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  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds suited to be used to treat and/or prevent synucleopathies .
• AD Alzheimer's Disease
• PD Parkinson's Disease
• MSA Multiple System Atrophy
• SYN alpha- synuclein
• SYN alpha- synuclein
• PD, PDD and DLB are denominated Lewy body disease (LBD) .
• LBD Lewy body disease
• SYN As an unstructured molecule, however studies in biological membranes and molecular dynamics studies over prolonged periods of time have shown that SYN can adopt complex structures with two-alpha helixes at the N-terminus and a movable C-terminus tail. Based on these studies, it was recently discovered that SYN could form propagating and non- propagating dimers .
• the propagating dimers arrange in a tail to tail conformation (N-term of one SYN with the N-term of the other SYN) that allows for the incorporation of additional SYN molecules.
• the non-propagating dimers (N-term of one SYN with the C- term of the other SYN) arrange in a head to tail orientation and do not allow further aggregation.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula (I):
• Ri is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hetero- or homo- cyclic or a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hetero- or ho- mocyclic group
• R 2 is an alkyl group with 1 to 18 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or aryl group,
• R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hetero- or homo- cyclic or a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hetero- or ho- mocyclic group
• L is a single bond, an alkyl group having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 4, even more preferably 1 to 3, carbon atoms, NHCO, 0, S, NHCONH or NHCOO,
• X, Y and Z are independently 0, N, NH, S or CH,
• W is a single bond or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• organic heteroaromatic compounds according to the present invention having formula (I) specifically block the formation propagating dimers and toxic SYN oligomers. These compounds bind selectively misfolded SYN and prevent aggregation of oligomers into toxic species. These compounds consequently block the formation of propagating dimers.
• organic compounds in the molecular weight range from 150 to 600, preferably 200 to 500, having a central heteroaromatic ring structure linked to three different types of moieties i, R2 and R3 shown in the general formula above, are suitable to block SYN aggregation.
• the central scaffold of the compound according to formula (I) is composed of -NH-CO- and a heteroaromatic ring structure. This scaffold is linked via linkage moieties designated as L and W to Ri, R2 and R3 (formula I). Ri, R2 and R3 are diversity inputs for affecting the affinity of the compound to the SYN target.
• Ri is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hetero- or homocyclic or a substituted or unsubstituted ali- cyclic hetero- or homocyclic group.
• Ri is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heterocyclic group, preferably a fused heteroaromatic ring incorporating at least one basic nitrogen atom
• R2 is preferably either a linear aliphatic moiety or a short chain aliphatic moiety connected to a alicyclic ring structure. It is noted that substituent R2 of formula (I) is hydrophobic. This property of R2 is important for the biological activity of the compounds of the present invention.
• R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hetero- or homocyclic or a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hetero- or homocyclic group.
• R3 is preferably composed of a linear alicyclic or linear chain structure with basic character including basic nitrogen atoms.
• The. central scaffold composed of a heterocyclic 5-membered ring of a variety of structures including triazoles, imidazoles, imides, oxazoles, thiazoles and any combination of heteroatoms independently having nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms in the rings.
• the linker fragment L can be either a hydrocarbon chain, an ester group, a thioether, methylene sulfoxide, methylene sulfone or a simple oxygen, sulfur or carbonyl bridge, preferably NHCO, 0, S, NHCONH or NHCOO.
• Linker W can be nil (i.e.
• heteroaromatic compounds described herein are designed to bind to pathological forms of SYN, which based on previous studies are usually located in the membranes. In contrast the physiological SYN is usually found in the cytoplasmic fraction. This shows that the compounds of the present invention have access to the ' abnormal SYN, while the native molecule is affected by said compounds .
• Substituents Ri and R 3 may be identical or different.
• substituent L is NHCONH. It turned out that a com ⁇ pound of formula (I) or (la) having an urea group at this position is more stable than compounds wherein L is another substituent.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric and sulfamic acids, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, maleic, citric, lactic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, methanesulphonic, ox ⁇ alic, phenylacetic, toluenesulphonic, benezenesulphonic, sali- cyclic, sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edelic, stearic,
• palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids .
• Rl is a hydrophilic aromatic or heterocyclic group
• R2 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon or alicyclic hydrophobic group or nil
• R3 is an aliphatic or alicyclic group with basic character
• X is NH, 0, S, or CH 2 ,
• Z ⁇ of formula (la) may be C or N
• Z4 may be C
• Rl, R2 and R3 of formula (la) are preferably hydrophilic aromatic or heterocyclic groups, aliphatic hydrocarbon or alicyclic hydrophobic groups or aliphatic or alicyclic groups with basic character, respectively.
• Ri of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of a phenyl, naphyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, benzothienyl , indolyl, pyrazinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl , imida- zolinyl, benzofuranyl , thienyl, pyrrolyl and thiazolyl group, or a substituted heteroring structure comprising alkoxy substituents or halo substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo groups.
• R2 of formula (I) is a substituted or unsubstituted cyc- loalkyl group selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cylohexyl, cyclopeptyl and cyclooctyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, alkpxyphenyl and halide substituted phenyl groups, said halide substituted phenyl groups comprising fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo groups.
• R3 of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of piperad- ine, piperazine, moppholino, sthiomorpholine, imidiazolo, pyrroli- donyl, pyrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl and substituted N-substituted piperazine comprising methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexanyl, heptyl or octyl substituents.
• Ri is a bicyclic heteroaromatic group, preferably selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is an alkyl group with 1 to 15, preferably 1 to 10, more prefer ⁇ ably 1 to 8, even more preferably 1 to 5, carbon atoms.
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of
• the compounds of the present invention having gen ⁇ eral structure of formula (I) have the following substituents :
• Formula (la) may additionally comprise the following structures :
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing synucleopathies.
• the synucleopathies are preferably selected from the group consisting of Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson's Disease with Dementia, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Pick's Disease, Down's Syndrome, Multiple System Atrophy, Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation comprising an effective amount of a compound according to the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of said compound or salt, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable ex- cipients .
• the compounds of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be formulated by following any number of techniques known in the art of drug delivery.
• the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may of course be administered by a number of means keeping in mind that all formulations are not suitable for every route of administration. They can be administered in solid or liquid form.
• the application may be oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual) or by in- halation.
• the compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically ac ⁇ ceptable salt thereof may be administered together with conven ⁇ tional pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, carriers and/or diluents.
• the solid dosage forms comprise tablets, capsules, pow ⁇ ders, pills, pastilles, suppositories, gels and granular forms of administration. They may also include carriers or additives, such as flavors, dyes, diluents, softeners, binders, preservatives, lasting agents and/or enclosing materials. Liquid forms of admini ⁇ stration include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. These may also.be offered together with the above-mentioned additives.
• Solutions and suspensions of the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be injected. If the suspension is too viscous for injection the pharmaceutical preparation may be implanted using devices designed for such purposes. Sustained release forms are generally administered via parenteral or enteric means. Parenteral administration is another route of administration of the compounds of the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the administration of the compounds of the present invention may involve an oral dosage form.
• Oral dose formulations are preferably administered once or twice daily, three times daily in the form of a capsule or tablet, for instance, or alternatively as an aqueous based solution. If the compounds of the present invention are administered intravenously, the administration may occur ei ⁇ ther daily, continuously, once a week or three times a week.
• compositions which in addition to the compounds of the present invention com ⁇ prise other substances which are suited for treating, preventing or relieving the symptoms of synucleopathies and Parkinson ' s-like disorders. These combinations may be administered in solid or liquid form in a single formulation or composition or in separate formulations or compositions.
