JPWO2011136136A1 - 配向性max相セラミック及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
配向性max相セラミック及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
なお、本明細書において、前周期遷移金属とは、Ti,V,Cr,Nb,Ta等の周期律表においてA族グループに属する全ての遷移金属を示す。
(a)前記三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相の粉末、分散媒及び分散剤を混合して懸濁液を形成する懸濁液形成ステップ。
(b)前記懸濁液を固化成形しながら強磁場を印加して成形体を得る強磁場印加ステップ。
(c)前記成形体に高い圧力を印加して加圧成形体を得る圧力印加ステップ。
(d)前記加圧成形体を不活性ガス雰囲気中または真空中で焼結して焼結成形体を得る焼結ステップ。
17.6gのNb4AlC3セラミック粉末を粉体の重量に対して2重量%のポリエチレンイミン分散剤とともに10mLの水中に分散させることで、三元化合物Nb4AlC3を12Tの強磁場中で配向させ、焼結させ、セラミックの層状粒子の積層構造が緻密な円柱状試料を作製した。また、詳細については、以下の通りであった。
Nb4AlC3セラミック粉末は、化学当量に応じて適切な相対モル比のNb、Al及びC粉末を放電プラズマ焼結によって焼結してから粉末化することによって得られたものを用いた。Nb4AlC3の平均粒子サイズは、0.91μmであり、Nb4AlC3セラミック粉末の表面積は、10.18m2/gであった。
上述の分散処理により得られた懸濁液を石膏や多孔質アルミナの型に注ぎ込んだ。次に、この懸濁液の入った型を強磁場中に置いた。12時間乾燥した後、この成形体を取り出して350MPaの圧力下で3分間、冷間等方圧プレスした。この加圧した成形体を真空中(10−2Pa)、1,450℃で10分間、放電プラズマ焼結炉中で焼結した。加熱速度は50℃/分であった。印加した圧力は30MPaであった。
配向した側面(textured side surface、TSS)上では、主回折ピークは(110)面及び(10L)面に属し(図1(b))、配向した上面(textured top surface、TTS)上では、主回折ピークは(10L)面及び(103)面に属していた(図1(c))。
よって、エッチングされた上面(図2(a))と側面(図2(c))を比較することにより、Nb4AlC3粒子は、焼結の間にa軸及びc軸の結晶軸方向に沿って成長しやすく、またNb4AlC3試料は、一つずつ接続された板状の粒子からなる層状の微細な粒子構造を有すると結論付けられた。
破断面では、Nb4AlC3粒子は層状の粒内及び粒間の割れ目を示すことがはっきりと観察された(図2(b)及び図2(d))。破断した上面では、割れた粒子はテラス状の形状を示し、層から層へという破断のプロセスを表していた(図2(b))。配向した側面では、破断した層状微細構造をはっきりと識別することができた(図2(d))。
したがって、配向技術により、この層状MAX相をナノスケールからミリスケールまで、つまり事実上の層状のバルクセラミックまで構成することができた。
即ち、上面上の圧痕は、明らかに等方性の正方形形状を示し、圧痕の対角線長は、それぞれ39.9±0.7μmと40.1±0.6μmであった(図3(a))。他方、側面上の圧痕は、ひし形形状を示し、対角線長はそれぞれ36.9±0.3μmと51.1±2.2μmであり、異方性の塑性変形と弾性回復を示している(図3(b))。
図3(a)では、圧痕の周囲の粒子は、せん断変形により対称的に押しのけられている。図3(b)では、Nb4AlC3粒子の基底面に直角な方向に沿って粒子が押しのけられて圧痕の頂点近く(図中の拡大部参照)で割れている。Nb4AlC3の複数の粒子間でのせん断すべり(shear slip)も観察された。しかしながら、Nb4AlC3粒子の基底面に平行な別の方向に沿ったはっきりした損傷は見出されなかった。
配向した上面上で試験したVickers硬度(11.39±0.26GPa)は、配向した側面上で測定された値(9.40±0.47GPa)よりも高かった(測定方法につき、非特許文献5参照)。両者とも以前のもの(3.7GPa、非特許文献6参照)よりも高かったことは、Nb4AlC3マトリクス中に酸化物(約15体積%、SEM写真上の全体の面積比から体積比に換算して算出)が存在すること(図1)に帰せられた。この酸素は、懸濁液に添加するNb4AlC3セラミック粉末作製の間に導入され、前記酸化物は、前記粉末作成時における放電プラズマ焼結の間に形成されたものである。
曲げ強度は、負荷方向がNb4AlC3試料の基底面に直角である場合に1,185MPaという高い値を示し、また負荷方向がNb4AlC3マトリクスの基底面に平行である場合に1,214MPaであると測定された。
また、破壊靱性は、負荷方向がNb4AlC3試料の基底面に直角な方向である場合に20MPa・m1/2という大きな値になり、負荷方向がNb4AlC3マトリクスの基底面に平行な方向の場合に11MPa・m1/2であった。
