WO2011050547A1 - 连作黄瓜、西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株及其微生物有机肥料 - Google Patents

连作黄瓜、西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株及其微生物有机肥料 Download PDF

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WO2011050547A1
WO2011050547A1 PCT/CN2009/075076 CN2009075076W WO2011050547A1 WO 2011050547 A1 WO2011050547 A1 WO 2011050547A1 CN 2009075076 W CN2009075076 W CN 2009075076W WO 2011050547 A1 WO2011050547 A1 WO 2011050547A1
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organic fertilizer
microbial
cucumber
sqr
strain
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PCT/CN2009/075076
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English (en)
French (fr)
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沈其荣
陈立华
杨兴明
徐阳春
黄启为
沈标
冉炜
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南京农业大学
江苏新天地生物肥料工程中心有限公司
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Application filed by 南京农业大学, 江苏新天地生物肥料工程中心有限公司 filed Critical 南京农业大学
Priority to AU2009292606A priority Critical patent/AU2009292606B2/en
Priority to US12/747,510 priority patent/US20110214464A1/en
Priority to EP09850753.6A priority patent/EP2514815B1/en
Priority to KR1020107013033A priority patent/KR101010762B1/ko
Publication of WO2011050547A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011050547A1/zh

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05FORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/10Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/30Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/38Trichoderma
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/145Fungal isolates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12RINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/645Fungi ; Processes using fungi
    • C12R2001/885Trichoderma
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a biological control strain for continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon wilt and a microbial organic fertilizer produced thereby, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural intensive production, and is specifically used for overcoming and eliminating the problem of continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon wilt. Background technique
  • Cucumber and watermelon are important economic crops in China, and their high and low yields and quality are related to national economy and people's livelihood.
  • Cucumber and watermelon wilt are one of the main diseases of cucumber and watermelon, especially in the cultivation of protected areas. The blight of cucumber was first reported in the Netherlands in 1943. In 1949, the loss of cucumber in Florida, USA, was more than 40%, and the infection rate of plants in the third season was more than 70%. At present, in the highly intensive cucumber and watermelon producing areas in China, the yield loss is about 90% when the disease is severe.
  • Cucumber and watermelon wilt are a kind of soil-borne fungal disease, which is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and some warm areas of the world.
  • Fusarium oxysporum can be transmitted through soil, running water (irrigation, etc.), seeds, etc., and has strong adaptability to the environment. Fusarium infects cucumber, which causes the cucumber to be smashed before or after excavation. The top stems are wilted, the vascular bundles of the stems of the plants are necrotic, and then the whole plants wither. Fusarium can cause tripping, cortical degeneration and dwarfing of watermelon seedlings, which can lead to sudden or gradual wilting of older plants. Under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity, the disease develops rapidly, and the incidence of serious diseases is 100%, resulting in no harvest.
  • the object of the present invention is to develop an antagonistic microbial organic fertilizer capable of controlling cucumber and watermelon wilt, and the control efficiency of the field is more than 80%, so that the continuous cropping soil is bioremediated and the smooth development of intensive agriculture is ensured.
  • a biological control strain for controlling continuous cropping of Cucumber and watermelon wilt belongs to Trichoderma harzianum (also deposited on September 22, 2009 at the General Microbiology Center of the China Microbial Culture Collection Management Committee). No. C308C No.3308, the main biological characteristics are: The optimal growth temperature on PDA medium is 30 °C, the culture time is 96 hours, the colony diameter can reach 90mm, fill the whole plate, in the culture A yellow pigment is produced in the base.
  • the conidiophore is in the form of a bottle, opposite, conidioid elliptic, 2.3-3.5 ⁇ ⁇ long, 2.0-3.2 ⁇ wide, smooth surface, and the color of the spore is yellow-green at the beginning. Then slowly turn into dark green.
  • the biocontrol strain SQR-T037 has more than 1 8 colony forming units and a total nitrogen content ratio of 4 to 5%.
  • the mass ratio of nitrogen to more than 90% is organic nitrogen, the mass ratio of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is 6 to 10%, and the mass ratio of organic matter is 30 to 35%.
  • the method for producing a microbial organic fertilizer for controlling continuous cropping of cucumber and watermelon wilt includes:
  • the SQR-T037 fermentation broth was inoculated into the fermented livestock manure compost and the vegetable microbial enzymatic mixture in a volume of 50 L/ton for solid fermentation.
  • the fermentation temperature was 30-50 ° C, and the fermentation was repeated every day. 1 time, after 5-7 days of fermentation, the colony forming unit content of the strain reached lx lO 8 /g or more, and the solid bacteria agent of the biological control strain SQR-T037 was obtained; the composted livestock manure compost was used as the germination index. 98% or more, organic matter content 35%, organic nitrogen content 1.2-2%, water content 25-30%.