• the pharmaceutical compositions contain from about 0.01 mg to about 5.0 g, preferably from about 0.05 mg to 2 g, more preferably from about 0.5 mg to 1 g, even more preferably from about 1 mg to 500 mg, of the compound of the present invention.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient in an amount of about 0.01 mg to about 5 g, preferably of about 0.05 mg to 2 g, more preferably from about 0.5 mg to 1 g, even more preferably from about 1 mg to about 500 mg per kg body ledge weigth.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be provided as sustained release oral formulations. These formulations generally comprise the compounds of the invention having decreased solubility in order to delay absorption into the bloodstream. In addition, these formulations may include other components, agents, carriers, etc., which may also serve to delay absorption of the compounds. Microencapsulation, polymeric entrapment systems, and osmotic pumps, which may or may not be bioerodible, may also be used to allow delayed or controlled diffusion of the compounds from a capsule or matrix.
• the term "effective amount" in the context of treating or preventing alpha-synucleopathies or Parkinson ' s-like disorders, especially PD, relates to the administration or addition of an amount of the compound of the present invention that is effective for the prevention and/or treatment of existing synu- cleopathies or Parkinson 1 s-like disorder.
• the effective amount will vary depending on the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of the individual to be treated, the formulation of the composition, the assessment of the medical situations and other relevant factors .
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of- a compound according to the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of said compound or salt for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing synucleopathies .
• the synucleopathies are preferably selected from the group consisting of Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson's Disease with Dementia, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Pick's Disease, Down's Syndrome, Multiple System Atrophy, Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing the compounds of the present invention.
• the compounds of formula (I) as well as of formula (la) may be prepared by the methods of known chemical reactions and procedures, some from starting materials which are well known in the art.
• General preparative methods described in "Introduction to organic chemistry” by Streitwieser et al. (Macmilan Publishers 4 ch Edition, 1992) can be followed to aid one skilled in the art in synthesizing these compounds, with more detailed examples being provided in the reaction schemes below and in the examples.
• Substituted and unsubstitued oxadiazoles, thiazoles, tria- zoles, imidazoles, thiatriazoles , thiophenes, pyrroles, pyrolines, pyrazoles may be prepared by using standard methods (see, for . example, AR Katritzky, Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, Vol. 5. MH Palmer. Heterocyclic Compounds, Arnold Ltd, London (1967)) .
• Compound 7 is a general intermediate from which other analogs can be prepared.
• the triazole compound B can be synthesized via the compound 7 intermediate via amidation of compound 18 following deblocking reactions as shown for compound A.
• an analog containing the thiazole scaffold can be made via the compound 7 intermediate and intermediate compound 23 having the thiazole ring.
• a reaction route leading an imide ring scaffold and having an isobutene . side chain in place of the butyl ester group can be prepared as shown in the reaction scheme involving intermediate compounds 25-34.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing synucleopathies and/or their symptoms by administering to an individual suffering or being at risk to suffer from said synucleopathies an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical preparation according to the present invention.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the compounds of the present invention as biomarkers.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used, when labelled accordingly (e.g. radioactively) , in positron emission tomography (PET) for determining whether a patient comprises a-synuclein or any other plaques to which the compounds of the present invention are able to bind.
• PET positron emission tomography
• This allows the localization of the plaques within the body and allows also to identify the amount of said plaques. This allows the medical doctor to treat or prevent conditions associated with synucleopathy .
• Methods to label compounds are accordingly well known in the art.
• Fig. 1 shows patterns of alpha-synuclein accumulation in the brains of patients with DLB and PD.
• A Immunoblot analysis showing increased alpha-syn oligomers accumulation in the membrane fractions of LBD cases compared to controls and AD.
• B-E By immu- nocytochemistry, alpha-syn accumulates in synapses, neuronal cell bodies and axons.
• F Molecular dynamics studies illustrating alpha-syn docking to the membranes.
• Fig. 2 shows chemical structure and synthesis of heteroaromatic organic compounds that inhibit synuclein.
• Fig. 3 shows examples of chemical compositions and formulas of heteroaromatic organic compounds that inhibit synuclein.
