WO2011024251A1 - 非水電解液型リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解液型リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011024251A1 WO2011024251A1 PCT/JP2009/064718 JP2009064718W WO2011024251A1 WO 2011024251 A1 WO2011024251 A1 WO 2011024251A1 JP 2009064718 W JP2009064718 W JP 2009064718W WO 2011024251 A1 WO2011024251 A1 WO 2011024251A1
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- ion secondary
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- secondary battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in high temperature storage stability.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes positive and negative electrodes capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium ions, and an electrolyte interposed between the two electrodes, and the lithium ions in the electrolyte travel between the electrodes. To charge and discharge. Because it is lightweight and has high energy density, it is used as a power source for various portable devices. Moreover, utilization is examined also in the field
- an electrolyte component (non-aqueous solvent, supporting salt, etc.) undergoes a reductive decomposition reaction on the negative electrode surface, thereby deteriorating the battery.
- an electrolyte component non-aqueous solvent, supporting salt, etc.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface
- Patent Document 1 describes that the use of an electrolytic solution containing vinylethylene carbonate can suppress deterioration of the battery due to high-temperature storage.
- Patent Document 2 describes that high-temperature storage stability can be improved by using an electrolytic solution containing, for example, vinylene carbonate and / or vinyl ethylene carbonate and an acid anhydride.
- an electrolytic solution containing, for example, vinylene carbonate and / or vinyl ethylene carbonate and an acid anhydride for example, vinylene carbonate and / or vinyl ethylene carbonate and an acid anhydride.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery in which excellent high-temperature storage stability is stably realized.
- the present inventor has found that excellent high-temperature storage stability is stably realized by using predetermined additives, and has completed the present invention.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes at least one dicarboxylic acid as additive A; and additive B as vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite, and At least one selected from fluoroethylene carbonate.
- dicarboxylic acid does not react with water and decompose, unlike acid anhydrides. Therefore, according to the electrolytic solution having such a composition, even if moisture is mixed in the battery in the assembly process or the like, the concentration ratio of the additives A and B is maintained constant, and excellent high-temperature storage stability is stably realized. Can do.
- the total amount of the additive A contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.2 to 3% by mass.
- the total amount of the additive B contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is 0.1 to 3% by mass.
- a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent high-temperature storage stability can be realized stably.
- a battery is suitable as a battery mounted on a product that can be left under high temperature, such as a vehicle that can be left under direct sunlight in summer. Therefore, according to this invention, the vehicle provided with one of the lithium ion secondary batteries disclosed here is provided.
- a vehicle for example, an automobile
- a lithium ion secondary battery as a power source (typically, a power source of a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle) is preferable.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing an outer shape of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment.
- 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing a capacity retention rate and an increase in internal resistance after high temperature storage of batteries according to some examples.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the correlation between the amount of additive A added, the capacity retention rate after high-temperature storage, and the amount of increase in internal resistance.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the correlation between the amount of additive B added, the capacity retention rate after high-temperature storage, and the amount of increase in internal resistance.
- FIG. 6 is a side view schematically showing a vehicle (automobile) provided with the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view schematically showing the shape of a 18650 type lithium ion battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery disclosed herein includes an electrode body having a positive electrode and a negative electrode capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a lithium salt as a supporting salt, an additive A and an additive B in an organic solvent (non- A non-aqueous electrolyte solution contained in an aqueous solvent).
- a lithium salt used as a supporting salt in a general lithium ion secondary battery can be appropriately selected and used.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiCF 3 SO 3 and the like.
- These supporting salts can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a particularly preferred example is LiPF 6 .
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is preferably prepared so that the concentration of the supporting salt is within a range of 0.7 to 1.3 mol / L, for example.
- an organic solvent used for a general lithium ion secondary battery can be appropriately selected and used.
- Particularly preferred non-aqueous solvents include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and propylene carbonate (PC). These organic solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more. For example, EC, DMC, and EMC mixed at a volume ratio of 2 to 5: 2 to 5: 2 to 5 can be used.
- dicarboxylic acid can use only 1 type, or 2 or more types.
- dicarboxylic acid oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, citraconic acid, glutaric acid, diglycolic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, phenylsuccinic acid, 2-phenylglutaric acid and the like are preferably used.
