WO2010134518A1 - 電極の表面処理方法および電極ならびに有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
電極の表面処理方法および電極ならびに有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- BINKQJJWJHNOSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabenzyl silicate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CO[Si](OCC=1C=CC=CC=1)(OCC=1C=CC=CC=1)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 BINKQJJWJHNOSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZYAPKYFYYWOKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahexyl silicate Chemical compound CCCCCCO[Si](OCCCCCC)(OCCCCCC)OCCCCCC HZYAPKYFYYWOKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WEHSMFCDAIHNOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phenyl silicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1 WEHSMFCDAIHNOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYTYOIHJLHWYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl 6,6,6-trifluorohexyl silicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OCCCCCC(F)(F)F GYTYOIHJLHWYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/26—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the composition or arrangement of the conductive material used as an electrode
- H05B33/28—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the composition or arrangement of the conductive material used as an electrode of translucent electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K2102/00—Constructional details relating to the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K2102/10—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene
- H10K2102/101—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO]
- H10K2102/103—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO] comprising indium oxides, e.g. ITO
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
- Y10T428/31663—As siloxane, silicone or silane
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode surface treatment method, an electrode, an organic electroluminescence element, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- an organic electroluminescence (hereinafter also referred to as “organic EL”) element has an anode 2, a hole transport layer 3, a light emitting layer 4, an electron transport layer 5, and a cathode 6 on a substrate 1.
- organic EL organic electroluminescence
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the work function is about ⁇ 6.0 eV in principle, but the conventional cleaning with a general organic solvent or the like is performed. When performed, it shows only a work function of about ⁇ 4.8 to ⁇ 4.7 eV. This is considered to be because the surface of the anode is contaminated with residual carbon components due to an organic solvent or the like, or oxygen molecules on the ITO surface are deficient. For this reason, after the cleaning process, UV ozone cleaning or oxygen plasma processing may be performed.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-14795 (Patent Document 1) and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-120890 (Patent Document 2). ing. That is, in Patent Document 1, the surface of the anode is acid-treated, and then washed and dried with an organic solvent, so that the work function of the anode is increased by about 0.1 to 0.3 eV from that before the acid treatment. The drive voltage of the element is lowered by increasing the work function.
- the anode surface is polished, then acid-treated, and further washed and dried with an organic solvent to flatten the anode surface and form pores on the outermost surface, thereby driving the element.
- the voltage is lowered and the life is improved.
- Patent Document 3 discloses that after an anode is acid-treated, an organic light emitting layer or the like is formed without cleaning, thereby increasing the work function of the anode and thereby increasing the element driving voltage. There has been proposed an element capable of lowering the voltage. However, in this element, the life characteristics are insufficient and there is room for improvement.
- JP-A-2004-63210 discloses that the anode surface is cleaned by ultraviolet cleaning by low-pressure mercury lamp irradiation, ultraviolet cleaning by excimer lamp irradiation, atmospheric pressure plasma cleaning, vacuum plasma cleaning, etc.
- a method of increasing the work function of the anode by surface treatment with halogen or the like has been proposed, but there are problems such as complicated operation.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a surface treatment of an electrode characterized by bringing a metal oxide electrode into contact with a nonionic surfactant and / or a carboxylic acid surfactant. According to this method, the work function of an electrode made of a metal oxide such as indium tin oxide (hereinafter also referred to as “ITO”) can be easily increased, and this method can be used. This increases the work function of the anode, increases the hole injection efficiency, enables the device drive voltage to be lowered, improves the life characteristics and chromaticity stability during continuous drive, and suppresses the increase in resistance as much as possible. It is described that an organic EL element can be manufactured. However, there is room for further improvement in terms of life characteristics.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- Patent Document 6 US Pat. No. 6,127,004
- a film made of a fluorocarbon compound is formed on the anode by plasma surface treatment, light emission of the organic EL element is achieved. It is described that efficiency can be increased.
- Patent Document 7 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-63771
- the metal oxide include RuO x , MoO x , and VO x
- the method for forming the metal oxide film includes electron beam evaporation, direct current sputtering, RF magnetron sputtering, and ICB evaporation. Laws are listed.
- Patent Documents 6 and 7 it is necessary to perform an operation for forming a film on the anode in a vacuum atmosphere, and the operation is complicated.
- Patent Document 8 when an anode having a smooth surface is used, a short circuit due to a pinhole or the like is prevented, and light emission luminance and light emission efficiency are improved, and durability and reliability are improved. It is described that a remarkably excellent organic EL thin film element can be realized.
- JP-A-4-14795 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-120890 JP 2001-319777 A JP 2004-63210 A JP 2007-242481 A US Pat. No. 6,127,004 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-63771 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-7770
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a method for increasing the work function of an electrode by a simple operation.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an organic EL device having an anode having a high work function by a simple operation.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an organic EL device having improved light emission characteristics (emission efficiency, lifetime) and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention makes it possible to form a light emitting layer that is uniform and highly smooth, particularly when the light emitting layer is formed by a coating method.
- An object is to provide a small number of organic EL elements and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present invention relates to the following [1] to [16], for example.
- a surface of the electrode comprising a contact step of bringing an electrode comprising a metal oxide into contact with a solution containing a silane compound represented by the following formula (1) and / or a partially hydrolyzed condensate thereof and water: Processing method.
- tetraalkoxysilane is at least one selected from the group consisting of tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, and tetrabutoxysilane.
- the solution contains 10 to 80% by mass of water and 90 to 20% by mass of an alcohol having 1 to 3 carbon atoms (however, the total amount of both is 100% by mass).
- the electrode surface treatment method according to any one of [1] to [4].
- the coating method is such that a liquid pool portion of the solution is formed on the electrode surface, and the liquid pool portion covers the entire surface of the electrode by rotating the electrode in an in-plane direction of the surface.
- the contact is performed by immersing the electrode in the solution (hereinafter also referred to as “second contact method”) or by spraying the solution onto the electrode (hereinafter also referred to as “third contact method”).
- second contact method immersing the electrode in the solution
- third contact method spraying the solution onto the electrode
- a heating step of heating the electrode to 60 to 250 ° C. at any stage after the contact step (however, at any stage after the cleaning step if the cleaning step is included).
- a UV irradiation step of irradiating the electrode with ultraviolet rays at any stage after the contacting step (however, at any stage after the cleaning step if the cleaning step is included),
- the electrode surface treatment method according to any one of [1] to [12].
- a surface treatment is performed by the method according to any one of [1] to [13], and a work function measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy in the air is ⁇ 4.9 to ⁇ 6.0 eV.
- the work function of an electrode made of a metal oxide such as indium tin oxide (hereinafter also referred to as “ITO”) can be easily increased.
- an organic EL element including an electrode (anode) made of a metal oxide having a high work function can be easily manufactured.
- the light emission characteristics (light emission efficiency, life) of the organic EL element can be improved.
- the wettability of the surface-treated anode with respect to the light emitting layer forming solution is improved. Therefore, when the light emitting layer is formed by a coating method, a uniform and highly smooth light emitting layer is formed. As a result, an organic EL element having a high-quality light emitting surface with less luminance unevenness and defects and less leakage current and a method for manufacturing the same are provided.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an organic EL device produced by the method of the present invention.
- the electrode surface treatment method of the present invention is a solution containing an electrode made of a metal oxide, a specific silane compound (1) and / or a partially hydrolyzed condensate thereof, and water (hereinafter also referred to as “electrode treatment solution”). And a contact process (also referred to as a “contact treatment process”).
- a substrate with an electrode made of a metal oxide hereinafter also referred to as “substrate with electrode”
- the electrode treatment solution is usually brought into contact with each other. This contact step is performed.
- the metal oxide that is a material of the electrode include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO), and the like.
- the silane compound (1) used in the present invention is represented by the following formula (1).
- OR is an alkoxy group or an aryloxy group each independently, X is each independently a hydrolyzable group other than the OR, p is an integer of 1 to 4, q is an integer of 0 to 3, and p + q ⁇ 4.
- Examples of the alkoxy group include an alkoxy group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and more specifically, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, an octyloxy group, and A decyloxy group is mentioned, Among these, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group are preferable.
- aryloxy group examples include aryloxy groups having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, and more specifically, phenoxy groups and benzyloxy groups.
- Examples of the other hydrolyzable groups X include halogeno groups such as chlorine and bromine, ester groups (—O—COR; R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms (eg, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group). Group, butyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group), aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms (eg, phenyl group, naphthyl group)), and amino group.
- halogeno groups such as chlorine and bromine
- ester groups —O—COR
- R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms (eg, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group). Group, butyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group), aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms (eg, phenyl group, naphthyl group)), and amino
- alkoxysilane examples include Tetraalkoxysilanes such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, tetrahexyloxysilane, tetraoctyloxysilane, tetradecyloxysilane; Aryloxysilanes such as tetraphenoxysilane and tetrabenzyloxysilane; Methoxytriethoxysilane, methoxytributoxysilane, methoxytrioctyloxysilane, ethoxytripropoxysilane, ethoxytrimethoxysilane, butoxytrimethoxysilane, butoxytriethoxysilane, phenoxytriethoxysilane; Diethoxydimethoxysilane, diethoxydibutoxysilane; Chlorotrimethoxysilane, die
- tetraalkoxysilane is preferred.