• Fig. 4 shows cell free immunoblot analysis of the effects of the heteroaromatic organic compounds at blocking synuclein aggregation .
• Fig. 5 shows immunoblot analysis of the effects of the heteroaromatic organic compounds at reducing alpha-synuclein aggregation in a neuronal cell based assay.
• Fig. 6 shows confocal analysis of the effects of the heteroaromatic organic compounds at ameliorating neuronal pathology.
• A-E Analysis of levels of neuronal alpha-syn accumulation.
• F-J analysis of the neurite length and extension.
• Fig. 7 shows an analysis of effects of the heteroaromatic or ⁇ ganic compounds in calcium levels in neuronal cells expressing alpha-synuclein .
• Fig. 8 shows an overview of the chemical synthesis of a com ⁇ pound according to the present invention.
• Fig. 9 shows a mass spectrum of the product obtained in exam ⁇ ple 1.
• the Boc-protected 6 was dissolved in 45 % THF, 45 % trifluo- roacetic acid and 10 % water and the THF and TFA were slowly removed at the rotary evaporator. The residue was lyophilized, precipitated in diethyl ether and purified by chromatography on silica gel (DCM->MeOH) . Yield: 223 mg (0.49 mmol; 80 %) . The product obtained was subjected to mass spectrometry (see Fig. 9) .
• d a may be prepared by the methods of known chemical reactions and procedures, some from starting materials which are well known in the art.
• Compound 7 is a general intermediate from which other analogs can be prepared.
• the triazole compound B can be synthesized via the compound 7 intermediate via amidation of compound 18 following deblocking reactions as shown for compound A.
• an analog containing the thiazole scaffold can be made via the compound 7 intermediate and intermediate compound 23 having the thiazole ring.
• a reaction route leading an imide ring scaffold and having an isobutene side chain in place of the butyl ester group can be prepared as shown in the reaction scheme involving intermediate compounds 25-34.
• Thin-layer chromatography was performed using Whatman pre- coated glass-backed silica gel plates. Visualization of the gels were effected by either ultraviolet illumination of exposure to iodine vapour. Colum chromatography was performed using 230-400 mesh EM Science silica gel.
• NMR spectra were measured using a Varian 500 spectrophotometer. NMRspectra were measured with deuterated chloroform, methanol or DMSO. as standard.
• LC/Mass spectra were obtained on an Agilent 1100 series instrument equipped with a quaternary pump, a variable length detector and a C-18 column.
• the first set involves in vitro assays in cell free and cell based systems and the second includes in vivo studies in transgenic mouse models of PD.
• the objective is to identify with the in vitro assays a positive response by demonstrating a 50% effect on 2 out of the 3 assays at a 1 ⁇ dose.
• the in vitro studies include the following: i) effects on SYN oligomers in a cell free immunoblot assay of SYN aggregation; ii) effects on SYN accumulation and neurite outgrowth in neuronal cultures infected with a LV-SYN construct; and iii) effects on SYN oligomers in neuronal cultures infected with a LV-SYN construct.
• recombinant SYN (1 ⁇ , Calbiochem, USA) will be incubated at 37 and then at 56°C for 16 hrs . After 1 hour of incubation the NPT200-5 and analogs will be added to the mix at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 100 ⁇ . Samples will be subjected to immunoblot analysis with the rabbit polyclonal SYN antibody (Millipore) and mouse monoclonal antibody against SYN
• the neuroblastoma line B103 will be used.
• Cells will be infected with LV-SYN vector for 24 hrs, treated with the NPT200-5 at 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ for 24 hrs in serum free media.
• multiples of infections (MOI) of 0.1, 1 or 5 (based on TU/ml on 293T cells) will be used. After 4-5 days in vitro, the % of transgene-expressing cells will be analyzed.
• the B103 cells will be maintained at 37 C, 5% CO2 in Dulbecco' s modified eagle medium (DMEM, high glucose) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Irvine Scientific, Irvine, CA) and 1% v/v penicillin/streptomycin.