  • the SQR-T037 solid microbial agent composting livestock manure is fully mixed with the SQR-T037 solid microbial agent in a volume ratio of 50-80% and the microbial enzymatic mixture of the vegetable meal by 20-50% by volume, and then cooked 2 -3 days, turn over 2 times in the post-cooking process, and finally evaporate the water content of the microbial organic fertilizer to less than 30% under the condition that the temperature does not exceed 50 °C, and the package is ex-factory to prevent the continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon wilt. Health Organic fertilizer.
  • the microbial organic fertilizer can be used exclusively for controlling continuous cropping of cucumber and watermelon blight.
  • the invention relates to a microbial organic fertilizer capable of overcoming or eliminating the continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon wilt and a production method thereof, and the microbial organic compound mixture of the livestock manure compost and the rapeseed meal is mixed with the biological control strain liquid to prepare the microbial organic compound.
  • Fertilizers their products have the following advantages compared to products on the market today:
  • the fertilizer product contains a highly efficient strain (Trichoderma harzianum) which inhibits the growth of cucumber and watermelon wilt pathogenic fungi, and the inhibitory effect thereof is very remarkable.
  • the results showed that after applying this product on the soil of continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon wilt, the biological control rate of cucumber and watermelon wilt disease was more than 85%.
  • the soil for applying fertilizer for three consecutive years has a higher biological control rate of Fusarium wilt. .
  • the fertilizer is bio-organic fertilizer, rich in organic matter (content 30-35%), and organic nitrogen content is 3-5%.
  • the total phosphorus content of this product is 2-4%, and the bioavailability is particularly high.
  • the crop can be smoothly passed through the phosphorus sensitive period of seedling stage.
  • phosphorus-containing fertilizers are less effective when applied to the soil.
  • the rich nutrients contained in bio-organic fertilizers also provide conditions for the growth and reproduction of the biological control strains, so that they survive in the soil and form a dominant group, thereby exerting a disease prevention effect.
  • Figure 1 Effect of biocontrol strain SQR-T037 on inhibition of pathogens of cucumber and watermelon wilt disease A SQR-T037 inhibits the pathogen of cucumber wilt disease
  • Bio-organic fertilizer made by A SQR-T037 inhibits cucumber wilt disease
  • Bio-organic fertilizer made by B SQR-T037 inhibits the wilt disease of watermelon
  • the strain SQR-T037 belongs to Trichod harzianum, and its main biological characteristics are: the optimal growth temperature is 30 °C on PDA medium, and the colony diameter can reach 90 mm when the culture time is 96 hours. The entire plate is covered and a yellow pigment is produced in the medium.
  • the conidiophore is in the form of a bottle, opposite, conidial elliptic, 2.3-3.5 ⁇ ⁇ , % 2.0-3.2 ⁇ , smooth surface, the color of the spore begins with yellow-green, then slowly becomes deep green.
  • the preparation method of the PDA culture solution used is as follows: (1L medium is prepared as an example): After peeling with 200 g of potatoes, cut into small pieces and put them into water, boil them, boil them for 30 minutes, filter with gauze, add 20 g of the filtrate. Sucrose, to a volume of 1000 ml, pH adjusted to 6.5-7.0, sterilized at 121 °C for 20 min.
  • the biological control strain SQR-T037 fermentation broth was inoculated into the microbial enzymatic mixture of the decomposed pig manure compost and the rapeseed meal in a 50 L/ton inoculum for solid fermentation, and the fermentation process was repeated once a day to make the solid fermentation temperature. 30-50 ° C, after 5-7 days of fermentation, the colony forming unit content of the biological control strain reached lx lO 8 /g or more, and the biological control strain SQR-T037 solid fungicide was obtained.
  • the composted pig manure compost has a germination index of 98% or more, an organic matter content of 35%, an organic nitrogen content of 1.2-2%, and a water content of 25-30%.
  • the preparation method of the microbial enzymatic mixture of the rapeseed meal is (publicly known, see invention patent)
  • ZL200610086 126.0 a biological preparation method of agricultural amino acid and a fertilizer product thereof, adding Steno trophomonas maltophilia strain 37-1 fermentation broth to the vegetable raw material to adjust the water content 55-65 % and pH6.0-7.5, open solid fermentation, immediately start to turn over when the fermentation temperature rises to 50 °C, and then turn over every day, so that the stack temperature is maintained at 35-50 °C for about 5-7 days.
  • the pH of the heap will rise continuously.
