WO2011114753A1 - 光変調器 - Google Patents
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- WO2011114753A1 WO2011114753A1 PCT/JP2011/001652 JP2011001652W WO2011114753A1 WO 2011114753 A1 WO2011114753 A1 WO 2011114753A1 JP 2011001652 W JP2011001652 W JP 2011001652W WO 2011114753 A1 WO2011114753 A1 WO 2011114753A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/225—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference in an optical waveguide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/0121—Operation of devices; Circuit arrangements, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/501—Structural aspects
- H04B10/503—Laser transmitters
- H04B10/505—Laser transmitters using external modulation
- H04B10/5051—Laser transmitters using external modulation using a series, i.e. cascade, combination of modulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/501—Structural aspects
- H04B10/503—Laser transmitters
- H04B10/505—Laser transmitters using external modulation
- H04B10/5053—Laser transmitters using external modulation using a parallel, i.e. shunt, combination of modulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/5162—Return-to-zero modulation schemes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/548—Phase or frequency modulation
- H04B10/556—Digital modulation, e.g. differential phase shift keying [DPSK] or frequency shift keying [FSK]
- H04B10/5561—Digital phase modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
- H04L27/2032—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner
- H04L27/2053—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using more than one carrier, e.g. carriers with different phases
- H04L27/206—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using more than one carrier, e.g. carriers with different phases using a pair of orthogonal carriers, e.g. quadrature carriers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/212—Mach-Zehnder type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/54—Intensity modulation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical modulator, and more particularly to an optical modulator including a QPSK modulator or a DQPSK modulator and an RZ pulsator.
- An optical modulator is an important device for converting an electrical signal into an optical signal in an optical communication network or the like.
- the method of light modulation includes a method of directly flickering the light emission of the light source, a method of changing the transmittance of the medium that transmits light, a method of changing the interference output by controlling the optical phase in the optical interferometer, etc.
- the method using an optical interferometer has a feature that a modulated optical signal output does not have unnecessary spectral broadening.
- a method using an optical interferometer is used as a main modulation method.
- An optical interferometer type modulator that is put into practical use is formed by using an optical waveguide (LN waveguide) formed by titanium diffusion on a lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 : LN) substrate having a large electro-optic effect. Yes.
- Optical phase control is performed by applying an electric signal voltage to an electrode disposed in the vicinity of the waveguide.
- a modulated signal based on an on / off binary value of light intensity is used.
- a multi-level modulation signal that uses phase information as well as the amplitude of an optical signal, and a polarization multiplexed signal that multiplexes signals using polarization are provided. Used.
- a differential four-phase modulation (DQPSK modulation) method capable of transmitting four-value information, that is, two bits of information per symbol, has already been put into practical use.
- FIG. 1 shows the configuration of a conventional optical modulator.
- RZ Return To Zero
- pulsing is often used to isolate / unify the intensity waveform of each symbol from the viewpoint of suppressing nonlinearity during transmission and suppressing chirp at inter-symbol transitions.
- a DQPSK modulator 110 and an RZ pulsator 120 are connected by a polarization maintaining optical fiber 132.
- an Ich MZI modulator 113 and a Qch MZI modulator 114 are inserted in each of two arm waveguides sandwiched between the 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 111 and the 2 ⁇ 1 coupler 112. This is a nested modulator (nested MZI modulator).
- a ⁇ / 2 optical phase shifter (variable phase shifter) 115 is inserted into at least one of the two arm waveguides.
- the Ich MZI modulator 113 and the Qch MZI modulator 114 are each an ordinary single phase shifter provided with a modulation optical phase shifter in each of two arm waveguides sandwiched between a 1 ⁇ 2 coupler and a 2 ⁇ 1 coupler.
- the modulation optical phase shifter of the Ich MZI modulator 113 is driven by a data signal (DataI signal), and the modulation optical phase shifter of the Qch MZI modulator 114 is driven by a data signal (DataQ signal).
- the RZ pulsator 120 includes a normal single Mach-Zehnder interference having modulation optical phase shifters 123 and 124 in each of two arm waveguides sandwiched between a 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 121 and a 2 ⁇ 1 coupler 122. This is a metered modulator (MZI modulator).
- the modulation optical phase shifters 123 and 124 are driven by a clock signal (CLK signal).
- the operating principle of the Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulator will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A-D.
- the modulator is assumed to be an LN modulator using a Z-cut substrate. However, a modulator using an X-cut substrate basically performs the same operation.
- the MZI modulator shown in FIG. 2A includes modulation optical phase shifters 153 and 154 in each of two arm waveguides sandwiched between a 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 151 and a 2 ⁇ 1 coupler.
- the drive electrical signal V drv is input as + V drv / 2 to the modulation optical phase shifter 153 and ⁇ V drv / 2 to the modulation optical phase shifter 154, respectively, so-called push Pull drive is performed.
- a drive electrode is disposed between the two arm waveguides. When driving electric signals are applied, electric fields in opposite directions are applied to the upper and lower modulation optical phase shifters, so that push-pull driving is automatically performed.
- the input CW light is bifurcated by a 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 151 and then subjected to phase modulation by modulation optical phase shifters 153 and 154 of two arm waveguides. Join again.
- the electric field phase of the output signal light changes as shown in FIG. 2B. Since the light passing through the modulation optical phase shifter 153 is subjected to phase modulation in the plus direction, the electric field vector draws a locus in the counterclockwise direction ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) (2-1). Since the light passing through the modulation optical phase shifter 154 undergoes phase modulation in the minus direction, the electric field vector draws a clockwise trajectory ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) (2-2). Since the vector combination of both electric fields becomes the electric field vector of the output signal light, the locus of the output signal light draws a straight locus on the real axis (2-3).
- the output light is phase-modulated to phases 0 and ⁇ .
- the single MZI modulator operates as a phase binary phase modulator without changing the signal light intensity.
- FIG. 3 shows the intensity waveform of the optical signal and the electric field phase in the conventional optical modulator.
