduced, thereby reducing variations in the resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element, and high-quality nonvolatile memory in which there is no variation in initial operation and operating characteristics of the resistance value. An element is realized.
- the nonvolatile memory element and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention reduce the non-uniformity of the amount etched in the peripheral portion of the resistance change layer, and reduce the oxygen content of the resistance change layer at the etching end face by the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas. Therefore, the non-uniformity of etching damage to the resistance change layer is reduced. Therefore, variation in resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element can be reduced, and a high-quality nonvolatile memory element having no variation in initial operation and operating characteristics of the resistance value can be realized.
- a high-quality non-volatile storage device without variation is realized, and various electronic devices using the non-volatile storage device such as digital home appliances, memory cards, portable telephones, and personal computers have become widespread.
- the practical value of the present invention today is extremely high.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a nonvolatile memory device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view showing a process of the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view showing a step (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a general reduction projection exposure apparatus.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a general reduction projection exposure apparatus.
- FIG. 4A is a diagram showing an example of a shape drawn on a reticle according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4B is a diagram showing another example of the shape drawn on the reticle according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4C is a diagram showing another example of the shape drawn on the reticle according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view showing a step (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view showing a step (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the
- FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view showing a step (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view showing a step (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view showing a step (continued) in the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A is a diagram showing an SEM image obtained by observing the photoresist mask according to the embodiment of the present invention from the upper surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 7B is a diagram showing an upper electrode layer, a resistance change layer, and a lower electrode layer in an SEM image obtained by observing the nonvolatile memory element according to the embodiment of the present invention from the upper surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line I-I ′ of FIG.
- FIG. 8A is a diagram showing an SEM image obtained by observing a photoresist mask according to another example of the embodiment of the present invention from the upper surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram showing an upper electrode layer, a resistance change layer, and a lower electrode layer in an SEM image obtained by observing the nonvolatile memory element according to the embodiment of the present invention from the upper surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 8A is a diagram showing an SEM image obtained by observing a photoresist mask according to another example of the embodiment of the present invention from the upper surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram showing an upper electrode layer, a resistance change
- FIG. 8B (b) is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 8B (a) taken along line II-II ′ in the direction of the arrow.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the amount of elements obtained by analyzing the TaO x surface used for the nonvolatile memory element by XPS analysis.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a resistance distribution of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11A is a graph showing the results of an experiment for confirming the effect of the planar shape of the photoresist mask and the effect of the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas contained in the etching gas.
- FIG. 11B is a diagram showing conditions in the experiment shown in FIG. 11A.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a principal part showing the configuration of a conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view showing a process of a conventional method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 13C is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 14A is a cross-sectional view illustrating a process of the conventional method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 14A is a cross-sectional view illustrating a process of the conventional method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 15A is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view showing a process (continued) in the method for manufacturing the conventional nonvolatile memory device.
- FIG. 16A is a schematic diagram illustrating an incident angle of plasma with respect to an etching end surface of a corner portion.
- FIG. 16B is a schematic diagram illustrating an incident angle of plasma with respect to an etching end surface of a circular portion.
- FIG. 16C is a schematic diagram illustrating an incident angle of plasma with respect to an etching end surface of a straight portion.
- the present inventors have found that the etching damage in the dry etching at the time of forming the nonvolatile memory element contributes to the variation in the resistance value. Estimated and completed the present invention. Below, the knowledge obtained by the inventors' investigation will be described, and then embodiments of the present invention will be described.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory device.
- a first wiring 212 is formed on a substrate 211, and a first interlayer is formed so as to cover the surface of the substrate 211 and the first wiring 212.
- An insulating layer 214 is formed.
- a nonvolatile memory element 201 is formed on the first interlayer insulating layer 214. Specifically, a first contact plug 215 for electrically connecting to the first wiring 212 is formed, and a lower electrode for connecting to the first contact plug 215 is formed on the first interlayer insulating layer 214.
- Layer 202 is formed.
- a resistance change layer 203 is formed on the lower electrode layer 202, and an upper electrode layer 204 is formed on the resistance change layer 203. That is, the resistance change layer 203 is sandwiched between the upper electrode layer 204 and the lower electrode layer 202, and the nonvolatile memory element 201 is configured by the upper electrode layer 204, the resistance change layer 203, and the lower electrode layer 202. ing.
- a second interlayer insulating layer 219 is formed so as to cover the nonvolatile memory element 201 and the first interlayer insulating layer 214, and penetrates through the second interlayer insulating layer 219 so as to be connected to the upper electrode layer 204.
- the second contact plug 216 is formed.
- a second wiring 218 for connecting to the second contact plug 216 is formed on the second interlayer insulating layer 219.
- a manufacturing method thereof is as follows.
- the first wiring 212 is formed on the substrate 211, and then the first interlayer insulating layer 214 is formed so as to cover the surface of the substrate 211 and the first wiring 212. After that, a first contact plug 215 that penetrates the first interlayer insulating layer 214 and is connected to the first wiring 212 is formed.
- the lower electrode layer 202, the resistance change layer 203, and the upper portion constituting the nonvolatile memory element 201 are formed on the first interlayer insulating layer 214 so as to cover the first contact plug 215.
- the electrode layer 204 is formed in this order.
- a hard mask layer 205 is formed thereon.
- a lower electrode layer 202, a resistance change layer 203, an upper electrode layer 204, and a hard mask layer 205 is referred to as a lower electrode layer 202, a resistance change layer 203, an upper electrode layer 204, and a hard mask layer 205.
- a photoresist mask 206 is formed in a predetermined shape pattern (rectangle) by a normal exposure process and development process.
- the hard mask layer 205 is formed into a predetermined pattern shape by dry etching to form a hard mask 205 '.
- the upper electrode layer 204, the resistance change layer 203, and the lower electrode layer 202 are formed in a predetermined pattern shape by dry etching using the hard mask 205 ′, and then the hard mask 205 ′. Remove. Thereby, the nonvolatile memory element 201 including the upper electrode layer 204, the resistance change layer 203, and the lower electrode layer 202 is formed.