- the hydrolysis reaction proceeds relatively slowly as compared with other compounds, for example, a compound containing the other hydrolyzable group such as a halogeno group. Since gelation hardly occurs, the hydrolysis reaction can be easily controlled, and the reproducibility of the electrode surface treatment by the surface treatment method of the present invention is high.
- tetraalkoxysilanes tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, and tetrabutoxysilane are preferable, and tetraethoxysilane is particularly preferable from the viewpoints of availability, easy handling, and easy handling of by-products. .
- the electrode treatment solution contains water.
- the electrode processing solution preferably contains an organic solvent other than water.
- the ratio of water in this case is 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 10 to 80% by mass, more preferably 15 to 60% by mass, and still more preferably, when the total amount of water and the solvent is 100% by mass. 20 to 40% by mass. This ratio is the ratio at the start of hydrolysis of the silane compound (1) in the electrode treatment solution.
- the solubility of the silane compound (1) and / or the partially hydrolyzed condensate thereof is increased, the electrode treatment solution is made more uniform, and the electrode surface treatment using this solution is performed. It can be performed more uniformly.
- the solvent is preferably a compound that is compatible with water and has a hydroxyl group and an ether bond.
- Examples of the compound having a hydroxyl group include alcohols such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol, and cellsolves such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve and butyl cellosolve;
- Examples of the compound having an ether bond include cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane. Among these, alcohols and cyclic ethers are more preferable.
- the electrode treatment solution preferably contains water and an alcohol having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and the ratio of water in this case is 0.1% by mass when the total amount of water and alcohol is 100% by mass.
- the content is preferably 10 to 80% by mass, more preferably 15 to 60% by mass, and still more preferably 20 to 40% by mass. This ratio is the ratio at the start of hydrolysis of the silane compound (1) in the electrode treatment solution.
- the silane compound that generates the hydrolysis condensate is not limited to the silane compound (1), but in the surface treatment method of the present invention, the surface treatment is performed with good reproducibility and uniformity by using the silane compound (1). It can be performed. This is because the hydrolysis rate of the silane compound (1) is not excessively high, and the hydrolysis reaction is easy to control, and the by-product produced by the hydrolysis reaction is alcohol or the like and is compatible with water. Therefore, it can be considered that the homogeneity of the solution is high even if the hydrolysis reaction proceeds.
- the silane compound (1) and the polycondensation compound produced upon hydrolysis are generally low in water solubility and higher in alcohols such as ethanol and polar organic solvents such as THF. For this reason, when polar solvents other than water are used together as a solvent, a uniform reaction can be advanced without causing precipitation during the hydrolysis reaction.
- the pH is preferably 1.5 to 5.0.
- the material of the electrode is ITO, the pH is preferably from 9.0 to 11.
- said pH is pH at the time of a hydrolysis start of the said silane compound (1) in the said electrode treatment solution.
- the concentration of the alkoxysilane in the electrode treatment solution is usually 10% by mass or less, preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.005 to 3% by mass in terms of Si atoms. More preferably, it is 0.01 to 1% by mass.
- concentration is high, the time required for the contact step can be shortened.
- concentration is low, the reproducibility and control of the contact step is facilitated, the contact step is stabilized, and the solution after the contact step is also obtained. It becomes easy to wash.
- the concentration is higher than this range, it may be difficult to reproduce and control the contact process, or it may be difficult to remove the solution from the electrode surface after the contact process ends. If the temperature is lower than this range, the time required for the contact process becomes longer, or the influence of the change in the concentration of the solution during the contact process on the degree of the contact process increases, and the contact process becomes unstable. There is a case.
- the contact step is performed using a solution containing an insoluble material and a gel content
- the insoluble material and the gel content adhere to the surface of the electrode or the electrode-attached substrate.
- the electrode is used as the anode of the organic EL element
- uneven brightness may occur on the light emitting surface of the organic EL element.
- the average pore size of the filtration filter used for this filtration is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or less, and its lower limit is, for example, 0.05 ⁇ m.
- the viscosity of the electrode treatment solution is preferably such that the electrode is immersed in the electrode treatment solution, the electrode treatment solution is sprayed onto the electrode, or the electrode treatment solution is applied to the electrode. Viscosity of the order (based on JIS Z 8803, about 0.1 to 100 mPa ⁇ s).
- the electrode treatment solution may further contain a surfactant.
- a surfactant When a surfactant is used, the surface tension of the electrode treatment solution is reduced, and the electrode treatment solution is easily wetted with the electrode. Therefore, the contact treatment described above can be performed more uniformly.
- a nonionic surfactant and / or a carboxylic acid surfactant is used as the surfactant.
- nonionic surfactant examples include polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, and acylglycerin.
- carboxylic acid surfactant examples include aliphatic monocarboxylate (fatty acid soap). Alkanoyl sarcosine and the like.
- surfactants may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the electrode treatment solution is preferably applied to the electrode treatment solution by applying the electrode treatment solution to the electrode or electrode-attached substrate to be treated (first contact method). It is performed by immersing the substrate (second contact method) or by spraying the electrode processing solution on the electrode to be processed or the substrate with the electrode (third contact method). If a contact process is performed by these methods, the whole surface of an electrode or a substrate with an electrode will be processed simultaneously and uniformly.
- the first contact method is preferable in that the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode can be treated particularly uniformly. The uniform treatment of the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode can be confirmed, for example, from the fact that the luminance unevenness of the organic EL element produced using the treated electrode is small.
- First contact method When performing the contact step by the first contact method, as a method of applying the electrode processing solution to a processing target, a liquid reservoir portion of the electrode processing solution is formed on the electrode surface, and the liquid reservoir portion is And a method of expanding the electrode so as to cover the entire surface of the electrode by rotating the electrode in the in-plane direction of the surface (hereinafter also referred to as “rotation method”).
- rotation method for example, a liquid reservoir is formed by dropping the solution near the rotation axis of the electrode or electrode-attached substrate surface fixed to the rotation head, and then the center of gravity of the electrode or electrode-attached substrate is adjusted.
- the film of the solution is formed on the entire surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode by rotating at high speed in the in-plane direction as an axis. This rotation removes excess amounts of the solution.
- the solution film is uniformly formed with a uniform thickness on the entire surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode, so that the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode is uniformly processed. Can do.
- the rotation method is preferable in that the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode can be treated more uniformly and in a shorter time than the second contact method and the third contact method described later. There is also an advantage that the degree of surface treatment of the electrode can be finely adjusted by adjusting the rotation speed.
- rotation method examples include spin coating and casting, and a conventionally known spin coating apparatus and casting apparatus can be used for the implementation.
- Rotational speed is usually from about 10 revolutions per minute to about 10,000 revolutions per minute, although it depends on the size or weight of the electrode or the substrate with electrodes. As the rotation speed is reduced, the thickness of the film of the solution remaining on the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode is increased, the surface treatment can be promoted, and as the rotation speed is increased, the thickness is reduced, Surface treatment can be suppressed.
- Examples of the method for applying the electrode treatment solution to a treatment target include a micro gravure coating method, a gravure coating method, a bar coating method, a roll coating method, a wire bar coating method, a screen printing method, a flexographic printing method, an offset printing method, and an inkjet.
- Examples of the printing method include a printing method.
- a film of the solution can be formed on the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode with a uniform thickness by using a conventionally known printing apparatus and using the solution instead of the ink used for printing.
- the time required for applying the solution by the printing method is usually within 1 minute, preferably 0.1 to 5 seconds.
- a dip coating method may also be mentioned.
- the dip coating method When using the dip coating method, prepare a bath containing the solution, and first hold the electrode or the substrate with the electrode so that the normal direction of the treatment surface is perpendicular to the liquid surface of the solution. Immerse in the solution. Next, the electrode or the substrate with the electrode is pulled up at a constant speed in a direction perpendicular to the liquid surface of the solution.
- the film of the solution can be uniformly formed with a uniform thickness on the surface of the electrode or the substrate with an electrode, the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode can be treated uniformly.
- the degree of surface treatment can be finely adjusted by adjusting the pulling speed.
- a conventionally known dip coating apparatus can be used for the dip coating method.
- the pulling speed is usually from 0.1 mm / second to 100 mm / second. As the speed is decreased, the thickness of the film of the solution formed on the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode is decreased, and as the speed is increased, the thickness of the film is increased.
- the time required for applying the solution by the dip coating method (that is, the time from the start of dipping the substrate to the end of lifting) is usually within 5 minutes, preferably 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
- a spray coating method may also be mentioned.
- the solution is sprayed on the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode using, for example, a spray gun to form a film of the solution having a uniform thickness.
- the time required for applying the solution by the spray coating method is usually within 5 minutes, preferably 1 second to 1 minute.
- the film of the solution can be formed with a uniform thickness on the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode.
- the degree of surface treatment can be adjusted by adjusting the film thickness of the solution.
- the surface treatment can be promoted as the film thickness of the solution is increased, and the surface treatment is suppressed as the solution film thickness is decreased. be able to.
- the thickness of the solution film to be formed is preferably 0.1 to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 0. .5 to 250 ⁇ m.
