WO2010150686A1 - リチウム二次電池用正極活物質及びリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用正極活物質及びリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010150686A1 WO2010150686A1 PCT/JP2010/060170 JP2010060170W WO2010150686A1 WO 2010150686 A1 WO2010150686 A1 WO 2010150686A1 JP 2010060170 W JP2010060170 W JP 2010060170W WO 2010150686 A1 WO2010150686 A1 WO 2010150686A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound that can be used as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery using the same.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries represented by lithium secondary batteries with high energy density, low self-discharge and good cycle characteristics as power sources for portable devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers and electric vehicles
- the current mainstream of lithium secondary batteries is for consumer use, mainly for mobile phones of 2 Ah or less.
- Many positive electrode active materials for lithium secondary batteries have been proposed.
- the most commonly known positive electrode active materials are lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) and lithium nickel oxide whose operating voltage is around 4V. object is a (LiNiO 2), or lithium manganese oxide having a spinel structure lithium-containing transition metal oxide to basic configuration (LiMn 2 O 4) or the like.
- lithium cobalt oxide is widely adopted as a positive electrode active material for small-capacity lithium secondary batteries up to a battery capacity of 2 Ah because of its excellent charge / discharge characteristics and energy density.
- LiFePO 4 lithium iron phosphate
- LiFePO 4 is a polyanion-type positive electrode active material excellent in thermal stability. Since the polyanion portion of this LiFePO 4 is covalently bonded to phosphorus and oxygen, it does not release oxygen even at high temperatures, and exhibits high safety even when all Li is extracted from the Li site. By using it as an active material, the safety of the battery can be dramatically improved.
- LiFePO 4 has an operating potential as low as about 3.4 V, it has a lower energy density than a conventional 4 V positive electrode active material. This corresponds to the fact that the Fe 2 + / 3 + redox reaction occurs in the vicinity of 3.4 V (vs. Li / Li + ).
- a flat potential region is generated in the vicinity of (Li / Li + ).
- LiFe a Mn 1-a PO 4 corresponds to a potential region in the vicinity of 3.4 V (vs.
- Li / Li + corresponding to the redox potential of Fe 2 + / 3 + and the redox potential of Mn 2 + / 3 +.
- Two stages with a potential region near 4.1 V (vs. Li / Li + ) are observed.
- Patent Document 1 includes LiMn 0.6 Fe 0.4 PO 4 (Example 1), LiMn 0.7 Fe 0.3 PO 4 (Example 2) and LiMn 0.75 Fe 0.25 PO 4 (Example).
- the charge / discharge curves of the battery using Example 3) as the positive electrode active material are described.
- the transition metal element of the lithium transition metal lithium compound consists of Mn and Fe, and Mn in Mn and Fe In the range of 0.6 to 0.75, the discharge region near 4 V corresponding to the redox potential of Mn 2 + / 3 + broadens as the Mn composition ratio increases.
- Patent Document 2 includes “a compound having an olivine structure represented by the general formula Li a Mn b Fe c M d PO 4 in the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery”.
- Patent Document 3 states that “a manufacturing method capable of easily mass-producing a positive electrode active material having rate characteristics suitable for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a high-performance non-aqueous electrolyte having a positive electrode active material obtained by this method”
- metal-doped lithium manganese phosphate LiMn 1-x M x PO 4 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.1, M represents a doped metal element)
- An invention consisting of “a method for producing a positive electrode active material comprising a step of mixing a carbon source and heat-treating the obtained mixture in an inert gas atmosphere” (claim 1) is described, wherein “the above general formula: LiMn 1 in -x M x PO 4, doped metal element M other than Mn in the compound is not particularly limited, Co, Ni, Fe, Mg, be at least one selected from Zn and Cu preferred .
- M X representing the ratio of the metal element M other than 0 is 0 ⁇ x ⁇
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention uses metal-doped lithium manganese phosphate with a very small proportion of doped metal. Is a feature ”(paragraph 0016). Thus, Co, Ni, Fe, Mg, Zn, and Cu are listed in the same row without any distinction as candidates for the metal element M.
- Mg is substituted alone (0.01, 0.05, 0.10) and when Ti is substituted alone (0.01, 0.05, 0.10) Is only specifically described. Therefore, when Mn is 0.9 and the substitution elements are Fe and Ni, the ratio of Ni in Fe and Ni must be 30% or more and 90% or less. Cannot be easily derived from.