- the second interlayer insulating layer 219 is deposited so as to cover the first interlayer insulating layer 214 and the upper electrode layer 204, the resistance change layer 203, and the lower electrode layer 202. Then, the second interlayer insulating layer 219 is planarized by a CMP planarization process.
- the second interlayer insulating layer 219 is penetrated at a predetermined position where the second contact plug 216 connected to the upper electrode layer 204 of the nonvolatile memory element 201 is formed, and the upper electrode layer A second contact plug opening 216 A is formed so as to reach 204.
- the second contact plug 216 is embedded in the second contact plug opening 216A.
- a second wiring 218 connected to the second contact plug 216 is formed on the upper surface of the second interlayer insulating layer 219.
- FIG. 16A to FIG. 16C are schematic views showing the incident angle of plasma during etching due to the difference in the shape of the etching end face of the object 300 to be etched.
- FIG. 16A is a schematic diagram in the case where the object to be etched 300 has a planar shape having a 90 ° corner, the arrows indicate the direction of incidence of plasma on the etching end surface 301 at the corner, and ⁇ indicates the incident angle range.
- FIG. 16B is a schematic diagram when the object to be etched 300 has a planar shape having a curve, the arrow indicates the incident direction of plasma to the etching end surface 302 of the curved portion, and ⁇ indicates the incident angle range.
- FIG. 16C is a schematic diagram when the object to be etched 300 has a planar shape having a straight line, the arrows indicate the direction of incidence of plasma on the etching end surface 303 of the straight line part, and ⁇ indicates the incident angle range.
- the incident angle range ⁇ of the plasma to the etching end surface 301 at the corner portion having an angle of 90 ° shown in FIG. 16A is 270 °
- the incident angle of plasma to the etching end face 303 of the straight line portion shown in FIG. 16C is 180 °.
- the plasma incident angle range varies depending on the planar shape of the object to be etched 300, and the plasma incident angle range is such that the corner etching end face 301 has a curved portion etching end face 302 or a straight portion etching end face 303. It is clear that The large incident angle range of the plasma leads to an increase in the amount of etching because the range in which the plasma is incident is widened, resulting in a large etching damage.
- Etching damage refers to, for example, dry etching using an oxide as an object to be etched, where oxygen is desorbed from the oxide due to the reducing action of the etching gas, and the resistance value of the oxide etching end face fluctuates, and is used for dry etching. Due to the use of a mixed gas containing, for example, a fluorine-based gas as an etching gas, fluorine is implanted into the oxide from the etching end face during etching, and the resistance value of the oxide etching end face varies.
- this etching damage varies depending on the etching end face shape of the object to be etched.
- the shape of the photoresist mask 206 forming the nonvolatile memory element 201 is a quadrangular shape when viewed from the top surface of the substrate, a dry etching process is performed as shown in FIG. 16A. In such corners, the amount of dry etching increases, and the amount of etching becomes non-uniform on the etching end face around the nonvolatile memory element 201. Thereby, the magnitude of the etching damage to the nonvolatile memory element 201 is also non-uniform around the periphery. Therefore, the resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element 201 varies (that is, varies) depending on the nonvolatile memory element.
- an etching gas that has a function of suppressing oxygen vacancies at the etching end face for example, an oxygen gas that promotes oxidation, a hydrogen bromide (HBr) gas that has a function of protecting the side walls, and three fluorines. It has been found that by using methane gas (CHF 3 ) gas, it is possible to reduce variation in resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element. When such a gas that suppresses oxygen vacancies is used as an etching gas, the effect of suppressing oxygen vacancies becomes non-uniform at the etching end face if the etching amount increases at the etching end face.
- an oxygen gas that promotes oxidation for example, an oxygen gas that promotes oxidation, a hydrogen bromide (HBr) gas that has a function of protecting the side walls, and three fluorines.
- CHF 3 methane gas
- the etching amount increases at the etching end face, for example, even if the oxidation is promoted, the etching amount is large, so that the protective gas itself remains in the oxygen deficient state or the side wall protective gas is attached. Since etching is performed, the effect of suppressing oxygen vacancies becomes nonuniform on the etching end face, and the magnitude of etching damage becomes nonuniform on the periphery and the effect is reduced.
- hydrogen bromide is a relatively stable gas, has low reactivity with oxides, and has a slow etching rate. Therefore, the resistance change layer that is a metal oxide is not etched. That is, the hydrogen bromide gas serves only to protect the etching end face without causing etching damage. Hydrogen bromide gas is a gas that is very often used in general semiconductor processes.
- the present invention has been made based on the above findings. However, the present invention is not limited to the processes, materials, conditions and the like in the above description.
- nonvolatile memory elements according to embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- the same reference numerals may be omitted from the description.
- the drawings schematically show each component for easy understanding, and the shape and the like are not accurately displayed, and the number and the like are easy to show. That is, each of the embodiments described below shows a preferred specific example of the present invention.
- the numerical values, shapes, materials, constituent elements, arrangement positions and connecting forms of the constituent elements, steps, order of steps, and the like shown in the following embodiments are merely examples, and are not intended to limit the present invention.
- the invention is limited only by the claims. Therefore, among the constituent elements in the following embodiments, constituent elements that are not described in the independent claims indicating the highest concept of the present invention are not necessarily required to achieve the object of the present invention. It will be described as constituting a preferred form.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a nonvolatile memory device 10 according to the present embodiment.
- the nonvolatile memory device 10 is a device that includes peripheral components in the nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention.
- the nonvolatile memory device 10 of the present embodiment has a transistor 20 including a source layer and a drain layer 12 and a gate layer 13 formed on a substrate (for example, a silicon substrate) 11. Yes.
- a first interlayer insulating layer (for example, SiO 2 ) 14 is formed on the surface of the substrate 11 so as to cover the source and drain layers 12 and the gate layer 13.
- the nonvolatile memory element 1 is formed on the first interlayer insulating layer 14. Specifically, a first contact plug 15 for electrically connecting to one of the source layer and the drain layer 12 is formed, and the first contact plug 15 and the first contact plug 15 are formed on the first interlayer insulating layer 14. A lower electrode layer 2 to be connected is formed. A resistance change layer 3 is formed on the lower electrode layer 2, and an upper electrode layer 4 is formed on the resistance change layer 3. That is, the resistance change layer 3 is sandwiched between the upper electrode layer 4 and the lower electrode layer 2, and the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2 are non-volatile according to the present invention. A storage element 1 is configured.
- a second interlayer insulating layer (for example, SiO 2 ) 19 is formed so as to cover the nonvolatile memory element 1 and the first interlayer insulating layer 14, and penetrates through the second interlayer insulating layer 19 to form the upper electrode layer.
- a second contact plug 16 is formed for connection to 4.
- a third contact plug 17 is formed so as to penetrate the first interlayer insulating layer 14 and the second interlayer insulating layer 19 and connect to the other of the source layer and the drain layer 12.
- a second wiring layer 18 b for connecting to the second contact plug 16 and a first wiring layer 18 a for connecting to the third contact plug 17 are formed. ing.
- the first wiring layer 18a and the second wiring layer 18b constitute the wiring layer 18.
- the first, second, and third contact plugs 15, 16, and 17 are provided between one of the source and drain layers 12 and the lower electrode layer 2, between the upper electrode layer 4 and the wiring layer 18b, or the source layer.
- the conductive layer may be used.
- tungsten (W) can be used.
- the nonvolatile memory element (resistance change element) 1 includes a resistance change layer 3 sandwiched between two electrodes, an upper electrode layer 4 and a lower electrode layer 2.
- the resistance change layer 3 of the nonvolatile memory element 1 is made of, for example, an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide.
- An oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide is a state where the composition x of oxygen O is stoichiometrically stable when the transition metal is represented by M and oxygen is represented by O, and the transition metal oxide is represented by MO x. , Which is usually an insulator).
- oxides using various transition metals can be used.
- tantalum oxide TiO x , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5
- hafnium oxide HfO x
- a nonvolatile memory element using a resistance change phenomenon having reversibly stable rewriting characteristics can be obtained.
- the present applicant has already filed applications as related patent applications.
- For tantalum oxide International Publication No. 2008/059701 (Patent Document 2) and for hafnium oxide, International Publication No. 2009 / This is described in detail in Japanese Patent No. 050861 (Patent Document 3).
- the oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide includes at least two layers of a high concentration oxygen-containing layer and a low concentration oxygen-containing layer. You may go out. Regarding the form in which such a transition metal oxide is formed in a laminated structure of two layers, the present applicant has already filed a related patent application, and the laminated structure of tantalum oxide is disclosed in International Publication No. 2008/149484. (Patent Document 4) explains in detail.
- the oxygen content of the first resistance change layer (TaO y , high-concentration oxygen-containing layer) is 67.7 to 71.4 atm% (2. 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.5), and the oxygen content of the second variable resistance layer (TaO x , low-concentration oxygen-containing layer) is 44.4 to 65.5 atm% (0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.9).
- the oxygen content of the first resistance change layer (HfO y , high-concentration oxygen-containing layer) is 64.3 to 66.7 atm% (1.8 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.0).
- the oxygen content of the second resistance change layer is 47.4 to 61.5 atm% (0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6).
- the film thickness of the first variable resistance layer is desirably 1 nm or more and 8 nm or less in the case of TaO y and 3 nm or more and 4 nm or less in the case of HfO y .
- the voltage required for the initial break that is applied to the variable resistance layer immediately after manufacture to bring the variable resistance layer into a state where the variable resistance can be caused increases.
- a nonlinear element for example, a diode
- noble metals such as platinum, iridium, and palladium can be used.
- the standard electrode potentials for platinum, iridium, and palladium are 1.18ev, 1.16eV, and 0.95eV, respectively.
- the standard electrode potential is one index of the difficulty of being oxidized, and if this value is high, it means that it is difficult to oxidize, and if it is low, it means that it is easily oxidized.
- the greater the difference in the standard electrode potential between the electrode material and the metal constituting the resistance change layer the more likely the resistance change phenomenon to occur. The smaller the difference, the less likely the resistance change phenomenon to occur.
- the standard electrode potential which indicates the ease of oxidation / reduction of tantalum, is -0.60 eV, and the standard electrode potential of hafnium is -1.55 eV, which is lower than the standard electrode potentials of platinum, iridium, and palladium.
- the resistance change phenomenon appears when oxygen is exchanged.
- the tantalum oxide or hafnium oxide changes from a low resistance state to a high resistance state by applying a voltage having an absolute value of the first polarity (positive or negative) equal to or higher than the first threshold.
- a voltage whose absolute value of different second polarity (negative or positive) is equal to or higher than the second threshold value
- the high resistance state is changed to the low resistance state. That is, it shows a bipolar resistance change characteristic.
- the voltage applied to the electrode in contact with the first resistance change layer high concentration oxygen-containing layer
- the second resistance change layer low concentration oxygen-containing layer
- the voltage applied to the electrode in contact with the first resistance change layer (high concentration oxygen-containing layer) is negative with respect to the electrode in contact with the second resistance change layer (low concentration oxygen-containing layer). Then, by applying a voltage having a negative polarity and an absolute value equal to or greater than the second threshold value, the high resistance state is changed to the low resistance state.
- the first transition metal constituting the first resistance change layer (high concentration oxygen-containing layer) and the second transition metal constituting the second resistance change layer (low concentration oxygen-containing layer) are made of different materials. It may be used. In this case, it is preferable that the first resistance change layer has a lower oxygen deficiency than the second resistance change layer, that is, has a higher resistance.
- the degree of oxygen deficiency refers to the ratio of oxygen deficiency with respect to the amount of oxygen constituting the oxide of the stoichiometric composition in each transition metal.
