WO2011136136A1 - 配向性max相セラミック及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
配向性max相セラミック及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011136136A1 WO2011136136A1 PCT/JP2011/059908 JP2011059908W WO2011136136A1 WO 2011136136 A1 WO2011136136 A1 WO 2011136136A1 JP 2011059908 W JP2011059908 W JP 2011059908W WO 2011136136 A1 WO2011136136 A1 WO 2011136136A1
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fully oriented MAX phase ceramic in which the MAX phase is sufficiently oriented (texture) and a method for producing the same.
- the third, fourth, and fifth layers are layers of Group A elements, respectively.
- These lamellar ceramics containing the MAX phase combine metals and ceramics such as high strength, high Young's modulus, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and easy machinability, excellent damage resistance and thermal shock resistance.
- the combined characteristics are shown (see Patent Documents 1-5).
- Ever, M 2 AX phase of more than 50, 5 M 3 AX 2-phase (Ti 3 SiC 2, Ti 3 AlC 2, Ti 3 GeC 2, Ti 3 SnC 2, Ta 3 AlC 2), and seven M 4 AX 3 phase (Ta 4 AlC 3 , Ti 4 AlN 3 , Ti 4 SiC 3 , Ti 4 GeC 3 , Nb 4 AlC 3 , V 4 AlC 3 , Ti 4 GaC 3 ) was found (Non-patent Document 5) 6).
- M 4 AX 3 phase it was found that there are two types of atomic stacking order along the [0001] direction in the crystal structure.
- ABABABCBCBC which is one atomic arrangement, belongs to the atomic arrangement of Ti 4 AlN 3 , Ti 4 SiC 3 , Ti 4 GeC 3 , ⁇ -Ta 4 AlC 3 , Nb 4 AlC 3 and V 4 AlC 3 .
- the atomic arrangement ABABABABAB belongs only to the atomic arrangement of ⁇ -Ta 4 AlC 3 . The difference in atomic arrangement is considered to be due to the diversity of the positions of atoms in the crystal structure.
- Non-Patent Document 5 Fine Ti 3 SiC 2 is tape-casted and / or cold-pressed and pressed and sintered in an argon atmosphere or an atmosphere rich in Si to form a sufficiently dense and base It has been found that an oriented microstructured film having a basal plane parallel to the surface can be obtained (Non-Patent Document 5). Furthermore, it is known that ceramic crystals having asymmetric unit cells exhibit magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Controlling and designing the orientation structure of Al 2 O 3 (hexagonal), AlN (hexagonal), Si 3 N 4 (hexagonal) and ZrO 2 (monoclinic) by molding in a large magnetic field Has been reported to have been successful (see Non-Patent Documents 1-4).
- the ratio of c and a of the crystal axis in the crystal unit of the MAX phase is large, it is expected that the orientation of the particles of the MAX phase can be controlled in a strong magnetic field. For this, two main factors must be solved. The first is to prepare a slurry with good fluidity in which individual particles are dispersed, that is, a suspension, and the other is to use a strong magnetic field. Furthermore, it is expected that an extremely hard and tough MAX phase material can be obtained by the above process.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an oriented MAX phase ceramic and a method for producing the same, in which an extremely hard and tough oriented material is produced from a MAX phase compound and the desired properties of the MAX phase material are maintained.
- the present invention relates to a ceramic in which an M n + 1 AX n phase, which is a ternary compound, is oriented, and a method for producing the same.
- M is an early transition metal
- A is a group A element
- X is C or N
- n is an integer of 1 to 3.
- the dispersion medium may be water, ethanol or acetone, but is not limited thereto.
- a polyacrylic acid-based material such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) or polyacrylic acid ammonium can be selected, but is not limited thereto.
- PEI polyethyleneimine
- the present invention includes the following steps to impart orientation to the ceramic material.
- the pre-period transition metal refers to all transition metals belonging to the group A group in the periodic table such as Ti, V, Cr, Nb, and Ta.
- a MAX phase powder, a dispersion medium and a dispersant are mixed to form a suspension.
- the rheological behavior of the suspension can be modified by changing the volume fraction of the powder and the weight proportion of the dispersant, and the suspension. It is evaluated by measuring the viscosity.
- the pressure-molded sample is sintered in a furnace at a temperature of 1,000 ° C. to 1,700 ° C. for 5 minutes to 4 hours.
- the heating rate here is 1 ° C./min to 400 ° C./min.