- the CW light is input (1-1) to the optical modulator 100 shown in FIG. 1, it is branched by the 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 111 (1-2, 1-3), and the Ich MZI modulator 113 and the Qch MZI modulation are performed.
- the Ich MZI modulator 113 and the Qch MZI modulator 114 output phase-modulated modulated signal light (1-4, 1-5).
- Ich and Qch are set to the same modulation pattern “100...”, But the actual modulation is not necessarily the same.
- the phase of the output light does not change.
- the single MZI modulator operates as a pulse generator that generates isolated pulses with uniform signal light intensity waveforms. Therefore, when applied to the RZ pulsator 120 of the optical modulator 100 shown in FIG. 1, as shown in (1-8) of FIG. 3, each optical phase information of the DQPSK modulated signal light is maintained. Symbols can be formed into isolated pulses of the same intensity waveform. In the RZ pulsing, the waveform is formed by attenuating the optical waveform so as to reduce the waveform. When a waveform is formed in an RZ pulse with a duty ratio of 50%, a principle loss of 3 dB occurs.
- the LN waveguide has a phenomenon called “DC drift” in which, when a voltage is applied for a long time, the refractive index of the waveguide shifts due to charge-up and the interference condition shifts.
- DC drift a phenomenon in which, when a voltage is applied for a long time, the refractive index of the waveguide shifts due to charge-up and the interference condition shifts.
- temperature drift a phenomenon in which the refractive index shifts depending on the environmental temperature.
- Such a shift in the interference condition is caused by a modulation operation point in an MZI modulator such as the MZI modulator (Ich MZI modulator 113 and Qch MZI modulator 114 in FIG. 1) or the RZ pulsator on the child side of the nested structure.
- an electric circuit called a bias tee that synthesizes a high-frequency signal component and a DC bias component is inserted before the high-frequency input so that the bias voltage is applied to the modulation signal. Compensation by sharing Alternatively, a dedicated bias electrode for compensating / adjusting the modulation operating point is provided separately from the high frequency electrode, and compensation is performed by applying a bias voltage.
- Monitoring of deviation of modulation operating point and deviation of orthogonality is normally performed by monitoring the optical output by providing a monitor output branched by an optical tap or the like at the output of each modulator.
- the monitor in the DQPSK modulator 110 is provided after the 2 ⁇ 1 coupler 112
- the monitor in the RZ pulse generator 120 is provided after the 2 ⁇ 1 coupler 122.
- f (t) f (t) (Formula 1)
- the interferometer type modulator is a data modulator having a modulation optical phase shifter in two arm waveguides sandwiched between the output of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler of the 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulsator and the merging coupler. And a ⁇ / 2 optical phase shifter for setting the relative optical phase of the output signal from each of the interferometric modulators to 90 °.
- the interferometer-type modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type modulator in two arm waveguides sandwiched between the output of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler of the 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulsator and the polarization beam combiner,
- the Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type modulator is a data modulator having a modulation optical phase shifter in two arm waveguides sandwiched between a branching coupler and a merging coupler, and a TE / TM polarization converter and polarization synthesis. Can be provided.
- a modulator that avoids the principle loss associated with pulsing can be obtained by configuring the RZ pulsator with a 1-input / 2-output configuration.
- an RZ-DQPSK modulator that can avoid the principle loss associated with pulsing can be obtained. it can.
- the interferometer type modulator as a QPSK modulator for X polarization and a QPSK modulator for Y polarization, including an Ich MZI modulator and a Qch MZI modulator, respectively, and configuring a nested MZI modulator.
- An RZ-polarization multiplexed QPSK modulator can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a DQPSK modulator with an RZ pulsator according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a thermo-optic phase shifter according to Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a thermo-optic phase shifter according to Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a delay circuit according to the first embodiment.
- 1 is a cross-sectional view of a modulator array according to Example 1.
- FIG. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a polarization multiplexed QPSK modulator with an RZ pulse generator according to a second embodiment. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a polarization beam combiner according to Embodiment 2. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the polarization rotator concerning Example 2.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a modulator array according to Example 2.
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a method of adjusting a bias point of a 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulsator.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a method of adjusting a bias point of a 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulsator.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a method of adjusting a bias point of a 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulsator.
- FIG. 4 shows the configuration of a DQPSK modulator with an RZ pulse generator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the optical modulator 200 includes a 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulsator 220 including modulation optical phase shifters 223 and 224 in two arm waveguides sandwiched between a 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 221 and a 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 222, and 1 A delay circuit 240 for inserting a delay corresponding to half of the modulation symbol rate and a DQPSK modulator are provided on one of the two outputs of the ⁇ 2RZ pulse generator 220 (Qch side in FIG. 3).
- the optical modulator 200 of the first embodiment has an output side 2 ⁇ 1 coupler of the RZ pulse generator.
- the difference is that the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler is used as a 1 ⁇ 2 coupler on the input side of the DQPSK modulator and that one of the arm waveguides of the DQPSK modulator is provided with a delay circuit.
- the operation of the optical modulator of the first embodiment will be described.
- the operation of the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 will be described.
- the RZ pulse signal for driving the modulation optical phase shifters 223 and 224 is a CLK signal input with an amplitude of V ⁇ (V ⁇ drive).
- the input CW light is bifurcated by the 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 221, and then phase-modulated by the modulation optical phase shifters 223 and 224, respectively, and coupled by the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 222 to perform an interference operation.
- FIGS. 5A to 5C the operation principle of the V ⁇ drive 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulse generator will be described.
- the electric field phase of the output signal light from the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 changes as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B.
- 5A shows one output port of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 222 (upper side of FIG. 4)
- FIG. 5B shows the other output port of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 222 (lower side of FIG. 4). Since the light passing through the modulation optical phase shifter 223 is subjected to phase modulation in the plus direction, the electric field vector draws a counterclockwise ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) locus (3-11).
- the electric field vector draws a clockwise ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) locus (3-12).
- the signal light of the cross path has a phase difference of 90 ° with respect to the bar path, so the signal light of the upper output port is shown in the figure with respect to the signal light of the lower output port.