- LiMPO 4 (M is a transition metal)
- M is an atomic ratio of 85% or more that is inexpensive and can obtain a high operating potential as M. It is an object to provide a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention employs the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery having an olivine type crystal structure and containing a lithium transition metal compound containing at least Ni, Fe and Mn as transition metal elements
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is characterized in that the eye discharge capacity is 60 mAh / g or more.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery having an olivine type crystal structure and containing a lithium transition metal compound containing at least Ni, Fe and Mn as transition metal elements the transition metal contained in the lithium transition metal compound
- a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery characterized by being represented the 87,0.043,0.87) in the range of values present in or line of pentagon ABXYZ whose vertices.
- the lithium transition metal lithium compound is Li x MPO 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, M is a transition metal element containing at least Ni, Fe and Mn, and the atomic ratio of Mn is 85%.
- Li x MPO 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, M is a transition metal element containing at least Ni, Fe and Mn, and the atomic ratio of Mn is 85% or more and 92% or less)
- a lithium secondary battery comprising a lithium transition metal compound, wherein the lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material has a discharge capacity at the seventh cycle of 60 mAh / g or more. It is a positive electrode active material for secondary batteries.
- Li x MPO 4 (M is at least Ni, Fe, and Mn), as M, the atomic ratio of Mn that can be obtained at a low cost and can obtain a high operating potential is 85% or more.
- Ni and Fe a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery capable of obtaining a high discharge capacity can be provided.
- the discharge capacity at the 7th cycle of the lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material can be set to 60 mAh / g or more.
- the discharge capacity at the 7th cycle can be set to 60 mAh / g or more.
- the discharge capacity at the 7th cycle of the lithium secondary battery is preferably 68 mAh / g or more, and more preferably 90 mAh / g or more.
- the discharge capacity at the seventh cycle can be set to 68 mAh / g or more. Further, within this range, point A (0.09, 0.01, 0.9), point B (0.04, 0.04, 0.92), point X (0.03, 0.07, 0.9), the point Y (0.065, 0.065, 0.87), and the point Z (0.087, 0.043, 0.87) are present on or inside the pentagon ABXYZ line. When represented by a value in the range, the discharge capacity at the seventh cycle can be set to 90 mAh / g or more.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is represented by the general formula Li x MPO 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, M is a transition metal element containing at least Ni, Fe and Mn).
- M is a transition metal element containing at least Ni, Fe and Mn.
- impurities may coexist, and in such a case, the effect of the present invention is not lost.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention may contain a trace amount of transition metal elements other than Mn, Fe, and Ni and boron.
- part of SiO 4 or the like may be contained in the polyanion portion represented by PO 4 .
- the synthesis process of the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is not particularly limited as long as a Li x MPO 4 (M is a transition metal) type single phase crystal can be synthesized.
- Specific examples include a solid phase method, a liquid phase method, a sol-gel method, and a hydrothermal method.
- the hydrothermal method is preferable because it is easy to obtain a positive electrode active material having a small particle size.
- the hydrothermal method a conventionally known general method can be adopted.
- a method in which an aqueous solution in which the raw material of the lithium transition metal compound is dissolved is put into a sealable container and then heated from the outside of the container.
- an aqueous solution in which the raw material of lithium manganese phosphate is dissolved is put into a container that can be sealed, and then the container is sealed and heated from outside the container at a temperature exceeding 100 ° C.
- a method of about 5 to 1.5 MPa can be employed.
- a lithium transition metal compound is prepared by mixing raw materials of the lithium manganese phosphate containing manganese, iron, nickel, lithium, and phosphoric acid. Forming particles containing.
- a raw material containing manganese (Mn), for example, manganese sulfate, manganese oxalate, manganese acetate, or the like can be used.
- a raw material containing iron (Fe), for example, iron sulfate, iron oxalate, iron acetate, or the like can be used.
- a raw material containing nickel (Ni), for example, nickel sulfate, nickel oxalate, nickel acetate, or the like can be used.
- a raw material containing lithium (Li) for example, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, or the like can be used.
- a raw material containing phosphoric acid (PO 4 ) for example, ammonium phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium phosphate, or the like can be used.
- the lithium phosphate transition metal-based positive electrode active material according to the present invention it is important to sufficiently ensure the electron conduction between the particles by carbon or the like in order to sufficiently exhibit the effects of the present invention.
- the raw material solution contains ascorbic acid, and the organic substance derived from the ascorbic acid is decomposed in the heat treatment step to give carbon to the particle surfaces.
- this amount of carbon is not always sufficient to ensure electron conduction between particles. Therefore, as described in the examples described later, organic conduction such as PVA coexists in the heat treatment step to compensate for electron conduction between particles.
- the carbon source contained in the raw material solution is not limited to ascorbic acid, but preferably has a molecular weight of 350 or less having two or more hydroxy groups in the molecule.
- water-soluble is preferable at the point that it is easy to melt
- neutral and soluble in water at 20 ° C. in an amount of 1% by mass or more are preferable.