- the time required for the coating operation is usually relatively short.
- the modification of the surface of the electrode or the substrate with electrode surface treatment
- the electrode or the substrate with the electrode on which the solution remains on the surface is exposed to the atmosphere to advance the surface treatment of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode. be able to.
- the first contact method is a rotation method, the rotation of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode may be maintained during the exposure.
- the exposure time that is, the time from the end of the coating operation to the start of the cleaning process is usually 10 seconds or longer, preferably 30 seconds or longer, more preferably 1 minute or longer.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, and may be one day, for example.
- the time for immersing the electrode or the electrode-attached substrate in the solution is usually 5 minutes or more, and since it is greatly influenced by the pH of the solution, etc., it cannot be determined unconditionally.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 48 hours.
- the contact step is performed by the second contact method, from the viewpoint of treating the electrode surface more evenly, the electrode is swung, the solution is stirred, or the solution is immersed in the solution. It is preferable to irradiate ultrasonic waves.
- the modification of the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode proceeds sufficiently at the end of the immersion of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode in the electrode processing solution.
- the time for spraying the solution on the electrode or the substrate with the electrode is usually 5 minutes or more, preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour.
- the solution is sprayed on the entire electrode, or the solution is sprayed using an ultrasonic nozzle, from the viewpoint of treating the electrode surface more evenly.
- the solution is sprayed using a two-fluid nozzle, or the solution is sprayed using a high-pressure nozzle.
- the modification of the surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode proceeds sufficiently at the end of the spraying of the electrode processing solution onto the electrode or the substrate with the electrode.
- the temperature of the solution in the contacting step is preferably 10 ° C to 90 ° C, more preferably 25 to 60 ° C. If the temperature is higher than this range, the time required for the contact process becomes too short, it becomes difficult to reproduce the electrode surface treatment, the electrode surface corrodes (dissolves), the amount of evaporation of the solvent increases, and A change in the concentration of the solution may increase, and it may be difficult to uniformly treat the electrode within one electrode or between a plurality of electrodes. On the other hand, if the temperature is lower than this range, the time required for the contact process may become excessively long.
- the time required for the contact process may be appropriately set within the above range, taking into consideration the solution concentration, the temperature in the contact process, and the like.
- the contact step can be performed under atmospheric pressure, complicated operations such as use of a vacuum chamber are not required.
- the work function of an electrode made of a metal oxide is increased.
- the work function is high means “the absolute value of the work function is large”.
- its work function (absolute value) is set to a normal value of -4. It can be increased from about 8 eV to -4.9 eV or more, preferably from -5.0 to -6.0 eV.
- the value of the work function is a value measured in the atmosphere by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy.
- the smoothness of the treated surface of the electrode made of a metal oxide can be improved.
- the surface roughness (Ra) of the surface-treated ITO electrode is preferably 0.6 nm or less, more preferably 0.4 nm or less, although it depends on the conditions of the surface treatment. It is.
- an electrode having a rough surface is used as the anode of the organic EL element, a pinhole is formed in the light emitting layer by the convex portion of the anode surface, which is considered to cause a short circuit or leakage current in the organic EL element. Since the electrode surface-treated by the method of the present invention has a smooth surface, it is considered that when this electrode is used as an anode of an organic EL element, a short circuit of the organic EL element can be prevented and leakage current can be reduced. .
- the electrode of the present invention is an electrode made of a metal oxide that has been surface-treated by the surface treatment method of the electrode of the present invention.
- this electrode is used as an anode of an organic EL element, the luminous efficiency of the organic EL element is increased, It is possible to extend the light emission lifetime, to form a uniform and highly smooth light emitting layer, and to produce an organic EL element having a good light emitting surface free from uneven brightness and defects and having no leakage current. it can.
- the electrode of the present invention has higher wettability with respect to the compound solution used for forming the organic EL compound layer of the organic EL element than the electrode not subjected to the surface treatment. Therefore, when the electrode of the present invention is used as an anode of an organic EL device, a compound solution can be uniformly applied on the anode to form a uniform organic EL compound layer. In particular, when the organic EL compound is a polymer compound, the effect is remarkable.
- the contact angle of the ITO electrode with water is about 10 to 90 ° before the surface treatment, but should be 5 ° or less by the surface treatment. Can do.
- the electrode surface treatment method of the present invention particularly when the contact step is performed by the second contact method or the third contact method, the electrode is cleaned with water after the contact step. It is preferable to further provide a step and remove the solution from the electrode surface after the contact step. Further, when the contact step is performed by the second contact method or the third contact method, the cleaning step may be started immediately after the contact step (for example, within 1 minute, preferably within 30 seconds). preferable.
- a cleaning step may be provided, but it remains on the electrode or the substrate with the electrode.
- the washing step can often be omitted.
- a brush cleaning method (a method of cleaning the electrode or the substrate with an electrode while rotating the electrode or the substrate with the electrode with a rotated roll brush), a two-fluid cleaning method (compressed air ( (Pressure to 0.2 to 1.0 MPa) and cleaning water (pressurization to 0.2 to 1.0 MPa) are simultaneously sprayed onto the electrode or the substrate with the electrode through a nozzle to clean the electrode or the substrate with the electrode), ultrasonic Cleaning method (a method in which ultrasonically charged water is sprayed from an nozzle equipped with an ultrasonic transmitter inside to the electrode or the substrate with the electrode to clean the electrode or the substrate with the electrode), a high pressure jet cleaning method (0.2 to A method of spraying water pressurized to 10.0 MPa onto an electrode or a substrate with an electrode to wash the electrode or the substrate with an electrode) and a spin cleaning method (while rotating the electrode or the substrate with an electrode while sprinkling water on it) Those who wash Law).
- the solution can be
- the electrode or the substrate with the electrode is previously brought into contact with water (eg, water is sprayed on the electrode or the like, and the electrode is immersed in the water). It is preferable.
- the electrode surface treatment method of the present invention includes a heating step of heating the electrode to 60 to 250 ° C., preferably 80 to 200 ° C. after the contacting step (after the cleaning step if there is the cleaning step). It is preferable that it is further included. If the electrode is used as the anode of the organic EL element, this heating step is performed before the light emitting layer of the organic EL element is formed. Examples of the heating means include infrared irradiation, hot air irradiation, halogen lamp irradiation, ultraviolet irradiation by a UV lamp, and the like.
- the luminous efficiency of the organic EL element can be further increased.
- the mechanism for example, when water remains on a part of the electrode or a hydroxyl group ( ⁇ Si—OH) is formed by the contact step, this water or the water derived from the hydroxyl group changes over time with the light emitting layer. It passes through the (organic EL layer) and degrades the cathode buffer layer composed of Ba, Ca, alkali metal, etc. It is conceivable that the cathode buffer layer is not formed, and as a result, the luminous efficiency is improved.
- the electrode or substrate with electrode is promptly subjected to an atmosphere that does not contain moisture or organic matter (for example, Nitrogen, argon, dry air), and it is more preferable to perform the heat treatment in the atmosphere.
- an atmosphere that does not contain moisture or organic matter for example, Nitrogen, argon, dry air
- the electrode surface treatment method of the present invention includes a UV irradiation step of irradiating the electrode with ultraviolet light (wavelength region: 200 to 400 nm) after the contact step (after the cleaning step when there is the cleaning step). Furthermore, it is preferable to include. If the electrode is used as the anode of the organic EL element, this heating step is performed before the light emitting layer of the organic EL element is formed. If the surface treatment method for an electrode of the present invention includes the heating step, the UV irradiation step may be performed at any stage before, after and at the same time as the heating step.
- UV light sources include high-pressure mercury lamps, medium-pressure mercury lamps, low-pressure mercury lamps, xenon lamps, metal halide lamps, and deuterium lamps.
- the amount of ultraviolet irradiation is preferably 0.01 to 10 J / cm 2 in the irradiated body (electrode or substrate with electrode).
- the amount of ultraviolet irradiation is preferably uniform over the entire surface of the electrode or the substrate with the electrode. If the entire surface cannot be irradiated with ultraviolet rays at once, the electrode or the substrate with the electrode or the ultraviolet light source is moved. The entire surface may be irradiated.
- the organic EL device of the present invention has a structure in which a light emitting layer and a cathode are laminated in this order on the surface-treated surface of an electrode (anode) made of a metal oxide surface-treated by the above method. Yes.
- Such an organic EL device of the present invention is obtained by laminating a light emitting layer and a cathode in this order on a surface-treated surface of an electrode (anode) made of a metal oxide surface-treated by the above method. Can be manufactured.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the organic EL device of the present invention, in which a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, and an electron transport layer are sequentially provided between an anode and a cathode provided on a transparent substrate.
- the configuration of the organic EL device of the present invention is not limited to the example shown in FIG. 1, and 1) an anode buffer layer / a hole transport layer / a light emitting layer, and 2) an anode buffer layer / a light emitting layer sequentially between the anode and the cathode.
