WO2011032330A1 - 防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌及其微生物有机肥料 - Google Patents

防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌及其微生物有机肥料 Download PDF

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WO2011032330A1
WO2011032330A1 PCT/CN2009/074977 CN2009074977W WO2011032330A1 WO 2011032330 A1 WO2011032330 A1 WO 2011032330A1 CN 2009074977 W CN2009074977 W CN 2009074977W WO 2011032330 A1 WO2011032330 A1 WO 2011032330A1
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njl
microbial
organic fertilizer
positive
bacterial wilt
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PCT/CN2009/074977
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English (en)
French (fr)
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沈其荣
刘艳霞
杨兴明
徐阳春
沈标
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南京农业大学
江苏新天地生物肥料工程中心有限公司
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Priority to EP20090829867 priority Critical patent/EP2489725A4/en
Priority to US12/747,508 priority patent/US8476057B2/en
Priority to AU2009292605A priority patent/AU2009292605B2/en
Priority to EP19195417.1A priority patent/EP3613843B1/en
Publication of WO2011032330A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011032330A1/zh

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05FORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05GMIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/60Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/205Bacterial isolates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12RINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/01Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
    • C12R2001/07Bacillus
    • C12R2001/08Bacillus brevis
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12RINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/01Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
    • C12R2001/07Bacillus
    • C12R2001/085Bacillus cereus
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • Antagonistic antibacterial and microbial organic fertilizer for controlling continuous bacterial wilt disease
  • the invention relates to an antagonistic antibacterial agent capable of preventing continuous bacterial wilt disease and a microbial organic fertilizer prepared therefrom, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural intensive production, and is specifically used for overcoming and eliminating the problem of continuous cropping of tobacco wilt. Background technique
  • Tobacco is China's main economic crop, and its quality is related to the national economy and people's death.
  • Tobacco bacterial wilt is one of the main diseases of tobacco, and it is a serious hazard. It is called "smoke cancer.” It was first discovered in the United States in 1880. At present, it is common in the southeastern tobacco-growing areas of China. It is often an outbreak in the epidemic areas, causing devastating losses. When the incidence is serious, the yield loss is about 80%.
  • Tobacco bacterial wilt is a serious soil-borne bacterial disease that is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and warm regions of the world.
  • R. solanacearum can be transmitted through soil, running water (irrigation, etc.), seeds, etc., and has strong adaptability to the environment.
  • R. solanacearum infection due to the small number of pathogens, the plants showed growth restriction, short stature, deformity and susceptibility.
  • the pathogens were The rhizosphere dominates and tobacco bacterial wilt occurs. Under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity, the disease develops rapidly, and the incidence of serious diseases is 100%, resulting in no harvest.
  • control efficiency has reached more than 80%, which has enabled a large number of continuous cropping soils to be bioremediated, ensuring the smooth development of intensive agriculture.
  • Antagonistic antibacterial agent for controlling continuous bacterial wilt, including strain NJL-25 and strain NJL-14, wherein
  • the strain NJL-25 belongs to Brevibacillus brevis, and was deposited with the General Microbiology Center of the China Microbial Culture Collection Management Committee on July 9, 2009.
  • the strain storage number is CGMCC NO. 3 175.
  • the main biological characteristics are: Gram Positive staining of G + , the shape of the cells is rod-shaped, containing oval spores in the enlarged cysts, smooth colonies, strict aerobic growth, negative contact enzymes, negative reaction of VP., negative test of methyl red, fermented sucrose, fructose, Mannitol, sorbitol and other acid-producing products do not produce gas, nitrate reductase is negative, starch hydrolysis is negative, gelatin hydrolysis is positive, decomposition of casein is positive, hydrogen sulfide is not produced, and strontium is produced, optimum growth temperature is 30 ° C, optimum pH Is 7.0;
  • the strain NJL-14 belongs to Bacillus cereus and was deposited with the General Microbiology Center of the China Microbial Culture Collection Management Committee on July 10, 2009.
  • the strain storage number is CGMCC NO. 3 174.
  • the main biological characteristics are: Gram staining positive G + , the shape of the cells is rod-shaped, the cysts are not obviously swollen, the spores are round or cylindrical, medium or near middle. Rough surface, flat, irregular, facultative aerobic growth, contact enzyme positive, VP. positive, methyl red test positive, fermented glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, sorbitol, etc.
  • the microbial organic fertilizer produced by the above antagonistic bacteria for controlling continuous bacterial wilt disease is characterized in that: the fertilizer contains 1 X 10 1Q /g or more of antagonistic bacteria NJL-25 and NJL-14, and the total nitrogen mass ratio The content is 4 ⁇ 5%, the total nitrogen content is more than 90% organic nitrogen, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient mass ratio is 6 ⁇ 10%, and the organic matter mass ratio is 30 ⁇ 35%.
  • the method for producing a microbial organic fertilizer for controlling continuous bacterial wilt of tobacco comprises:
  • the antagonistic bacteria NJL-25 solid fungicide and NJL-14 solid microbial agent are mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1 to obtain the solid mixture of compost and the microbial decomposition of rapeseed meal.