  • the pH and pH will be adjusted with acid-containing liquid each time it is turned over, so that they are maintained at 55-65% and 6.0-7.0, respectively.
  • the acid-containing liquid is used again. Spraying is carried out until the pH of the heap is adjusted to about 5.0, and then dried at a low temperature or naturally dried, which is a microbial enzymatic mixture (mixture containing amino acids) of rapeseed meal.
  • SQR-T037 solid fungicide composted with pig manure is mixed with SQR-T037 solid microbial mixture of 80% by volume and microbial enzymatic mixture of rapeseed meal by volume ratio of 20%, matured for 2-3 days, post-cooking process Turning the pile twice, and finally evaporating the water content of the microbial organic fertilizer to less than 30% under the condition that the temperature does not exceed 50 ° C, and obtain the microbial organic fertilizer for controlling the continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon blight.
  • the above-produced SQR-T037 has been subjected to re-fermented microbial organic fertilizer (control of microbial organic fertilizer for continuous cropping cucumber and watermelon wilt).
  • the colony forming unit of the biological control strain SQR-T037 is 1 X 10 8 /g or more, and the total nitrogen quality.
  • the specific content is 4 to 5%, the total nitrogen content is more than 90% organic nitrogen, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient mass ratio is 6 to 10%, and the organic matter mass ratio is 30 to 35%.
  • test soil is continuous cropping soil, and the disease of blight is serious.
  • Cucumber varieties use the cucumber variety "Tianchun No. 4" with a large planting area. Processing is as follows:
  • Each treatment uses 5 replicates, 10kg soil/pot, T 2 10ml SQR-T037 fermentation broth per pot, T 3 application 20g SQR-T037 mixed microbial organic fertilizer (10ml SQR-T037 fermentation broth and 20g organic fertilizer simply mixed) , T 4 was applied with 20 g of SQR-T037 fermented microbial organic fertilizer, stirred and mixed uniformly, so that the concentration of the biological control strain in the soil reached 10 5 cfu / g dry soil. The incidence of CK 2 was recorded at 5 days after transplanting of cucumber seedlings.
  • test soil is continuous cropping soil, and the disease of blight is serious. Processing is as follows:
  • the incidence of CK 2 was recorded 5 days after transplanting of watermelon seedlings. After 21 days, the incidence of CK 2 was 95.38%, and the microbial organic fertilizer formed by T 2 : CK 2 + SQR-T037 and organic fertilizer could effectively reduce blight.
  • the incidence rate was controlled at 2.60% (Table 2, Figure 2 B).
  • Field test treatment 1. Apply organic fertilizer; 2. Apply SQR-T037 and organic fertilizer to form microbial organic fertilizer after re-fermentation.
  • the field with severe disease of wilt disease was selected, and the field was divided into 8 cells in a random manner, and four cells were randomly selected for each treatment.
  • the variety of watermelon is 8424, and the fertilizer is applied by acupoints.
  • the amount of bio-organic fertilizer applied is 30kg/mu field.
  • the patent of the present invention starts from the key problem of the microbial flora, and develops a microbial organic fertilizer product which can significantly eliminate the occurrence of cucumber and watermelon wilt, and the control rate is over 85% (field test).
  • the mechanism of action of the fertilizer product is that the functional bacteria provided by the fertilizer product and its effective carbon and effective nitrogen source provide good conditions for the cultivation of the beneficial microflora of the continuous barrier soil, so that it can quickly recover and establish the external beneficial function bacteria.
  • Microbial ecology and its food chain on the other hand, this fertilizer product contains high levels of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus, which are beneficial to the growth of crops in continuous cropping soils, greatly improving the establishment of crops such as cucumber and watermelon. Seedling rate and resistance to stress.