- Electron transport layer 3) anode buffer layer / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / electron transport layer, 4) anode buffer layer / hole transport compound, light emitting compound, layer containing electron transport compound, 5) anode Buffer layer / hole transporting compound, layer containing light emitting compound, 6) anode buffer layer / light emitting compound, layer containing electron transporting compound, 7) anode buffer layer / hole electron transporting compound, light emitting compound 8) A device structure provided with an anode buffer layer / light emitting layer / hole blocking layer / electron transport layer, and the like. Further, although the light emitting layer shown in FIG. 1 is a single layer, it may have two or more light emitting layers. Furthermore, the layer containing a hole transporting compound may be in direct contact with the surface of the anode without using the anode buffer layer.
- a compound composed of all or one of an electron transporting compound, a hole transporting compound, and a light emitting compound is an organic EL compound, and a layer is an organic EL compound layer. I will call it.
- the organic EL device of the present invention has an electrode made of a metal oxide surface-treated by the above method as an anode.
- a substance having a surface resistance of preferably 1000 ⁇ ⁇ or less, more preferably 100 ⁇ ⁇ or less in a temperature range of ⁇ 5 to 80 ° C., and a substance whose electrical resistance does not change remarkably with respect to an alkaline aqueous solution. can be used.
- the anode When light is extracted from the anode side of the organic EL element (bottom emission), the anode needs to be transparent to visible light (average transmittance for light of 380 to 680 nm is 50% or more).
- the material for the anode include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO), and the like, and ITO is preferable among them because it is easily available as the anode of the organic EL element.
- the light transmittance of the anode is not limited, and the anode material is ITO, IZO, stainless steel, or copper, silver, gold, platinum. , Tungsten, titanium, tantalum or niobium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- the thickness of the anode is preferably 2 to 300 nm in order to achieve high light transmittance, and in the case of top emission, it is preferably 2 nm to 2 mm.
- Anode buffer layer When using Vitron etc.>
- the anode buffer layer is produced by applying a wet process, spin coating, casting, micro gravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, roll coating, wire bar coating, dip coating,
- the film can be formed by using a coating method such as a spray coating method, a screen printing method, a flexographic printing method, an offset printing method, and an ink jet printing method.
- the compound that can be used in the film formation by the wet process is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having good adhesion to the organic EL compound contained in the anode surface and its upper layer, but the anode buffer that has been generally used so far Is more preferable.
- examples thereof include conductive polymers such as PEDOT-PSS, which is a mixture of poly (3,4) -ethylenedioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonate, and PANI, which is a mixture of polyaniline and polystyrene sulfonate.
- an organic solvent such as toluene or isopropyl alcohol may be added to these conductive polymers.
- the conductive polymer containing 3rd components may be sufficient.
- the surfactant is, for example, selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkylaryl groups, fluoroalkyl groups, alkylsiloxane groups, sulfates, sulfonates, carboxylates, amides, betaine structures, and quaternized ammonium groups.
- Surfactants containing one kind of group are used, but fluoride-based nonionic surfactants can also be used.
- Organic EL compound As the compound used in the organic EL compound layer, that is, the light emitting layer, the hole transport layer, and the electron transport layer in the organic EL device of the present invention, either a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound can be used.
- Examples of the organic EL compound for forming the light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention include Omori Hiroshi: Applied Physics, Vol. 70, No. 12, pages 1419-1425 (2001). Examples thereof include molecular compounds and luminescent polymer compounds. Among these, a light-emitting polymer compound is preferable in that the element manufacturing process is simplified, and a phosphorescent compound is preferable in terms of high luminous efficiency. Therefore, a phosphorescent polymer compound is particularly preferable.
- the light-emitting polymer compound can also be classified into a conjugated light-emitting polymer compound and a non-conjugated light-emitting polymer compound, and among them, the non-conjugated light-emitting polymer compound is preferable.
- the phosphorescent material used in the present invention is particularly preferably a phosphorescent non-conjugated polymer compound (the phosphorescent polymer and the non-conjugated luminous polymer compound).
- the light emitting layer in the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a phosphorescent polymer having a phosphorescent unit for emitting phosphorescence and a carrier transporting unit for transporting carriers in one molecule.
- the phosphorescent polymer can be obtained by copolymerizing a phosphorescent compound having a polymerizable substituent and a carrier transporting compound having a polymerizable substituent.
- the phosphorescent compound is a metal complex containing a metal element selected from iridium, platinum and gold, and among them, an iridium complex is preferable.
- Examples of the phosphorescent compound having a polymerizable substituent include compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms of metal complexes represented by the following formulas (E-1) to (E-49) are substituted with a polymerizable substituent. be able to.
- Ph represents a phenyl group.
- Examples of polymerizable substituents in these phosphorescent compounds include urethane (meth) acrylate groups such as vinyl groups, acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, methacryloyloxyethyl carbamate groups, styryl groups and derivatives thereof, vinylamide groups and derivatives thereof, and the like. Among them, vinyl group, methacrylate group, styryl group and derivatives thereof are preferable. These substituents may be bonded to the metal complex via an organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a hetero atom.
- the carrier transporting compound having a polymerizable substituent is a compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound having one or both of a hole transporting property and an electron transporting property are substituted with a polymerizable substituent.
- Representative examples of such compounds include compounds represented by the following formulas (E-50) to (E-67).
- the polymerizable substituent is a vinyl group.
- the vinyl group is a urethane (meth) acrylate group such as an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, or a methacryloyloxyethyl carbamate group, a styryl group and a derivative thereof, and a vinylamide. It may be a compound substituted with a polymerizable substituent such as a group or a derivative thereof.
- These polymerizable substituents may be bonded via an organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a hetero atom.
- the polymerization method of the phosphorescent compound having a polymerizable substituent and the carrier transporting compound having a polymerizable substituent may be any of radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, and addition polymerization, but radical polymerization is preferred.
- the molecular weight of the polymer is preferably 1,000 to 2,000,000, more preferably 5,000 to 1,000,000 in terms of weight average molecular weight.
- the molecular weight here is a molecular weight in terms of polystyrene measured using a GPC (gel permeation chromatography) method.
- the phosphorescent polymer may be a copolymer of one phosphorescent compound and one carrier transporting compound, one phosphorescent compound and two or more carrier transporting compounds.
- One or more phosphorescent compounds may be copolymerized with a carrier transporting compound.
- the arrangement of the monomer in the phosphorescent polymer may be any of random copolymer, block copolymer, and alternating copolymer, the number of repeating units of the phosphorescent compound structure is m, and the repeating unit of the carrier transporting compound structure
- the ratio of the number of repeating units of the phosphorescent compound structure to the total number of repeating units is preferably 0.001 to 0.5, 0.001 More preferable is 0.2.
- phosphorescent polymers More specific examples and synthesis methods of phosphorescent polymers are described in, for example, JP-A Nos. 2003-342325, 2003-119179, 2003-113246, and 2003-206320. JP-A-2003-147021, JP-A-2003-171391, JP-A-2004-346312, and JP-A-2005-97589.
- the light emitting layer in the organic EL device produced by the method of the present invention is preferably a layer containing the phosphorescent compound, but for the purpose of supplementing the carrier transport property of the light emitting layer, a hole transporting compound or an electron transporting compound is used. May be included.
- TPD N, N′-dimethyl-N, N ′-(3-methylphenyl) -1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′diamine
- ⁇ -NPD 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenylamino] biphenyl
- m-MTDATA 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris (3-methylphenylphenylamino
- a low molecular triphenylamine derivative such as triphenylamine
- polyvinylcarbazole or a polymer obtained by introducing a polymerizable functional group into the triphenylamine derivative, for example, disclosed in JP-A-8-157575
- Examples thereof include a polymer compound having a triphenylamine skeleton, polyparaphenylene vinylene, and polydialkylfluorene.
- the electron transporting compound examples include Al Polymerized to low molecular weight materials such as q3 (aluminum trisquinolinolate) quinolinol derivatives metal complexes, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, triarylborane derivatives and the above low molecular electron transport compounds
- q3 aluminum trisquinolinolate
- quinolinol derivatives metal complexes oxadiazole derivatives
- triazole derivatives imidazole derivatives
- triazine derivatives triarylborane derivatives
- known electron transporting compounds such as poly-PBDs disclosed in JP-A-10-1665 can be used.
- the organic EL compound layer is formed by resistance heating vapor deposition, electron beam vapor deposition, sputtering, spin coating, casting, micro gravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, roll coating, wire bar coating, It can be formed by a coating method such as a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a screen printing method, a flexographic printing method, an offset printing method, and an ink jet printing method.
- a coating method such as a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a screen printing method, a flexographic printing method, an offset printing method, and an ink jet printing method.
- resistance heating vapor deposition and electron beam vapor deposition are mainly used, and in the case of luminescent high molecular weight compounds, mainly spin coating method, casting method, micro gravure coating method, gravure coating method, bar coating method.
- Coating methods such as a method, a roll coating method, a wire bar coating method, a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a screen printing method, a
- a hole blocking layer may be provided adjacent to the cathode side of the light emitting layer for the purpose of suppressing the passage of holes through the light emitting layer and efficiently recombining with electrons in the light emitting layer.
- a compound having the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level deeper than the light-emitting compound can be used, and examples include triazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, and aluminum complexes. can do.
- an exciton block layer may be provided adjacent to the cathode side of the light emitting layer for the purpose of preventing excitons (excitons) from being deactivated by the cathode metal.