  • a mixture of solids of the mixture are obtained.
  • the solid mixed bacteria agent of the compost is mixed with the solid mixed bacteria of the vegetable microbial enzymatic mixture at a volume ratio of 50-70% by a ratio of 30-50% by volume, and then cooked for 2-3 days, after The mixture is turned over twice in the ripening process, and finally the water content of the microbial organic fertilizer is evaporated to less than 30% under the condition that the temperature does not exceed 60 ° C, and the packaging is ex-factory to prevent the microbial organic fertilizer for continuous cropping of tobacco bacterial wilt.
  • the microbial organic fertilizer can be used exclusively for controlling continuous bacterial wilt.
  • the invention relates to a microbial organic fertilizer capable of overcoming or eliminating continuous bacterial wilt disease and a production method thereof, which utilizes microbial enzymatic amino acid mixture of pig manure compost and rapeseed meal, and then mixes with antagonistic antibacterial liquid to prepare microbial organic fertilizer, Compared with the products on the market today, the products have the following advantages:
  • the fertilizer product contains two specific high-efficiency strains (Bacillus brevis and Bacillus cereus) that inhibit the growth of tobacco bacterial wilt pathogenic bacteria, and the inhibitory effect is very remarkable.
  • the test results show that the biocontrol rate of tobacco bacterial wilt is more than 80% after applying this product on soil for continuous bacterial wilt. The soil for this year has been applied for three consecutive years, and the biological control rate of bacterial wilt is higher.
  • the fertilizer is organic fertilizer, rich in organic matter (content 30-35%), organic nitrogen content is 4%, and most of them are amino acids and small molecule peptides.
  • the total phosphorus content of this product is 4%, and the bio-efficiency is particularly high. After using this product, the crop can be smoothly passed through the phosphorus-sensitive period of seedling stage. In contrast, phosphate fertilizers are less bioavailable when applied to the soil.
  • the rich nutrients contained in the organic fertilizer also provide conditions for growth and reproduction of the antagonistic bacteria, so that they survive in the soil and form a dominant group, thereby exerting a disease prevention effect.
  • FIG. 1 Antagonistic bacteria NJL-25 and NJL-14 inhibition zone
  • Plants and surrounding soils with continuous cropping disorders and severe bacterial wilt disease were collected.
  • the samples were cryopreserved and the pathogen, Ralstonia solanaceamm, was isolated using Kelman's TTC Agar selective medium.
  • the bacterial wilt pathogen was used as an indicator to isolate antagonistic bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of healthy tobacco plants from the field of continuous tobacco tobacco wilt disease.
  • the potted strains NJL-25 and NJL-14 were finally screened out by pot experiment and field test, and the genus was identified.
  • the strain was stored at 30 °C in 30% glycerol.
  • the inhibition zone diameters of antagonistic bacteria NJL-25 and NJL-14 were 24 mm and 29 mm, respectively (Fig. 1).
  • the strain NJL-25 belongs to BrevibaciUus brevis), and its main biological characteristics are: Gram-positive G + , the shape of the cells is rod-shaped, containing oval spores in the enlarged cysts, smooth colonies, strict aerobic growth , contact enzyme negative, VP. negative reaction, methyl red test negative, fermented sucrose, fructose, mannitol, sorbitol, etc. acid production, no gas, nitrate reductase negative, starch hydrolysis negative, gelatin hydrolysis positive, decomposition casein positive , does not produce hydrogen sulfide, produces bismuth, the optimum growth temperature is 30 ° C, the optimum pH is 7.0;
  • the strain NJL-14 belongs to Bacillus cereus.
  • the main biological characteristics are: Gram-positive G + , the shape of the cells is rod-shaped, the cysts are not obviously swollen, the spores are round or cylindrical, and the medium or near Zhongsheng. Rough surface, flat, irregular, facultative aerobic growth, contact enzyme positive, VP. reaction positive, methyl red test positive, fermented glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, sorbitol, etc. acid-producing, nitrate-reducing enzyme Positive, positive for starch hydrolysis, positive for gelatin hydrolysis, positive for casein decomposition, no hydrogen sulfide and hydrazine, optimum growth temperature 30 °C, optimum pH 7.0.
  • NJL-25 and NJL-14 antagonistic liquid were inoculated to the microbial enzymatic mixture of the decomposed pig manure compost and rapeseed in a 50L/ton inoculum for solid fermentation, and the mixture was turned up once a day during the fermentation to make solid
  • the fermentation temperature was 30-50 ° C, and the fermentation was completed after 5-7 days, and the antagonistic antibacterial content was 8 gram or more, and the antagonistic bacteria NJL-25 solid fungicide and NJL-14 solid fungicide were obtained.
  • the germinated index of the composted pig manure compost is 98% or more, the organic matter content is 35%, the organic nitrogen content is 1.2-2%, and the water content is 25-30%.