- the locus is drawn at a position shifted by 90 °.
- the locus of the output signal light draws a straight locus on the real axis (3-2, 3-3). Therefore, when driven by a CLK signal having an amplitude V ⁇ , a repetitive optical pulse having the same optical phase and intensity waveform is output from each output port from each output port. As shown in FIG. 5C, the phase of the trajectory movement is reversed between the upper output port and the lower output port. Therefore, when the upper output port is at the maximum output, the lower output port is the minimum output, and when the upper output port is the minimum output, the lower output port is the minimum output.
- the output timings of the optical pulse output from the upper output port and the optical pulse output from the lower output port are shifted by a half clock, that is, a half symbol of the modulation symbol rate.
- the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 is equivalent to operating as an optical switch that is switched by the RZ pulse signal.
- the input CW light is output to either the upper output port or the lower output port, and it can be seen that, in total, the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 does not cause a principle loss.
- FIG. 6 shows an intensity waveform and an electric field phase of an optical signal in the optical modulator according to the first embodiment.
- CW light is input (3-1) to the optical modulator 200 shown in FIG. 4, as described with reference to FIG. 5, an optical pulse is output at a timing shifted by a half symbol of the modulation symbol rate (3-2). 3-3).
- the output signal light from the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 is output at a timing when one of the output signal lights is delayed by half a symbol with respect to the other output signal light by the delay circuit 240. (3-4, 3-5).
- the optical paths on the Ich side and the Qch side Each modulation signal is synthesized with a phase difference (3-8) of 90 ° with the length difference being a quarter wavelength.
- the optical signal output can be modulated into a quaternary phase as shown in (3-9), and RZ-DQPSK signal light in which each symbol is formed into an isolated pulse can be obtained.
- the delay circuit 220 is disposed in front of the data modulator (Ich modulator 213 / Qch modulator 214).
- the order of the delay circuit 220 and the data modulator is changed so that the signal timing (DataQ signal) to the Qch modulator 214 is advanced by half a symbol relative to the signal timing (DataI signal) to the Ich modulator 213. Also good. Specifically, a similar result can be obtained by inserting an electrical delay circuit for half symbols into a circuit that supplies the DataI signal.
- the delay circuit 240 has a delay length of half a symbol
- the optical signal output from the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 is a repeated optical pulse at a symbol rate. Therefore, the delay length may be 1.5 symbols or (k + 0.5) symbols (here, k is an integer), that is, a delay length having a fraction of 0.5 symbols.
- k is an integer
- the absolute value of k is too large, the symbol deviation changes greatly when the symbol rate deviates from the design delay length, and the fraction deviates greatly from the delay of 0.5 symbols. It is desirable that the absolute value of k is small.
- the RZ pulse signal preferably has a vertically symmetric drive waveform so that the isolated waveforms of the signal light at the upper output port and the lower output port of the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 220 have the same waveform.
- the drive waveform is more preferably a sine wave than a square wave. Therefore, for the RZ pulse signal, it is better to use a clock signal whose waveform has been shaped into an upper and lower sine wave through an electric bandpass filter or an electric low-pass filter, rather than simply using a CLK signal.
- the simplest method is to provide a monitor for the RZ pulse generator 220 at the location (3-2) or (3-3) shown in FIG.
- This is a method of providing a monitor for the DQPSK modulator after the ⁇ 1 coupler 212.
- the RZ pulse generator 220 has two outputs, but when only one output port is seen, it basically appears to operate in the same manner as a conventional RZ pulse generator. Therefore, the conventional adjustment method can be used as it is by monitoring any one of the output ports.
- the DQPSK modulator is different from the conventional one in that signal light having no principle loss is output. However, with respect to the monitor, the conventional adjustment method can be used as it is by monitoring the point (3-9).
- FIGS. 7A to 7C the operation principle of the 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulse generator driven by 2V ⁇ will be described.
- the electric field phase of the output signal light of the 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulsator 220 in FIG. 4 changes as shown in FIGS. 7A shows one output port of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 222 (upper side of FIG. 4), and FIG. 7B shows the other output port of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 222 (lower side of FIG. 4).
- the motion of the electric field vector accompanying driving is the same as that during V ⁇ driving, and the phase of the signal light of the upper output port with respect to the signal light of the lower output port is the same.
- the 90 ° shift is the same as in the V ⁇ drive.
- the same is true for the locus of the output signal light drawing a straight locus on the real axis.
- the state of the output waveform (3- 2,3-3) is slightly different from that during V ⁇ driving.
- the locus of the signal light at the lower output port moves only in the plus range on the real axis, and reciprocates twice in one cycle of the CLK / 2 signal. A signal output is obtained. Note that the output timings of the optical pulse output from the upper output port and the optical pulse output from the lower output port are shifted by a half symbol as in the V ⁇ drive.
- the Ich modulator 213 of the DQPSK modulator receives a pulse whose phase is inverted for each symbol, the data I signal for driving the modulation optical phase shifter is changed for each symbol. It is necessary to put a precoding process for inverting bits.
- the optical pulse waveform from the upper output port and the optical pulse waveform from the lower output port are different.
- the drive waveform is a waveform that instantaneously moves from the point ⁇ to the point x.
- the optical pulse waveform from the upper output port is a waveform with a large duty ratio, that is, a waveform in which the light intensity becomes zero only when the pulse width is wide and the circle is.
- the light pulse waveform from the lower output port is a waveform with a small duty ratio, that is, a waveform in which the light intensity is almost zero except when the pulse width is narrow and the point ⁇ .
- this duty ratio is about 67% for the optical pulse from the upper output port and about 33% for the optical pulse from the lower output port.
- the drive waveform is preferably a triangular wave having an amplitude center of + V ⁇ / 2. In FIG. 7, each waveform is illustrated assuming that such a triangular wave is used as a drive signal.
- FIG. 8 shows the intensity waveform of the optical signal and the electric field phase in the optical modulator driven by 2V ⁇ .