- An especially preferable dicarboxylic acid is exemplified by oxalic acid.
- the total amount of additive A contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably in the range of about 0.2 to 3% by mass.
- the amount is less than the above range, a stable SEI film is not formed, and the internal resistance may increase remarkably with high temperature storage.
- the amount is more than the above range, the amount of decomposition products derived from the additive A in the SEI film increases, the film resistance increases, and the internal resistance may remarkably increase due to high temperature storage.
- the additive B one kind selected from vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfite, and fluoroethylene carbonate can be used alone, or two or more kinds can be used in combination.
- the amount of the additive B contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 3% by mass. If the amount is less than the above range, a stable SEI film is not formed, and high temperature storage may cause a significant increase in internal resistance and a decrease in capacity retention rate. When it is more than the above range, the internal resistance may be remarkably increased with high temperature storage.
- the mass ratio (A: B) between the additive A and the additive B contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably in the range of about 1: 5 to 10: 1. Thereby, the increase rate of the internal resistance accompanying high temperature storage can be suppressed lower than usual. Moreover, a high capacity retention ratio (for example, about 90%) can be obtained even after high-temperature storage.
- the additive A is oxalic acid and the additive B is VC
- the above mass ratio (addition amount ratio) can be preferably employed.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains other conventionally known components (other additives, etc.) used in lithium ion secondary batteries in addition to the above-described components within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention. May be.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 100 in an embodiment in which an electrode body and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution are housed in a rectangular battery case with respect to the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and the battery case, electrode body, and the like can be appropriately selected in terms of material, shape, size, and the like according to the application and capacity.
- the battery case may have a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a flat shape, a cylindrical shape, or the like.
- the battery 100 includes a wound electrode body 20 and a flat box-shaped battery case 10 corresponding to the shape of the electrode body 20 together with an electrolyte solution (not shown). It can be constructed by being housed inside the opening 12 and closing the opening 12 of the case 10 with a lid 14.
- the lid body 14 is provided with a positive terminal 38 and a negative terminal 48 for external connection so that a part of the terminals protrudes to the surface side of the lid body 14.
- the electrode body 20 includes a positive electrode sheet 30 in which a positive electrode active material layer 34 is formed on the surface of a long sheet-like positive electrode current collector 32, and a negative electrode active material layer on the surface of a long sheet-like negative electrode current collector 42.
- the negative electrode sheet 40 on which the electrode 44 is formed is rolled up with two long sheet-like separators 50, and the obtained wound body is crushed from the side surface and ablated to form a flat shape. ing.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 is formed so that the positive electrode active material layer 34 is not provided (or removed) at one end portion along the longitudinal direction, and the positive electrode current collector 32 is exposed.
- the negative electrode sheet 40 to be wound is not provided with (or removed from) the negative electrode active material layer 44 at one end along the longitudinal direction so that the negative electrode current collector 42 is exposed. Is formed.
- the positive electrode terminal 38 is joined to the exposed end portion of the positive electrode current collector 32, and the negative electrode terminal 48 is joined to the exposed end portion of the negative electrode current collector 42, respectively.
- the positive electrode sheet 30 or the negative electrode sheet 40 is electrically connected.
- the positive and negative terminals 38 and 48 and the positive and negative current collectors 32 and 42 can be joined by, for example, ultrasonic welding, resistance welding, or the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 34 includes, for example, a paste or slurry composition (positive electrode mixture) in which a positive electrode active material is dispersed in an appropriate solvent together with a conductive material, a binder (binder), and the like as necessary. It can preferably be produced by applying to the positive electrode current collector 32 and drying the composition.
- a paste or slurry composition positive electrode mixture
- a positive electrode active material is dispersed in an appropriate solvent together with a conductive material, a binder (binder), and the like as necessary. It can preferably be produced by applying to the positive electrode current collector 32 and drying the composition.
- the positive electrode active material a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is used, and one or more of materials conventionally used in lithium ion secondary batteries (for example, an oxide having a layered structure or an oxide having a spinel structure) are used. It can be used without any particular limitation. Examples thereof include lithium-containing composite oxides such as lithium nickel composite oxides, lithium cobalt composite oxides, lithium manganese composite oxides, and lithium magnesium composite oxides.
- the lithium nickel-based composite oxide is an oxide having lithium (Li) and nickel (Ni) as constituent metal elements, and at least one other metal element (that is, Li and nickel) in addition to lithium and nickel.
- the metal element other than Li and Ni include, for example, cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), magnesium (Mg), and titanium (Ti ), Zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), indium (In), tin (Sn), lanthanum (La) And one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of cerium (Ce).
- an olivine type lithium phosphate represented by the general formula LiMPO 4 (M is at least one element of Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe; for example, LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 ) is used as the positive electrode active material. Also good.
- the amount of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode mixture can be, for example, about 80 to 95% by mass.
- a conductive powder material such as carbon powder or carbon fiber is preferably used.
- carbon powder various carbon blacks such as acetylene black, furnace black, ketjen black, and graphite powder are preferable.
- a conductive material can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the conductive material contained in the positive electrode mixture may be appropriately selected according to the type and amount of the positive electrode active material, and may be, for example, about 4 to 15% by mass.
- a water-soluble polymer that dissolves in water for example, a water-soluble polymer that dissolves in water, a polymer that disperses in water, a polymer that dissolves in a non-aqueous solvent (organic solvent), and the like can be selected as appropriate. Moreover, only 1 type may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used in combination.
- the water-soluble polymer include carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It is done.
- water-dispersible polymer examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), ethylene-tetra Fluorine resins such as fluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), vinyl acetate copolymer, styrene butadiene block copolymer (SBR), acrylic acid-modified SBR resin (SBR latex), rubbers such as gum arabic, etc. It is done.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PFA tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- EFE ethylene-tetra Fluorine resins
- ETFE fluoroethylene copolymer
- SBR s
- Examples of the polymer dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent (organic solvent) include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), and polyethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer. (PEO-PPO) and the like.
- the addition amount of the binder may be appropriately selected according to the type and amount of the positive electrode active material, and can be, for example, about 1 to 5% by mass of the positive electrode mixture.
- a conductive member made of a metal having good conductivity is preferably used.
- aluminum or an alloy containing aluminum as a main component can be used.
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector 32 may vary depending on the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery, and is not particularly limited, and may be various forms such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape.
- a sheet-like aluminum positive electrode current collector 32 is used, and can be preferably used for the lithium ion secondary battery 100 including the wound electrode body 20.
- an aluminum sheet having a thickness of about 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m can be preferably used.
- the negative electrode active material layer 44 includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector 42 made of a paste or slurry composition (negative electrode mixture) in which a negative electrode active material is dispersed in an appropriate solvent together with a binder (binder) and the like. And the composition can be preferably prepared by drying.
- a carbon particle is mentioned as a suitable negative electrode active material.
- a particulate carbon material (carbon particles) containing a graphite structure (layered structure) at least partially is preferably used. Any carbon material of a so-called graphitic material (graphite), non-graphitizable carbon material (hard carbon), easily graphitized carbon material (soft carbon), or a combination of these materials is preferably used. obtain.
- graphite particles such as natural graphite can be preferably used. Since the graphite particles can suitably occlude lithium ions as charge carriers, they are excellent in conductivity.
- the particle size is small and the surface area per unit volume is large, it can be a negative electrode active material more suitable for rapid charge / discharge (for example, high output discharge).
- the amount of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode mixture is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 90 to 99% by mass, more preferably about 95 to 99% by mass.
- the same positive electrode as that described above can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the addition amount of the binder may be appropriately selected according to the type and amount of the negative electrode active material, and can be, for example, about 1 to 5% by mass of the negative electrode mixture.
- a conductive member made of a highly conductive metal is preferably used.
- copper or an alloy containing copper as a main component can be used.
- the shape of the negative electrode current collector 42 may vary depending on the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery and the like, so there is no particular limitation, and various shapes such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape possible.
- a sheet-like copper negative electrode current collector 42 is used, and can be preferably used for the lithium ion secondary battery 100 including the wound electrode body 20.
- a copper sheet having a thickness of about 6 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m can be preferably used.