- a compound having a larger excitation triplet energy than the light-emitting compound can be used, and examples thereof include triazole derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, and aluminum complexes.
- cathode material of the organic EL optical device of the present invention a material having a low work function and being chemically stable is used, and known cathodes such as Al, MgAg alloy, Al and alkali metal alloys such as AlLi and AlCa, etc.
- the material can be exemplified, but the work function is preferably ⁇ 2.9 eV or less in consideration of chemical stability.
- a film forming method of these cathode materials a resistance heating vapor deposition method, an electron beam vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, or the like can be used.
- the thickness of the cathode is preferably 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m, and more preferably 50 to 500 nm.
- a metal layer having a lower work function than the cathode is inserted between the cathode and the organic layer adjacent to the cathode as a cathode buffer layer in order to lower the electron injection barrier from the cathode to the organic layer and increase the efficiency of electron injection.
- Low work function metals that can be used for such purposes include alkali metals (Na, K, Rb, Cs), alkaline earth metals (Sr, Ba, Ca, Mg), rare earth metals (Pr, Sm, Eu, Yb) and the like.
- An alloy or a metal compound can also be used as long as it has a work function lower than that of the cathode.
- the thickness of the cathode buffer layer is preferably from 0.05 to 50 nm, more preferably from 0.1 to 20 nm, and even more preferably from 0.5 to 10 nm.
- the cathode buffer layer can also be formed as a mixture of the above-mentioned low work function substance and an electron transporting compound.
- an electron transport compound used here the organic compound used for the above-mentioned electron transport layer can be used.
- a co-evaporation method can be used as a film forming method.
- the above-described film formation methods such as a spin coating method, a dip coating method, an ink jet method, a printing method, a spray method, and a dispenser method can be used.
- the thickness of the cathode buffer layer is preferably 0.1 to 100 nm, more preferably 0.5 to 50 nm, and even more preferably 1 to 20 nm.
- a layer made of a conductive polymer or a layer made of a metal oxide, metal fluoride, organic insulating material or the like having an average film thickness of 2 nm or less may be provided.
- a protective layer for protecting the organic EL element may be attached after the cathode is produced.
- a protective layer and / or a protective cover in order to protect the element from the outside.
- a polymer compound, metal oxide, metal fluoride, metal boride and the like can be used.
- a glass plate, a plastic plate with a low water permeability treatment on the surface, a metal, or the like can be used.
- the cover is bonded to the element substrate with a thermosetting resin or a photocurable resin and sealed. Is preferably used.
- a space is maintained using a spacer, it is easy to prevent the element from being damaged. If an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon is sealed in the space, the cathode can be prevented from being oxidized, and moisture adsorbed in the manufacturing process by installing a desiccant such as barium oxide in the space. It becomes easy to suppress giving an image to an element. Among these, it is preferable to take any one or more measures.
- Substrate type> For the substrate of the organic EL device according to the present invention, a material that satisfies the mechanical strength required for the organic EL device and does not substantially dissolve or deform when immersed in the alkaline aqueous solution is used.
- a substrate that is transparent to visible light is used for the bottom emission type organic EL element.
- glass such as soda glass and non-alkali glass; acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, nylon A transparent plastic such as resin; a substrate made of silicon or the like can be used.
- top emission type organic EL element in addition to the substrate used in the bottom emission type organic EL element, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum or niobium alone, or an alloy thereof, or stainless steel
- substrate which consists of etc. can be used.
- the thickness of the substrate is preferably 0.1 to 10 mm, more preferably 0.25 to 2 mm, although it depends on the required mechanical strength.
- Glass substrate with ITO film As a glass substrate with an ITO film used for the surface treatment, flat ITO (shape: square of 200 mm square, work function of ITO electrode: -4.8 eV, contact angle with water: 25 °) manufactured by Geomatek Co., Ltd. was used. .
- ITO electrode ITO film
- ⁇ Work function> The work function was measured by atmospheric photoelectron spectroscopy (AC-2: manufactured by Riken Keiki Co., Ltd.).
- the surface roughness Ra was measured using an atomic force microscope (manufactured by Keyence, atomic force microscope, model VN-8010) (observation field of view 1 ⁇ m, according to JIS 1994 method).
- ⁇ Contact angle> A water droplet having a diameter of 100 ⁇ m was dropped on the surface of the glass substrate with an ITO film, and the contact angle was measured by a droplet method ( ⁇ / 2 method) using CA-D (manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.).
- the contact angle of less than 4 ° indicates a case where the dropped water droplet is not circular and the contact angle cannot be quantified.
- Organic EL elements ⁇ Luminous efficiency> A voltage was applied stepwise to the organic EL element using a constant voltage power source (manufactured by Keithley, SM2400), and the emission intensity of the organic EL element was quantified with a luminance meter (Topcon, BM-9). The luminous efficiency was determined from the ratio of the luminous intensity to the current density.
- ⁇ Luminescent life> Furthermore, a constant current was continuously applied to the organic EL element by using the same device, and the luminance was measured at regular intervals to measure the light emission lifetime (the time until the initial luminance was reduced by half).
- ⁇ Luminance unevenness> The luminance at 10 arbitrary points was measured in an arbitrary 4 cm square region of the light emitting surface, and the luminance unevenness was evaluated based on the magnitude of this luminance variation. Specifically, a value (relative standard deviation) obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the luminance at 10 points by the average value of the luminance at 10 points was determined, and it was determined that the luminance unevenness was smaller as this value was smaller.
- reaction solution was dropped into acetone to cause precipitation, and re-precipitation purification with toluene-acetone was repeated three times to purify the phosphorescent polymer compound.
- acetone and toluene what distilled the high purity grade (made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.) was used.
- the solvent after the reprecipitation purification operation was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, and it was confirmed that no substance having absorption at 400 nm or more was detected in the solvent after the third reprecipitation purification.
- the purified phosphorescent polymer compound was vacuum dried at room temperature for 2 days.
- Example 1 125 mL (125 g) of pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) and 375 mL (296 g) of ethanol were mixed and stirred to obtain a mixed solvent (water ratio: 30% by mass). To this mixed solvent, 0.005 mol of tetraethoxysilane (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.) is added dropwise to prepare a surface treatment solution 1 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 7.0. Left for 1 hour. At room temperature (25 ° C.), the ITO film-coated glass substrate was immersed in the surface treatment solution 1, and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. The solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- tetraethoxysilane manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was taken out, immediately moved into a beaker filled with pure water, and shaken for 5 minutes to wash the glass substrate with the ITO film.
- This substrate was taken out, immediately set in a spin dryer, and rotated at 3000 rpm to dry the glass substrate surface with the ITO film.
- the surface of the glass substrate with ITO film was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour and further dried, and then the work function of the ITO film surface and the surface roughness of the ITO film were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a luminescent solution (a 3% by weight toluene solution of the phosphorescent polymer compound (ELP) obtained in Production Example 1) was applied to the ITO film side of this substrate in the air by a spin coating method (number of rotations). : 3000 rpm), and then the substrate was allowed to stand at 120 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. After that, the substrate is put into a vacuum deposition chamber, and a 0.5 nm-thick LiF film is formed as a cathode buffer layer on the light-emitting layer of the substrate by a vacuum deposition apparatus, followed by the formation of a 150 nm-thick Al film as the cathode. As a result, an organic EL element was produced.
- Table 3 shows the luminous efficiency, luminous lifetime, luminance unevenness and leakage current of the obtained organic EL element.
- Example 2 0.012 mol of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO 3 ) was dissolved in 500 mL of pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm), and these were stirred to obtain a solution. To this solution, 0.005 mol of tetraethoxysilane (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.) was added dropwise to prepare a surface treatment solution 2 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 10 for 1 hour. I left it alone. At room temperature (25 ° C.), the glass substrate with the ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 2 and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 0.5 hour. A precipitate was observed in the solution after stirring.
- NaHCO 3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 3 125 mL of pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) and 375 mL of ethanol were mixed and stirred to obtain a mixed solvent.
- 0.012 mol of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) was dissolved, and these were stirred to obtain a solution.
- 0.005 mol of tetraethoxysilane manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd. was added dropwise to prepare a surface treatment solution 3 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 10 for 1 hour. I left it alone.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 3 and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 0.5 hour.
- the solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 4 1.15 mL of hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride (HCl) concentration: 12 mol / L, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), 125 mL of pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) and 375 mL of ethanol are mixed and stirred to obtain a solution. It was. To this solution, 0.005 mol of tetraethoxysilane (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.) is added dropwise to prepare a surface treatment solution 4 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 1.8. Left for 1 hour. At room temperature (25 ° C.), the glass substrate with an ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 4 and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. The solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- HCl hydrogen chloride
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 5 Acetic acid 0.5 mL, pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) 125 mL (125 g) and isopropanol 400 mL (314 g) were mixed and stirred to obtain a solution (water ratio: 28 mass%).
- 0.005 mol of tetraethoxysilane manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.