  • the preparation method of the microbial decomposition mixture of the rapeseed meal is (publicly known, see the invention patent ZL200610086126.0, the biological preparation method of the agricultural amino acid and the fertilizer product thereof), and the fermentation liquid of the strain 37-1 is added to the vegetable raw material, and the adjustment is carried out.
  • the open solid fermentation is carried out at a water content of 55-65% and a pH of 6.0-7.5.
  • the fermentation temperature rises to 50 °C
  • the pile is immediately turned over, and then piled up every day to keep the heap temperature at 35-50 °C.
  • the pH of the heap will rise continuously after the start of solid fermentation.
  • the water content and pH will be adjusted with acid-containing liquid each time it is turned over, so that they are maintained at 55-65% and 6.0-7.0, respectively.
  • the acid-containing liquid is sprayed until the pH of the heap is adjusted to about 5.0, and then dried at a low temperature or naturally dried, which is a microbial decomposition mixture of the vegetable meal (a mixed material containing amino acids).
  • the antagonistic NJL-25 solid microbial agent and the NJL-14 solid microbial agent are mixed 1:1 respectively to obtain the composted solid mixed microbial agent and the microbial decomposition mixture of the rapeseed meal.
  • Solid mixed bacteria
  • the composted solid single-bacteria agent and mixed bacteria agent are mixed at a ratio of 30% by volume to the solid mixed bacteria of the vegetable microbial enzymatic mixture at a ratio of 30% by volume, and then cooked for 2-3 days.
  • the pile is turned over twice, and finally the water content of the microbial organic fertilizer is evaporated to less than 30% under the condition that the temperature does not exceed 60 ° C, and the single-microbial organic fertilizer for controlling the continuous bacterial wilt of tobacco is obtained (including Strain NJL-25, strain NJL-14), mixed microbial organic fertilizer (containing bacteria NJL-25 and bacteria NJL-14).
  • the mixed microbial organic fertilizer produced by the above antagonistic bacteria special microbial organic fertilizer for controlling continuous bacterial wilt
  • the mass ratio is 4 ⁇ 5%
  • the total nitrogen content is more than 90% organic nitrogen
  • the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient mass ratio is 6 ⁇ 10%
  • the organic matter mass ratio is 30 ⁇ 35%.
  • CK 1 healthy paddy soil
  • CK 2 tobacco continuous cropping soil
  • Tl CK2+ amino acid organic fertilizer
  • T2 CK 2 + NJL-25 liquid fermentation broth
  • T3 CK 2 + NJL-14 liquid fermentation broth
  • T4 CK2+NJL -14 and NJL-25 fermentation broth mixture (1:1)
  • T5 CK2+NJL-25 microbial organic fertilizer
  • T6 CK2+NJL-14 microbial organic fertilizer
  • T7 CK2+NJL-14 and NJL-25 mixed microorganism Organic Fertilizer.
  • Each treatment used 4 replicates, each repeated 23kg of diseased soil/pot, inoculated with antagonistic bacteria, so that the concentration of antagonistic bacteria in the soil reached 10 8 cfu / g dry soil, T5-T7 applied 115g microbial organic fertilizer per pot, other treatment Fertilizer fills the difference in fertilizer.
  • Fertilizer fills the difference in fertilizer.
  • the incidence of CK2 was recorded 10 days after the inoculation of antagonistic bacteria. After 25 days, the incidence of CK2 was 100%, and the inoculation of antagonistic antibacterial solution or microbial organic fertilizer could effectively reduce the incidence of bacterial wilt, including NJL-14 and NJL-25.
  • the produced mixed microbial organic fertilizer showed the best control effect (Fig. 2), and the incidence rate was 0%.
  • the application of antagonistic bacteria can not only prevent and control tobacco bacterial wilt, but also greatly reduce the number of bacterial wilt pathogen iRsolanacearum in the soil, promote the change of tobacco rhizosphere microbial community, significantly increase the beneficial bacterial community, and significantly reduce harmful fungi and pathogenic bacteria communities.
  • Table 1 also significantly increased the biomass of tobacco (Table 2), and the biomass treated with antagonistic bacteria, especially the application of microbial organic fertilizer, was significantly different from CK1 and CK2. The biocontrol effect of the microbial agent is better (the biomass increases to 1.65 times).
  • Field test treatment 1. Apply local tobacco special compound fertilizer; 2. Apply mixed microbial organic fertilizer produced by NJL-14 and NJL-25. A serious field of bacterial wilt disease was arranged in a random manner into four replicates, with 2 treatments per replicate, for a total of 8 plots.
  • the tobacco variety is the local customary variety Yunyan 97.
  • the tobacco seedlings and fertilizers are all applied by acupoints.
  • the amount of bio-organic fertilizer applied is 30kg/mu field, and the fertilizer difference between the first and second is treated with chemical fertilizer.
  • the invention patent starts from the key issue of the microflora, and develops a method that can significantly eliminate the connection.
  • the microbial organic fertilizer product for tobacco bacterial wilt has a control rate of 97.6% or more (Anhui Datian Test).