- the transition metal is tantalum (Ta)
- the composition of stoichiometric oxide is a Ta 2 O 5, since it expressed as TaO 2.5, degree of oxygen deficiency of TaO 2.5 0% It is.
- variable resistance layer 3 having such a laminated structure, a large amount of voltage is distributed to the first variable resistance layer between the upper electrode layer 4 and the lower electrode layer 2 at the time of resistance change. 1
- the oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs in the variable resistance layer is more likely to occur.
- the standard electrode potential of the first transition metal is preferably lower than the standard electrode potential of the second transition metal. It is considered that the resistance change phenomenon occurs when an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs in a minute filament formed in the first resistance change layer having a high resistance, and the resistance value changes.
- a stable resistance change operation can be obtained by using an oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide for the second resistance change layer and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) for the first resistance change layer.
- the nonvolatile memory device 10 when information is written to and read from the desired nonvolatile memory element 1, the following operation is performed. That is, a word connected to the gate layer 13 constituting the transistor 20 by applying a predetermined voltage between the second wiring layer 18b (for example, bit line) and the first wiring layer 18a (for example, source line). A voltage higher than the threshold value of the transistor 20 is applied to a line (not shown) to turn on the transistor 20, and a voltage sufficient to change resistance to the nonvolatile memory element 1 (the absolute value is a first threshold value depending on the polarity). Voltage or a voltage equal to or higher than the second threshold voltage).
- the nonvolatile memory element 1 can be transitioned to a high resistance state or a low resistance state. If the high resistance state and the low resistance state of the nonvolatile memory element 1 are stored in correspondence with the information “1” and “0”, respectively, the nonvolatile memory element 1 can function as a nonvolatile memory.
- the nonvolatile memory elements 1 When a large number of the nonvolatile memory elements 1 are two-dimensionally arranged to constitute a memory cell array, information is written to and read from the word lines, bit lines, and the like related to (selected) nonvolatile memory elements. A predetermined voltage may be applied to the source line.
- non-volatile memory elements that do not write or read information (non-selected)
- the amount of recession of the etching end face in the peripheral portion of the nonvolatile memory element 1 does not depend on the location of the end face.
- a photoresist mask having a shape with a receded corner (a planar shape having a round shape) is formed so that the non-volatile memory element 1 is formed using the photoresist mask having such a special shape. It is a feature.
- FIGS. 2A to C, FIGS. 5A to C, and FIGS. 6A and B are cross-sectional views showing the steps of the method for manufacturing the nonvolatile memory device 10 according to the present embodiment.
- a large number of nonvolatile memory elements 1 are formed on the substrate, but only one nonvolatile memory element 1 is shown here for the sake of simplicity of the drawing.
- a part of the diagram is enlarged for easy understanding.
- the first interlayer insulating layer 14 is formed. Further, a first contact plug 15 is formed so as to penetrate the first interlayer insulating layer 14 and connect to one of the source layer and the drain layer 12. For example, tungsten and a barrier film can be used as the first contact plug 15.
- the first interlayer insulating layer 14, the lower electrode layer 2, the resistance change layer 3, and the upper electrode layer 4 are formed in this order so as to cover the upper surface of the first contact plug 15. Further, a hard mask layer 5 is formed on the upper electrode layer 4.
- tantalum nitride As the lower electrode layer 2, tantalum nitride (TaN) is formed to a thickness of 30 nm.
- the variable resistance layer 3 has a laminated structure of tantalum oxide, a low-concentration oxide layer (second variable resistance layer) composed of TaO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5) is 45 nm, and this second variable resistance layer
- a high-concentration oxide layer (first layer) composed of TaO y (x ⁇ y, for example, 2.1 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.5) having a higher oxygen content (or smaller oxygen deficiency) than the above TaO x . 1 resistance variable layer) is formed to 5 nm.
- the film thickness of TaO x may be 10 nm or more.
- the resistance layer 3 after 50nm deposited TaO x, and oxidized by plasma oxidation of the upper surface of the TaO x, the oxygen content is more than TaO x on the constituted low density oxide layer TaO x
- a high-concentration oxide layer composed of TaO y (x ⁇ y, for example, 2.1 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.5) may be formed to 5 nm.
- the oxidation treatment method is not limited to plasma oxidation, and for example, treatment having an effect of oxidizing the surface such as heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere may be performed.
- Ta 2 O 5 may be deposited to 5 nm instead of oxidation after TaO x is deposited to 45 nm.
- the upper electrode layer 4 iridium (Ir) is formed with a thickness of 80 nm, and as the hard mask layer 5, aluminum titanium nitride (TiAlN) is formed with a thickness of 100 nm.
- the lower electrode layer 2, the resistance change layer 3, the upper electrode layer 4, and the hard mask layer 5 are referred to as including not only the state etched into the pattern shape but also the formed film state.
- a photoresist mask 6 is patterned by an exposure process and a development process (photolithography).
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of a reduction projection exposure apparatus (stepper) 400 used in the step shown in FIG. 2C.
- a reduction projection exposure apparatus 400 includes a light source 401 such as a KrF (krypton fluoride) excimer laser, mirrors 402 and 405, an illumination system lens 403, an illumination system stop 404, a condenser lens 406, a reticle 407, and a projection system.
- the apparatus includes a lens 408 and exposes an exposed area on the substrate 11.
- the laser light emitted from the light source 401 is introduced into the illumination system lens 403 through a routing optical system including the mirror 402, and has a predetermined light intensity by the illumination system lens 403, illumination system stop 404, mirror 405, and condenser lens 406.
- Light intensity light distribution
- aperture angle aperture angle
- illumination optical system numerical aperture number of aperture
- the resolution R in the photolithography technique using a reduction projection exposure apparatus (stepper) 400 as shown in FIG. 3 is expressed by the following Rayleigh equation (1).
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the laser emitted from the light source 401
- NA is the numerical aperture of the lens
- k is a constant (process coefficient) determined by the development process characteristics. From this equation (1), the resolution R is determined by the process coefficient k or the numerical aperture NA of the lens when the wavelength ⁇ is constant.