- the applied pressure is 0 to 700 MPa, and the sintering atmosphere is an inert gas atmosphere or a vacuum.
- An oriented ceramic that is a bulk oriented body having an overall thickness of at least a millimeter order (M is a transition metal, A is a group A element, X is C or N, and n is 1 to 3) Integer).
- M may be selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Mo and Sc.
- A may be selected from the group consisting of Al, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, S, Ga, As, Cd, In, Tl and Si.
- the ternary compound may be Nb 4 AlC 3 or Ti 3 SiC 2 .
- the oriented ceramic may be substantially composed of the ternary compound.
- a method for producing an oriented ceramic containing an M n + 1 AX n phase which is a ternary compound, having the following steps (a) to (d): , A is a group A element, X is C or N, and n is an integer of 1 to 3.
- B) A strong magnetic field applying step of applying a strong magnetic field while solidifying and molding the suspension to obtain a compact.
- a pressure application step of applying a high pressure to the molded body to obtain a pressure molded body.
- a sintering step in which the pressure-formed body is sintered in an inert gas atmosphere or in a vacuum to obtain a sintered body.
- the dispersion medium may be selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol and acetone.
- the dispersing agent may be polyethyleneimine or polyacrylic acid.
- the strong magnetic field application step (b) may be performed after pouring the suspension into a mold.
- the mold may be a glass tube.
- the strong magnetic field application step (b) may be performed for 10 minutes to 24 hours.
- the magnitude of the strong magnetic field may be in the range of 1T to 12T.
- the high pressure may be in the range of 50 MPa to 400 MPa.
- the pressure application step (c) may be performed by cold isostatic pressing.
- the heating rate in the sintering step (d) may be in the range of 1 ° C./min to 400 ° C./min.
- the sintering temperature in the sintering step (d) may be in the range of 1,000 ° C. to 1,700 ° C.
- the sintering step (d) may be performed for 5 minutes to 4 hours.
- the sintering step (d) may be performed at a pressure of 0 to 700 MPa.
- the sintering step (d) may be performed by pulsed discharge sintering.
- M may be selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Mo and Sc.
- A may be selected from the group consisting of Al, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, S, Ga, As, Cd, In, Tl and Si.
- the ternary compound may be Nb 4 AlC 3 or Ti 3 SiC 2 .
- the ratio of the powder to the suspension may be 10% to 60% by volume.
- the ratio of the dispersant to the powder may be 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%.
- the ratio of the dispersant to the powder is preferably 1% to 3% by weight.
- an oriented MAX phase ceramic and a method for producing the same, in which an extremely hard and tough oriented material is produced from a MAX phase compound and the desired properties of the MAX phase material are maintained.
- a layered material having a bending strength exceeding 1 GPa and a fracture toughness of 20 MPa ⁇ m 1/2 can be provided. Its excellent mechanical properties, combined with the typical characteristics of MAX phase materials (ie damage tolerance, machinability, resistance to oxidation at high temperatures) make oriented MAX phases a variety of structural or It can be an ideal choice for functional applications.
- FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of (a) a non-oriented surface, (b) an oriented side surface (TSS), and (c) an oriented top surface (TTS) of each of the Nb 4 AlC 3 samples.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- TTS oriented top surface
- It is a scanning electron micrograph showing the TTS surface of the etched surface of the Nb 4 AlC 3 ceramic sample according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the particles in the figure are Nb—Al oxide.
- It is a scanning electron micrograph showing the TSS surface of the etched surface of the Nb 4 AlC 3 ceramic sample according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 is a scanning electron micrograph showing an isotropic indentation on an oriented top surface of a Nb 4 AlC 3 ceramic sample according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the inset in FIG. 3B is an enlarged view of one corner of the indentation.
- It is. 4 is an SEM micrograph of an etched TTS surface of a Ti 3 SiC 2 sample according to another example of the present invention oriented in a rotating magnetic field and sintered at 1,000 ° C. under a pressure of 500 MPa.
- 4 is an SEM micrograph of an etched TSS surface of a Ti 3 SiC 2 sample according to another example of the present invention oriented in a rotating magnetic field and sintered at 1,000 ° C. under a pressure of 500 MPa.
- the present invention relates to orienting a MAX phase ceramic which is a ternary compound.
- a dispersion medium and a dispersing agent can be selected suitably.
- the produced oriented ceramic can be used as a structural component.