以前に報告されている値(非特許文献6参照)と比較すると、これはセラミックについてのもっとも高い曲げ強度であった。このセラミックが応用上の卓越した信頼性を示したことは疑う余地がない。
したがって、本発明は、この種の微細構造設計により、MAX相を配向化し格別に卓越した機械的性質を獲得することに道を開いた。
12Tの強磁場中でスリップキャストしその後放電プラズマ焼結することにより、配向化された遷移金属三元化合物であるTi3SiC2を成功裏に作製することができた。
スリップキャストに最適化された懸濁液のパラメータとして、脱イオン水中に懸濁液に対して20体積%のTi3SiC2粉末と、該粉末の分散剤であるポリエチレンイミン(PEI)を前記粉末に対して1.5重量%入れる、と定められた。この粉末は、商用ルートから入手し(3−one−2 Corp製)、約9.78重量%のTiCを含んでいた。Ti3SiC2の平均粒子サイズは約0.36μmであった。この懸濁液を石膏や多孔質アルミナの型に注ぎ入れた。
本作業では、水平面に垂直な定常磁場及び水平面に平行な回転磁場を使用した。回転速度は、20rpmに設定した。Ti3SiC2を配向化するためには回転磁場の方が良いと判定された。15時間乾燥させた後、この焼結対象物を取り出して、圧力392MPaで10分間、冷間等方圧プレスした。この試料を圧力120MPa下で1,100℃で焼結した場合、相対密度は88.2%に到達した。このサンプルを圧力500MPaの下で圧縮した場合には、相対密度が98.6%の十分に緻密な試料を得るには1,000℃で十分であった。加熱速度は、50℃/分であった。
即ち、明らかに、配向した側面上では、(101)及び(110)面の2つが最も強い回折ピークを示している(図4(a))。興味深いことに、配向した上面上では、TiC回折ピークを除けば、(00L)面だけが、配向した上面に平行に位置していることが判った(図4(b))。配向した上面上には、Ti3SiC2粒子の小さな薄板状の特徴は見られなかった(図5(a))が、これは無秩序な粒子配向を持つTi3SiC2試料をエッチングしたものとは異なっていた。配向した側面上では、基底面がc軸方向に直角な、整列したTi3SiC2粒子がはっきり見えた(図5(b))。
ここでも、配向したTi3SiC2試料の(00L)基底面は配向した上面に平行で、ナノスケールからミリスケールまでの層状の微細構造を形成することが判った。
いずれにせよ、配向したTi3SiC2セラミックの等方性の機械的応答が、図6に示すように検証された。配向された上面上の圧痕の角部周囲に亀裂が現れたが(図6(a))、これは恐らくTiC含有量が多かった(約9.78重量%)からと考えられる。しかしながら、配向した側面では基底面方向のみに沿って亀裂が伝播した(図6(b))。これは、TiC含有量が多かったこと、また粒子境界が弱くかつ基底面の結合が弱いことによると考えられる。
c軸に沿った方向では体格部には亀裂が存在しない(図6(b))。これは、押出し現象(push−out phenomena)による多重エネルギー分散(multiplexenergy dispersion)によると考えられる。以前の研究(非特許文献5参照)で、Ti3SiC2粒子の押出しが、機械的エネルギーを吸収して応力集中を回避することができる層間剥離、破壊、粒内及び粒間破砕に関連することが確認された。最後の理由として、Ti3SiC2の典型的な結晶構造により、c軸に沿った脆弱な境界が多くは存在しないということがある。
(1)低コストの原材料、容易な機械加工、高温での可能性、更に耐腐食性のため、化学及び石油化学プラントの構成部品として。
(2)高い耐酸化性及びクリープ耐性のため、高温のタービン部品として。
(3)高い曲げ強度と高い破壊靱性の無類の組み合わせのため、構造材料として。
(4)良好な導電性と自己潤滑性、低摩擦係数のため、耐摩耗性導電体として。
はない。分散剤は、ポリエチレンイミン(PEI)またはポリアクリル酸(polyacrylate)アンモニウム等のポリアクリル酸系材料を選択できるが、これらに限定されるものではない。本発明は、セラミック材料に配向性を与えるため、以下のステップを含む。
なお、本明細書において、前周期遷移金属とは、Ti,V,Cr,Nb,Ta等の周期律表においてA族グループに属する全ての遷移金属を示す。
[0007]
(a)MAX相粉末、分散媒及び分散剤を混合して懸濁液を形成する。前記配向性セラミックの好ましい特性を得る観点から、前記懸濁液のレオロジー的な挙動を前記粉末の体積割合と前記分散剤の重量割合を変更することで修正することができ、また前記懸濁液の粘度を測定することによって評価される。
[0008]
(b)この懸濁液を、石膏や多孔質アルミナの型に注ぎ込む。
[0009]
(c)この懸濁液の入った型を強磁場中に入れて10分〜24時間静置することによりスリップキャストする。
[0010]
(d)MAX相の成形体を取り出してそれを50MPa〜400MPaの圧力で冷間等方圧プレスする。
[0011]
(e)加圧成形した試料を炉の中で1,000℃〜1,700℃の温度で5分〜4時間焼結する。ここでの加熱レートは、1℃/分〜400℃/分である。また、印加する圧力は0〜700MPaであり、焼結雰囲気は、不活性ガス雰囲気あるいは真空である。