- the Ich modulator 213 of the DQPSK modulator receives a pulse whose phase is inverted for each symbol. Therefore, the difference from the V ⁇ drive is that the Data I signal that drives the modulation optical phase shifter is operated by performing a precoding process that inverts the bit for each symbol.
- FIG. 9 shows the configuration of a polarization multiplexed QPSK modulator with an RZ pulsator according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the optical modulator 300 includes a 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 320 having the same configuration as that of the optical modulator 200 of the first embodiment and a delay circuit 340 in the front stage, and a polarization multiplexing QPSK modulator in the rear stage. ing.
- the polarization multiplexed QPSK modulator is connected to the outputs of the QPSK modulator 310X for X polarization, the QPSK modulator 310Y for Y polarization, and the QPSK modulator 310X for X polarization, and converts TM polarization to TE polarization.
- a polarization rotator 341 for conversion and a polarization beam combiner 343 for combining the light output of the QPSK modulator 310X for X polarization and the light output of the polarization rotator 341 are provided.
- the X polarization / Y polarization refers to the polarization direction at the output of the polarization beam combiner.
- Each of the QPSK modulator 310X for X polarization and the QPSK modulator 310Y for Y polarization is modulated light in two arm waveguides sandwiched between 1 ⁇ 2 couplers 311X and Y and 2 ⁇ 1 couplers 312X and Y.
- Ich modulators 313X, Y and Qch modulators 314X, Y which are data modulators equipped with phase shifters, and 2 ⁇ 1 couplers 312X, Y for joining the outputs from the two data modulators are provided. Yes.
- At least one of the two arm waveguides includes ⁇ / for making the relative phase difference of the output signals from the Qch modulators 314X and Y with respect to the output signals from the Ich modulators 313X and Y 90 °.
- Two optical phase shifters 315X and Y are inserted.
- FIG. 10 shows an intensity waveform and an electric field phase of an optical signal in the optical modulator according to the second embodiment. It is assumed that the optical modulator 300 uses a Z-cut substrate, and the 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulse generator 320 is operated by the above-described V ⁇ drive.
- the waveforms from the input (4-1) of the optical modulator 200 shown in FIG. 9 to the outputs (4-4, 4-5) of the delay circuit 340 are shown in (3-1) of FIG. 6 of the first embodiment. Same as (3-5).
- repeated pulses at the symbol rate are output at the same timing.
- QPSK modulation is performed in each of the QPSK modulator 310X for X polarization and the QPSK modulator 310Y for Y polarization, and QPSK signal light modulated into a four-level phase is output ( 4-6, 4-7).
- modulation is performed with TM polarization, and so far, propagation is performed with TM polarization.
- the signal light output from the QPSK modulator 310X for X polarization is also TM polarization, but is converted to TE polarization by the polarization rotator 341 (4-8).
- the TM-polarized signal light (4-7) output from the Y-polarization QPSK modulator 310Y and the TE-polarized signal light (4-8) output from the polarization rotator 341 are combined into polarization.
- the signal light (3-9) is polarization-multiplexed by the counter 343. Since each polarization signal light is polarization multiplexed at the same pulse timing, such a polarization multiplexed signal is particularly called bit-aligned polarization multiplexing.
- the RZ pulsator 320 has a 1-input / 2-output configuration, so that the principle loss associated with pulsing can be avoided, and X polarization (TE polarization) and Y polarization ( Looking at the polarization multiplexed signal combined with (TM polarization), it can be seen that the average value of the entire signal light intensity is the same as in the first embodiment.
- the polarization beam combiner 343 can be replaced with a simple optical coupler, but in that case, a disadvantage is that a 3 dB principle loss occurs. Further, when the optical coupler is used, the polarization state is output as it is when the performance of the polarization rotator 341 is insufficient, so the orthogonality between the X polarization signal and the Y polarization signal is 90 °. There arises a problem of deteriorating and deteriorating. In the case where the polarization beam combiner 343 is used, the polarization component that has not been subjected to polarization conversion is extinguished and attenuated by the polarization beam combiner. Therefore, even if the performance of the polarization rotator is somewhat insufficient, the orthogonality of the polarization components can be maintained with high accuracy. Therefore, it is desirable to use a polarization beam combiner instead of a simple optical coupler.
- the difference when the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulsator 320 is driven by 2V ⁇ is the same as that of the first embodiment.
- a precoding process for inputting a triangular wave with an amplitude center + V ⁇ / 2 as shown in FIG. 7C and performing bit inversion for each symbol is performed by DataYI of the QPSK modulator 310Y for Y polarization. Input for both signal and DataYQ signal.
- the amplitude center of the triangular wave drive signal to the RZ pulse generator 320 is ⁇ V ⁇ / 2
- precoding processing is performed for both the DataXI signal and DataXQ signal of the X polarization QPSK modulator 310X. Become.
- the polarization rotator 341 is provided on the X-polarization QPSK modulator 310X side. Since the wave direction is TE polarization, the polarization rotator 341 is provided on the Y polarization QPSK modulator 310Y side.
- the RZ pulse generator 320 is provided at the location (4-2) or (4-3) shown in FIG. 9 in the same way as the idea in the first embodiment.
- the Y-polarization QPSK modulator 310Y at the position (4-6)
- the X-polarization QPSK modulator 310X at the position (4-7) or (4-8)
- the number of monitor locations can be reduced by using the method described below.
- the modulation operation point of the RZ pulsed signal applied to the 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulse generator that is, the drive voltage of the bias point
- the light intensity of the output light from the 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulse generator Changes as shown in FIG. 17B.
- the bias point deviates from the appropriate value
- the pulse shape of the output light from each output port is distorted.
- the time average value of the light intensity of the output light as shown in FIG. 17C, it can be seen that the time average value of the upper output port and the time average value of the lower output port are the same at the optimum bias point. .
- the bias point of the 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulsator may be adjusted so that the time average values of the light intensities at the locations (4-2) and (4-3) are the same.