• DMEM Dulbecco' s modified eagle medium
• fetal bovine serum Irvine Scientific, Irvine, CA
• 1% v/v penicillin/streptomycin 1% v/v penicillin/streptomycin.
• SYN aggregation cell homogenates will be analyzed by immunoblot with antibodies against SYN and in coverslips by im- munocytochemistry .
• For evaluation of neurite outgrowth coverslips will be immunostained with an antibody against MAP2 and analyzed with a digital Olympus microscope and the Image Quant System.
• the LDH release assay (CytoTox 96 assay, Promega) will be performed to measure levels of
• mice SYN transgenic mice
• the first set of experiments will be daily injections for 2 weeks with compounds at 1, 10 and 100 nM.
• Blood, CSF, brain and liver will be analyzed for levels of SYN and compound.
• mice will be analyzed behaviorally, neuropathologically and biochemically for SYN aggregation and neu- rodegeneration .
• Blood and CSF will be analyzed for levels of SYN and NPT200-5 by mass spect and NMR.
• the compounds will be further refined and modified to increase permeability, access into the brain and bio-availability.
• the selected compounds will be first tested for toxicity in non tg mice. SYN knock out mice are viable and neurologically intact. This suggests that using a compound that blocks SYN will have low or no toxicity when tested in the SYN tg mice.
• the lead compounds screened from these in vivo experiments will then be submitted for toxicological studies and prepared for a phase I clinical trial.
• the long term objective is to obtain funding and develop this compound for a phase II clinical trial in patients with PD.
• the compounds of the present invention lead to a novel ther ⁇ apy for PD, LBD, AD and MSA based on blocking neurotoxic SYN oli- gomerization in the cell membrane.
• NPT200-5 (Figure 2) was capable of completely blocking SYN aggregation at early and later time points of the oligomerization process ( Figure 4).
• SYN was used at 5 ⁇ .
• the NPT200-5 reduced SYN aggregation by 50% at the 0.1 ⁇ concentration.
• the B103 neuronal cell line was infected with a lentivirus expressing SYN (wildtype) or empty vector (control) and cells expressing SYN were exposed to the NPT200-5 at 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ for 24 hrs .
• Cells were analyzed for SYN aggregation by immunoblot, confocal microscopy, neurite outgrowth and survival assays.
• neuronal cells infected LV-SYN displayed the presence of high level expression of SYN monomer (14 kDa) as well as oligomers consistent with dimers, trimers and tetramers in the soluble and insoluble fractions (Figure 5).
• SYN monomer 14 kDa
• oligomers consistent with dimers, trimers and tetramers in the soluble and insoluble fractions
• neuronal cells were plated in coverslips, infected with LV-SYN vector for 24 hrs, treated with the NPT200-5 at 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 ⁇ for 24 hrs in serum free media and analyzed by immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy and image analysis.
• neuronal cells infected LV-SYN showed high levels of SYN accumulation (similar to what may be observed in the brains of SYN tg mice and patients with PD) ( Figure 6) .
• NPT200-5 there was a 60-65% reduction in the levels of aggregates in the neuronal cell bodies and neurites ⁇ ( Figure 6).
• the next step was to inject NPT200-5 and controls into SYN transgenic (tg) mice, to test the in vivo effects.
• the first set of experiments were daily injections for 2 weeks with compounds at 1, 10 and 100 nM.
• Blood, CSF, brain and liver were analyzed for levels of SYN and compound.
• Mice were analyzed behaviorally, neuropathologically and biochemically for SYN aggregation and neu- rodegeneration .
• Blood and CSF were analyzed for levels of SYN and NPT200-5 by mass spectrometer and NMR.
• the compounds were further refined and modified to increase permeability, access into the brain and bio-availability.
• the selected compounds were tested for toxicity in non tg mice.
• SYN knock out mice are viable and neuro- logically intact. This suggests that using a compound that blocks SYN will have low or no toxicity when tested in the SYN tg mice.

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• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
• Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)

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• 2010
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