- monosaccharides, disaccharides, organic acids having a molecular weight of 350 or less and having two or more hydroxy groups in the molecule are preferable.
- the molecular weight of the compound having two or more hydroxy groups in the molecule is usually 100 or more.
- Examples of the monosaccharide include glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose and the like.
- Examples of the disaccharide include maltose, sucrose, cellobiose and the like.
- Examples of the organic acid include ascorbic acid (including erythorbic acid which is an optical isomer), tartaric acid, mevalonic acid, quinic acid, shikimic acid, gallic acid, and caffeic acid.
- sucrose, ascorbic acid, and tartaric acid are preferable in that the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery can be further increased.
- the organic material applied in the heat treatment step is not limited to PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), and a water-soluble compound having a hydroxy group in the molecule and having a weight average molecular weight of 500 or more can be used.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- a water-soluble compound having a hydroxy group in the molecule and having a weight average molecular weight of 500 or more can be used.
- polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and polyethylene polypropylene glycol
- hydrophilic vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyhydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate
- polyoxyethylene (tetramethylbutyl) phenyl ether Oxyethylene (alkyl) phenyl ether and the like can be used.
- the hydrophilic vinyl polymer has a structural unit derived from a vinyl monomer having a hydroxy group. Specifically, it has a structural unit derived from a vinyl monomer having at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond and a hydroxy group in the molecule.
- Examples of the polyhydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate in the hydrophilic vinyl polymer include hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate.
- examples of the hydrophilic vinyl polymer include a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer having a hydroxy group.
- the polyvinyl alcohol of the hydrophilic vinyl polymer is usually hydrolyzed after the vinyl acetate monomer is polymerized, and has at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond in the molecule. It has a structural unit derived from a vinyl monomer having a hydroxy group, and is included in the hydrophilic vinyl polymer in the present invention.
- the amount of organic matter applied in the heat treatment step is about 4 to 6% by mass in terms of carbon with respect to the particles formed in the hydrothermal synthesis step in that the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery can be increased. Is preferably used in the heat treatment step.
- the heat treatment method in the heat treatment step a conventionally known general method can be adopted.
- it can be carried out under conditions such as a temperature of about 500 to 750 ° C., a time of about 0.5 to 2 hours, and a nitrogen gas replacement atmosphere with little oxygen gas.
- the cooling after the heat treatment is preferably performed gradually so as not to exceed the cooling rate of, for example, ⁇ 1 ° C./min.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is preferably used for a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery as a powder having an average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle diameter is small, the average particle diameter of the secondary particles is 0.5 to 20 ⁇ m, and the particle diameter of the primary particles is more preferably 1 to 500 nm.
- the specific surface area of the powder particles is preferably large in order to improve the high rate performance of the positive electrode, and preferably 1 to 100 m 2 / g. More preferably, it is 5 to 100 m 2 / g.
- a pulverizer or a classifier can be used.
- a mortar, a ball mill, a sand mill, a vibrating ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a jet mill, a counter jet mill, a swirling air flow type jet mill, a sieve, or the like can be used.
- wet pulverization in which an organic solvent such as water or alcohol or hexane coexists may be used.
- the classification method is not particularly limited, and a sieve, an air classifier, or the like can be used dry or wet as necessary.
- conductive agent and the binder well-known ones can be used in a well-known prescription.
- the amount of water contained in the positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material of the present invention is small, specifically, less than 2000 ppm.
- the thickness of the electrode mixture layer is preferably 20 to 500 ⁇ m in view of the energy density of the battery.
- the negative electrode of the battery of the present invention is not limited in any way, but lithium metal, lithium alloy (lithium metal such as lithium-aluminum, lithium-lead, lithium-tin, lithium-aluminum-tin, lithium-gallium, and wood alloy) Alloys), alloys capable of inserting and extracting lithium, carbon materials (eg, graphite, hard carbon, low-temperature fired carbon, amorphous carbon, etc.), metal oxides, lithium metal oxides (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12) Etc.), polyphosphoric acid compounds and the like.
- graphite is preferable as a negative electrode material because it has an operating potential very close to that of metallic lithium and can realize charge and discharge at a high operating voltage.
- artificial graphite and natural graphite are preferable.
- graphite in which the surface of the negative electrode active material particles is modified with amorphous carbon or the like is desirable because it generates less gas during charging.
- the form of the lithium secondary battery is composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is contained in a non-aqueous solvent.
- a separator and these are interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Is provided.
- non-aqueous solvent examples include cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate; cyclic esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone; chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate
- cyclic esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone
- chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- Chain esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and methyl butyrate; tetrahydrofuran or derivatives thereof; 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dibutoxyethane, methyl jig
- ethers such as lime; nitriles such as acetonitrile and benzonitrile; dioxolane or a derivative thereof; ethylene sulfide, sulfolane, sultone or a derivative thereof alone or a mixture of two or more thereof. Limited to is not.