- NA1 is the numerical aperture of the illumination optical system used for the illumination system lens 403
- NA2 is the numerical aperture of the projection optical system used for the projection system lens 408
- the coherence factor ⁇ is the stop of the illumination system diaphragm 404.
- NA numerical aperture
- the magnitude of the coherence factor ⁇ appears as a difference in diffracted light captured by the lens.
- ⁇ is larger, higher-order diffracted light is captured by the lens and contributes to image formation, so that the pattern fidelity is improved.
- ⁇ is small, high-order diffracted light does not enter the lens and information is lost, so pattern fidelity decreases.
- the illumination condition is such that the coherence factor ⁇ is less than 1 for a pattern in which a regular square having a side of 500 nm is drawn on the reticle 407. More specifically, an exposure process in which the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.82 using a KrF (krypton fluoride) light source 401 and a reduction projection exposure apparatus (stepper) 400 having a projection optical system NA of 0.55. Thus, a photoresist mask 6 is formed.
- KrF krypton fluoride
- FIG. 7A is an SEM image obtained by observing the shape of the photoresist mask 6 formed in a predetermined pattern shape by the exposure process in which the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.82 in the step shown in FIG. 2C from the upper surface of the substrate 11.
- the horizontal width 6a of the photoresist mask 6 is 497 nm, and the diagonal width 6b in a direction inclined by 45 ° from the horizontal width is 564 nm.
- information on the four corners of the regular square drawn on the reticle 407 is lacking, and the photoresist mask 6 (FIG. 2C) having a shape in which the four corners are set back in the pattern center direction is formed.
- a photoresist mask 6 having a planar shape that is set back in the central direction (center side) can be formed.
- the coherence factor ⁇ at the time of photolithography is set to less than 0.5 when projecting onto the exposure area, and the corners in the planar shape of the photoresist mask are It is preferable to recede toward the center of the photoresist mask.
- the hard mask layer 5 is patterned by the dry etching process using the photoresist mask 6 shown in FIG. 2C to form a hard mask 5 '.
- the photoresist mask 6 used here is a planar photoresist mask 6 having a rounded shape with the corners set back toward the center as described in the description of the step of FIG. 2C.
- the hard mask 5 ' also has a planar shape with a rounded shape with its corners set back toward the center.
- the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3 and the lower electrode layer 2 are collectively etched by a dry etching process using the hard mask 5 ', and then the hard mask 5' is removed. To do. Thereby, the nonvolatile memory element 1 including the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2 is formed.
- the hard mask 5 ′ used for dry etching is dry-etched using a flat hard mask 5 ′ having a rounded shape with the corners set back toward the center, so that the upper electrode layer 4, resistance change
- the incident angles of the plasma with respect to the etching end faces of the layer 3 and the lower electrode layer 2 are incident angles as shown in FIGS. That is, the spread (nonuniformity) of the incident angle of the plasma for etching the resistance change layer 3 is reduced, and the nonuniformity of the difference in the amount by which the resistance change layer 3 is etched is reduced.
- the hard mask 5 ' may be left without being removed. If the hard mask 5 ′ is left without being removed, the second contact plug 16 penetrates the hard mask 5 ′ into the upper electrode layer 4 in the step of forming a second contact plug 16 described later. Form to connect. When the hard mask 5 'is a conductor, the second contact plug 16 may be simply connected to the hard mask 5' without penetrating the hard mask 5 '.
- FIG. 7B is an SEM image obtained by observing the nonvolatile memory element 1 formed in a predetermined pattern shape from the upper surface of the substrate 11 using the photoresist mask 6 shown in FIG. 7A in the step shown in FIG. 5B.
- the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2 are shown.
- Each part shown in (a) of FIG. 7B corresponds to each part of the shape of (b) of FIG. 7B when the nonvolatile memory element 1 formed by the etching process of FIG. 5B is viewed from the cross-sectional direction.
- the dimension of the boundary surface between the upper electrode layer 4 and the resistance change layer 3 of the nonvolatile memory element 1 is 398 nm in the horizontal width 3a when viewed from the upper surface of the substrate, and 432 nm in the diagonal width 3b in the direction inclined by 45 ° from the horizontal width. It is.
- FIG. 8A is an SEM image in which the shape of the photoresist mask 6 on which a predetermined pattern shape is formed is observed from the upper surface of the substrate 11 when 0.47 having a smaller coherence factor ⁇ is used in the step shown in FIG. 2C. It is.
- the horizontal width 6a of the photoresist mask 6 is 513 nm, and the diagonal width 6b in a direction inclined by 45 ° from the horizontal width is 543 nm.
- the shape of the planar shape is further rounded with the corners set back toward the center.
- FIG. 8B shows a case where the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3 and the lower electrode layer 2 are made of chlorine (Cl 2 ), argon using the photoresist mask 6 shown in FIG. 8A in the step shown in FIG. 5B.
- the hard mask layer 5 was removed by etching to form a predetermined pattern shape
- FIG. 3 is an SEM image of the nonvolatile memory element 1 observed from the upper surface of the substrate 11, showing the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2.
- Each part shown in (a) of FIG. 8B corresponds to each part of the shape of (b) of FIG. 8B when the nonvolatile memory element 1 formed by the etching process of FIG. 5B is viewed from the cross-sectional direction.
- oxygen deficiency suppressing gas contained in the etching gas is not limited to oxygen (O 2 ), but hydrogen bromide (HBr) gas, which is a protective gas that easily adheres to the etching end face of the resistance change layer 3, or three fluorines.
- Methane (CHF 3 ) gas may be used.
- the second interlayer insulating layer 19 is deposited so as to cover the first interlayer insulating layer 14 and the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2. Then, the second interlayer insulating layer 19 is planarized by a CMP planarization process.
- the second interlayer insulating layer 19 is penetrated at a predetermined position where the second contact plug 16 connected to the upper electrode layer 4 of the nonvolatile memory element 1 is formed, and the upper electrode layer is formed.