  • Pathogen fungus fungus bacteria actinomycetes fungi
  • Pathogen fungus fungus bacteria actinomycetes fungi

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Description

连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株及其微生物有机肥料 技术领域
本发明涉及连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株及其制成的微生物有 机肥料, 属于农业集约化生产技术领域, 专用于克服和消除连作黄瓜、 西瓜 枯萎病问题。 背景技术
黄瓜和西瓜是我国重要的经济作物, 其产量高低和质量的优劣关系着国 计民生。 黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病是黄瓜和西瓜的主要病害之一, 尤其在保护地种 植中危害严重。 黄瓜的枯萎病于 1943年首次在荷兰报道, 在 1949年曾经使 美国弗罗里达州黄瓜损失 40%以上,连作的第三个季节植株的感染率达到 70% 以上。 目前, 在我国高度集约化的黄瓜、 西瓜产地, 枯萎病发病严重时产量 损失 90%左右。 黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病是一种土传性真菌病害, 该病广泛分布于 全世界的热带、 亚热带和一些温暧的地区。 黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病致病菌 镰刀菌 (Fusarium oxysporum) 能通过土壤、 流水 (灌溉等)、 种子等方式传播, 对 环境有很强的适应能力。 镰刀菌侵染化黄瓜, 会造成黄瓜出土前或者出土后 的猝倒病, 顶端的茎蔓萎蔫, 植株的茎基部维管束坏死, 然后整株枯萎。 镰 刀菌会导致西瓜苗期的猝倒、 皮层的腐化和植株矮化, 会导致较老的植株的 突然或者逐渐的萎蔫。 在高温高湿的条件下, 病害发展迅速, 发病严重的田 块发病率达 100%, 造成绝收。
另一方面, 水稻、 小麦、 玉米、 油菜等作物秸秆就地焚烧、 规模化养殖 后的畜禽粪便随地弃置等不仅严重污染了环境, 也极大地浪费了能作为有机 肥和生物有机肥产品的原料; 大量的养分资源(C、 N、 P、 K、 S及微量元素) 流失于土壤-植物系统之外, 明显地削弱了我国农业可持续发展的能力。 如何 将从土壤中因收获作物取走的营养元素最大限度地归还到土壤中去, 唯一的 途径就是将这些固体有机废弃物制成商品有机肥, 再施入土壤。 如果将这些 固体有机废弃物经过高温发酵合成高品位的有机堆肥, 再用于功能菌的载体, 所制成的微生物有机肥料功能明确, 将会有很好的应用前景。 发明内容
技术问题 本发明的目的在于研制一种能防除黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的拮抗微生物有机 肥料, 大田防治效率达到 80%以上, 使连作障碍土壤得到生物修复, 确保集 约化农业的顺利发展。
技术方案
用于防除连作黄瓜、西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株, 该菌株 SQR-T037属于 哈茨木霉 ( Tri choderma harzianum , 2009年 9月 22 日保藏于中国微生物菌 种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心, 菌种保藏号为 CGMCC No.3308 , 主要生 物学特性为: 在 PDA培养基上最佳的生长温度是 30°C, 培养时间为 96个小 时的时候,菌落直径可达 90mm,布满整个平皿,在培养基中产生黄色的色素。 分生孢子梗呈瓶状,对生, 分生孢子椭圆型, 长 2.3-3.5 μ ηι, 宽 2.0-3.2 μηι, 表 面光滑, 孢子的颜色开始的时候是黄绿色, 然后慢慢的变成深绿色。
用上述生物防治菌株所生产的防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生物有机 肥料, 该肥料中生物防治菌株 SQR-T037菌落形成单位 1 108个 以上、 全 氮质量比含量为 4〜5% , 全氮中质量比 90%以上为有机氮, 总氮磷钾养分质 量比为 6〜10%、 有机质质量比含量为 30〜35%。
所述防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 包括:
1 )将 SQR-T037接种到 PDA培养液, 进行液体发酵生产, 其发酵生产的 条件为: 发酵初始 pH范围为 6.5-7.2, 培养温度为 25-30°C, 溶氧: 通气量范 围为 30〜100 %, 170转 /分钟, 发酵时间为 48小时, 发酵后期将菌丝球全 部打碎成该菌株的菌落形成单位,发酵液中 SQR-T037菌株的菌落形成单位 1 X 109个 /mL; 所用 PDA培养液配制方法为(以配置 1L培养基为例): 用 200 g土豆削皮后切成小块放到水里煮, 沸腾后煮 30 min, 经过滤后滤液中加 20 g 普通蔗糖, 定容至 1000 mL, pH值调至 6.5-7.0, 121 °C灭菌 20 min。