- the electrolyte salt examples include ionic compounds such as LiBF 4 and LiPF 6 , and these ionic compounds can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.5 mol / l to 5 mol / l, more preferably 1 mol / l to 2.5 mol in order to reliably obtain a lithium secondary battery having high battery characteristics. / L.
- Example 1 A solution obtained by dissolving LiOH.H 2 O in ion-exchanged water and a solution obtained by dissolving (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 in ion-exchanged water were mixed and stirred for 2 hours.
- the pH of a solution will not become constant if the stirring time at this time differs, in order to obtain a fixed product, it is desirable to fix stirring time.
- the pH after stirring for 2 hours was about 8.
- MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO 4 .6H 2 O were dissolved in water in which ascorbic acid was dissolved.
- the amount of ascorbic acid was adjusted to 0.025 in terms of molar ratio with respect to MnSO 4 .
- this solution was added to a mixed solution of LiOH.H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the reason why the atmosphere at this time is a nitrogen atmosphere is to reduce the possibility that oxides derived from the oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ are mixed as impurities in the final product.
- the precursor solution was obtained by the above operation.
- Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni in this precursor solution was prepared so that molar ratio might be set to 2: 1: 0.90: 0.07: 0.03.
- This solution was transferred to a cylindrical container made of polytetrafluoroethylene, placed in a temperature control device, the inside of the container was sufficiently replaced with nitrogen gas, sealed, and hydrothermally heated at 170 ° C. for 12 hours while stirring at 150 rpm. Synthesis was performed. After the reaction, the filtered precipitate was thoroughly washed with deionized water and acetone, and then vacuum dried at 120 ° C. for 5 hours. Add about 1.1 times the weight of polyvinyl alcohol powder (PVA, degree of polymerization 1,500) to the obtained powder, mix, add a small amount of water heated to 60 ° C, and mix and mix in a mortar. It was tempered into a gummy paste. Next, by performing a heat treatment at 700 ° C.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol powder
- Example 2 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.87: 0.091: 0.039.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.039 Fe 0.091 Mn 0.87 PO 4 ) of Example 2 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 3 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.91: 0.063: 0.027
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.027 Fe 0.063 Mn 0.91 PO 4 ) of Example 3 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 4 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.85: 0.075: 0.075.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery of Example 4 (LiNi 0.075 Fe 0.075 Mn 0.85 PO 4 ) was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 5 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.86: 0.07: 0.07
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.07 Fe 0.07 Mn 0.86 PO 4 ) of Example 5 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 6 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.87: 0.065: 0.065
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery of Example 6 (LiNi 0.065 Fe 0.065 Mn 0.87 PO 4 ) was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 7 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.90: 0.05: 0.05.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.05 Fe 0.05 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Example 7 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 8 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.92: 0.04: 0.04
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.04 Fe 0.04 Mn 0.92 PO 4 ) of Example 8 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 9 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.87: 0.049: 0.081
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.081 Fe 0.049 Mn 0.87 PO 4 ) of Example 9 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 10 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.87: 0.043: 0.087.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.087 Fe 0.043 Mn 0.87 PO 4 ) of Example 10 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 11 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.865: 0.0435: 0.0915.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.0915 Fe 0.0435 Mn 0.865 PO 4 ) of Example 11 was used in the same manner as Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 12 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.90: 0.03: 0.07
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.07 Fe 0.03 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Example 12 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 13 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.90: 0.01: 0.09
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.09 Fe 0.01 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Example 13 was used in the same manner as Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 14 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.89: 0.011: 0.099
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.099 Fe 0.011 Mn 0.89 PO 4 ) of Example 14 was used in the same manner as Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Example 15 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni: Co ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.90: 0.05: 0.025: 0.025
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery of Example 15 (LiNi 0 .0), except that the amounts of 7H 2 O, NiSO 4 .6H 2 O, and CoSO 4 .7H 2 O were adjusted . 025 Co 0.025 Fe 0.05 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ).
- (a, b, c) in the Ni a Fe b Mn c- based triangular phase diagram of this positive electrode active material is (0.026, 0.051, 0.923). This was rounded to point C (0.03, 0.05, 0.92).
- Comparative Example 1 Without adding NiSO 4 .6H 2 O, the MnSO 4 .5H 2 O and FeSO 4 .multidot.O so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe ratio in the precursor solution would be 2: 1: 0.90: 0.1.
- a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiFe 0.1 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as Example 1 except that 7H 2 O was added.