- a surface treatment solution 5 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 5.0, Left for 1 hour.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 5 and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 6 hours. The solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 6 1.15 mL of hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride (HCl) concentration: 12 mol / L, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), 125 mL of pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) and 375 mL of ethanol are mixed and stirred to obtain a solution. It was. To this solution, 0.005 mol of tetra n-butoxysilane was added dropwise to prepare a surface treatment solution 6 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 2.0, and left for 1 hour. At room temperature (25 ° C.), the glass substrate with the ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 6, and this solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 10 hours. The solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- HCl hydrogen chloride
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 7 125 mL of pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) and 375 mL of ethanol were mixed and stirred to obtain a solution. To this solution, 0.005 mol of chlorotriethoxysilane was added dropwise to prepare a surface treatment solution 7 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 1.7, and left for 1 hour. At room temperature (25 ° C.), the glass substrate with the ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 7, and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 2 hours. The solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 8 A surface treatment solution 4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. This solution is dropped on an ITO film-coated glass substrate fixed on a spin coater so as to cover the entire substrate, and the ITO film-coated glass substrate is immediately rotated at a rotation speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds to spin-apply the solution. Went.
- the glass substrate surface with ITO film was left to dry at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the work function of the ITO film surface and the surface roughness of the ITO film were measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- an organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass substrate with the ITO film thus treated was used.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 9 A surface treatment solution 4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. This solution is dropped on a glass substrate with an ITO film fixed to a spin coater, and immediately, the glass substrate with an ITO film is rotated at a rotation speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds to spin the solution so as to cover the entire substrate. Went.
- the surface of the glass substrate with ITO film was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 minute, and then the glass substrate with ITO film was rotated at a rotational speed of 500 rpm while applying pure water, and further rotated at a rotational speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds without applying pure water. I let you.
- the glass substrate surface with ITO film was left to dry at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the work function of the ITO film surface and the surface roughness of the ITO film were measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- an organic EL element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass substrate with the ITO film thus treated was used.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 10 A surface treatment solution 4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. The glass substrate with ITO film fixed to the dip coater was immersed in this solution, and the substrate was immediately pulled up from the solution at a rate of 1 mm per second. The time from the start of dipping the substrate to the end of lifting was 3 minutes.
- the glass substrate surface with the ITO film pulled up from the aqueous solution was left to dry at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the work function of the ITO film surface and the surface roughness of the ITO film were measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- an organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass substrate with the ITO film thus treated was used.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 11 A surface treatment solution 4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour. Using a bar coater (No. 3 manufactured by Daiichi Rika Co., Ltd.), this aqueous solution was stretched at a rate of 100 mm / second over 2 seconds on a glass substrate with an ITO film to form the film.
- a bar coater No. 3 manufactured by Daiichi Rika Co., Ltd.
- the glass substrate surface with ITO film was left to dry at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the work function of the ITO film surface and the surface roughness of the ITO film were measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- an organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass substrate with the ITO film thus treated was used.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Example 12 Pure water (electric conductivity: 1 ⁇ S / cm) 50 mL (50 g) and tetrahydrofuran 450 mL (400 g) were mixed and stirred to obtain a mixed solvent (water ratio: 11 mass%).
- 0.012 mol of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) was dissolved, and these were stirred to obtain a solution.
- 0.005 mol of tetraphenoxysilane manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.
- a surface treatment solution 5 having a Si atom equivalent concentration of 0.03% by weight and a pH of 9.5, Left for 1 hour.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was immersed in the surface treatment solution 5 and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 0.5 hour.
- the solution after stirring was transparent, and no precipitate was observed in the solution.
- the glass substrate with the ITO film was processed and the organic EL element was prepared.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- the glass substrate surface with the ITO film was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour and further dried, and then the work function and surface roughness of the ITO film surface were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 3.
- an organic EL device was produced by forming a light emitting layer, a cathode buffer layer and a cathode on the ITO film side of this substrate by the same method as in Example 1.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the obtained organic EL element.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ITO film and the organic EL element.
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Abstract
Description
金属酸化物からなる電極と、下記式(1)で表されるシラン化合物および/またはその部分加水分解縮合物ならびに水を含有する溶液とを接触させる接触工程を含むことを特徴とする電極の表面処理方法。
〔式(1)において、ORは、それぞれ独立にアルコキシ基またはアリールオキシ基であり、
Xは、それぞれ独立に前記OR以外の他の加水分解性基であり、
pは1~4の整数であり、qは0~3の整数であり、p+q≦4である。〕
[2]