- the amount of MAX phase in the sample is about 100% by weight relative to the total weight of the oriented sample.
- M 2 AX phase of more than 50, 5 M 3 AX 2-phase Ti 3 SiC 2, Ti 3 AlC 2, Ti 3 GeC 2, Ti 3 SnC 2 and Ta 3 AlC 2
- M 4 AX 3 phases Ta 4 AlC 3 , Ti 4 AlN 3 , Ti 4 SiC 3 , Ti 4 GeC 3 , Nb 4 AlC 3 , V 4 AlC 3 and Ti 4 GaC 3
- M 4 AlC 3 , Ti 4 AlN 3 , Ti 4 SiC 3 , Ti 4 GeC 3 , Nb 4 AlC 3 , V 4 AlC 3 and Ti 4 GaC 3 can be used.
- a suspension is prepared by mixing the dispersion medium, the ceramic powder of the ternary compound, and the dispersant.
- the ternary compound Nb 4 AlC 3 and Ti 3 SiC 2 are preferable.
- the volume ratio of the ceramic powder in the dispersion medium is preferably 10% to 60% with respect to the total volume of the suspension.
- the addition amount of the dispersant is preferably 0.1% by weight to 10% by weight, and more preferably 1% by weight to 3% by weight with respect to the ceramic powder.
- the suspension is poured into a plaster or porous alumina mold in a glass tube.
- the final size of the sample depends on the size of the glass tube and the amount of suspension input. That is, the more suspension is used, the larger the final sample is obtained.
- the mold is not limited to the glass tube.
- This suspension is then placed in a strong magnetic field.
- the strength of the magnetic field is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 1T to 12T.
- the suspension is then dried in air for 10 minutes to 24 hours.
- the material to be sintered is taken out and subjected to cold isostatic pressing to form a molded body.
- the applied pressure here is preferably 50 MPa to 400 MPa.
- a dense sample can be obtained by sintering at a temperature in the range of 1,000 ° C. to 1,700 ° C. for 5 minutes to 4 hours.
- the heating rate is preferably 1 ° C./min to 400 ° C./min.
- the pressure applied at the time of sintering is preferably in the range of 0 to 700 MPa, and the sintering atmosphere can be an inert gas atmosphere or a vacuum.
- the following examples show the MAX phase of Nb 4 AlC 3 and Ti 3 SiC 2 .
- the idea of the present invention is not limited to these two specific ceramics but can be applied to all MAX phases.
- the average particle size of Nb 4 AlC 3 was 0.91 ⁇ m, and the surface area of the Nb 4 AlC 3 ceramic powder was 10.18 m 2 / g.
- the suspension obtained by the above dispersion treatment was poured into a plaster or porous alumina mold. Next, the mold containing the suspension was placed in a strong magnetic field. After drying for 12 hours, the compact was taken out and cold isostatically pressed under a pressure of 350 MPa for 3 minutes. The pressed compact was sintered in a discharge plasma sintering furnace at 1,450 ° C. for 10 minutes in a vacuum (10 ⁇ 2 Pa). The heating rate was 50 ° C./min. The applied pressure was 30 MPa.
- the as-produced oriented Nb 4 AlC 3 ceramic has a layered microstructure as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 (a) to (d). I understood.
- the preferential orientation direction of Nb 4 AlC 3 particles parallel to the direction of the magnetic field was along the c-axis.
- the main diffraction peak belongs to the (110) plane and the (10L) plane (FIG. 1 (b)), and on the oriented top surface (textured top surface, TTS), the main diffraction peak.
- the diffraction peaks belonged to the (10L) plane and the (103) plane (FIG. 1 (c)).
- Nb 4 AlC 3 particles are aligned in the crystal axis directions of the a-axis and c-axis during sintering
- the Nb 4 AlC 3 sample has a layered fine particle structure composed of plate-like particles connected one by one.
- the fracture surface it was clearly observed that the Nb 4 AlC 3 particles showed cracks in the layered grains and between the grains (FIGS. 2 (b) and 2 (d)).
- the cracked particles showed a terrace-like shape, representing a fracture process from layer to layer (FIG. 2 (b)).
- the fractured layered microstructure could be clearly identified (FIG. 2 (d)). Therefore, this layered MAX phase could be constructed from nanoscale to milliscale, that is, practically layered bulk ceramic by orientation technology.