- Comparative Example 2 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.90: 0.09: 0.01
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.01 Fe 0.09 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 2 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 3 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.90: 0.08: 0.02.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.02 Fe 0.08 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 3 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 4 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.92: 0.056: 0.024
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.024 Fe 0.056 Mn 0.92 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 4 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 5 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.94: 0.03: 0.03.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 5 LiNi 0.03 Fe 0.03 Mn 0.94 PO 4 ) was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 6 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.87: 0.013: 0.117
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.117 Fe 0.013 Mn 0.87 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 6 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 7 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.88: 0.012: 0.108
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery of Comparative Example 7 (LiNi 0.108 Fe 0.012 Mn 0.88 PO 4 ) was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 9 MnSO 4 .5H 2 O, FeSO 4 .7H 2 O and NiSO so that the Li: P: Mn: Fe: Ni ratio in the precursor solution is 2: 1: 0.92: 0.008: 0.072
- the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.072 Fe 0.008 Mn 0.92 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 9 was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of 4.6H 2 O was adjusted. Obtained.
- Comparative Example 10 Without adding FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, MnSO 4 .5H 2 O and NiSO 4 .so that the Li: P: Mn: Ni ratio in the precursor solution was 2: 1: 0.9: 0.1.
- a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery (LiNi 0.1 Mn 0.9 PO 4 ) of Comparative Example 10 was obtained in the same manner as Example 1 except that 6H 2 O was added.
- This positive electrode paste was applied to an aluminum mesh plate, dried at 80 ° C. for 30 minutes, pressed, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain a working electrode.
- the metal electrode was used for the counter electrode and the reference electrode, and the tripolar glass cell was produced by applying a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- non-aqueous electrolyte a solution obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 mol / l in a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- the charge / discharge test was performed at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- the charging conditions of the charging / discharging test were a constant current and a constant potential charging with a charging current of 0.1 CmA, a charging set potential of 4.3 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and a charging time of 15 hours.
- the discharge conditions were a constant current discharge with a discharge current of 0.1 CmA and a final potential of 2.0 V (vs. Li / Li + ).
- the current value (CmA) was determined with the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode active material being 171 mAh / g.
- the positive electrode active material referred to in the specification of the present application includes carbon added up to the heat treatment step in addition to the lithium transition metal compound.
- the positive electrode active materials of all Examples and Comparative Examples described in the specification contain 3 to 5% by mass of carbon.
- the above charging / discharging was performed 7 cycles. Note that a 30-minute rest period was provided between the completion of charging and the start of discharge, and between the completion of discharge and the start of charging. The discharge capacity (mAh) from the start of discharge until reaching the end potential of 2 V was measured.
- Table 1 shows the discharge capacities of the first cycle and the seventh cycle of the cells (lithium secondary batteries) using the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10.
- FIG. 1 shows the positions of the positive electrode active materials of Examples and Comparative Examples and the discharge capacity values at the seventh cycle of the cell in the Ni a Fe b Mn c system triangular phase diagram.
- the discharge capacity value of the battery starts charging / discharging after assembling the battery, and at first, the capacity gradually increases or gradually decreases and stabilizes in several cycles. Since the same applies to the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, the characteristics of the battery of the present invention were evaluated based on the discharge capacity at the seventh cycle of the cell.
- Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2, Example 1, and Example. 5.
- an intermittent discharge test was repeated in which the operation of leaving in an open circuit state for 90 minutes was repeated every 30 minutes of discharge.
- the discharge current was 0.1 CmA. From the obtained open circuit potential curve (OCP curve), the accumulated capacity discharged until the open circuit potential reached 3.0 V was determined.
- the lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention is suitable for applications in fields where high capacity is particularly required in industrial batteries, such as electric vehicles that are expected to be developed in the future.
- the potential is enormous.