- the time average values of the light intensities at locations (4-2) and (4-3) are basically the same as the time average values in (4-6) and (4-7) or (4-8), respectively.
- the monitor for the QPSK modulator for Y polarization (4-6) and the monitor for the QPSK modulator for X polarization (4-7) or (4-8) the time of the light intensity
- the bias point of the 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulse generator may be adjusted so that the average value is the same, and the monitor for the RZ pulse generator of (4-2) or (4-3) described above is omitted. Can do.
- lock-in detection is performed in the monitor for the QPSK modulator for Y polarization (4-6) and the monitor for the QPSK modulator for X polarization (4-7) or (4-8). By doing so, the bias point of the 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulsator can be adjusted.
- the monitor dedicated to the RZ pulse generator (4-2) or (4-3) described above can be omitted.
- a monitor is provided in (3-2) or (3-4) and (3-3) or (3-5), and the bias of the 2 ⁇ 1 RZ pulse generator is set so that the time average time is the same. The point may be adjusted.
- FIG. 11 shows the configuration of a polarization multiplexed QPSK modulator with an RZ pulsator according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the difference from the second embodiment shown in FIG. 9 is that there is no delay circuit, and the drive signals (DataXI signal, DataXQ signal) of one QPSK modulator (the QPSK modulator 410X for X polarization in FIG. 11). ), Half-symbol electrical delay circuits 434a, b are inserted.
- FIG. 12 shows an intensity waveform and an electric field phase of an optical signal in the optical modulator according to the third embodiment.
- the waveforms from the input (5-1) of the optical modulator 400 to the output (5-2, 5-3) of the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 420 are shown in (3-1) to (3-1) in FIG. 6 of the first embodiment. Same as (3-3).
- the output signal (5-4) of the QPSK modulator 410Y for Y polarization and the output signal (5-5) of the QPSK modulator 410X for X polarization are output with a half symbol shift. Accordingly, the signal light of each polarization is polarization-multiplexed at a pulse timing shifted by a half symbol (5-7). This point is greatly different from the signal light obtained in the second embodiment.
- Such a polarization multiplexed signal is particularly called bit interleaved polarization multiplexing.
- the RZ pulsator 420 is configured to have one input and two outputs, so that the principle loss associated with pulsing can be avoided, and X polarization (TE polarization) and Y polarization ( Looking at the polarization multiplexed signal combined with (TM polarization), it can be seen that the average value of the entire signal light intensity is the same as in the first embodiment.
- the half-symbol electric delay circuits 434a and 434b inserted in FIG. 11 are relative to the second embodiment of FIG. Accordingly, the timing of each Data signal may be adjusted to drive each QPSK modulator so as to match the optical pulse train generated by the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 420.
- FIG. 13 shows a configuration of a DQPSK modulator with an RZ pulse generator according to the first embodiment.
- the optical modulator according to the first embodiment has a composite integrated configuration in which quartz-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) substrates 501 and 502 and an LN substrate 503 on which an LN modulator array is formed are end-face connected.
- PLC planar lightwave circuit
- the PLC waveguide Since the PLC waveguide has a very small EO effect, it cannot constitute a modulator alone. On the other hand, the propagation loss is one-tenth or less of that of the LN waveguide, and the waveguide medium is very low loss. In addition, since the allowable bending radius of the bent waveguide is about 2 mm and has a high degree of design freedom, various optical circuits can be realized with low loss if it is a passive circuit. On the other hand, since the LN waveguide has a larger propagation loss and allowable bending radius than the PLC waveguide, it is not suitable for forming a complicated optical circuit. On the other hand, since it has a high EO effect as described above, it is very excellent as a high-speed modulation circuit.
- a PLC waveguide is used for a passive circuit portion such as a branch / merging circuit, and only a portion of the modulator array is integrated using an LN waveguide.
- the advantages of both the PLC waveguide and the LN waveguide can be obtained.
- a polarization multiplexing QPSK modulator that requires a polarization combiner is further advantageous. Becomes larger.
- the PLC substrate 501 to which the input / output fibers 531 and 533 are connected is connected to each of the 1 ⁇ 2 coupler 521 of the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulse generator 520, the Ich modulator 513 and the Qch modulator 514 of the DQPSK modulator.
- the 2 ⁇ 1 couplers 552I and Q on the output side and the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 512 that combines the output of the Ich modulator 513 and the output of the Qch modulator 514 are manufactured.
- One output of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 512 is a signal light output, and the other output is a monitor output for adjusting the operating point of the modulator.
- the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler was a wavelength independent coupler (WINC). Note that the angle of the polarization-maintaining input fiber is adjusted so that the signal light input to the PLC board 501 becomes TM polarized light.
- the PLC substrate 502 includes 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulsator 520 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 522, DQPSK modulator Ich modulator 513, and Qch modulator 514 on the input side 1 ⁇ 2 couplers 551 I and Q, And a delay circuit 540 for inserting a delay corresponding to half of the modulation symbol rate.
- the waveguide length difference of the delay circuit 540 is about 4.7 mm in accordance with the bit rate of 43 Gbps, that is, the symbol rate of 21.5 Gbaud, because the refractive index of the waveguide is about 1.48.
- thermo-optic phase shifter 525a, b, 555Ia, b, 555Qa, b are provided.
- Thermo-optic phase shifters 515a and 515b that operate as ⁇ / 2 optical phase shifters for adjusting and synthesizing the Ich and Qch signal lights of the DQPSK modulator with a relative phase difference of 90 ° are output to the delay circuit 540. Is provided.
- a ⁇ / 2 optical phase shifter is provided at the outputs of the Ich modulator 513 and the Qch modulator 514. Since the delay amount corresponding to the optical phase difference of ⁇ / 2 is as small as 1 ⁇ 4 wavelength of light, it may be provided before the Ich modulator 513 and the Qch modulator 514 as in the first embodiment. .