- the Vickers indentation response on the oriented top surface was found to be isotropic and anisotropic on the oriented side. . That is, the indentation on the upper surface clearly shows an isotropic square shape, and the diagonal lengths of the indentation were 39.9 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ m and 40.1 ⁇ 0.6 ⁇ m, respectively (FIG. 3A). ).
- the indentation on the side surface has a rhombus shape, and the diagonal lengths are 36.9 ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m and 51.1 ⁇ 2.2 ⁇ m, respectively, indicating anisotropic plastic deformation and elastic recovery (see FIG. 3 (b)).
- FIG. 3 (b) the Vickers indentation response on the oriented top surface was found to be isotropic and anisotropic on the oriented side. . That is, the indentation on the upper surface clearly shows an isotropic square shape, and the diagonal lengths of the indentation were 39.9 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ m and 40.1 ⁇ 0.6
- the particles around the indentation are displaced symmetrically by shear deformation.
- the particles are displaced along a direction perpendicular to the basal plane of the Nb 4 AlC 3 particles, and are cracked near the top of the indentation (see the enlarged portion in the figure).
- a shear slip between multiple particles of Nb 4 AlC 3 was also observed.
- no obvious damage was found along another direction parallel to the basal plane of the Nb 4 AlC 3 particles.
- the Vickers hardness tested on the oriented top surface (11.39 ⁇ 0.26 GPa) was higher than the value measured on the oriented side surface (9.40 ⁇ 0.47 GPa). 5).
- Non-Patent Document 6 Both were higher than the previous one (3.7 GPa, see Non-Patent Document 6) that the oxide in the Nb 4 AlC 3 matrix (about 15% by volume, from the total area ratio on the SEM photograph to the volume ratio). It was attributed to the existence of (converted and calculated) (FIG. 1). This oxygen is introduced during the production of the Nb 4 AlC 3 ceramic powder to be added to the suspension, and the oxide is formed during the discharge plasma sintering during the production of the powder.
- bending strength and fracture toughness were tested at room temperature.
- the bending strength test was performed by a three-point bending test (sample size 1.5 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 18 mm), and the fracture toughness test was performed by the SENB method (sample size 2 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 18 mm).
- the bending strength shows a high value of 1,185 MPa when the load direction is perpendicular to the basal plane of the Nb 4 AlC 3 sample, and 1 when the load direction is parallel to the basal plane of the Nb 4 AlC 3 matrix. It was measured to be 214 MPa.
- the fracture toughness is a large value of 20 MPa ⁇ m 1/2 when the loading direction is a direction perpendicular to the basal plane of the Nb 4 AlC 3 sample, and the loading direction is parallel to the basal plane of the Nb 4 AlC 3 matrix. In the case of a simple direction, it was 11 MPa ⁇ m 1/2 . Compared to previously reported values (see Non-Patent Document 6), this was the highest bending strength for ceramics. There is no doubt that this ceramic has shown excellent reliability in application. Thus, the present invention has paved the way for this type of microstructure design to orient the MAX phase and obtain exceptional mechanical properties.
- the preferred orientation perpendicular to the magnetic field direction of Ti 3 SiC 2 particles is that the crystal axis is along the c-axis, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 (a) and 5 (b). It was confirmed. That is, clearly, on the oriented side surface, two of the (101) and (110) planes show the strongest diffraction peaks (FIG. 4 (a)). Interestingly, on the oriented top surface, it was found that only the (00L) plane was positioned parallel to the oriented top surface, except for the TiC diffraction peak (FIG. 4 (b)). No small thin plate-like feature of Ti 3 SiC 2 particles was observed on the oriented top surface (FIG.
- the Vickers hardness tested on the oriented top and oriented side was 8.70 ⁇ 0.71 GPa and 7.31 ⁇ 0.28 GPa, respectively (see Non-Patent Document 5 for measurement method).
- the isotropic mechanical response of the oriented Ti 3 SiC 2 ceramic was verified as shown in FIG. Cracks appeared around the corners of the indentations on the oriented top surface (FIG. 6 (a)), which is probably due to the high TiC content (about 9.78% by weight). However, cracks propagated only along the basal plane direction on the oriented side surfaces (FIG.
- the microstructure of the layered MAX phase dramatically increases the bending strength and fracture toughness, thus making the application phase of the orientation phase much wider than the ternary compounds without orientation.
- the oriented MAX phase combines the typical features of MAX such as oxidation resistance, self-lubricating properties, low coefficient of friction and good electrical conductivity.