[0012]
本発明の一側面によれば、三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相を含み、厚みがナノオーダーからミリオーダーである層を積層して形成される貝殻真珠層類似の層状微細構造を有し、全体の厚みが小さくともミリオーダー以上であり、前記層状微細構造が緻密で一軸方向に配向されたバルク配向体である配向性セラミック(Mは、前周期遷移金属、Aは、A族元素、Xは、CまたはN、nは、1〜3の整数)が与えられる。
[0013]
Mは、Ti、V、Cr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Mo及びScからなる群から選ばれてよい。
[0014]
Aは、Al、Ge、Sn、Pb、P、S、Ga、As、Cd、In、Tl
Claims (23)
- 三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相を含む配向性セラミックにおいて、厚みがナノオーダーからミリオーダーである層を積層して形成される貝殻真珠層類似の層状微細構造を有し、全体の厚みが小さくともミリオーダー以上であるバルク配向体であることを特徴とする配向性セラミック。
ただし、Mは、前周期遷移金属を示し、Aは、A族元素を示し、Xは、CまたはNを示し、nは、1〜3の整数を示す。 - Mは、Ti、V、Cr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Mo及びScからなる群から選ばれる、請求項1に記載の配向性セラミック。
- Aは、Al、Ge、Sn、Pb、P、S、Ga、As、Cd、In、Tl及びSiからなる群から選ばれる、請求項1または2に記載の配向性セラミック。
- 前記三元化合物は、Nb4AlC3またはTi3SiC2である、請求項1から3の何れかに記載の配向性セラミック。
- 実質的に前記三元化合物からなる、請求項1から4の何れかに記載の配向性セラミック。
- 三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相を含む配向性セラミックの製造方法において、以下の(a)から(d)のステップを有することを特徴とする配向性セラミックの製造方法。
ただし、Mは、前周期遷移金属を示し、Aは、A族元素を示し、Xは、CまたはNを示し、nは、1〜3の整数を示す。
(a)前記三元化合物であるMn+1AXn相の粉末、分散媒及び分散剤を混合して懸濁液を形成する懸濁液形成ステップ。
(b)前記懸濁液を固化成形しながら強磁場を印加して成形体を得る強磁場印加ステップ。
(c)前記成形体に高い圧力を印加して加圧成形体を得る圧力印加ステップ。
(d)前記加圧成形体を不活性ガス雰囲気中または真空中で焼結して焼結成形体を得る焼結ステップ。 - 前記分散媒は、水、エタノール及びアセトンからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記分散剤は、ポリエチレンイミンまたはポリアクリル酸アンモニウムである、請求項6または7に記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記強磁場印加ステップ(b)は、前記懸濁液を多孔質の成形型に注ぎ込んだ後に行われる、請求項6から8の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記強磁場印加ステップ(b)は、10分〜24時間行われる、請求項6から9の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記強磁場の大きさは、1T〜12Tの範囲である、請求項6から10の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記圧力は、50MPa〜400MPaの範囲である、請求項6から11の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記圧力印加ステップ(c)は、冷間等方圧プレスにより行われる、請求項6から12の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)の加熱レートは、1℃/分〜400℃/分の範囲である、請求項6から13の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)における焼結温度は、1,000℃〜1,700℃の範囲である、請求項6から14の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)は、5分〜4時間行われる、請求項6から15の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)は、0〜700MPaの圧力で行われる、請求項6から16の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記焼結ステップ(d)は、パルス放電焼結によって行われる、請求項6から17の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- Mは、Ti、V、Cr、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Mo及びScからなる群から選ばれる、請求項6から18の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- Aは、Al、Ge、Sn、Pb、P、S、Ga、As、Cd、In、Tl及びSiからなる群から選ばれる、請求項6から19の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記三元化合物は、Nb4AlC3またはTi3SiC2である、請求項20に記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記粉末の前記懸濁液に対する比率は、10体積%〜60体積%である、請求項6から21の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
- 前記分散剤の前記粉末に対する比率は、0.1重量%〜10重量%である、請求項6から22の何れかに記載の配向性セラミックの製造方法。
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US20160024955A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-01-28 | United Technologies Corporation | Maxmet Composites for Turbine Engine Component Tips |
CN104058749A (zh) * | 2013-03-21 | 2014-09-24 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种无压烧结制备钛硅碳陶瓷块体材料的方法 |
EP2945207A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 | 2015-11-18 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | MAX phase materials for use in solid oxide fuel cells and solid oxide electrolysis cells |
EP2944624A1 (en) | 2014-05-14 | 2015-11-18 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | MAX phase materials free of the elements Al and Si |
CN104086178B (zh) * | 2014-07-04 | 2016-02-10 | 南京工业大学 | 一种铌钛铝碳固溶体陶瓷材料及其制备方法 |
EP3168205B1 (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2018-10-10 | Ansaldo Energia IP UK Limited | Gas turbine part and method for manufacturing such gas turbine part |
EP3168204B1 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2019-02-27 | Ansaldo Energia IP UK Limited | Method for manufacturing a gas turbine part |
KR101816061B1 (ko) | 2016-01-18 | 2018-02-21 | 한국원자력연구원 | Ti3SiC2 코팅용 조성물 및 이를 이용한 코팅 방법 |
JP6797605B2 (ja) * | 2016-08-24 | 2020-12-09 | 株式会社東芝 | 長繊維強化炭化ケイ素部材、および、その製造方法 |
CN107796734B (zh) * | 2017-10-16 | 2019-12-31 | 首钢集团有限公司 | 一种铁矿粉粘结性能的测试方法 |
CN108059461A (zh) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-05-22 | 东南大学 | 一种无压烧结制备高致密度Ti3AlC2块体的方法 |
DE102018205183A1 (de) * | 2018-04-06 | 2019-10-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Oxidationsschutz für MAX-Phasen |