  • the mechanism of action of the fertilizer product is that the functional bacteria provided by the fertilizer product and its effective carbon and effective nitrogen source provide good conditions for the cultivation of the beneficial microflora of the continuous barrier soil, so that it can quickly recover and establish the external beneficial function bacteria.
  • Microbial ecology and its food chain On the other hand, this fertilizer product contains high levels of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus, which are beneficial to the growth of crops in continuous cropping soils, greatly increasing the seedling rate of tobacco crops and Resilience.
  • Fresh weight in the ground (; g) fresh weight (g) dry weight in the ground (; g) root dry weight (g) biomass
  • Tobacco disease classification industry standard 0: The whole plant is disease-free. Level 1: Occasionally, the stem has a retreat, or a few leaves on the side of the streak. Level 2: There are black streaks in the stem, but the top has not yet reached the top, or more than half of the leaves on the side of the disease are withered. Level 3:. Level 4: The diseased plant is basically dead.

Description

防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌及其微生物有机肥料 技术领域
本发明涉及能防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌及用其制成的微生物有机肥 料, 属于农业集约化生产技术领域, 专用于克服和消除连作烟草青枯病问题。 背景技术
烟草是我国主要的经济作物, 其质量的优劣关系着国计民生。 烟草青枯 病是烟草的主要病害之一, 危害严重, 谓之"烟癌"。 1880年首次发现于美国, 目前, 在我国西南烟区普遍发生, 在疫区常呈暴发流行, 造成毁灭性损失, 发病严重时产量损失 80%左右。 烟草青枯病是一种发病严重的土传性细菌性 病害, 该病广泛分布于全世界的热带、 亚热带和一些温暖的地区。 在中国, 此病在河南、 山东、 江苏、 云南、 广西、 河北、 湖南、 广东、 福建等地普遍 发生, 成为影响我国烟草产量及质量的罪魁祸首之一。 烟草青枯病致病菌
(Ralstonia solanacearum ) 能通过土壤、 流水 (灌溉等)、 种子等方式传播, 对环境有很强的适应能力。 青枯菌侵染土壤初期, 由于病原菌数量少, 植株 表现为生长受限, 矮小, 畸形, 易感病, 农民往往认为是养分问题而加大氮 肥投入, 导致土壤中微生物群落进一步失衡, 病原菌在根际占据优势地位, 烟草青枯病发生。 在高温高湿的条件下, 病害发展迅速, 发病严重的田块发 病率达 100%, 造成绝收。
另一方面, 水稻、 小麦、 玉米、 油菜等作物秸秆就地焚烧、 规模化养殖 后的畜禽粪便随地弃置等不仅严重污染了环境, 也极大地浪费了能作为有机 肥和生物有机肥产品的原料; 大量的养分资源(C、 N、 P、 K、 S及微量元素) 流失于土壤-植物系统之外, 明显地削弱了我国农业可持续发展的能力。 如何 将从土壤中因收获作物取走的营养元素最大限度地归还到土壤中去, 唯一的 途径就是将这些固体有机废弃物制成商品有机肥, 再施入土壤。 如果将这些 固体有机废弃物经过高温发酵合成高品位的有机堆肥, 再用于功能菌的载体, 所制成的微生物有机肥料功能明确, 将会有很好的应用前景。 发明内容
技术问题 防治效率达到 80%以上, 使大量的连作障碍土壤得到生物修复, 确保集约化 农业的顺利发展。
技术方案
用于防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌, 包括菌株 NJL-25和菌株 NJL- 14 , 其 中,