前記シラン化合物がテトラアルコキシシランであることを特徴とする前記[1]に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記テトラアルコキシシランが、テトラメトキシシラン、テトラエトキシシラン、テトラプロポキシシランおよびテトラブトキシシランからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする前記[2]に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記溶液が前記シラン化合物および/またはその部分加水分解縮合物をSi原子換算で0.001~10質量%含むことを特徴とする前記[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記溶液が、10~80質量%の水と90~20質量%の炭素原子数1~3のアルコール(ただし、両者の合計量は100質量%である。)とを含有することを特徴とする前記[1]~[4]のいずれか記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記溶液のpHが1.0~5.0であることを特徴とする前記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記溶液のpHが9.0~12であることを特徴とする前記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記溶液を前記電極表面に塗布する(以下「第1の接触方法」ともいう。)ことにより前記接触工程を行うことを特徴とする前記[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記塗布の方法が、前記電極表面に前記溶液の液溜まり部を形成し、前記液溜まり部を、前記電極をその表面の面内方向に回転させることにより、前記電極表面の全体を覆うように広げる方法であることを特徴とする前記[8]に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記溶液に前記電極を浸漬する(以下「第2の接触方法」ともいう。)ことにより、または前記溶液を前記電極に吹き付ける(以下「第3の接触方法」ともいう。)ことにより、前記接触工程を行うことを特徴とする前記[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記接触工程の直後に、電極を水で洗浄する洗浄工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする前記[10]に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記接触工程の後のいずれかの段階で(ただし、前記洗浄工程を含む場合には前記洗浄工程の後のいずれかの段階で)電極を60~250℃に加熱する加熱工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする前記[1]~[11]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記接触工程の後のいずれかの段階で(ただし、前記洗浄工程を含む場合には前記洗浄工程の後のいずれかの段階で)電極に紫外線を照射するUV照射工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする前記[1]~[12]のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
前記[1]~[13]のいずれかに記載の方法で表面処理された、金属酸化物からなる電極。
前記[1]~[13]のいずれかに記載の方法で表面処理され、大気中で紫外線光電子分光分析法により測定された仕事関数が-4.9~-6.0eVであることを特徴とする、酸化インジウム錫からなる電極。
前記[1]~[13]のいずれかに記載の方法で表面処理された金属酸化物からなる陽極の表面処理された面の上に、発光層と陰極とがこの順序で積層された有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
<接触工程>
本発明の電極の表面処理方法は、金属酸化物からなる電極と、特定のシラン化合物(1)および/またはその部分加水分解縮合物ならびに水を含有する溶液(以下「電極処理用溶液」ともいう。)とを接触させる接触工程(または「接触処理工程」ともいう。)を含むことを特徴としている。
〔式(1)において、ORは、それぞれ独立にアルコキシ基またはアリールオキシ基であり、
Xは、それぞれ独立に前記OR以外の他の加水分解性基であり、
pは1~4の整数であり、qは0~3の整数であり、p+q≦4である。〕
上記アルコキシ基の例としては、炭素数1~15のアルコキシ基が挙げられ、より具体的には、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、ブトキシ基、ペンチルオキシ基、ヘキシルオキシ基、オクチルオキシ基およびデシルオキシ基が挙げられ、中でも、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロポキシ基、ブトキシ基が好ましい。
テトラメトキシシラン、テトラエトキシシラン、テトラプロポキシシラン、テトラブトキシシラン、テトラヘキシルオキシシラン、テトラオクチルオキシシラン、テトラデシルオキシシラン等のテトラアルコキシシラン;
テトラフェノシキシラン、テトラベンジルオキシシラン等のアリールオキシシラン;
メトキシトリエトキシシラン、メトキシトリブトシキシラン、メトキシトリオクチルオキシシラン、エトキシトリプロポキシシラン、エトキシトリメトキシシラン、ブトキシトリメトキシシラン、ブトキシトリエトキシシラン、フェノキシトリエトキシシラン;
ジエトキシジメトキシシラン、ジエトキシジブトシキシラン;
クロロトリメトキシシラン、クロロトリエトキシシラン、ジクロロジエトキシシラン、トリクロロエトキシシラン;
ジアセトキシジメトキシシラン、クロロメトキシトリエトキシシラン、6-クロロヘキシルオキシトリメトキシシラン、6,6,6-トリフルオロヘキシルオキシトリメトキシシラン、4-クロロベンジルオキシトリメトキシシラン、γ-メタクリロキシプロピルトリエトキシシラン、N-β(アミノエチル)ジγ-アミノジメトキシシランなどが挙げられる。
前記エーテル結合を有する化合物としては、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン等の環状エーテル類が挙げられる。これらの中でも、アルコール類および環状エーテル類がさらに好ましい。
前記第1の接触方法により接触工程を行う場合、前記電極処理用溶液を処理対象に塗布する方法としては、前記電極表面に前記電極処理用溶液の液溜まり部を形成し、前記液溜まり部を、前記電極をその表面の面内方向に回転させることにより、前記電極表面の全体を覆うように広げる方法(以下「回転法」ともいう。)が挙げられる。回転法では、たとえば、回転ヘッドに固定された電極または電極付き基板表面の回転軸付近に、前記溶液を滴下するなどして液溜まり部を形成し、次に電極または電極付き基板をその重心を軸とした面内方向に高速で回転させることにより、電極または電極付き基板の表面の全体に前記溶液の膜を形成する。この回転により、余分な量の前記溶液は除去される。
前記第2の接触方法により接触工程を行う場合には、前記溶液の濃度および温度、浸漬の時間、ならびに攪拌装置を管理することで、電極の表面処理の再現性を高めることができる。
前記第3の接触方法により接触工程を行う場合、溶液を吹き付けるための部材を固定し、この部材に対して電極または電極付き基板を移動させながら前記溶液の吹き付けを行えば、電極または電極付き基板を連続的に処理することができ、また、大型の電極付き基板も容易に処理できる。
前記接触工程後の電極に残存する溶液を放置すると、電極の表面処理がさらに進行するために、また溶媒蒸発後に電極表面に溶質が析出するために、前記電極を有機EL素子の陽極として使用した場合であれば、有機EL素子の電気的短絡、発光面の傷などが生じることがある。このため、本発明の電極の表面処理方法においては、特に前記接触工程を第2の接触方法または第3の接触方法により行った場合には、前記接触工程の後に、電極を水で洗浄する洗浄工程をさらに設け、接触工程後の電極表面から、前記溶液を除去することが好ましい。また、前記接触工程を第2の接触方法または第3の接触方法により行った場合には、接触工程の直後(たとえば1分以内、好ましくは30秒以内)に、この洗浄工程を開始することが好ましい。
また、本発明の電極の表面処理方法は、前記接触工程の後(前記洗浄工程がある場合には洗浄工程の後)に電極を60~250℃、好ましくは80~200℃に加熱する加熱工程をさらに含むことが好ましい。前記電極を有機EL素子の陽極として用いる場合であれば、この加熱工程は、有機EL素子の発光層を形成する以前に行われる。この加熱の手段としては、赤外線照射、温風照射、ハロゲンランプ照射、UVランプなどによる紫外線照射などが挙げられる。
また、本発明の電極の表面処理方法は、前記接触工程の後(前記洗浄工程がある場合には洗浄工程の後)に電極に紫外線(波長領域:200~400nm)を照射するUV照射工程をさらに含むことが好ましい。前記電極を有機EL素子の陽極として用いる場合であれば、この加熱工程は、有機EL素子の発光層を形成する以前に行われる。本発明の電極の表面処理方法が前記加熱工程を有する場合であれば、UV照射工程は、該加熱工程の前、後および加熱工程と同時のいずれの段階で行われてもよい。
本発明の有機EL素子は、前記方法で表面処理された金属酸化物からなる電極(陽極)の表面処理された面の上に発光層と陰極とがこの順序で積層された構造を有している。
図1は、本発明の有機EL素子構成の一例を示す断面図であり、透明基板上に設けた陽極と陰極の間に正孔輸送層、発光層、電子輸送層を順次設けたものである。
また、本発明の有機EL素子の構成は図1の例に限定されず、陽極と陰極の間に順次、1)陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送層/発光層、2)陽極バッファー層/発光層/電子輸送層、3)陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層、4)陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送性化合物、発光性化合物、電子輸送性化合物を含む層、5)陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送性化合物、発光性化合物を含む層、6)陽極バッファー層/発光性化合物、電子輸送性化合物を含む層、7)陽極バッファー層/正孔電子輸送性化合物、発光性化合物を含む層、8)陽極バッファー層/発光層/正孔ブロック層/電子輸送層を設けた素子構成などを挙げることができる。また、図1に示した発光層は1層であるが、発光層を2層以上有していてもよい。さらに、陽極バッファー層を用いずに直接的に、正孔輸送性化合物を含む層が陽極の表面に接していてもかまわない。
本発明の有機EL素子は、陽極として、前記方法で表面処理された金属酸化物からなる電極を有している。
陽極バッファー層をウェットプロセスにて塗布して作製する場合には、スピンコート法、キャスティング法、マイクログラビアコート法、グラビアコート法、バーコート法、ロールコート法、ワイアーバーコート法、ディップコート法、スプレーコート法、スクリーン印刷法、フレキソ印刷法、オフセット印刷法、インクジェットプリント法等の塗布法などを用いて成膜することが出来る。
本発明の有機EL素子における有機EL化合物層、すなわち発光層、正孔輸送層、及び電子輸送層に使用する化合物としては、低分子化合物及び高分子化合物のいずれをも使用することができる。
上記の有機EL化合物層は、抵抗加熱蒸着法、電子ビーム蒸着法、スパッタリング法、スピンコート法、キャスティング法、マイクログラビアコート法、グラビアコート法、バーコート法、ロールコート法、ワイアーバーコート法、ディップコート法、スプレーコート法、スクリーン印刷法、フレキソ印刷法、オフセット印刷法、インクジェットプリント法等の塗布法などにより形成することが可能である。発光性低分子化合物の場合は主として抵抗加熱蒸着法及び電子ビーム蒸着法が用いられ、発光性高分子化合物の場合は主にスピンコート法、キャスティング法、マイクログラビアコート法、グラビアコート法、バーコート法、ロールコート法、ワイアーバーコート法、ディップコート法、スプレーコート法、スクリーン印刷法、フレキソ印刷法、オフセット印刷法、インクジェットプリント法等の塗布法が用いられる。
また、正孔が発光層を通過することを抑え、発光層内で電子と効率よく再結合させる目的で、発光層の陰極側に隣接して正孔ブロック層を設けてもよい。この正孔ブロック層には発光性化合物より最高占有分子軌道(Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital;HOMO)準位の深い化合物を用いることができ、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、アルミニウム錯体などを例示することができる。
本発明の有機EL光素子の陰極材料としては、仕事関数が低く、かつ化学的に安定なものが使用され、Al、MgAg合金、AlLiやAlCaなどのAlとアルカリ金属の合金などの既知の陰極材料を例示することができるが、化学的安定性を考慮すると仕事関数は-2.9eV以下であることが好ましい。これらの陰極材料の成膜方法としては、抵抗加熱蒸着法、電子ビーム蒸着法、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法などを用いることができる。陰極の厚さは10nm~1μmが好ましく、50~500nmがより好ましい。
陰極作製後、該有機EL素子を保護する保護層を装着していてもよい。該有機EL素子を長期安定的に用いるためには、素子を外部から保護するために、保護層および/または保護カバーを装着することが好ましい。該保護層としては、高分子化合物、金属酸化物、金属フッ化物、金属ホウ化物などを用いることができる。また、保護カバーとしては、ガラス板、表面に低透水率処理を施したプラスチック板、金属などを用いることができ、該カバーを熱硬化性樹脂や光硬化性樹脂で素子基板と貼り合わせて密閉する方法が好適に用いられる。スペーサーを用いて空間を維持すれば、素子がキズつくのを防ぐことが容易である。該空間に窒素やアルゴンのような不活性なガスを封入すれば、陰極の酸化を防止することができ、さらに酸化バリウム等の乾燥剤を該空間内に設置することにより製造工程で吸着した水分が素子にタメージを与えるのを抑制することが容易となる。これらのうち、いずれか1つ以上の方策をとることが好ましい。
本発明に係る有機EL素子の基板には、有機EL素子に要求される機械的強度を満たし、かつ前記アルカリ性水溶液に浸漬した場合に、実質的に溶解、変形などしない材料が用いられる。
表面処理に供するITO膜付ガラス基板としては、ジオマテック(株)製のフラットITO(形状:200mm角の正方形、ITO電極の仕事関数:-4.8eV、水に対する接触角:25°)を用いた。
1.ITO電極(ITO膜);
<仕事関数>
大気光電子分光法(AC-2:理研計器社製)により仕事関数を測定した。
原子間力顕微鏡(キーエンス製、原子間力顕微鏡、型式VN-8010)を用いて、表面粗さRaを測定した(観察視野1μm、JIS1994法による)。
ITO膜付ガラス基板の表面に直径100μmの水滴を滴下し、CA-D(協和界面科学(株)製)を用いて液滴法(θ/2法)により接触角を測定した。なお、表1において接触角4°未満とは、滴下された水滴が円状にならず、接触角を数値化できなかった場合を示す。
<発光効率>
有機EL素子に、定電圧電源(ケイスレー製、SM2400)を用いて段階的に電圧を印加し、この有機EL素子の発光強度を輝度計(トプコン製、BM-9)で定量した。また、電流密度に対する発光強度の比から発光効率を決定した。
さらに、この有機EL素子に同装置を用いて定電流を印加し続け、一定時間おきに輝度を測定することで、発光寿命(初期輝度が半減するまでの時間)を測定した。
発光面の任意の4cm四方の領域中において任意の点10箇所の輝度を測定し、この輝度のバラツキの大小で輝度ムラを評価した。具体的には、10点の輝度の標準偏差を10点の輝度の平均値で割った値(相対標準偏差)を求め、この値が小さいほど輝度ムラが小さいと判断した。