- the separator 50 is a sheet interposed between the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 40, and is disposed so as to be in contact with the positive electrode active material layer 34 of the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode active material layer 44 of the negative electrode sheet 40. Is done. Then, prevention of short circuit due to the contact between the electrode active material layers 34 and 44 in the positive electrode sheet 30 and the negative electrode sheet 40, and the conduction path between the electrodes (conductive path) by impregnating the electrolyte in the pores of the separator 50. ).
- a porous sheet microporous resin sheet made of a resin can be preferably used.
- Porous polyolefin resins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene are preferred.
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- polystyrene polystyrene
- a PE sheet, a PP sheet, a two-layer structure sheet in which a PE layer and a PP layer are laminated, and the like can be suitably used.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably set within a range of about 10 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, for example.
- the battery 100 assembled as described above can be subjected to various treatments as necessary.
- an external power source is connected between the positive electrode (positive electrode terminal 38) and the negative electrode (negative electrode terminal 48) of the battery, and at normal temperature (typically about 25 ° C.), The battery is charged until the voltage between the terminals reaches a predetermined value.
- the predetermined inter-terminal voltage value is preferably in the range of 2.5V to 4.2V, and more preferably in the range of 3.0V to 4.1V.
- charging is performed at a constant current of about 0.1 C to 10 C from the start of charging until the voltage between terminals reaches a predetermined value, and then SOC (State of Charge) is about 60% to 100%.
- CC-CV charging constant-current constant-voltage charging
- the charging rate is 1 / 3C or less (typically 1 / 20C to 1 / 3C) from the start of charging to at least SOC 20%, and then the voltage between terminals reaches a predetermined value.
- the battery may be charged with a constant current of about 0.1 C to 10 C until it reaches, and further charged with a constant voltage until the SOC reaches about 60% to 100%.
- a voltmeter is connected between the positive electrode terminal 38 and the negative electrode terminal 48 in the lithium ion secondary battery 100, the measured voltage value is monitored by the voltmeter, and a predetermined predetermined value is set. It may be terminated when the voltage value is reached.
- a discharging process may be performed at a current value approximately equal to the charging rate during the constant current charging, and then charging is performed at a rate approximately equal to the current value.
- the discharge cycle may be repeated several times. Alternatively, the charge / discharge cycle may be repeated several times at a rate different from the charge / discharge rate of the charge / discharge cycle.
- Example 1 As the positive electrode mixture, positive electrode active material powder, acetylene black (conductive material), and PVDF (binder) are mixed so that the mass ratio is 85: 10: 5 and the solid content concentration (NV) is about 50%. -Mix-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was mixed to prepare a slurry composition.
- the positive electrode active material powdered lithium manganese oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ) having an average particle diameter of 7 ⁇ m, a specific surface area of 1 m 2 / g, and a theoretical discharge capacity of 90 mA / g was used.
- This positive electrode mixture was applied to both sides of a 15 ⁇ m-thick long aluminum foil (positive electrode current collector) so that the total application amount on both surfaces was 240 g / m 2 (NV standard). After drying this, it was pressed to a total thickness of about 110 ⁇ m to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
- a negative electrode mixture natural graphite, SBR, and CMC were mixed with ion-exchanged water so that the mass ratio was 98: 1: 1 and NV was about 45% to prepare a slurry composition.
- This negative electrode mixture was applied to both surfaces of a long copper foil (negative electrode current collector) having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m so that the total coating amount on both surfaces was 80 g / m 2 (NV standard). This was dried and then pressed so that the total thickness was about 65 ⁇ m to obtain a negative electrode sheet.
- a LiPF 6 solution having a concentration of 1 mol / L was prepared using a mixed solvent of EC, DMC, and EMC in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1.
- a separator two long porous polyethylene sheets having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m were prepared.
- a 18650 type (cylindrical type having a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm) lithium ion secondary battery 200 was manufactured by the following procedure. That is, the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet were laminated together with the two separators, and the laminate was wound in the longitudinal direction to produce a wound electrode body. This electrode body was housed in a cylindrical container together with the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the container was sealed to obtain a battery according to Example 1.