2 )将 SQR-T037发酵液按 50 L/吨的量分别接种到腐熟的畜禽粪便堆肥和 菜粕微生物酶解混合物中进行固体发酵, 发酵温度为 30-50°C, 发酵中每天翻 堆 1次, 发酵 5-7天后结束, 使该菌株的菌落形成单位含量达到 l x lO8个 /g以 上, 获得生物防治菌株 SQR-T037的固体菌剂; 所用腐熟后的畜禽粪便堆肥为 发芽指数 98%以上,有机质含量 35%,有机氮含量为 1.2-2%,含水量 25-30%。
3 )将畜禽粪便堆肥的 SQR-T037固体菌剂按体积比 50-80%与菜粕微生物 酶解混合物的 SQR-T037固体菌剂按体积比 20-50%的比例充分混合,后熟 2-3 天, 后熟过程中翻堆 2次, 最后在温度不超过 50°C的条件下将微生物有机肥 的含水量蒸发至 30%以下, 包装出厂即为防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生 物有机肥料。
所述微生物有机肥料可专用于防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病。
有益效果
本发明一种能克服或消除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生物有机肥料及其 生产方法, 利用畜禽粪便堆肥和菜粕的微生物酶解氨基酸混合物, 再与生物 防治菌株液混合后制成微生物有机肥料, 其产品与目前市场上的产品相比具 有如下优点:
1 )该肥料产品中含有抑制黄瓜、西瓜枯萎病病原真菌生长的高效菌株(哈 茨木霉), 其抑制效果非常显著。 试验结果表明, 在连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的 土壤上施用本产品后, 黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病大田生物防治率达 85%以上, 连续 三年施用本肥料的土壤, 枯萎病的生物防治率更高。
2) 该肥料为生物有机肥, 含有丰富的有机质 (含量 30-35%), 有机氮含 量为 3-5%。 本产品总磷含量为 2-4%, 而且生物有效性特别高, 使用本产品后 能使作物顺利度过苗期磷素敏感期。 相比之下, 含磷化肥施入土壤后生物有 效性较差。 生物有机肥料中含有的丰富营养也为其中的生物防治菌株提供了 生长繁殖的条件, 使在土壤中存活下来并形成优势群, 从而发挥防病作用。
3 ) 由于是生物菌株制剂, 完全没有因化学农药的使用所带来的一系列问 题, 因而有利于黄瓜和西瓜的无公害生产, 农民可以不用或减少其他防治枯 萎病化学农药的用量, 这不仅可为农民节省开支, 而且有利于农产品的质量。 同时, 该微生物肥料还有增产功能, 可为农民增加收入。 附图说明
图 1:生物防治菌株 SQR-T037的抑制黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病病原菌的效果 A SQR-T037抑制黄瓜枯萎病病原菌的效果图
B SQR-T037抑制西瓜枯萎病病原菌的效果图
图 2:温室盆栽试验防治效果
A SQR-T037制成的生物有机肥抑制黄瓜枯萎病效果
CK1 :对照; CK2 :黄瓜连作土壤; T1 : CK2+有机肥; T2: CK2+木霉 SQR-T037 的发酵液; T3: CK2+木霉 SQR-T037的混合有机肥; T4: CK2+木霉 SQR-T037 发酵的有机肥
B SQR-T037制成的生物有机肥抑制西瓜枯萎病效果
CK1 :对照; CK2 :西瓜连作土壤; T1 : CK2+有机肥; T2: CK2+木霉 SQR-T037 发酵有机肥 具体实施方式:
(一) 菌株的分离和鉴定
采集已经发生连作障碍并出现严重枯萎病病症的植株和周围土壤, 样品 低温保存, 采用镰刀菌的选择行培养基分离病原菌 尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化 型 ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum ) 禾口尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型 (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum) a然后以分离到的枯菱病病原菌为指不菌, 从来自于经过高温堆置的有机堆肥中, 采用木霉的选择性培养基分离生物防 治菌株。 再通过盆栽试验和大田试验最终复筛出高效生物防治菌株 SQR-T037, 鉴定到种, 菌种于 PDA培养基 4°C保存和室温保存。 生物防治菌 株 SQR-T037能够在 72小时完全抑制病原菌的生长 (图 1 )。