CN109180187B (zh) * | 2018-08-31 | 2021-05-18 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 高度取向纳米max相陶瓷和max相原位自生氧化物纳米复相陶瓷的制备方法 |
CN109053206B (zh) * | 2018-08-31 | 2021-07-23 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种短纤维增强取向max相陶瓷基复合材料及制备方法 |
CN109400171A (zh) * | 2018-12-16 | 2019-03-01 | 冯良荣 | 一种制备max相材料的方法 |
KR102154947B1 (ko) | 2018-12-28 | 2020-09-10 | 가부시키가이샤 아도마텍쿠스 | MXene 입자 재료, 그들 입자 재료의 제조 방법 및 이차 전지 |
JP6564552B1 (ja) | 2018-12-28 | 2019-08-21 | 株式会社アドマテックス | MXene粒子材料、スラリー、二次電池、透明電極、MXene粒子材料の製造方法 |
CN110642609A (zh) * | 2019-10-22 | 2020-01-03 | 济南大学 | 一种高致密氧化铝/max相复合材料及其原位合成方法 |
CN110698204B (zh) * | 2019-11-12 | 2022-06-07 | 中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所 | 一种max相陶瓷的制备方法 |
CN111136999A (zh) * | 2019-12-24 | 2020-05-12 | 南京工程学院 | 一种高韧仿贝壳砖泥结构陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN112110731B (zh) * | 2020-08-14 | 2022-05-17 | 河南理工大学 | Sc2SC层状材料及其制备方法 |
CN111991834B (zh) * | 2020-09-08 | 2021-11-16 | 安徽银丰药业股份有限公司 | 一种薄荷脑加工用结晶桶 |
CN113277851B (zh) * | 2021-06-29 | 2022-05-24 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种陶瓷-金属仿生纳米复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN115594504A (zh) * | 2021-07-07 | 2023-01-13 | 北京科技大学(Cn) | 一种max相燃料包壳元件用陶瓷材料、管件及其制备方法 |
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US5942455A (en) * | 1995-11-14 | 1999-08-24 | Drexel University | Synthesis of 312 phases and composites thereof |
JP2002193672A (ja) * | 2000-10-18 | 2002-07-10 | National Institute For Materials Science | 配向性セラミックス焼結体およびその製造方法 |
CN100439554C (zh) * | 2001-11-30 | 2008-12-03 | Abb股份有限公司 | 式Mn+1AXn化合物的合成方法,该化合物的膜及其用途 |
SE526336C2 (sv) * | 2002-07-01 | 2005-08-23 | Seco Tools Ab | Skär med slitstark refraktär beläggning av MAX-fas |
JP4378535B2 (ja) * | 2005-02-25 | 2009-12-09 | 国立大学法人長岡技術科学大学 | 精密配向多結晶六方晶酸化亜鉛焼結体の製造方法 |
CN100443442C (zh) * | 2006-06-02 | 2008-12-17 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种Ta2AlC纳米层状块体陶瓷的制备方法 |
JP4836263B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-04 | 2011-12-14 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 高強度チタンシリコンカーバイド基複合材料及びその製造方法 |
CN101417879B (zh) * | 2007-10-24 | 2011-10-26 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种原位反应热压合成Nb4AlC3块体陶瓷 |
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