- Thermo-optical phase shifters 525, 555I, 555Q, and 515 are provided in each of the two arm waveguides. This is because the thermo-optic phase shifter operates only in the direction in which the phase is delayed by the heating control described later, and is provided in both arm waveguides in order to adjust both positive and negative as a regulator. Although it is possible to provide only in one arm waveguide, in this case, the phase adjustment is performed not at - ⁇ to ⁇ but at 0 to 2 ⁇ , so on average consumption for heating adjustment Electric power increases.
- thermo-optic phase shifter 515 A cross-sectional view of the thermo-optic phase shifter 515 is shown in FIG. 14A.
- the thermo-optic phase shifter includes a thin film heater 604 provided on a waveguide clad 602 on a silicon substrate 601. The temperature of the waveguide core 603 is locally controlled, and the refractive index of the optical waveguide just below the thin film heater 604 is changed by the thermo-optic effect to control the phase of the guided light.
- thermo-optic phase shifters are provided on one PLC substrate 502, there is an advantage that only one PLC substrate needs to be radiated.
- the reason why the PLC substrate 502 without optical fiber connection is provided is to prevent the stress on the optical fiber from changing due to the expansion and contraction of the chip due to thermal expansion.
- FIG. 14B A cross-sectional view of the delay circuit 540 is shown in FIG. 14B.
- a plurality of grooves 605 are dug so as to cross the waveguide core 602 in a part of the optical waveguide, and silicon resin 606 is filled.
- the refractive index temperature dependency dn / dT of the quartz-based waveguide is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5
- the phase change amount ⁇ with respect to the temperature variation of ⁇ T 30 ° C.
- the groove 605 filled with the silicon resin 606 is divided into several parts is to suppress an increase in loss due to the loss of the waveguide structure by the groove 605. Since the loss caused by this structure breaks the loss balance between the Ich side and the Qch side, it is preferable to compensate for this. Therefore, by adding a slight gap 541 to the waveguide on the non-delayed side of the delay circuit 540, the same amount of loss as that generated in the groove 605 is added.
- the PLC substrates 501 and 502 were manufactured using a combination of a glass film deposition technique such as a flame deposition (FHD) method and a fine processing technique such as reactive ion etching (RIE). Specifically, a glass film that becomes a lower cladding layer is deposited on a silicon substrate to be transparent. Subsequently, a core layer having a refractive index slightly higher than that of the cladding layer was deposited. Then, a core pattern to be an optical waveguide circuit was patterned by a microfabrication technique, and a glass film to be an upper clad layer was deposited and transparentized to produce an embedded optical waveguide. Finally, a metal to be a thin film heater was deposited on the surface of the upper clad by a vacuum deposition method or the like, patterned with a fine processing technique, and loaded with a thermo-optic phase shifter.
- a glass film deposition technique such as a flame deposition (FHD) method
- RIE reactive ion etch
- the relative refractive index difference between the core and clad of the waveguide is 1.5%.
- the substrate size is 6 ⁇ 10 mm for PLC501 and 6 ⁇ 15 mm for PLC502.
- an electric wiring pattern for supplying a driving current to each thin film heater is formed on the chip.
- the insertion loss when the optical modulator according to Example 1 is not modulated was about 6 dB. Measurement conditions are: (1) adjust the operating points of both modulators so that the optical modulator is at maximum transmission, (1) Ich modulator 513 and Qch modulator 514 are at maximum transmission, and (2) RZ The operating point of the RZ pulse generator 520 is adjusted so that the upper output port and the lower output port of the pulse generator 520 have the same intensity. (3) The ⁇ / 2 phase shifter 515 outputs an optical output to the output port. Was adjusted to maximize.
- FIG. 15 shows a configuration of a polarization multiplexed QPSK modulator with an RZ pulsator according to the second embodiment.
- the optical modulator of the second embodiment also has a composite integrated configuration in which quartz-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) substrates 701 and 702 and an LN substrate 703 on which an LN modulator array is formed are end-face connected.
- PLC planar lightwave circuit
- One output of the 2 ⁇ 2 couplers 712X and 712Y is connected to the polarization rotator 741 and polarization synthesizer 742 in the subsequent stage, and the other output is a monitor output for adjusting the operating point of the optical modulator. It has become.
- the 2 ⁇ 2 couplers 712X and 712Y are wavelength-independent couplers (WINC).
- FIG. 16B A cross-sectional view of the polarization rotator 741 is shown in FIG. 16B.
- the half-wave plate 826 is inserted into a groove 825 that traverses the waveguide core 823 and fixed with an adhesive that matches the refractive index.
- the groove 825 that crosses the waveguide is tilted by 8 degrees in order to prevent the reflection at the half-wave plate 826 from propagating as return light.
- the angle of the polarization-maintaining input fiber is adjusted so that the signal light input to the PLC board 701 becomes TE polarized light.
- the length of the stress release groove 753 and the waveguide length difference of the interferometer for example, TE polarization
- TE polarization For the TM polarized light, it is possible to design the optical path length difference of an equal length to that of a half wavelength.
- TE polarized light propagates in the cross path
- TM polarized light propagates in the bar path. Therefore, the TE polarized signal light input to the upper input port and the lower input port are input. Both TM polarized light can be output to the lower output port. Therefore, such an interferometer operates as a polarization combiner.
- FIG. 16A A sectional view of the polarization beam combiner 743 is shown in FIG. 16A.
- the interferometer includes an optical waveguide composed of a waveguide cladding 822 and a waveguide core 823 on the silicon substrate 821.
- the grooves 824 a and b that reach the silicon substrate 821 deeper than the waveguide core 823 are dug in parallel with the waveguide core 823, thereby forming the stress release grooves 753.
- the PLC board 702 includes a 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 722 of the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulsator 720, an QPSK modulator 710X for X polarization, and a QPSK modulator 710Y for Y polarization, respectively, an Ich modulator and a Qch modulator.
- Four 1 ⁇ 2 couplers on the input side and outputs of these Ich modulators and 1 ⁇ 2 couplers 711X and 711Y (two) for branching light to the Qch modulators are produced.
- the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler was a wavelength independent coupler (WINC).