菌株 SQR-T037属于哈茨木霉 Trichod隱 a harzianum) , 主要生物学特 性为: 在 PDA培养基上最佳的生长温度是 30°C, 培养时间为 96个小时的时 候, 菌落直径可达 90mm, 布满整个平皿, 在培养基中产生黄色的色素。 分生 孢子梗呈瓶状, 对生, 分生孢子椭圆型, 长 2.3-3.5 μ ηι, % 2.0-3.2 μηι, 表面 光滑, 孢子的颜色开始的时候是黄绿色, 然后慢慢的变成深绿色。
(二) 菌剂生产
1 )将 SQR-T037接种到 PDA培养液中, 进行液体发酵生产, 其发酵生产 的条件为:初始 pH范围为 6.5-7.0, 培养温度 25 °C, 溶氧: 通气量范围体积比 为 30〜100 %, 170转 /分钟, 发酵时间为 48小时, 发酵后期将菌丝球全部 打碎成该菌株的菌落形成单位, 发酵液中 SQR-T037菌株的菌落形成单位(菌 丝片段) ^ I X IO9个 /mL;
所用 PDA培养液配制方法为 (以配制 1L培养基为例): 用 200 g土豆削 皮后切成小块放到水里煮, 沸腾后煮 30 min, 用纱布过滤后, 滤液加 20 g普 通蔗糖, 定容至 1000 ml, pH值调至 6.5-7.0, 121 °C灭菌 20 min。
2 ) 将生物防治菌株 SQR-T037发酵液按 50L/吨的接种量接种到腐熟的猪 粪堆肥和菜粕的微生物酶解混合物进行固体发酵, 发酵过程中每天翻堆 1次, 使固体发酵温度 30-50°C, 发酵 5-7天后结束, 使生物防治菌株的菌落形成单 位含量达到 l x lO8个 /g以上, 获得生物防治菌株 SQR-T037固体菌剂。 所用腐 熟后的猪粪堆肥为发芽指数 98%以上, 有机质含量 35%, 有机氮含量为 1.2-2%, 含水量 25-30%。 其中菜粕的微生物酶解混合物制备方法为 (公知公用, 见发明专利
ZL200610086 126.0 , 一种农用氨基酸的生物制取方法及其肥料产品), 将嗜麦 芽寡养单胞菌 (Steno trophomonas maltophilia)菌株 37-1发酵液加入到菜粕原 料中, 调节含水量 55-65%和 pH6.0-7.5, 进行开放式固体发酵, 待发酵温度上 升至 50°C时立即开始翻堆, 以后每天翻堆, 使堆温始终维持在 35-50°C约 5-7 天, 固体发酵开始后, 堆物的 pH会不断上升, 每次翻堆时用含酸液体调节含 水量和 pH,使它们分别维持在 55-65%和 6.0-7.0,发酵终止时再用含酸液体进 行喷洒, 直至堆物 pH调整为 5.0左右, 再进行低温干燥或自然凉干, 即为菜 粕的微生物酶解混合物 (含氨基酸的混合材料)。
3 ) 将猪粪堆肥的 SQR-T037固体菌剂按体积比 80%与菜粕微生物酶解混 合物的 SQR- T037固体菌剂按体积比 20%充分混合, 后熟 2-3天, 后熟过程 中翻堆 2次, 最后在温度不超过 50°C的条件下将微生物有机肥的含水量蒸发 至 30%以下, 获得防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生物有机肥。
上述所生产的 SQR-T037经过再次发酵的微生物有机肥 (防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生物有机肥料) 中生物防治菌株 SQR-T037的菌落形成单位 1 X 108个 /g以上、 全氮质量比含量为 4〜5% , 全氮中质量比 90%以上为有机 氮, 总氮磷钾养分质量比为 6〜10%、 有机质质量比含量为 30〜35%。
(三) 温室盆栽试验
1. 连作黄瓜土壤的枯萎病防治
试验土壤为连作土壤, 枯萎病发病严重。 黄瓜品种采用种植面积较大的 黄瓜品种 "津春 4号"。 处理如下:
CK1 :对照; CK2 : 黄瓜连作土壤; T1 : CK2+有机肥; T2: CK2+SQR-T037 的发酵液; T3: CK2+SQR-T037 与有机肥简单混合微生物有机肥; T4: CK2+SQR-T037与有机肥经过再次发酵形成的微生物有机肥
每处理采用 5个重复, 10kg病土 /盆, T2每盆施 10mlSQR-T037的发酵液, T3施用 20gSQR-T037混合的微生物有机肥料( 10mlSQR-T037的发酵液与 20g 有机肥简单混合), T4施用 20gSQR-T037发酵的微生物有机肥,搅拌混合均匀, 使生物防治菌株在土壤中的浓度达到 105cfu/g干土。黄瓜苗移栽后 5天开始记 录发病情况, 40 天后, CK2发病率达 98.9%, 而接种 SQR-T037 发酵液、 SQR-T037混合微生物有机肥或者 SQR-T037再次发酵的微生物有机肥的都能 有效降低枯萎病的发病率, 其中 T4: CK2+SQR-T037与有机肥经过再次发酵形 成的微生物有机肥表现出最好的防治效果 (表 1, 图 2 A) , 发病率为 7.3%。 2. 连作西瓜土壤的枯萎病防治。
试验土壤为连作土壤, 枯萎病发病严重。 处理如下:
CK1 :对照; CK2 : 西瓜连作土壤; T1 : CK2+有机肥; T2: CK2+ SQR-T037 与有机肥经过再次发酵形成的微生物有机肥;