- Examples 2 to 15 The batteries according to Examples 2 to 15 were the same as Example 1 except that a predetermined amount of oxalic acid (Additive A) and / or a predetermined amount of VC (Additive B) was added to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of Example 1. Got. The amounts of additive A and additive B added to the non-aqueous electrolyte of each battery were as shown in Table 1, respectively.
- FIG. 3 shows a graph comparing the capacity retention rate (left Y-axis) and IV resistance increase (right Y-axis) of the batteries of Examples 1, 2, 6, and 9 after storage. Further, the measurement according to the batteries of Examples 2 to 8 in which the addition amount of VC (additive B) was fixed to 1% by mass and the addition amount of oxalic acid (additive A) was varied between 0 to 5% by mass.
- FIG. 4 shows a graph in which the capacity retention rate after storage (left Y-axis) and the IV resistance increase amount (right Y-axis) are plotted against the oxalic acid addition amount (X-axis) based on the values.
- the amount of oxalic acid (additive A) was fixed at 1% by mass, and the amount of VC (additive B) was varied between 0 and 4% by mass in Examples 6 and 9-15.
- FIG. 5 shows a graph in which the capacity retention rate after storage (left Y-axis) and the IV resistance increase amount (right Y-axis) are plotted against the VC addition amount (X-axis) based on the measured values for the battery. .
- the battery of Example 6 using the non-aqueous electrolyte having a composition containing both additive A (here, oxalic acid) and B (here, VC) was stored at 60 ° C. for 30 days.
- the increase in internal resistance was kept as low as 7 m ⁇ , and a high capacity retention rate of 89% was shown.
- both the battery of Example 1 using a non-aqueous electrolyte containing neither additive A nor B and the battery of Example 9 using a non-aqueous electrolyte containing only additive A have increased internal resistance.
- the battery of Example 6 was twice as high as that of the battery of Example 6, and the capacity retention rate was 6% or more lower than that of the battery of Example 6.
- the battery of Example 2 using the non-aqueous electrolyte containing only additive B has a capacity retention rate 2% lower than that of the battery of Example 6, and the increase in internal resistance is nearly three times that of the battery of Example 6. It was.
- the batteries of Examples 4 to 7 and 11 to 14 containing 0.2 to 3% by weight of additive A and 0.1 to 3% by weight of additive B