菌株 NJL-25属于短短芽孢杆菌 Brevibacillus brevis , 2009年 7月 9 日 保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心, 菌种保藏号为 CGMCC NO. 3 175, 主要生物学特性为: 革兰氏染色阳性 G+, 细胞形状为杆 状, 在膨大孢囊内含椭圆形芽孢, 菌落平滑, 严格好氧生长, 接触酶阴性、 VP.反应阴性, 甲基红试验阴性, 发酵蔗糖、 果糖、 甘露醇、 山梨醇等产酸不 产气, 硝酸还原酶阴性, 淀粉水解阴性, 明胶水解阳性, 分解酪蛋白阳性, 不产生硫化氢, 产生吲哚, 最适生长温度 30°C, 最适 pH为 7.0 ;
菌株 NJL- 14属于蜡状芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus cereus ) , 2009年 7月 10 日保 藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,菌种保藏号为 CGMCC NO. 3 174, 主要生物学特性为: 革兰氏染色阳性 G+, 细胞形状为杆状, 孢囊 无明显膨大, 芽孢圆形或柱形, 中生或近中生。 表面粗糙, 扁平, 不规则, 兼性好氧生长, 接触酶阳性、 VP.反应阳性, 甲基红试验阳性, 发酵葡萄糖、 蔗糖、 果糖、 麦芽糖、 山梨醇等产酸不产气, 硝酸还原酶阳性, 淀粉水解阳 性, 明胶水解阳性, 分解酪蛋白阳性, 不产生硫化氢和吲哚, 最适生长温度 30°C, 最适 pH为 7.0。
用上述拮抗菌所生产的防除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料, 其特征 在于: 该肥料中分别含有 1 X 101Q个 /g以上的拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL- 14、 全氮 质量比含量为 4〜5% , 全氮中质量比 90%以上为有机氮, 总氮磷钾养分质量 比为 6〜10%、 有机质质量比含量为 30〜35%。
所述防除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 包括:
1 ) 将菌株 NJL-25和菌株 NJL- 14分别接种到 PDA培养液, 进行液体发 酵生产, 其发酵生产的条件为: 初始 pH范围为 7.0-7.2, 培养温度 30°C, 溶 氧: 通气量范围为 30〜100 %, 170转 /分钟, 发酵中后期形成芽孢, 发酵的 拮抗菌液含菌或芽孢量 I X 101Q个 /ml; 所用 PDA培养液配制方法为 (以配 置 1L培养基为例): 用 200 g土豆削皮后切成小块放到水里煮, 沸腾后煮 30 min, 经过滤后滤液中加 20 g普通蔗糖, 定容至 1000 ml, pH值调至 7.2-7.4, 121 °C灭菌 20 min。 2 ) 将 NJL-25和 NJL-14液体菌剂按 50 L/吨的量分别接种到腐熟的猪粪 堆肥和菜粕微生物酶解混合物中进行固体发酵, 发酵温度为 30-50°C, 发酵中 每天翻堆 1次, 发酵 5-7天后结束, 使拮抗菌含量达到 Ι χ ΙΟ8个 /g以上, 分别 获得拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL-14的固体菌剂; 所用腐熟后的猪粪堆肥发芽指数 为 98%以上, 有机质含量 35%, 有机氮含量为 1.2-2%, 含水量 25-30%。
3 ) 按堆肥和菜粕的微生物分解混合物两类分别将拮抗菌 NJL-25 固体菌 剂和 NJL-14固体菌剂以体积比 1 : 1混合, 获得堆肥的固体混合菌剂和菜粕 微生物分解混合物的固体混合菌剂。
4 )再将堆肥的固体混合菌剂按体积比 50-70%与菜粕微生物酶解混合物的 固体混合菌剂按体积比 30-50%的比例充分混合, 并后熟 2-3天, 后熟过程中 翻堆 2次, 最后在温度不超过 60°C的条件下将微生物有机肥的含水量蒸发至 30%以下, 包装出厂即为防除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料。
所述微生物有机肥料可专用于防除连作烟草青枯病。
有益效果
本发明一种能克服或消除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料及其生产方 法, 利用猪粪堆肥和菜粕的微生物酶解氨基酸混合物, 再与拮抗菌液混合后 制成微生物有机肥料, 其产品与目前市场上的产品相比具有如下优点:
1 ) 该肥料产品中含有两种抑制烟草青枯病病原细菌生长的专一性高效菌 株 (短短芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌), 其抑制效果非常显著。 试验结果表明, 在连作烟草青枯病的土壤上施用本产品后, 烟草青枯病的生物防治率达 80% 以上, 连续三年施用本肥料的土壤, 青枯病的生物防治率更高。
2 ) 该肥料为有机肥, 含有丰富的有机质 (含量 30-35%), 有机氮含量为 4%, 而且大部分为氨基酸和小分子多肽。本产品总磷含量为 4%, 而且生物有 效性特别高, 使用本产品后能使作物顺利度过苗期磷素敏感期。 相比之下, 含磷化肥施入土壤后生物有效性较差。 有机肥料中含有的丰富营养也为其中 的拮抗菌提供了生长繁殖的条件, 使在土壤中存活下来并形成优势群, 从而 发挥防病作用。