每处理采用 10个重复,每重复 300g病土 /杯, Tj每杯施用 3g普通有机肥, T2施用 3gSQR-T037再次发酵的有机肥, 搅拌混合均匀, SQR-T037在土壤中 的浓度为 105cfu/g干土。西瓜苗移栽后 5天开始记录发病情况, 21天后, CK2 发病率达 95.38%, 而 T2: CK2+ SQR-T037与有机肥经过再次发酵形成的微生 物有机肥能有效降低枯萎病的发病率, 将其控制在 2.60% (表 2, 图 2 B)。
结果表明, 生物防治菌株 SQR-T037的施入, 不但可以起到防治黄瓜、 西 瓜枯萎病, 大大减少土壤中枯萎病原菌 F. oxysporum) 数量的作用, 促进黄 瓜、 西瓜根际微生物群落的变化, 有益细菌群落显著增加, 真菌总体数量及 病原菌数量显著减少 (表 3 ), 还能使黄瓜、 西瓜的叶绿素含量、 根系活力和 干物量显著增加 (表 1、 表 2)。
施入生物防治菌株后, 黄瓜和西瓜的系统抗病性相关酶的酶活显著提高 (表 4)。
(四) 田间试验
2008年在江苏省宜兴市黄瓜枯萎病发病的大田施用 SQR-T037有机肥。 大田试验处理: 1、 施用有机肥; 2、 施用 SQR-T037与有机肥经过再次发 酵形成的微生物有机肥。 将枯萎病发病严重的一块田以随机的方式划分成 8 个小区, 每个处理随机选取四个小区。 黄瓜品种为 "津春 4号", 肥料都采用 穴施, 生物有机肥施入量为 30kg/亩。
定期到田间采集数据, 统计发病率和微生物区系, 最后采收后计算其不 同处理间生物量的差异。施入 SQR-T037与有机肥经过再次发酵形成的微生物 有机肥可以显著地减少枯萎病害的发生, 降低发病率 33.1%, 黄瓜产量增加 1.3倍 (表 5)。
2007年在河南通许西瓜枯萎病发病严重的大田施用微生物有机肥。
大田试验处理: 1、 施用有机肥; 2、 施用 SQR-T037与有机肥经过再次发 酵形成的微生物有机肥。 选择枯萎病发病严重的田块, 将田块以随机的方式 划分成 8个小区, 每个处理随机选取四个小区。 西瓜品种为 8424, 肥料都采 用穴施, 生物有机肥施入量按 30kg/亩田。
定期到田间采集数据, 统计发病率、 病情指数和微生物区系, 最后采收 后计算其不同处理间生物量的差异。施入 SQR-T037发酵的生物有机肥可以显 著地减少枯萎病害的发生, 与当地习惯施肥相比 (非嫁接苗), 发病率减少 20-40%,防治率达 95%以上, 西瓜亩产增加 1200斤以上 (表 5)。
本发明专利从微生物区系这一关键问题着手, 研制出一种能显著消除连 作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病发生的微生物有机肥料产品, 防治率达 85%以上 (大田 试验)。 本肥料产品的作用机制在于本肥料产品提供的功能菌及其有效碳和有 效氮源给连作障碍土壤有益微生物区系的培育提供了很好的条件, 使之迅速 恢复和建立外源有益功能菌微生物的生态及其食物链; 另一方面, 本肥料产 品中含有较高含量的有机氮和有机磷, 这些营养物质对连作障碍土壤中作物 的生长十分有利, 大大提高了黄瓜、 西瓜等作物的立苗率和抗逆能力。
表 1 不同盆栽处理黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量、 根系活力和植株的干重
Figure imgf000009_0001
表 2 不同盆栽处理西瓜叶片叶绿素含量、 根系活力和植株的干重
Figure imgf000009_0002
注: 枯萎病发病率统计按照国际通行规则: 0, 植株健康; 1, 植株 <10% 部分萎蔫; 2, 植株 11-20%萎蔫; 3, 植株 21-50%萎蔫; 4, 植株 50-100%萎 蔫; 5, 植株死亡。 计算公式: 总植株数量 X 最高等级 黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量 (cfu/g 土) 处理
病原菌 木霉菌 细菌 放线菌 真菌
5.9X102 3.3 X103 6.2 X106 3.5 X104 8.1 X103
CK2 6.1 X104 8.8 X103 6.6 X106 5.2X104 6.2 X104
Tl 7.9 X104 3.9X103 7.7 X106 6.6 X104 8.9 X104
T2 8.3 X103 5.5 X105 7.1 X106 5.8X104 6.1 X105
T3 3.2 X103 6.0 X105 8.3 X106 5.9X104 6.9 X105
T4 9.5 X102 1.1X106 8.9 X106 6.1 X104 1.9X106 西瓜根际土壤微生物数量 (cfu/g 土)
处理
病原菌 木霉菌 细菌 放线菌 真菌
CKj 8.1 X102 5.5 X103 5.1 X106 2.3 X104 3.7 X103
CK2 2.9 X104 5.9X103 6.1 X106 5.1 X104 3.7 X104
Tl 3.1 X104 8.0 X103 7.9 X106 6.8 X104 6.1 X104
T2 6.2 X103 5.7X105 9.2 X106 9.9 X104 6.0 X105 表 4 不同处理间根部抗病性相关酶的活力的变化