Abstract
Description
(1)オリビン型結晶構造を有し、遷移金属元素として少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有するリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質において、前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が含有する遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であり、かつ、該正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の7サイクル目放電容量が60mAh/g以上になることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(2)オリビン型結晶構造を有し、遷移金属元素として少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有するリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質において、前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が含有する遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であり、かつ、NiaFebMnc系三角相図において、(a,b,c)が、点A(0.09,0.01,0.9)、点B(0.04,0.04,0.92)、点C(0.03,0.05,0.92)、点D(0.027,0.063,0.91)、点E(0.039,0.091,0.87)、点F(0.075,0.075,0.85)、点G(0.0915,0.0435,0.865)、点H(0.099,0.011,0.89)を頂点とする8角形ABCDEFGHの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表されることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(3)オリビン型結晶構造を有し、遷移金属元素として少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有するリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質において、前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が含有する遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であり、かつ、NiaFebMnc系三角相図において、(a,b,c)が、点A(0.09,0.01,0.9)、点B(0.04,0.04,0.92)、点X(0.03,0.07,0.9)、点Y(0.065,0.065,0.87)、点Z(0.087,0.043,0.87)を頂点とする5角形ABXYZの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表されることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(4)前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が、リン酸遷移金属リチウム化合物であることを特徴とする前記(1)~(3)のいずれかのリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(5)前記リン酸遷移金属リチウム化合物が、LixMPO4(0<x<1.2、Mは、少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有する遷移金属元素であり、Mnの原子比が85%以上92%以下)で表されることを特徴とする前記(4)のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(6)前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が、LixNiaFebMncPO4(0<x<1.2、a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)において、0.85≦c≦0.92であり、かつ、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であることを特徴とする前記(5)のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(7)LixMPO4(0<x<1.2、Mは、少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有する遷移金属元素であり、Mnの原子比が85%以上92%以下)で表されるリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質であり、かつ、該正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の7サイクル目放電容量が60mAh/g以上になることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(8)水熱法による水熱合成工程を経て製造されたものであることを特徴とする前記(1)~(7)のいずれかのリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(10)前記(1)~(8)のいずれかの正極活物質を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解質を備えたリチウム二次電池である。
Mnの原子比も重要であり、後述する実施例のように、Mnの原子比を0.85≦c≦0.92とすることにより、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9の範囲で、上記の正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の7サイクル目放電容量を60mAh/g以上とすることができる。
リチウム二次電池の7サイクル目放電容量は68mAh/g以上が好ましく、90mAh/g以上がより好ましい。7角形ABCDEFGの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表される場合に、7サイクル目放電容量を68mAh/g以上とすることができる。さらに、この範囲内で、点A(0.09,0.01,0.9)、点B(0.04,0.04,0.92)、点X(0.03,0.07,0.9)、点Y(0.065,0.065,0.87)、点Z(0.087,0.043,0.87)を頂点とする5角形ABXYZの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表される場合に、7サイクル目放電容量を90mAh/g以上とすることができる。
また、後述する実施例では、x=1のLiNiaFebMncPO4の正極活物質を提案しているが、活物質の合成過程で特にLi組成については変動し易いことに加え、電池内において該正極物質は充電によって放出されLiが0にまで至り得るものであり、放電によってLiが吸蔵され1.2にまで至り得るものであるから、0<x<1.2とする。
したがって、本発明の正極活物質は、Mn,Fe,Ni以外の遷移金属元素(例えばCo)やホウ素が含まれる場合、これらの元素をM′とすれば、一般式LixNiaFebMncM′dPO4で表されるが、この場合でも、「遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92であり、かつ、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であること」を意味する。実際には、a+b+c+d=1となるから、Mnのモル原子比率cは0.85~0.92よりも小さくなるが、Mn,Fe,Ni以外の遷移金属元素やホウ素は上記のように微量であり、a+b+c+d=1としたとき、Mnのモル原子比率cが0.85よりも極端に小さくなる場合(例えば、cが0.84以下の場合)は、本発明から除かれる。
なかでも、水熱法を用いると、粒子サイズの小さい正極活物質を得ることが容易であるため、好ましい。
特に、本発明に係るリン酸遷移金属リチウム化合物系の正極活物質においては、本発明の効果を充分に発現させるため、カーボン等により粒子同士の電子伝導を十分に確保することが重要である。後述する実施例に記載する水熱法を用いた合成例では、原料溶液がアスコルビン酸を含有しており、熱処理工程で前記アスコルビン酸由来の有機物が分解して粒子表面にカーボンが付与される。しかしながら、これだけのカーボンでは粒子同士の電子伝導を確保するには必ずしも充分であるとはいえない。そこで、後述する実施例に記載するように、熱処理工程に置いてPVA等の有機物を共存させることで、粒子同士の電子伝導を補っている。
なお、前記親水性ビニル重合体のうちの前記ポリビニルアルコールは、通常、酢酸ビニルモノマーが重合されたあとに加水分解されてなるものであるが、分子中に少なくとも1個のエチレン性不飽和結合とヒドロキシ基とを有するビニルモノマーに由来する構成単位を有し、本発明においては、前記親水性ビニル重合体に含まれるものである。