3 ) 由于是生物菌株制剂, 完全没有因化学农药的使用所带来的一系列问 题, 因而有利于烟草的无公害生产, 农民可以不用或减少其他防治青枯病化 学农药的用量, 这不仅可为农民节省开支, 而且有利于农产品的出口。 同时, 该微生物肥料还有增产功能, 可为农民增加收入。 附图说明
图 1 :拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL-14的抑菌圈
A: NJL-25的抑菌圈 B : NJL-14的抑菌圈
图 2:温室盆栽试验防治效果 具体实施方式:
(一)菌株的分离和鉴定
采集已经发生连作障碍并出现严重青枯病病症的植株和周围土壤, 样品 低温保存,采用 Kelman's TTC Agar选择性培养基分离病原菌——茄劳尔氏菌 {Ralstonia solanaceamm )。 然后以青枯病病原菌为指示菌, 从来自于连作烟 草青枯病发病田块中的健康烟草植株根际土壤中分离拮抗菌。 再通过盆栽试 验和大田试验最终复筛出高效拮抗菌株 NJL-25和 NJL-14, 鉴定到属种, 菌种 于 30%甘油中一 70°C保存。 拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL- 14的抑菌圈直径分别为 24 mm 、 29 mm (图 1 )。
菌株 NJL-25属于短短芽孢杆菌 BrevibaciUus brevis ) , 主要生物学特性 为: 革兰氏染色阳性 G+, 细胞形状为杆状, 在膨大孢囊内含椭圆形芽孢, 菌 落平滑, 严格好氧生长, 接触酶阴性、 VP.反应阴性, 甲基红试验阴性, 发酵 蔗糖、 果糖、 甘露醇、 山梨醇等产酸不产气, 硝酸还原酶阴性, 淀粉水解阴 性, 明胶水解阳性, 分解酪蛋白阳性, 不产生硫化氢,产生吲哚, 最适生长温 度 30°C, 最适 pH为 7.0;
菌株 NJL-14属于蜡状芽孢杆菌 Bacillus cereus ) , 主要生物学特性为: 革兰氏染色阳性 G+, 细胞形状为杆状, 孢囊无明显膨大, 芽孢圆形或柱形, 中生或近中生。 表面粗糙, 扁平, 不规则, 兼性好氧生长, 接触酶阳性、 VP. 反应阳性, 甲基红试验阳性, 发酵葡萄糖、 蔗糖、 果糖、 麦芽糖、 山梨醇等 产酸不产气, 硝酸还原酶阳性, 淀粉水解阳性, 明胶水解阳性, 分解酪蛋白 阳性, 不产生硫化氢和吲哚, 最适生长温度 30°C, 最适 pH为 7.0。
(二)菌剂生产
1 ) 将菌株 NJL-25和菌株 NJL-14分别接种到 PDA培养液中, 进行液体 发酵生产, 其发酵生产的条件为:初始 pH范围为 7.0-7.2, 培养温度 30°C, 溶 氧: 通气量范围为 30〜100 %, 170转 /分钟, 发酵中后期形成芽孢, 发酵的 拮抗菌液含菌或芽孢量 1 X 101Q个 /ml; 所用 PDA培养液配制方法为 (以配置 1L培养基为例): 用 200 g土豆削 皮后切成小块放到水里煮, 沸腾后煮 30 min, 用纱布过滤后, 滤液加 20 g普 通蔗糖, 定容至 1000 ml, pH值调至 7.2-7.4, 121 °C灭菌 20 min。
2 )将 NJL-25和 NJL-14拮抗菌液按 50L/吨的接种量接种到腐熟的猪粪堆 肥和菜粕的微生物酶解混合物进行固体发酵, 发酵过程中每天翻堆 1 次, 使 固体发酵温度 30-50°C, 发酵 5-7天后结束, 使拮抗菌含量达到 Ι χ ΙΟ8个 /g以 上, 获得拮抗菌 NJL-25固体菌剂和 NJL-14固体菌剂。 所用腐熟后的猪粪堆 肥发芽指数为 98%以上, 有机质含量 35%, 有机氮含量为 1.2-2%, 含水量 25-30%。
其中菜粕的微生物分解混合物制备方法为 (公知公用, 见发明专利 ZL200610086126.0,—种农用氨基酸的生物制取方法及其肥料产品),菌株 37-1 发酵液加入到菜粕原料中, 调节含水量 55-65%和 pH6.0-7.5, 进行开放式固体 发酵, 待发酵温度上升至 50°C时立即开始翻堆, 以后每天翻堆, 使堆温始终 维持在 35-50°C共 5天, 固体发酵开始后, 堆物的 pH会不断上升, 每次翻堆 时用含酸液体调节含水量和 pH,使它们分别维持在 55-65%和 6.0-7.0,发酵终 止时再用含酸液体进行喷洒, 直至堆物 pH调整为 5.0左右, 再进行低温干燥 或自然凉干, 即为菜粕的微生物分解混合物 (含氨基酸的混合材料)。
3 ) 按堆肥和菜粕的微生物分解混合物两类分别将拮抗菌 NJL-25 固体菌 剂和 NJL-14固体菌剂以 1 : 1混合, 获得堆肥的固体混合菌剂和菜粕微生物 分解混合物的固体混合菌剂;
4 ) 再将堆肥的固体单菌菌剂、 混合菌剂按体积比 70%与菜粕微生物酶解 混合物的固体混合菌剂按体积比 30%的比例充分混合, 并后熟 2-3天, 后熟过 程中翻堆 2次, 最后在温度不超过 60°C的条件下将微生物有机肥的含水量蒸 发至 30%以下, 获得防除连作烟草青枯病的的单菌微生物有机肥 (分别含菌 株 NJL-25、 菌株 NJL- 14)、 混合微生物有机肥 (含菌 NJL-25和菌 NJL- 14)。