- the resistance increase after storage at 60 ° C. for 30 days was suppressed to a low value of 11 m ⁇ or less, and both exhibited high capacity retention rates of 88 to 90%. That is, the batteries of Examples 4 to 7 and 11 to 14 contain the additive A and the additive B, but the concentration of either one is out of the above range, compared to the batteries of Examples 3, 8, 10, and 15. A lower resistance increase and a higher capacity retention rate were exhibited.
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Abstract
Description
しかし、本発明者の検討によれば、かかる添加剤を用いても、高温保存性の向上効果が不十分または不安定となる場合があった。
上記添加剤A、Bを含む組成の電解液を用いてなる電池では、電池内の水分量に拘わらず、高温保存性の向上効果を安定して得ることができる。これは、ジカルボン酸が、酸無水物とは異なり、水と反応して分解することがないためである。したがって、かかる組成の電解液によると、組み立て工程等で電池内に水分が混入しても、添加剤A、Bの濃度比が一定に維持され、優れた高温保存性を安定して実現することができる。
ジカルボン酸としては、シュウ酸、マロン酸、マレイン酸、コハク酸、シトラコン酸、グルタル酸、ジグリコール酸、シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸、フェニルコハク酸、2-フェニルグルタル酸等が好ましく使用される。特に好ましいジカルボン酸として、シュウ酸が例示される。
上記非水電解液に含まれる添加剤Aの総量は、凡そ0.2~3質量%の範囲にあることが好ましい。上記範囲よりも少なすぎると、安定したSEI膜が形成されず、高温保存に伴い内部抵抗が著しく増加することがある。また、上記範囲よりも多すぎると、SEI膜に占める添加剤A由来の分解生成物量が多くなり、膜抵抗が上昇して、高温保存により内部抵抗が著しく増加することがある。
上記非水電解液に含まれる添加剤Bの量は、凡そ0.1~3質量%の範囲にあることが好ましい。上記範囲よりも少なすぎると、安定したSEI膜が形成されず、高温保存により内部抵抗の著しい増加や容量維持率の低下を招く場合がある。上記範囲よりも多すぎると、高温保存に伴い内部抵抗が著しく上昇することがある。
なお、上記非水電解液は、本発明による効果を損なわない範囲において、上述した成分に加えて、リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる従来公知の他の成分(他の添加剤等)を含有してもよい。
ここで、リチウムニッケル系複合酸化物とは、リチウム(Li)とニッケル(Ni)とを構成金属元素とする酸化物のほか、リチウムおよびニッケル以外に他の少なくとも一種の金属元素(すなわち、LiとNi以外の遷移金属元素および/または典型金属元素)を、原子数換算でニッケルと同程度またはニッケルよりも少ない割合(典型的にはニッケルよりも少ない割合)で構成金属元素として含む酸化物をも包含する意味である。上記LiおよびNi以外の金属元素は、例えば、コバルト(Co),アルミニウム(Al),マンガン(Mn),クロム(Cr),鉄(Fe),バナジウム(V),マグネシウム(Mg),チタン(Ti),ジルコニウム(Zr),ニオブ(Nb),モリブデン(Mo),タングステン(W),銅(Cu),亜鉛(Zn),ガリウム(Ga),インジウム(In),スズ(Sn),ランタン(La)およびセリウム(Ce)からなる群から選択される一種または二種以上の金属元素であり得る。なお、リチウムコバルト系複合酸化物、リチウムマンガン系複合酸化物およびリチウムマグネシウム系複合酸化物についても同様の意味である。
また、一般式がLiMPO4(MはCo、Ni、Mn、Feのうちの少なくとも一種以上の元素;例えばLiFePO4、LiMnPO4)で表記されるオリビン型リン酸リチウムを上記正極活物質として用いてもよい。
正極合材に含まれる正極活物質の量は、例えば、80~95質量%程度とすることができる。
正極合材に含まれる導電材の量は、正極活物質の種類や量に応じて適宜選択すればよく、例えば、4~15質量%程度とすることができる。
水溶性ポリマーとしては、例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、メチルセルロース(MC)、酢酸フタル酸セルロース(CAP)、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(HPMC)、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースフタレート(HPMCP)、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)等が挙げられる。
水分散性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン-パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重含体(PFA)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)等のフッ素系樹脂、酢酸ビニル共重合体、スチレンブタジエンブロック共重合体(SBR)、アクリル酸変性SBR樹脂(SBR系ラテックス)、アラビアゴム等のゴム類等が挙げられる。
非水溶媒(有機溶媒)に溶解するポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリ塩化ビニリデン(PVDC)、ポリエチレンオキサイド(PEO)、ポリプロピレンオキサイド(PPO)、ポリエチレンオキサイド-プロピレンオキサイド共重合体(PEO-PPO)等が挙げられる。
結着剤の添加量は、正極活物質の種類や量に応じて適宜選択すればよく、例えば、上記正極合材の1~5質量%程度とすることができる。