イオン交換水にLiOH・H2Oを溶解した溶液と、イオン交換水に(NH4)2HPO4を溶解した溶液とを混合し、2時間攪拌した。なお、このときの撹拌時間が異なると、溶液のpHが一定とならないので、一定の生成物を得るためには撹拌時間を固定することが望ましい。本実施例では、2時間撹拌した後のpHは約8であった。一方、アスコルビン酸を溶解した水にMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oを溶解した。ここで、アスコルビン酸の量は、MnSO4に対してモル比で0.025となるように調製した。次に、この溶液を、窒素雰囲気下でLiOH・H2Oと(NH4)2HPO4との混合溶液に添加した。なお、このときの雰囲気を窒素雰囲気とするのは、Fe2+がFe3+に酸化されることに由来する酸化物が、最終生成物に不純物として混在するおそれを低減させるためである。以上の操作によって、前駆体溶液を得た。なお、この前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Niは、モル比が2:1:0.90:0.07:0.03となるように調製した。この溶液をポリテトラフルオロエチレン製の円筒型容器に移し、温度制御装置に設置し、容器内を窒素ガスで充分に置換して密閉し、150rpmで攪拌しながら、170℃、12時間の水熱合成を行った。反応後、沈殿物をろ過したものを、脱イオン水及びアセトンで十分に洗浄した後に、120℃、5時間の真空乾燥を行った。得られた粉末に、その1.1倍程度の重量のポリビニルアルコール粉末(PVA、重合度1,500)を加えて混合し、さらに60℃に加温した水を少量加え、乳鉢で混合-混錬してガム状のペーストとした。次に、N2雰囲気下で700℃、1時間の熱処理を施すことによって、LixNiaFebMncPO4において、a/(a+b)=0.3である実施例1のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.03Fe0.07Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.87:0.091:0.039となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例2のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.039Fe0.091Mn0.87PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.91:0.063:0.027となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例3のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.027Fe0.063Mn0.91PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.85:0.075:0.075となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例4のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.075Fe0.075Mn0.85PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.86:0.07:0.07となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例5のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.07Fe0.07Mn0.86PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.87:0.065:0.065となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例6のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.065Fe0.065Mn0.87PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.90:0.05:0.05となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例7のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.05Fe0.05Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.92:0.04:0.04となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例8のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.04Fe0.04Mn0.92PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.87:0.049:0.081となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例9のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.081Fe0.049Mn0.87PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.87:0.043:0.087となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例10のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.087Fe0.043Mn0.87PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.865:0.0435:0.0915となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例11のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.0915Fe0.0435Mn0.865PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.90:0.03:0.07となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例12のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.07Fe0.03Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.90:0.01:0.09となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例13のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.09Fe0.01Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.89:0.011:0.099となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例14のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.099Fe0.011Mn0.89PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni:Co比が2:1:0.90:0.05:0.025:0.025となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O、NiSO4・6H2O、CoSO4・7H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例15のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.025Co0.025Fe0.05Mn0.9PO4)を得た。なお、この正極活物質のNiaFebMnc系三角相図における(a,b,c)は、(0.026,0.051,0.923)である。これを四捨五入して点C(0.03,0.05,0.92)とした。
NiSO4・6H2Oを加えずに、前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe比が2:1:0.90:0.1となるようにMnSO4・5H2O及びFeSO4・7H2Oを加えたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例1のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiFe0.1Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.90:0.09:0.01となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例2のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.01Fe0.09Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.90:0.08:0.02となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例3のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.02Fe0.08Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.92:0.056:0.024となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例4のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.024Fe0.056Mn0.92PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.94:0.03:0.03となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例5のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.03Fe0.03Mn0.94PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.87:0.013:0.117となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例6のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.117Fe0.013Mn0.87PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.88:0.012:0.108となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例7のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.108Fe0.012Mn0.88PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.91:0.009:0.081となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例8のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.081Fe0.009Mn0.91PO4)を得た。