用上述拮抗菌所生产的混合微生物有机肥 (防除连作烟草青枯病的专用 微生物有机肥料),该肥料中含有 1 X 101Q个 /g以上的拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL-14、 全氮质量比含量为 4〜5% , 全氮中质量比 90%以上为有机氮, 总氮磷钾养分 质量比为 6〜10%、 有机质质量比含量为 30〜35%。
(三)温室盆栽试验
供试土壤为烟草连作土, 青枯病发病严重。 烟草种子采用烟草青枯病敏 感型的 "云烟 97"。 处理如下:
CK1 : 健康水稻土; CK2 : 烟草连作土; Tl : CK2+氨基酸有机肥; T2 : CK2+NJL-25 液体发酵液; T3 : CK2+NJL-14 液体发酵液; T4 : CK2+NJL-14 和 NJL-25 发酵液混合物 (1 : 1 ); T5 : CK2+NJL-25 微生物有机肥; T6 : CK2+NJL-14微生物有机肥; T7: CK2+NJL-14和 NJL-25混合微生物有机肥。
每处理采用 4个重复, 每重复 23kg病土 /盆, 接种拮抗菌,使拮抗菌在土 壤中的浓度达到 108 cfu/g干土 ,T5-T7每盆施 115g微生物有机肥, 其他处理用 化肥补齐肥料差异。 烟苗移苗前, 在菌悬液中浸泡 30min。 接种拮抗菌后 10 天开始记录发病情况, 25天后, CK2发病率达 100%, 而接种拮抗菌液或微 生物有机肥都能有效降低青枯病的发病率, 其中使用 NJL-14和 NJL-25生产 的混合微生物有机肥表现出最好的防治效果 (图 2), 发病率为 0%。
拮抗菌的施入, 不但可以起到防治烟草青枯病, 大大减少土壤中青枯病 原菌 iRsolanacearum 数量的作用, 促进烟草根际微生物群落的变化, 有益 细菌群落显著增加, 有害真菌及病原菌群落显著减少(表 1, 还能使烟草的生 物量显著增加 (表 2), 施入拮抗菌尤其是施入微生物有机肥处理的生物量与 CK1和 CK2都呈显著差异。 用微生物有机肥比直接使用液体菌剂的生防效果 更好 (生物量增加到 1.65倍)。
施入拮抗菌后, 烟草的系统抗病性也有所增强, 相关酶的酶活也显著提 高。 可能是拮抗菌的加入引起了烟草植株系统抗性的产生。 (表 3 )。
(四) 田间试验
2009 年在安徽省宣城市黄渡乡柏枧村烟草青枯病发病严重的大田施用微 生物有机肥。
大田试验处理: 1、施用当地烟草专用复合肥; 2、施用由 NJL-14和 NJL-25 生产的混合微生物有机肥。 将青枯病发病严重一块田以随机的方式布置成四 个重复, 每重复 2个处理, 共 8个小区。 烟草品种为当地惯用品种云烟 97, 烟苗和肥料都采用穴施, 生物有机肥施入量按 30kg/亩田, 用化肥补齐处理 1、 2间的肥料差异。
定期到田间采集数据, 统计发病率、 病情指数和微生物区系, 最后采收 后计算其不同处理间生物量的差异。 施入由混合拮抗菌微生物有机肥可以显 著地减少青枯病害的发生, 防治率达 97.6%以上,烟叶产量增加 2.27倍 (;表 4)。
本发明专利从微生物区系这一关键问题着手, 研制出一种能显著消除连 作烟草青枯病发生的微生物有机肥料产品, 防治率达 97.6%以上(安徽大田试 验)。 本肥料产品的作用机制在于本肥料产品提供的功能菌及其有效碳和有效 氮源给连作障碍土壤有益微生物区系的培育提供了很好的条件, 使之迅速恢 复和建立外源有益功能菌微生物的生态及其食物链; 另一方面, 本肥料产品 中含有较高含量的有机氮和有机磷, 这些营养物质对连作障碍土壤中作物的 生长十分有利, 大大提高了烟草作物的立苗率和抗逆能力。
表 1: 不同盆栽处理根表微生物的含量差异
Figure imgf000009_0001
表 2: 不同盆栽处理鲜重、 干重差异
处理 /
地上部鲜重 (; g) 根鲜重 (g) 地上部干重 (; g) 根干重 (g) 生物量
CK1 352.29± 18.02a 57.13±2.63b 53.68± 1.70b 16.84± 1.17b
CK2 262.53 ± 9.64b 49.94 ± 8.22a 36.60±0.50a 8.22± 1.03a
T1 490.34±10.98cd 64.57+ 1.62c 57.91±0.92c 22.42±0.23d
T2 448.62± 19.91c 84.03 ±4.92e 70.93 ±2.72d 19.42± 1.16c
T3 450.90± 13.69c 100.49±0.53g 58.01±1.10d 19.42±0.72c
T4 537.03±10.11d 76.98 ±0.24d 71.99+ 1.21d 22.82±0.93d
T5 742.10±12.49e 91.44±0.54f 94.19±2.10f 20.79±1.68cd
T6 733.30±10.09e 83.73±1.15e 87.43 ±2.68e 19.65± 1.51c
T7 756.87±18.63e 97.78 ±0.60fg 86.68 ±0.42f 25.53±1.55e 表 3 :不同处理间地上部系统抗性酶和与次生代谢物有关的各种酶的变化
Figure imgf000010_0002
表 4: 安徽大田试验效果
Figure imgf000010_0003
Figure imgf000010_0001