- the second contact plug opening 16A is formed so as to reach 4.
- the second contact plug 16 is embedded in the second contact plug opening 16A, and penetrates through the second interlayer insulating layer 19 and the first interlayer insulating layer. Then, a third contact plug 17 for connecting to one of the source layer and the drain layer 12 is buried. For example, tungsten can be used for the second contact plug 16 and the third contact plug 17. Next, a second wiring layer 18 b connected to the second contact plug 16 and a first wiring layer 18 a connected to the third contact plug 17 are formed on the upper surface of the second interlayer insulating layer 19. Form.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element manufacturing method includes the step of forming the lower electrode layer 2 on the substrate 11 (FIG. 2B) and the transition metal oxidation on the lower electrode layer 2.
- the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 2, and the lower electrode layer 2 are etched with an etching gas containing an oxygen deficiency suppressing gas using the hard mask 5 ′ and the forming process (FIG. 5A).
- Layer 4 and variable resistance layer 3 and below And a step (FIG. 5B) to form a configured non-volatile memory element 1 in the electrode layer 2.
- the resistance change layer 3 has a characteristic that the resistance value changes due to a change in oxygen content, and when the etching gas does not contain an oxygen deficiency suppression gas, the oxygen content of the etched resistance change layer 3 varies. Have. Further, in the step of forming the nonvolatile memory element 1 (FIG.
- the photoresist mask 6 In the step of forming the photoresist mask 6 (FIG. 2C), the photoresist mask 6 having a shape in which the corner portion in the planar shape is set back to the center side of the photoresist mask 6 is formed.
- the nonvolatile memory device 10 shown in FIG. 1 is manufactured, and 1T1R (one transistor and one variable resistance nonvolatile memory) including one transistor 20 and one nonvolatile memory element 1 is manufactured. Volatile memory element) type nonvolatile memory device 10 can be manufactured.
- the nonvolatile memory element 1 manufactured in this way has the following characteristics. That is, the nonvolatile memory element 1 includes the lower electrode layer 2 formed on the substrate 11, the resistance change layer 3 made of a transition metal oxide formed on the lower electrode layer 2, and the resistance change layer 3. And the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2 all have a shape in which a corner in a planar shape is set back to the center side,
- the side wall portion of the resistance change layer 3 has components (bromine, oxygen, etc.) constituting the oxygen deficiency suppression gas contained in the etching gas used to form the upper electrode layer 4, the resistance change layer 3, and the lower electrode layer 2. Bromine compounds etc. are attached.
- bromine compound adhering to the side wall part of the resistance change layer 3 by oxygen deficiency suppression gas is detected as follows, for example.
- FIG. XX shows the amount of elements obtained by analyzing the TaO x surface used for the nonvolatile memory element 1 by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) analysis.
- a mixed gas containing a bromine compound is used. It shows a Ir4f spectral analysis of the etched TaOx surface and a Ir4f spectral analysis of the etched TaO x surface with a mixed gas containing no bromine compound as a comparative example.
- the XPS analysis conditions here are an incident energy of 150 eV, a pass energy of 100 eV, an energy step of 0.1 eV, an acquisition time of 0.2 ms / step, and an integration count of 25.
- VG Scienta R4000WAL was used as a detector.
- bromine compound products are detected at 62 eV and 65 eV on the TaO x surface used in the nonvolatile memory element 1.
- no bromine compound product was detected on the TaO x surface used for the resistance change element.
- the operation failure bit is 0 bit.
- the bromine compound product is formed (attached) on the etching end face, thereby etching oxygen desorption or impurity implantation. It can be seen that damage is suppressed.
- the resistance change layer 3 was mixed gas (etching gas) containing hydrogen bromide (HBr) or trifluoromethane (CHF 3 ) as a protective gas that easily adheres to the etching end face.
- etching gas hydrogen bromide
- CHF 3 trifluoromethane
- the resistance distribution of the initial resistance values of a large number of nonvolatile memory elements 1 manufactured under the condition where the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.82 (black circle plot) and the conditions under which the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.47 are manufactured.
- the resistance distribution of the initial resistance values of a large number of the nonvolatile memory elements 1 (plotted by white triangles) is shown.
- the horizontal axis represents the initial resistance value
- the vertical axis represents the normal expected value.
- the variation in the initial resistance value is reduced when the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.47 than when the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.82.
- the coherence factor ⁇ is 0.47 than when it is 0.82
- the planar shape of the photoresist mask 6 has a rounded shape with corners receding toward the center, and the coherence factor ⁇
- the difference in dimensional change due to dry etching was 33 nm when the thickness was 0.82, whereas it was 9 nm when the coherence factor ⁇ was 0.47, so that the effect of the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas was enhanced (oxygen to the etching end face).
- the nonvolatile memory element manufactured in this way 1 further reduces variations in the initial resistance value.
- a photophotograph having a round shape with a coherence factor ⁇ smaller than 1 and rounded with corners receding toward the center By manufacturing the nonvolatile memory element using the resist mask, the etching amount at the etching end face is made uniform, the effect of the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas is enhanced, and the initial resistance value variation of the nonvolatile memory element is reduced. It is possible to reduce more.
- FIG. 11A is a graph showing the results of an experiment for confirming the effect of the planar shape of the photoresist mask and the effect of the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas contained in the etching gas.
- the vertical and horizontal axes in FIG. 11A are the same as those in FIG.
- FIG. 11B shows initial resistance value variation (vertical axis, ⁇ %, standard deviation ⁇ of distribution divided by average value of distribution (%)) under each condition (horizontal axis) in the experiment shown in FIG. 11A.
- FIG. Further, the upper right frame in FIG. 11B shows a schematic diagram of the planar shape of the photoresist mask, and it is shown that “Circle (ii)” is receding toward the center side from “Circle (i)”. Show.
- the circled plots in FIG. 11A are obtained by using a photoresist mask having a rectangular shape with round corners (“circular (i)” in FIG. 11B) as the photoresist mask, and containing oxygen deficiency suppression gas contained in the etching gas.