前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Fe:Ni比が2:1:0.92:0.008:0.072となるようにMnSO4・5H2O、FeSO4・7H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oの量を調整したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例9のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.072Fe0.008Mn0.92PO4)を得た。
FeSO4・7H2Oを加えずに、前駆体溶液中のLi:P:Mn:Ni比が2:1:0.9:0.1となるようにMnSO4・5H2O及びNiSO4・6H2Oを加えたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例10のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(LiNi0.1Mn0.9PO4)を得た。
上記実施例1~15及び比較例1~10で得られた正極活物質の放電性能試験を次の方法で行った。まず、次の手順で正極活物質を評価するための作用極を製作した。合成した活物質とアセチレンブラック(AB)とを80:8の質量比で秤量した後に、乳鉢で粉砕混合した。次に、その混合粉末にPVdF(品番:#1120)のN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶液を正極活物質に対して固形分換算した質量比で80(正極活物質):12(PVdF)となるように滴下して混練した後に、さらに粘度調整のためにNMPを適量添加することによって、正極活物質:AB:PVdF=80:8:12、全固形分濃度30質量%の正極ペーストを得た。この正極ペーストをアルミメッシュ板に塗布し、80℃で30分乾燥後、プレスし、減圧乾燥することによって作用極を得た。そして、対極及び参照極には金属Liを用い、非水電解液を適用することによって、3極式のガラスセルを作製した。非水電解液は、エチレンカーボネート及びジエチルカーボネートを体積比1:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/lの濃度で溶解させたものを用いた。
上記充放電を7サイクル行った。なお、充電完了後放電開始までの間、及び、放電完了後充電開始までの間には、それぞれ、30分の休止時間を設けた。放電開始から2Vの終止電位に達するまでの放電容量(mAh)を測定した。
特に、図1に示されるように、点A(0.09,0.01,0.9)、点B(0.04,0.04,0.92)、点X(0.03,0.07,0.9)、点Y(0.065,0.065,0.87)、点Z(0.087,0.043,0.87)を頂点とする5角形ABXYZの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表される場合(実施例1、6~10、12、13)に、本発明の正極活物質を用いたセルは、7サイクル目放電容量が90mAh/g以上となり、顕著に向上する。
これに対して、0.3>a/(a+b)、0.9<a/(a+b)の範囲では、表1及び図1に示されるように、これらの正極活物質を用いたセルは、7サイクル目放電容量が60mAh/g未満に低下する(比較例1~3、10)ので、リチウム二次電池の放電容量を向上させるためには、上記の正極活物質において0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9とすることが好ましい。
また、0.85>c、0.94≦cでも、放電容量が低下する(比較例5)ので、リチウム二次電池の放電容量を向上させるためには、上記の正極活物質において0.85≦c≦0.92とする必要がある。
Claims (13)
- オリビン型結晶構造を有し、遷移金属元素として少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有するリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質において、前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が含有する遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であり、かつ、該正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の7サイクル目放電容量が60mAh/g以上になることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- オリビン型結晶構造を有し、遷移金属元素として少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有するリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質において、前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が含有する遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であり、かつ、NiaFebMnc系三角相図において、(a,b,c)が、点A(0.09,0.01,0.9)、点B(0.04,0.04,0.92)、点C(0.03,0.05,0.92)、点D(0.027,0.063,0.91)、点E(0.039,0.091,0.87)、点F(0.075,0.075,0.85)、点G(0.0915,0.0435,0.865)、点H(0.099,0.011,0.89)を頂点とする8角形ABCDEFGHの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表されることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- オリビン型結晶構造を有し、遷移金属元素として少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有するリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質において、前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が含有する遷移金属元素のうちNi、Fe及びMnのモル原子の総和を1とし、このうちNi、Fe及びMnのそれぞれが占めるモル原子比率をa、b及びc(a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)としたとき、0.85≦c≦0.92、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であり、かつ、NiaFebMnc系三角相図において、(a,b,c)が、点A(0.09,0.01,0.9)、点B(0.04,0.04,0.92)、点X(0.03,0.07,0.9)、点Y(0.065,0.065,0.87)、点Z(0.087,0.043,0.87)を頂点とする5角形ABXYZの線上又は内部に存在する範囲の値で表されることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が、リン酸遷移金属リチウム化合物である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リン酸遷移金属リチウム化合物が、LixMPO4(0<x<1.2、Mは、少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有する遷移金属元素であり、Mnの原子比が85%以上92%以下)で表されることを特徴とする請求項4に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属化合物が、LixNiaFebMncPO4(0<x<1.2、a+b+c=1、a>0、b>0、c>0)において、0.85≦c≦0.92であり、かつ、0.3≦a/(a+b)≦0.9であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- LixMPO4(0<x<1.2、Mは、少なくともNi、Fe及びMnを含有する遷移金属元素であり、Mnの原子比が85%以上92%以下)で表されるリチウム遷移金属化合物を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質であり、かつ、該正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池の7サイクル目放電容量が60mAh/g以上になることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 水熱法による水熱合成工程を経て製造されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 水熱法による水熱合成工程を経て製造されたものであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項7に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解質を備えたリチウム二次電池。
- 請求項7に記載の正極活物質を含む正極と、負極と、非水電解質を備えたリチウム二次電池。
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EP2448044A4 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
EP2448044A1 (en) | 2012-05-02 |
KR20160028522A (ko) | 2016-03-11 |
KR101956089B1 (ko) | 2019-03-08 |
US9225022B2 (en) | 2015-12-29 |
TWI505536B (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
CN102449821A (zh) | 2012-05-09 |
TW201114093A (en) | 2011-04-16 |
KR20120030036A (ko) | 2012-03-27 |
CN102449821B (zh) | 2014-12-24 |
JP5488598B2 (ja) | 2014-05-14 |
JPWO2010150686A1 (ja) | 2012-12-10 |
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EP2448044B1 (en) | 2019-02-27 |
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