- the oriented MAX phase is particularly suitable for the following applications.
- (1) As a component of chemical and petrochemical plants due to low cost raw materials, easy machining, high temperature possibilities, and corrosion resistance.
- (2) High temperature turbine parts due to high oxidation resistance and creep resistance.
- (3) As a structural material due to the unique combination of high bending strength and high fracture toughness.
- (4) As a wear-resistant conductor because of its good conductivity, self-lubricity, and low coefficient of friction.
- Sakka et al. “Fabrication of Oriented ⁇ -Alumina from Porous Bodies by SlipCasting in a High Magnetic Field”, Solid State Ion. 172: 341-347 (2004). Sakka et al. , “Textured Development of Feet Magnetic Ceramics by Colloidal Processing under High Magnetic Field”, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 113: 26-36 (2005). Sakka et al. , “Fabrication and Some Properties of Textured Alumina-related Compounds by Colloidal Processing in High-magnetic Field and Sintering”, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28: 935-942 (2008). Suzuki et al.
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Abstract
Description
なお、本明細書において、前周期遷移金属とは、Ti,V,Cr,Nb,Ta等の周期律表においてA族グループに属する全ての遷移金属を示す。
(a)前記三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相の粉末、分散媒及び分散剤を混合して懸濁液を形成する懸濁液形成ステップ。
(b)前記懸濁液を固化成形しながら強磁場を印加して成形体を得る強磁場印加ステップ。
(c)前記成形体に高い圧力を印加して加圧成形体を得る圧力印加ステップ。
(d)前記加圧成形体を不活性ガス雰囲気中または真空中で焼結して焼結成形体を得る焼結ステップ。
17.6gのNb4AlC3セラミック粉末を粉体の重量に対して2重量%のポリエチレンイミン分散剤とともに10mLの水中に分散させることで、三元化合物Nb4AlC3を12Tの強磁場中で配向させ、焼結させ、セラミックの層状粒子の積層構造が緻密な円柱状試料を作製した。また、詳細については、以下の通りであった。
Nb4AlC3セラミック粉末は、化学当量に応じて適切な相対モル比のNb、Al及びC粉末を放電プラズマ焼結によって焼結してから粉末化することによって得られたものを用いた。Nb4AlC3の平均粒子サイズは、0.91μmであり、Nb4AlC3セラミック粉末の表面積は、10.18m2/gであった。
上述の分散処理により得られた懸濁液を石膏や多孔質アルミナの型に注ぎ込んだ。次に、この懸濁液の入った型を強磁場中に置いた。12時間乾燥した後、この成形体を取り出して350MPaの圧力下で3分間、冷間等方圧プレスした。この加圧した成形体を真空中(10-2Pa)、1,450℃で10分間、放電プラズマ焼結炉中で焼結した。加熱速度は50℃/分であった。印加した圧力は30MPaであった。
配向した側面(textured side surface、TSS)上では、主回折ピークは(110)面及び(10L)面に属し(図1(b))、配向した上面(textured top surface、TTS)上では、主回折ピークは(10L)面及び(103)面に属していた(図1(c))。
よって、エッチングされた上面(図2(a))と側面(図2(c))を比較することにより、Nb4AlC3粒子は、焼結の間にa軸及びc軸の結晶軸方向に沿って成長しやすく、またNb4AlC3試料は、一つずつ接続された板状の粒子からなる層状の微細な粒子構造を有すると結論付けられた。
破断面では、Nb4AlC3粒子は層状の粒内及び粒間の割れ目を示すことがはっきりと観察された(図2(b)及び図2(d))。破断した上面では、割れた粒子はテラス状の形状を示し、層から層へという破断のプロセスを表していた(図2(b))。配向した側面では、破断した層状微細構造をはっきりと識別することができた(図2(d))。
したがって、配向技術により、この層状MAX相をナノスケールからミリスケールまで、つまり事実上の層状のバルクセラミックまで構成することができた。