- the folded waveguide 760 connecting the 1 ⁇ 2 RZ pulsator 720, the QPSK modulator for X polarization 710X, and the QPSK modulator for Y polarization 710Y has an equal length design with no relative delay.
- the modulation operating point is adjusted to the output of the 1 ⁇ 2RZ pulse generator 720, the output of the Ich modulator and the Qch modulator of the QPSK modulator 710X for X polarization and the QPSK modulator 710Y for Y polarization, respectively.
- thermo-optic phase shifters (10) are respectively provided in the two-arm waveguide of the modulator.
- Thermo-optic phase shifters 715 (four) that operate as ⁇ / 2 optical phase shifters for adjusting and synthesizing the Ich and Qch signal lights of the DQPSK modulator with a relative phase difference of 90 ° are used for X polarization.
- thermo-optic phase shifter 710X and the Y polarization QPSK modulator 710Y are provided at the outputs of the QPSK modulator 710X and the Y polarization QPSK modulator 710Y.
- the clad on both sides of the thin film heater of the thermo-optic phase shifter is provided with heat insulating grooves for reducing the power consumption of the thermo-optic phase shifter (not shown in FIG. 15).
- Example 2 the operating point adjusting phase shifter and the ⁇ / 2 optical phase shifter provided in each modulator are all provided on the PLC substrate 701. This is because the step of producing the stress release groove in the polarization beam combiner can also serve as the step of producing the heat insulation groove of the thermo-optic phase shifter, thereby reducing the chip production cost. . Although not shown in the drawing, an electric wiring pattern for supplying a driving current to each thin film heater is formed on the chip.
- the insertion loss when the optical modulator according to Example 2 is not modulated was about 8 dB.
- the measurement conditions are as follows: (1) the operating point of both modulators and the QPSK modulator 710X for X polarization and the QPSK modulator 710Y for Y polarization are maximized so that the optical modulator has maximum transmission; The ⁇ / 2 phase shifter was adjusted. (2) The operating point of the RZ pulse generator 720 was adjusted so that the upper output port and the lower output port of the RZ pulse generator 720 had the same intensity. As the characteristics of the polarization beam combiner, a very good performance with a polarization crosstalk of ⁇ 30 dB or less was obtained.
- the RZ pulse generator 720 receives a CLK signal with a clock amplitude (same as the symbol rate) of 25 GHz and a voltage amplitude of V ⁇ drive, and an QPSK modulator for X polarization 710X and a QPSK modulator for Y polarization 710Y.
- a pseudo random signal (PRBS) data signal is input to the Ich modulator and the Qch modulator. At this time, it is shifted by several tens of bits between the Ich side and the Qch side, and further shifted by several tens of bits between the X polarized wave and the Y polarized wave, and is input with a voltage amplitude of 2V ⁇ drive.
- a wave multiplexed QPSK signal was generated.
- Each modulation operating point and the ⁇ / 2 phase shifter are adjusted to be in an appropriate state.
- the attenuation amount of the output optical signal (the sum of TE polarization / TM polarization) with respect to the input of the CW light is about 11 dB, and the loss increase due to the modulation is 3 dB. Therefore, only the 3 dB principle loss generated by the 90 ° synthesis of the QPSK signal occurs in the modulator of the second embodiment, and the 3 dB principle generated by the RZ pulsator in the conventional optical modulator. Loss can be avoided.
- the method described in the second embodiment is used for the method of monitoring the shift of the modulation operation point and the shift of the orthogonality. That is, one output of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 712X of the QPSK modulator 710X for X polarization and one output of the 2 ⁇ 2 coupler 712Y of the QPSK modulator 710Y for Y polarization are used as monitor outputs, respectively.
- the drive bias point of the RZ pulse generator 720 is adjusted so that the time average values of the intensity are the same.
- the output value of the RZ pulsator 720 is not directly visible, but the QPSK modulator for X polarization 710X, the QPSK modulator for Y polarization 710Y, and the polarization rotator It is a value that receives the loss of circuit elements up to the monitor output such as 741. Since these loss values vary from device to device, the comparison of the actual time average values of the output light intensity is performed by measuring these loss variations in advance and subtracting the variations.
- the birefringence adjustment using the stress release groove is used to realize the polarization beam combiner 743.
- the waveguide width is widened in the horizontal direction and flattened.
- the combination of the LN substrate and the quartz PLC substrate is described as a combination of composite integration, but this is a mainstream waveguide technology of a high-speed modulator because the LN waveguide has a high EO effect.
- the quartz-based waveguide is the waveguide with the lowest loss as a passive waveguide, and this combination is excellent as a combination for realizing a complex modulator with low loss.