烟草病情分级行业标准: 0级: 全株无病。 1级: 茎部偶有退绿斑, 或在 有条斑一侧有少数叶片凋萎。 2级: 茎部有黑色条斑, 但尚未达到顶部, 或病 侧半数以上叶片凋萎。 3级:。 4级: 病株基本枯死。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1、用于防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌, 包括菌株 NJL-25和菌株 NJL-14 , 其中,
菌株 NJL-25属于短短芽孢杆菌 Brevibacillus brevis , 2009年 7月 9 日 保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心, 菌种保藏号为 CGMCC NO. 3175, 主要生物学特性为: 革兰氏染色阳性 G+, 细胞形状为杆 状, 在膨大孢囊内含椭圆形芽孢, 菌落平滑, 严格好氧生长, 接触酶阴性、 VP.反应阴性, 甲基红试验阴性, 发酵蔗糖、 果糖、 甘露醇、 山梨醇等产酸不 产气, 硝酸还原酶阴性, 淀粉水解阴性, 明胶水解阳性, 分解酪蛋白阳性, 不产生硫化氢, 产生吲哚, 最适生长温度 30°C, 最适 pH为 7.0;
菌株 NJL-14属于蜡状芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus cereus ) , 2009年 7月 10 日保 藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,菌种保藏号为 CGMCC NO. 3174, 主要生物学特性为: 革兰氏染色阳性 G+, 细胞形状为杆状, 孢囊 无明显膨大, 芽孢圆形或柱形, 中生或近中生。 表面粗糙, 扁平, 不规则, 兼性好氧生长, 接触酶阳性、 VP.反应阳性, 甲基红试验阳性, 发酵葡萄糖、 蔗糖、 果糖、 麦芽糖、 山梨醇等产酸不产气, 硝酸还原酶阳性, 淀粉水解阳 性, 明胶水解阳性, 分解酪蛋白阳性, 不产生硫化氢和吲哚, 最适生长温度 30°C, 最适 pH为 7.0。
2、 用权利要求 1所述用于防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌所生产的微生物 有机肥料。
3、 根据权利要求 2所述的防除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料, 其特 征在于: 该肥料中分别含有 1 X 101Q个 /g以上的拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL-14、 全 氮质量比含量为 4〜5% , 全氮中质量比 90%以上为有机氮, 总氮磷钾养分质 量比为 6〜10%、 有机质质量比含量为 30〜35%。
4、 权利要求 2或 3所述防除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料的生产方 法, 包括:
1 ) 将权利要求 1所述的菌株 NJL-25和菌株 NJL-14分别接种到 PDA培 养液, 进行液体发酵生产, 其发酵生产的条件为: 初始 pH范围为 7.0-7.2, 培 养温度 30°C, 溶氧: 通气量范围为 30〜100 %, 170转 /分钟, 发酵中后期形 成芽孢, 发酵的拮抗菌液含菌或芽孢量 I X 101Q个 /ml;
2) 将 NJL-25和 NJL-14液体菌剂按 50 L/吨的量分别接种到腐熟的猪粪 堆肥和菜粕微生物酶解混合物中进行固体发酵, 发酵温度为 30-50°C, 发酵过 程中每天翻堆 1次, 发酵 5-7天后结束, 使拮抗菌含量达到 Ι χ ΙΟ8个 /g以上, 分别获得拮抗菌 NJL-25和 NJL-14的固体菌剂;
3 ) 按猪粪堆肥和菜粕的微生物分解混合物两类分别将拮抗菌 NJL-25 固 体菌剂和 NJL-14固体菌剂以体积比 1 : 1混合, 获得猪粪堆肥的固体混合菌 剂和菜粕微生物分解混合物的固体混合菌剂;
4)再将猪粪堆肥的固体混合菌剂按体积比 50-70%与菜粕微生物酶解混合 物的固体混合菌剂按体积比 30-50%的比例充分混合, 并后熟 2-3天, 后熟过 程中翻堆 2次, 最后在温度不超过 60°C的条件下将微生物有机肥的含水量蒸 发至 30%以下, 包装出厂即为防除连作烟草青枯病的微生物有机肥料。
5、 根据权利要求 4 所述微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 其中步骤 (1 ) 所 用 PDA培养液配制方法为, 以配制 1L培养基为例:
用 200 g土豆削皮后切成小块放到水里煮, 沸腾后煮 30 min, 经过滤后滤 液中加 20 g普通蔗糖,定容至 1000 ml, pH值调至 7.2-7.4, 121 °C灭菌 20 min。
6、 根据权利要求 4或 5所述微生物有机肥料的生产方法, 其中步骤 (2) 所用腐熟后的猪粪堆肥发芽指数为 98%以上,有机质质量比含量 35%,有机 氮质量比含量为 1.2-2%, 含水量质量比 25-30%。
7、 权利要求 2所述微生物有机肥料的应用。
PCT/CN2009/074977 2009-09-18 2009-11-17 防除连作烟草青枯病的拮抗菌及其微生物有机肥料 WO2011032330A1 (zh)

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