即ち、上面上の圧痕は、明らかに等方性の正方形形状を示し、圧痕の対角線長は、それぞれ39.9±0.7μmと40.1±0.6μmであった(図3(a))。他方、側面上の圧痕は、ひし形形状を示し、対角線長はそれぞれ36.9±0.3μmと51.1±2.2μmであり、異方性の塑性変形と弾性回復を示している(図3(b))。
図3(a)では、圧痕の周囲の粒子は、せん断変形により対称的に押しのけられている。図3(b)では、Nb4AlC3粒子の基底面に直角な方向に沿って粒子が押しのけられて圧痕の頂点近く(図中の拡大部参照)で割れている。Nb4AlC3の複数の粒子間でのせん断すべり(shear slip)も観察された。しかしながら、Nb4AlC3粒子の基底面に平行な別の方向に沿ったはっきりした損傷は見出されなかった。
配向した上面上で試験したVickers硬度(11.39±0.26GPa)は、配向した側面上で測定された値(9.40±0.47GPa)よりも高かった(測定方法につき、非特許文献5参照)。両者とも以前のもの(3.7GPa、非特許文献6参照)よりも高かったことは、Nb4AlC3マトリクス中に酸化物(約15体積%、SEM写真上の全体の面積比から体積比に換算して算出)が存在すること(図1)に帰せられた。この酸素は、懸濁液に添加するNb4AlC3セラミック粉末作製の間に導入され、前記酸化物は、前記粉末作成時における放電プラズマ焼結の間に形成されたものである。
曲げ強度は、負荷方向がNb4AlC3試料の基底面に直角である場合に1,185MPaという高い値を示し、また負荷方向がNb4AlC3マトリクスの基底面に平行である場合に1,214MPaであると測定された。
また、破壊靱性は、負荷方向がNb4AlC3試料の基底面に直角な方向である場合に20MPa・m1/2という大きな値になり、負荷方向がNb4AlC3マトリクスの基底面に平行な方向の場合に11MPa・m1/2であった。
以前に報告されている値(非特許文献6参照)と比較すると、これはセラミックについてのもっとも高い曲げ強度であった。このセラミックが応用上の卓越した信頼性を示したことは疑う余地がない。
したがって、本発明は、この種の微細構造設計により、MAX相を配向化し格別に卓越した機械的性質を獲得することに道を開いた。
12Tの強磁場中でスリップキャストしその後放電プラズマ焼結することにより、配向化された遷移金属三元化合物であるTi3SiC2を成功裏に作製することができた。
スリップキャストに最適化された懸濁液のパラメータとして、脱イオン水中に懸濁液に対して20体積%のTi3SiC2粉末と、該粉末の分散剤であるポリエチレンイミン(PEI)を前記粉末に対して1.5重量%入れる、と定められた。この粉末は、商用ルートから入手し(3-one-2 Corp製)、約9.78重量%のTiCを含んでいた。Ti3SiC2の平均粒子サイズは約0.36μmであった。この懸濁液を石膏や多孔質アルミナの型に注ぎ入れた。
本作業では、水平面に垂直な定常磁場及び水平面に平行な回転磁場を使用した。回転速度は、20rpmに設定した。Ti3SiC2を配向化するためには回転磁場の方が良いと判定された。15時間乾燥させた後、この焼結対象物を取り出して、圧力392MPaで10分間、冷間等方圧プレスした。この試料を圧力120MPa下で1,100℃で焼結した場合、相対密度は88.2%に到達した。このサンプルを圧力500MPaの下で圧縮した場合には、相対密度が98.6%の十分に緻密な試料を得るには1,000℃で十分であった。加熱速度は、50℃/分であった。
即ち、明らかに、配向した側面上では、(101)及び(110)面の2つが最も強い回折ピークを示している(図4(a))。興味深いことに、配向した上面上では、TiC回折ピークを除けば、(00L)面だけが、配向した上面に平行に位置していることが判った(図4(b))。配向した上面上には、Ti3SiC2粒子の小さな薄板状の特徴は見られなかった(図5(a))が、これは無秩序な粒子配向を持つTi3SiC2試料をエッチングしたものとは異なっていた。配向した側面上では、基底面がc軸方向に直角な、整列したTi3SiC2粒子がはっきり見えた(図5(b))。
ここでも、配向したTi3SiC2試料の(00L)基底面は配向した上面に平行で、ナノスケールからミリスケールまでの層状の微細構造を形成することが判った。
いずれにせよ、配向したTi3SiC2セラミックの等方性の機械的応答が、図6に示すように検証された。配向された上面上の圧痕の角部周囲に亀裂が現れたが(図6(a))、これは恐らくTiC含有量が多かった(約9.78重量%)からと考えられる。しかしながら、配向した側面では基底面方向のみに沿って亀裂が伝播した(図6(b))。これは、TiC含有量が多かったこと、また粒子境界が弱くかつ基底面の結合が弱いことによると考えられる。
c軸に沿った方向では体格部には亀裂が存在しない(図6(b))。これは、押出し現象(push-out phenomena)による多重エネルギー分散(multiplexenergy dispersion)によると考えられる。以前の研究(非特許文献5参照)で、Ti3SiC2粒子の押出しが、機械的エネルギーを吸収して応力集中を回避することができる層間剥離、破壊、粒内及び粒間破砕に関連することが確認された。最後の理由として、Ti3SiC2の典型的な結晶構造により、c軸に沿った脆弱な境界が多くは存在しないということがある。
(1)低コストの原材料、容易な機械加工、高温での可能性、更に耐腐食性のため、化学及び石油化学プラントの構成部品として。
(2)高い耐酸化性及びクリープ耐性のため、高温のタービン部品として。
(3)高い曲げ強度と高い破壊靱性の無類の組み合わせのため、構造材料として。
(4)良好な導電性と自己潤滑性、低摩擦係数のため、耐摩耗性導電体として。
Claims (23)