- the resistance distribution of the initial resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element 1 manufactured using oxygen gas is shown.
- 11A uses a circular photoresist mask (“circular (ii)” in FIG. 11B) as a photoresist mask, and oxygen gas as an oxygen deficiency suppressing gas contained in the etching gas.
- the resistance distribution of the initial resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element 1 manufactured in the above manner is shown.
- FIG. 11A shows a hydrogen bromide HBr as an oxygen deficiency suppression gas contained in an etching gas using a circular (“circular (ii)” in FIG. 11B) photoresist mask as a photoresist mask.
- the resistance distribution of the initial resistance value of the non-volatile memory element 1 manufactured using is shown.
- the square marks in FIG. 11A are plotted using methane trifluoride as an oxygen deficiency suppression gas contained in an etching gas using a circular (“circular (ii)” in FIG. 11B) photoresist mask as a photoresist mask.
- the resistance distribution of the initial resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element 1 manufactured using CHF 3 is shown.
- FIG. 11B is a diagram comparing initial resistance value variations for each sample shown in FIG. 11A.
- a sample using a circular (i) photoresist mask and using an etching gas containing oxygen gas shows an initial resistance variation of 44.4%.
- a sample using a circular (ii) photoresist mask and using an etching gas containing oxygen gas shows an initial resistance variation of 25.4%.
- a sample using a circular (ii) photoresist mask and using an etching gas containing hydrogen bromide HBr as a protective gas shows an initial resistance variation of 13.4%.
- a sample using a circular (ii) photoresist mask and using an etching gas containing trifluoromethane CHF 3 as a protective gas shows an initial resistance variation of 16.5%.
- the variation of the initial resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element 1 is smaller when the photoresist mask is manufactured using a circular photoresist mask than a rectangle having round corners.
- the oxygen deficiency suppressing gas contained in the etching gas there is a variation in the initial resistance value of the nonvolatile memory element 1 manufactured using an etching gas containing hydrogen bromide HBr or trifluoromethane CHF 3 rather than oxygen. small.
- the hard mask is formed using the photoresist mask having a shape in which the corner portion in the planar shape is set back to the center portion side. Since the non-volatile memory element is formed using the hard mask, the planar shape of the non-volatile memory element has a round shape with no corners having an angle of 90 °, and the resistance change layer is etched. Non-uniformity is reduced. Furthermore, when the oxygen vacancy suppressing gas is included in the etching gas, the effect of reducing the variation in the oxygen content of the resistance change layer at the etching end face is enhanced.
- the manufacturing method of the present embodiment it is possible to manufacture the nonvolatile memory element 1 in which variation in resistance value is suppressed.
- a nonvolatile memory element 1 for example, If a 1T1R type nonvolatile memory device is configured, a nonvolatile memory device with stable operation can be realized.
- the example shown in FIG. 2C uses a pattern in which a regular square is drawn on the reticle during photolithography in the step shown in FIG. 2C.
- a hexagonal or octagonal pattern 30 having an angle formed by two adjacent end faces (or adjacent side faces, that is, adjacent outlines) larger than 90 degrees may be used.
- the coherence factor ⁇ is set to 1.
- the photoresist mask 6 can be accurately and faithfully formed.
- the photoresist mask 6 having a planar shape with rounded corners receding toward the center is provided. They can be formed in the same manner, and the same effects as those of the above-described embodiment can be obtained.
- the reticle planar shape shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C can be expressed in various ways. That is, when the planar shape of the reticle is a polygon, the angle formed by two adjacent outlines at any corner may be larger than 90 degrees or rounded.
- the planar shape of the reticle may be a circle or a shape surrounded by a curve such as an ellipse. Further, the planar shape of the reticle may be a shape in which the angle formed by the two outlines is greater than 90 degrees, a rounded corner, and a portion surrounded by a curve.
- the types of the planar shape of these reticles can be applied as they are to the pattern shape of the photoresist mask when the nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention is manufactured.
- the nonvolatile memory element and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention have been described based on the embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to such embodiments.
- a method of forming a photoresist mask having a shape in which a corner portion in a planar shape is set back to the central portion side (1) a method of setting a coherence factor during photolithography to less than 1, and (2) 2 Although a method using a reticle in which a shape having an angle formed by two adjacent end faces of more than 90 degrees is described has been described, these two methods can be used not only exclusively but also in combination.
- the present invention can be realized not only as a nonvolatile memory element and a manufacturing method thereof, but also as a nonvolatile memory device including peripheral components in the nonvolatile memory element and a manufacturing method thereof.
- the nonvolatile memory element of the present invention is useful in applications of nonvolatile memory elements used in various electronic devices such as digital home appliances, memory cards, mobile phones, and personal computers.