負極合材に含まれる負極活物質の量は特に限定されないが、好ましくは90~99質量%程度、より好ましくは95~99質量%程度である。
上記所定の端子間電圧値は、2.5V~4.2Vの範囲内であることが好ましく、特に3.0V~4.1Vの範囲内にあることが好ましい。上記初期充電工程は、例えば、充電開始から端子間電圧が所定値に到達するまで0.1C~10C程度の定電流で充電し、次いでSOC(State of Charge)が60%~100%程度となるまで定電圧で充電する定電流定電圧充電(CC-CV充電)により行うことができる。あるいは、充電開始から少なくともSOC20%に至るまでの間は1/3C以下(典型的には、1/20C~1/3C)の充電レート(電流値)で行い、次いで端子間電圧が所定値に到達するまで0.1C~10C程度の定電流で充電し、さらにSOCが60%~100%程度となるまで定電圧で充電してもよい。
<例1>
正極合材として、正極活物質粉末と、アセチレンブラック(導電材)と、PVDF(バインダ)とを、質量比が85:10:5、固形分濃度(NV)が約50%となるようにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)と混合して、スラリー状の組成物を調製した。ここで、正極活物質としては、平均粒径7μm、比表面積1m2/g、理論放電容量90mA/gの粉末状のリチウムマンガン酸化物(LiMn2O4)を使用した。
この正極合材を、厚さ15μmの長尺状アルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の両面に、それら両面の合計塗布量が240g/m2(NV基準)となるように塗布した。これを乾燥後、全体の厚みが約110μmとなるようにプレスして正極シートを得た。
セパレータとして、厚さ20μmの長尺状の多孔質ポリエチレンシートを二枚用意した。
例1の非水電解液に所定量のシュウ酸(添加剤A)および/または所定量のVC(添加剤B)を加えた他は例1と同様にして、例2~15に係る各電池を得た。なお、各電池の非水電解液に加えた添加剤Aおよび添加剤Bの量は、それぞれ表1に示すとおりとした。
得られた例1から5の各電池に対して、1/10Cのレートで3時間の定電流充電を行い、次いで、1/3Cのレートで4.1Vまで充電する操作と、1/3Cのレートで3.0Vまで放電させる操作とを3回繰り返して、初期充電処理およびコンディショニング処理を行った。
初期充電後の各電池を、SOC(State of Charge)60%に調整し、25℃にて、0.2A、0.4A、0.6A、1.2Aの各電流(I)を流して10秒後の電池電圧(V)を測定した。各電池に流した電流値I(X軸)と電圧値V(Y軸)とを直線回帰し、その傾きから初期IV抵抗(mΩ)を求めた。
各電池を、SOC80%に調整し、室温(23℃)にて、SOCが0%となるまで1/3CでCC放電させ、このときの放電容量を測定し、初期容量値とした。
各電池につき、60℃で30日間保存した後、初期容量の測定と同様にして保存後の放電容量を測定した。容量維持率(%)を、初期容量に対する保存後の放電容量の百分率として求めた。
[内部抵抗増加量の測定]
上記保存後の各電池につき、初期内部抵抗の測定と同様にして保存後のIV抵抗値(mΩ)を測定した。内部抵抗増加量(mΩ)を、初期IV抵抗値と保存後のIV抵抗値との差として求めた。
例1、2、6、9の電池の保存後の容量維持率(左Y軸)およびIV抵抗増加量(右Y軸)を比較したグラフを図3に示す。
また、VC(添加剤B)の添加量を1質量%に固定し、シュウ酸(添加剤A)の添加量を0~5質量%の間で異ならせた例2~8の電池に係る測定値を基に、保存後の容量維持率(左Y軸)およびIV抵抗増加量(右Y軸)を、シュウ酸添加量(X軸)に対してプロットしたグラフを図4に示す。
同様に、シュウ酸(添加剤A)の添加量を1質量%に固定し、VC(添加剤B)の添加量を0~4質量%の間で異ならせた例6および例9~15の電池に係る測定値を基に、保存後の容量維持率(左Y軸)およびIV抵抗増加量(右Y軸)を、VC添加量(X軸)に対してプロットしたグラフを図5に示す。
また、表1および図4~5に示されるように、0.2~3質量%の添加剤Aおよび0.1~3質量%の添加剤Bを含む例4~7および11~14の電池は、60℃30日保存後の抵抗増加量が11mΩ以下と低く抑えられ、かついずれも88~90%という高い容量維持率を示した。すなわち、これら例4~7および11~14の電池は、添加剤Aおよび添加剤Bを含むがいずれかの濃度が上記範囲から外れている例3、8、10および15の電池に比べて、より低い抵抗増加量およびより高い容量維持率を示すものであった。
20 捲回電極体
30 正極シート
32 正極集電体
34 正極活物質層
38 正極端子
40 負極シート
42 負極集電体
44 負極活物質層
48 負極端子
50 セパレータ
100,200 リチウムイオン二次電池
Claims (4)
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵および放出可能な正負の電極と、支持塩としてのリチウム塩を有機溶媒中に含む非水電解液と、を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記非水電解液は:
添加剤Aとして、少なくとも一種のジカルボン酸;および、
添加剤Bとして、ビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、エチレンサルファイト、およびフルオロエチレンカーボネートから選択される少なくとも一種;
を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記非水電解液が、前記添加剤Aを0.2~3質量%含む、請求項1記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記非水電解液が、前記添加剤Bを0.1~3質量%含む、請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を備える、車両。
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