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Abstract
Description
f(t-CLK/2)=-f(t) (式1)
の関係を満たし、振幅Vπで繰り返し周期CLKのパルス化信号とすることができる。
F(t)=Abs{f(t)-Vπ/2}-Vπ/2、または、
F(t)=Abs{f(t)+Vπ/2}-Vπ/2 (式2)
としたときに、
F(t-CLK/2)=-F(t) (式3)
を満たし、振幅2Vπで繰り返し周期CLKのパルス化信号とすることができる。
図4に、本願発明の第1の実施形態にかかるRZパルス化器付きDQPSK変調器の構成を示す。光変調器200は、1×2カプラ221と2×2カプラ222に挟まれた2本のアーム導波路に変調用光移相器223,224を備えた1×2RZパルス化器220と、1×2RZパルス化器220の2出力のいずれか一方(図3ではQch側)に、変調シンボルレートの半分に相当する遅延を挿入する遅延回路240と、DQPSK変調器とを備える。
f(t-CLK/2)=-f(t)
の関係を満たす駆動波形であることが望ましい。
次に、第1の実施形態の光変調器200において、RZパルス信号として、CLK信号を分周(CLK/2)し、2Vπの振幅入力とした信号を用いた場合(2Vπ駆動)について説明する。このように2Vπ振幅のCLK/2信号でRZパルス化を行う方法は、キャリア抑圧RZパルス化(CSRZ化)と呼ばれる。一般に、RZパルス化を行うと信号スペクトルがRZパルス化を行う前の約2倍に広がるが、CSRZパルス化の場合はスペクトル広がりが1.5倍程度に抑えることができる。このため、周波数利用効率を向上させる場合には好んで用いられる。
F(t)=Abs{f(t)-Vπ/2}-Vπ/2
としたときに、
F(t-CLK/2)=-F(t)
が成り立つようは波形が望ましいことが分かる。さらに、スペクトル拡大防止の観点から、光パルス波形を正弦波形状とするために、駆動波形は、振幅中心を+Vπ/2とする三角波が望ましい。なお、図7ではこのような三角波を駆動信号に用いたとして各波形を図示している。
図9に、本発明の第2の実施形態にかかるRZパルス化器付き偏波多重QPSK変調器の構成を示す。光変調器300は、前段に、第1の実施形態の光変調器200と同じ構成の1×2RZパルス化器320と、遅延回路340とを備え、後段に、偏波多重QPSK変調器を備えている。
図11に、本発明の第3の実施形態にかかるRZパルス化器付き偏波多重QPSK変調器の構成を示す。図9に示した第2の実施形態との相違点は、遅延回路が無いこと、一方のQPSK変調器(図11では、X偏波用QPSK変調器410X)の駆動信号(DataXI信号、DataXQ信号)に半シンボル分の電気遅延回路434a,bを挿入している点である。
図13に、実施例1にかかるRZパルス化器付きDQPSK変調器の構成を示す。実施例1の光変調器は、石英系平面光波回路(PLC)基板501,502とLN変調器アレイが形成されたLN基板503とを端面接続した複合集積構成となっている。
図15に、実施例2にかかるRZパルス化器付き偏波多重QPSK変調器の構成を示す。実施例2の光変調器も、石英系平面光波回路(PLC)基板701,702とLN変調器アレイが形成されたLN基板703とを端面接続した複合集積構成となっている。実施例2の光変調器においては偏波合成器が必要になるが、LN導波路で構成する場合には、十分な特性が出ないが、PLC導波路を用いた場合には、偏波直交性の優れた偏波合成器を作製することができる。
Claims (15)
- 1×2カプラと2×2カプラとに挟まれた2本のアーム導波路に変調用光移相器を備えた1×2RZパルス化器と、
前記2×2カプラの2出力のそれぞれに接続された2つの干渉計型変調器と、
前記干渉計型変調器のそれぞれの出力を合流させる2×1カプラと
を備えたことを特徴とする光変調器。 - 前記1×2RZパルス化器を駆動するパルス化信号は、駆動波形f(t)が、
f(t-CLK/2)=-f(t)
の関係を満たし、振幅Vπで繰り返し周期CLKのパルス化信号であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光変調器。 - 前記パルス化信号は、正弦波であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の光変調器。
- 前記1×2RZパルス化器を駆動するパルス化信号は、駆動波形f(t)が、
F(t)=Abs{f(t)-Vπ/2}-Vπ/2、または、
F(t)=Abs{f(t)+Vπ/2}-Vπ/2
としたときに、
F(t-CLK/2)=-F(t)
を満たし、振幅2Vπで繰り返し周期CLKのパルス化信号であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光変調器。 - 前記パルス化信号は、振幅中心を+Vπ/2または-Vπ/2とする三角波であること特徴とする請求項4に記載の光変調器。
- 前記干渉計型変調器は、前記1×2RZパルス化器の2×2カプラの出力と合流カプラとに挟まれた2本のアーム導波路に変調用光移相器を備えたデータ変調器であり、
前記1×2RZパルス化器の2×2カプラの出力から各々の前記干渉計型変調器の分岐カプラの入力までの伝搬遅延時間差がパルス化周期の(k+0.5)倍(kは整数)となる遅延回路と、
各々の前記干渉計型変調器からの出力信号の相対光位相を90°にするπ/2光移相器と
をさらに備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光変調器。 - 前記干渉計型変調器は、前記1×2RZパルス化器の2×2カプラの出力と偏波合成器とに挟まれた2本のアーム導波路にマッハツェンダー干渉計型変調器を備え、該マッハツェンダー干渉計型変調器は、分岐カプラと合流カプラに挟まれた2本のアーム導波路に変調用光移相器を備えたデータ変調器であり、
前記マッハツェンダー干渉計型変調器のいずれか一方の出力に接続されたTE/TM偏波変換器を備え、
前記偏波合成器は、前記TE/TM偏波変換器からの出力光と前記マッハツェンダー干渉計型変調器の他方の出力光とを偏波合成することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光変調器。 - 前記1×2RZパルス化器の2×2カプラの出力から前記干渉計型変調器の分岐カプラまでの伝搬遅延時間差がパルス化周期の(k+0.5)倍(kは整数)となる遅延回路をさらに備えたことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の光変調器。
- 前記1×2RZパルス化器の2×2カプラの出力から前記偏波合成器までの伝搬遅延時間差がパルス化周期のk倍(kは整数)であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の光変調器。
- 前記干渉計型変調器のそれぞれの出力に光出力モニタを備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光変調器。
- 前記光出力モニタのそれぞれの光強度の時間平均値が同じになるように、前記1×2RZパルス化器の駆動動作点を調整することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の光変調器。
- 前記1×2RZパルス化器の前記2×2カプラの出力いずれか一方、または双方に光出力モニタを備えたことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光変調器。
- 前記2×2カプラの出力のそれぞれに備えられた光出力モニタの光強度の時間平均値が同じになるように、前記1×2RZパルス化器の駆動動作点を調整することを特徴とする請求項13に記載の光変調器。
- 前記1×2RZパルス化器の駆動動作点のバイアス値に微小なディザリング信号を重畳し、該ディザリング信号による前記光出力モニタの光強度の変化量が最大になるように、前記1×2RZパルス化器の駆動動作点を調整することを特徴とする請求項11または13に記載の光変調器。
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