- the method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory element of the present invention is useful as a method for manufacturing a nonvolatile memory element that can be used in various electronic devices such as digital home appliances, memory cards, portable telephones, and personal computers.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本実施の形態に係る不揮発性記憶装置10の構成図である。なお、不揮発性記憶装置10は、本発明に係る不揮発性記憶素子に周辺の構成要素を含めた装置である。図1に示すように、本実施の形態の不揮発性記憶装置10は、基板(例えば、シリコン基板)11上にソース層およびドレイン層12、ならびにゲート層13で構成されるトランジスタ20が形成されている。さらに、基板11の表面には、ソース層およびドレイン層12、並びにゲート層13を覆うように第1の層間絶縁層(例えば、SiO2)14が形成されている。
以上のように構成された本実施の形態に係る不揮発性記憶装置10において、所望の不揮発性記憶素子1に情報の書き込み、読み出しを行う場合には、以下の動作を行う。すなわち、第2の配線層18b(例えばビット線)と、第1の配線層18a(例えばソース線)との間に所定の電圧を印加し、トランジスタ20を構成するゲート層13に接続されたワード線(図示せず)にトランジスタ20の閾値以上の電圧を印加して、トランジスタ20をオンさせ、不揮発性記憶素子1へ抵抗変化するに十分な電圧(極性に応じて絶対値が第1の閾値電圧または第2の閾値電圧以上の電圧)の印加を行う。不揮発性記憶素子1に与える印加電圧の極性や大きさを、上述したように設定することによって、不揮発性記憶素子1を高抵抗状態または低抵抗状態に遷移させることができる。不揮発性記憶素子1の高抵抗状態及び低抵抗状態をそれぞれ「1」及び「0」の情報に対応させて記憶させれば、不揮発性記憶素子1を不揮発性メモリとして機能させることができる。この不揮発性記憶素子1を、二次元状に多数配置し、メモリセルアレイを構成した場合には、情報の書き込み、読み出しをする(選択された)不揮発性記憶素子に関連するワード線、ビット線、及びソース線に所定の電圧を印加すればよい。また、情報の書き込み、読み出しをしない(非選択の)不揮発性記憶素子については、メモリセルアレイを構成している他の不揮発性記憶素子を経由した回り込み電流によるディスターブを抑制するために、関連するワード線、ビット線、及びソース線に所定の電圧を印加して非選択の不揮発性記憶素子への電圧印加をしないようにする必要がある。
以下に、本実施の形態に係る不揮発性記憶装置10の製造方法について説明する。なお、この不揮発性記憶装置10の製造方法には、本発明に係る不揮発性記憶素子1の製造方法が含まれることは言うまでもない。
2 下部電極層
3 抵抗変化層
3a 上部電極層と抵抗変化層の境界面の水平幅
3b 上部電極層と抵抗変化層の境界面の対角幅
4 上部電極層
5 ハードマスク層
5’ ハードマスク
6 フォトレジストマスク
6a フォトレジストマスクの水平幅
6b フォトレジストマスクの対角幅
10 不揮発性記憶装置
11 基板
12 ソース層およびドレイン層
13 ゲート層
14 第1の層間絶縁層
15 第1のコンタクトプラグ
16 第2のコンタクトプラグ
16A 第2のコンタクトプラグ開口部
17 第3のコンタクトプラグ
18 配線層
18a 第1の配線層
18b 第2の配線層
19 第2の層間絶縁層
20 トランジスタ
30 パターン(レチクル描画形状)
300 被エッチング体
301 角部のエッチング端面
302 曲線部のエッチング端面
303 直線部のエッチング端面
400 縮小投影露光装置
401 光源
402、405 ミラー
403 照明系レンズ
404 照明系絞り
406 コンデンサーレンズ
407 レチクル
408 投影系レンズ
Claims (9)
- 抵抗変化型の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法であって、
基板上に下部電極層を形成する工程と、
前記下部電極層上に遷移金属酸化物で構成される抵抗変化層を形成する工程と、
前記抵抗変化層上に上部電極層を形成する工程と、
前記上部電極層上にハードマスク層を形成する工程と、
前記ハードマスク層上にフォトレジストマスクを形成する工程と、
前記フォトレジストマスクを用いて、前記ハードマスク層をエッチングして、ハードマスクを形成する工程と、
前記ハードマスクを用いて、前記上部電極層と前記抵抗変化層と前記下部電極層とを、酸素欠損抑制ガスを含有するエッチングガスでエッチングして、前記上部電極層と前記抵抗変化層と前記下部電極層とで構成される不揮発性記憶素子を形成する工程とを含み、
前記抵抗変化層は、酸素含有量の変化により抵抗値が変化し、かつ、前記エッチングガスが酸素欠損抑制ガスを含有しない場合、エッチングした前記抵抗変化層の酸素含有量が変動する特性を有し、
前記不揮発性記憶素子を形成する工程では、前記酸素欠損抑制ガスを含有する前記エッチングガスを用いたエッチングによって、前記抵抗変化層の側壁部に前記酸素欠損抑制ガスを構成する成分が付着し、
前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する工程では、平面形状における角部を当該フォトレジストマスクの中央部側へ後退させた形状のフォトレジストマスクを形成する
不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する工程では、フォトリソグラフィ時のコヒーレンスファクタを1未満とし、レチクルに描画されている四角形の形状を被露光領域に投影することで、前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する
請求項1に記載の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する工程では、フォトリソグラフィ時のコヒーレンスファクタを0.5未満とし、レチクルに描画されている四角形の形状を被露光領域に投影することで、前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する
請求項1に記載の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する工程では、2つの隣接する端面が成す角度が90度より大きい形状が描画されたレチクルを用いたフォトリソグラフィによって、前記フォトレジストマスクを形成する
請求項1に記載の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 前記抵抗変化層を形成する工程では、タンタル酸化物TaOx(0<x<2.5)を用いて前記抵抗変化層を形成する
請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 前記上部電極層を形成する工程では、白金、イリジウム、及びパラジウムのいずれかを用いて、前記上部電極層を形成する
請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 前記ハードマスク層を形成する工程では、窒化アルミニウムチタンを用いて、前記ハードマスク層を形成する
請求項1から請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の不揮発性記憶素子の製造方法。 - 抵抗変化型の不揮発性記憶素子であって、
基板上に形成された下部電極層と、
前記下部電極層上に形成された遷移金属酸化物で構成される抵抗変化層と、
前記抵抗変化層上に形成された上部電極層とを備え、
前記上部電極層と前記抵抗変化層と前記下部電極層とは、いずれも、平面形状における角部を中央部側へ後退させた形状を有し、
前記抵抗変化層の側壁部には、前記上部電極層と前記抵抗変化層と前記下部電極層と形成するのに用いられたエッチングガスに含有されていた酸素欠損抑制ガスを構成する成分が付着している
不揮発性記憶素子。 - 前記抵抗変化層の側壁部には、前記酸素欠損抑制ガスを構成する成分として、臭素化合物が付着している
請求項8に記載の不揮発性記憶素子。
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JPWO2012001978A1 (ja) | 2013-08-22 |
US8785238B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
US20130092893A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
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