Figure imgf000010_0001
表 5 大田试验效果
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000012_0001
下面的说明与本申请说明书中此处提到的
保藏的微生物或其他生物材料相关:
-1 页码 2
-2 行号: 7
-3 保藏事项
-3-1 保藏单位名称 CGMCC 中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心 -3-2 保藏单位地址 中国微生物菌种保藏委员会, 中国北京市 2714信箱, 邮 政编码:100080, Be i j i ng (GN)。
-3-3 保藏日期 2009年 9月 22日 (22. 09. 2009)
-3-4 保藏号 CGMCC 3308
-5 本说明是对下列指定国
所有指定国 由受理局填写
-4 本表格与国际申请一起收到:
(是或否)
-4-1 受权官员 由国际局填写 -5 国际局收到本表格日期: -5-1 受权官员

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1、 一种连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株,该菌株 SQR-T037属于哈 茨木霉 ( rich oderma harzianum ) , 2009年 9月 22 日保藏于中国微生物菌种 保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心, 菌种保藏号为 CGMCC No.3308, 主要生物 学特性为: 在 PDA培养基上最佳的生长温度是 30°C, 培养时间为 96个小时 的时候, 菌落直径可达 90mm, 布满整个平皿, 在培养基中产生黄色的色素; 分生孢子梗呈瓶状,对生, 分生孢子椭圆型, 长 2.3-3.5 μ ηι, 宽 2.0-3.2 μηι, 表 面光滑, 孢子的颜色开始的时候是黄绿色, 然后慢慢的变成深绿色。
2、 用权利要求 1所述生物防治菌株所生产的微生物有机肥料。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的微生物有机肥料, 其特征在于: 该肥料中分别 含有 1 X 108个 /g以上的生物防治菌株 SQR-T037的菌落形成单位、 全氮质量 比含量为 4〜5% , 全氮中质量比 90%以上为有机氮, 总氮磷钾养分质量比为 6〜10%、 有机质质量比含量为 30〜35%。
4、 权利要求 2或 3所述微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 包括:
1 )将权利要求 1所述的菌株 SQR-T037接种到 PDA培养液,进行液体发 酵生产, 其发酵生产的条件为: 初始 pH范围为 6.5-7.2, 培养温度 25-30°C, 溶氧: 通气量体积比范围为 30〜100 %, 170转 /分钟, 发酵时间为 48小时, 发酵后期将菌丝球全部打碎成该菌株的菌落形成单位, 发酵液中该菌株的菌 落形成单位 1 X 109个 /mL;
2 ) 将 SQR-T037发酵液按 50L/吨的接种量分别接种到腐熟的畜禽粪便堆 肥、 菜粕微生物酶解混合物中进行固体发酵, 发酵温度为 30-50°C, 发酵过程 中每天翻堆 1次, 发酵 5-7天后结束, 获得生物防治菌株 SQR-T037的固体菌 剂, 其中该菌株的菌落形成单位含量达到 l x lO8个 /g以上;
3 )将畜禽粪便堆肥的 SQR-T037固体菌剂按体积比 50-80%与菜粕微生物 酶解混合物的 SQR-T037固体菌剂按体积比 20-50%的比例充分混合,后熟 2-3 天, 后熟过程中翻堆 2次, 最后在温度不超过 50°C的条件下将微生物有机肥 的含水量蒸发至 30%以下, 包装出厂即为防除连作黄瓜、 西瓜枯萎病的微生 物有机肥料。
5、 根据权利要求 4 所述微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 其中步骤 (1 ) 所 用 PDA培养液配制方法为, 以配制 1L培养基为例:
用 200 g土豆削皮后切成小块放到水里煮, 沸腾后煮 30 min, 经过滤后滤 液中加 20 g普通蔗糖,定容至 1000 ml, pH值调至 7.2-7.4, 121°C灭菌 20 min。
6、 根据权利要求 4或 5所述微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 其中步骤 (2) 所用腐熟后的畜禽粪便堆肥为发芽指数 98%以上, 有机质质量比含量 35%, 有机氮质量比含量为 1.2-2%, 含水量质量比 25-30%。
7、 权利要求 2或 3所述微生物有机肥料的应用。
PCT/CN2009/075076 2009-10-29 2009-11-23 连作黄瓜、西瓜枯萎病的生物防治菌株及其微生物有机肥料 WO2011050547A1 (zh)

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