- 三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相を含む配向性セラミックにおいて、厚みがナノオーダーからミリオーダーである層を積層して形成される貝殻真珠層類似の層状微細構造を有し、全体の厚みが小さくともミリオーダー以上であるバルク配向体であることを特徴とする配向性セラミック。
ただし、Mは、前周期遷移金属を示し、Aは、A族元素を示し、Xは、CまたはNを示し、nは、1~3の整数を示す。 - Mは、Ti、V、Cr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Mo及びScからなる群から選ばれる、請求項1に記載の配向性セラミック。
- Aは、Al、Ge、Sn、Pb、P、S、Ga、As、Cd、In、Tl及びSiからなる群から選ばれる、請求項1または2に記載の配向性セラミック。
- 前記三元化合物は、Nb4AlC3またはTi3SiC2である、請求項1から3の何れかに記載の配向性セラミック。
- 実質的に前記三元化合物からなる、請求項1から4の何れかに記載の配向性セラミック。
- 三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相を含む配向性セラミックの製造方法において、以下の(a)から(d)のステップを有することを特徴とする配向性セラミックの製造方法。
ただし、Mは、前周期遷移金属を示し、Aは、A族元素を示し、Xは、CまたはNを示し、nは、1~3の整数を示す。
(a)前記三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相の粉末、分散媒及び分散剤を混合して懸濁液を形成する懸濁液形成ステップ。
(b)前記懸濁液を固化成形しながら強磁場を印加して成形体を得る強磁場印加ステップ。
(c)前記成形体に高い圧力を印加して加圧成形体を得る圧力印加ステップ。
(d)前記加圧成形体を不活性ガス雰囲気中または真空中で焼結して焼結成形体を得る焼結ステップ。 - 前記分散媒は、水、エタノール及びアセトンからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記分散剤は、ポリエチレンイミンまたはポリアクリル酸アンモニウムである、請求項6または7に記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記強磁場印加ステップ(b)は、前記懸濁液を多孔質の成形型に注ぎ込んだ後に行われる、請求項6から8の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記強磁場印加ステップ(b)は、10分~24時間行われる、請求項6から9の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記強磁場の大きさは、1T~12Tの範囲である、請求項6から10の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記圧力は、50MPa~400MPaの範囲である、請求項6から11の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記圧力印加ステップ(c)は、冷間等方圧プレスにより行われる、請求項6から12の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)の加熱レートは、1℃/分~400℃/分の範囲である、請求項6から13の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)における焼結温度は、1,000℃~1,700℃の範囲である、請求項6から14の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)は、5分~4時間行われる、請求項6から15の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)は、0~700MPaの圧力で行われる、請求項6から16の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)は、パルス放電焼結によって行われる、請求項6から17の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- Mは、Ti、V、Cr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Mo及びScからなる群から選ばれる、請求項6から18の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- Aは、Al、Ge、Sn、Pb、P、S、Ga、As、Cd、In、Tl及びSiからなる群から選ばれる、請求項6から19の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記三元化合物は、Nb4AlC3またはTi3SiC2である、請求項20に記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記粉末の前記懸濁液に対する比率は、10体積%~60体積%である、請求項6から21の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記分散剤の前記粉末に対する比率は、0.1重量%~10重量%である、請求項6から22の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
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