有機EL素子に5Vの逆電圧をかけた際の単位素子面積あたりの電流値を測定し、この値が小さいほど漏れ電流が小さいと判断した。
脱水トルエンに、前記式E-2で表される化合物(重合性置換基を有するイリジウム錯体)、前記式E-54で表される化合物(正孔輸送性化合物)、および前記式E-66で表される化合物(電子輸送性化合物)をE-2:E-54:E-66=1:4:5(質量比)の割合で溶解させ、さらに重合開始剤としてV-601(和光純薬工業(株)製)を溶解させ、これらを、凍結脱気操作を行った後に真空密閉し、70℃で100時間攪拌して反応させた。反応後、反応液をアセトン中に滴下して沈殿を生じさせ、さらにトルエン-アセトンでの再沈殿精製を3回繰り返して燐光発光性高分子化合物を精製した。ここで、アセトンおよびトルエンとしては、高純度グレード(和光純薬工業(株)製)を蒸留したものを用いた。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mL(125g)とエタノール375mL(296g)とを混合し、攪拌して、混合溶媒(水の割合:30質量%)を得た。この混合溶媒に、テトラエトキシシラン(関東化学(株)製)0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが7.0である表面処理用溶液1を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液1に、ITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで2時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)500mLに、炭酸水素ナトリウム(NaHCO3)0.012molを溶解させ、これらを攪拌して溶液を得た。この溶液に、テトラエトキシシラン(関東化学(株)製)0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが10である表面処理用溶液2を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液2にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで0.5時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液中には沈殿物が観測された。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して、混合溶媒を得た。この混合溶媒に、炭酸水素ナトリウム(NaHCO3)0.012molを溶解させ、これらを攪拌して溶液を得た。この溶液に、テトラエトキシシラン(関東化学(株)製)0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが10である表面処理用溶液3を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液3にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで0.5時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
塩酸(塩化水素(HCl)濃度:12mol/L、関東化学(株)製)1.15mLと純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して溶液を得た。この溶液に、テトラエトキシシラン(関東化学(株)製)0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが1.8である表面処理用溶液4を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液4にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで2時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
酢酸0.5mLと純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mL(125g)とイソプロパノール400mL(314g)とを混合し、攪拌して溶液(水の割合:28質量%)を得た。この溶液に、テトラエトキシシラン(関東化学(株)製)0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが5.0である表面処理用溶液5を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液5にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで6時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
塩酸(塩化水素(HCl)濃度:12mol/L、関東化学(株)製)1.15mLと純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して溶液を得た。この溶液に、テトラn-ブトキシシラン0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが2.0である表面処理用溶液6を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液6にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで10時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して溶液を得た。この溶液に、クロロトリエトキシシラン0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが1.7である表面処理用溶液7を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液7にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで2時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
実施例4と同様に表面処理用溶液4を調製し、室温で1時間放置した。この溶液をスピンコート装置に固定したITO膜付ガラス基板の上に基板全体を覆うように滴下し、直ちに、ITO膜付ガラス基板をスピン回転数3000rpmで30秒間回転させることにより、溶液のスピン塗布を行った。
実施例4と同様に表面処理用溶液4を調製し、室温で1時間放置した。この溶液をスピンコート装置に固定したITO膜付ガラス基板の上に滴下し、直ちに、ITO膜付ガラス基板をスピン回転数3000rpmで30秒間回転させることにより、基板全体を覆うように溶液のスピン塗布を行った。
実施例4と同様に表面処理用溶液4を調製し、室温で1時間放置した。この溶液に、ディップコート装置に固定したITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、直ちに基板を毎秒1mmの速度で溶液から引き上げた。基板を浸漬し始めてから引き上げ終わるまでの時間は3分間であった。
実施例4と同様に表面処理用溶液4を調製し、室温で1時間放置した。バーコーター(第一理化(株)製 No.3)を用いて、ITO膜付ガラス基板上に、2秒間かけて100mm/秒の速度でこの水溶液を引き伸ばし、その膜を形成した。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)50mL(50g)とテトラヒドロフラン450mL(400g)とを混合し、攪拌して、混合溶媒(水の割合:11質量%)を得た。この混合溶媒に、炭酸水素ナトリウム(NaHCO3)0.012molを溶解させ、これらを攪拌して溶液を得た。この溶液に、テトラフェノキシシラン(関東化学(株)製)0.005molを滴下して、Si原子換算濃度が0.03重量%、pHが9.5である表面処理用溶液5を調製し、1時間放置した。室温(25℃)で、この表面処理用溶液5にITO膜付ガラス基板を浸漬し、この溶液をマグネットスターラーで0.5時間攪拌した。攪拌後の溶液は透明であり、溶液中に沈殿物は観測されなかった。
ITO膜付ガラス基板を純水を満たしたビーカー内に移し、マグネットスターラーで2時間攪拌した。この基板を取り出し、直ちにスピン乾燥装置にセットし、3000rpmで回転させてITO膜付ガラス基板表面を乾燥させた。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して、pHが7.0である溶液C2を調製した。表面処理用溶液1に替えて溶液C2を使用した以外は実施例1と同様の方法により、ITO膜付ガラス基板の処理および有機EL素子の作成を行なった。
純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して、混合溶媒を得た。この混合溶媒に、炭酸水素ナトリウム(NaHCO3)0.012molを溶解させ、これらを攪拌して、pHが10.0である溶液C3を調製した。表面処理用溶液3に替えて溶液C3を使用した以外は実施例3と同様の方法により、ITO膜付ガラス基板の処理および有機EL素子の作成を行なった。
塩酸(塩化水素(HCl)濃度:12mol/L、関東化学(株)製)1.15mLと純水(電気伝導率:1μS/cm)125mLとエタノール375mLとを混合し、攪拌して、pHが1.8である溶液C4を調製した。表面処理用溶液4に替えて溶液C4を使用した以外は実施例4と同様の方法により、ITO膜付ガラス基板の処理および有機EL素子の作成を行なった。
2 陽極
3 正孔輸送層
4 発光層
5 電子輸送層
6 陰極
Claims (16)
- 金属酸化物からなる電極と、下記式(1)で表されるシラン化合物および/またはその部分加水分解縮合物ならびに水を含有する溶液とを接触させる接触工程を含むことを特徴とする電極の表面処理方法。
Si(OR)p(X)q(OH)4-p-q・・・(1)
〔式(1)において、ORは、それぞれ独立にアルコキシ基またはアリールオキシ基であり、
Xは、それぞれ独立に前記OR以外の他の加水分解性基であり、
pは1~4の整数であり、qは0~3の整数であり、p+q≦4である。〕 - 前記シラン化合物がテトラアルコキシシランであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記テトラアルコキシシランが、テトラメトキシシラン、テトラエトキシシラン、テトラプロポキシシランおよびテトラブトキシシランからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記溶液が前記シラン化合物および/またはその部分加水分解縮合物をSi原子換算で0.001~10質量%含むことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記溶液が、10~80質量%の水と90~20質量%の炭素原子数1~3のアルコール(ただし、両者の合計量は100質量%である。)とを含有することを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記溶液のpHが1.0~5.0であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記溶液のpHが9.0~12であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記溶液を前記電極表面に塗布することにより前記接触工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記塗布の方法が、前記電極表面に前記溶液の液溜まり部を形成し、前記液溜まり部を、前記電極をその表面の面内方向に回転させることにより、前記電極表面の全体を覆うように広げる方法であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記溶液に前記電極を浸漬することにより、または前記溶液を前記電極に吹き付けることにより、前記接触工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記接触工程の直後に、電極を水で洗浄する洗浄工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記接触工程の後のいずれかの段階で(ただし、前記洗浄工程を含む場合には前記洗浄工程の後のいずれかの段階で)電極を60~250℃に加熱する加熱工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 前記接触工程の後のいずれかの段階で(ただし、前記洗浄工程を含む場合には前記洗浄工程の後のいずれかの段階で)電極に紫外線を照射するUV照射工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の電極の表面処理方法。
- 請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の方法で表面処理された、金属酸化物からなる電極。
- 請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の方法で表面処理され、大気中で紫外線光電子分光分析法により測定された仕事関数が-4.9~-6.0eVであることを特徴とする、酸化インジウム錫からなる電極。
- 請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の方法で表面処理された金属酸化物からなる陽極の表面処理された面の上に、発光層と陰極とがこの順序で積層されてなる有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
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EP10777751.8A EP2434841A4 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-05-18 | METHOD FOR TREATING ELECTRODE SURFACES AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRODE AND ORGANIC LIGHT ELEMENTS |
JP2011514419A JP5513496B2 (ja) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-05-18 | 電極の表面処理方法および電極ならびに有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の製造方法 |
KR1020117027638A KR101251194B1 (ko) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-05-18 | 전극의 표면 처리 방법 및 전극 및 유기 일렉트로루미네센스 소자의 제조 방법 |
CN2010800217507A CN102428757A (zh) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-05-18 | 电极的表面处理方法和电极以及有机电致发光元件的制造方法 |
US13/321,392 US20120068167A1 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2010-05-18 | Surface treatment method for electrodes, electrode, and process for producing organic electroluminescent element |
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US10343937B2 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2019-07-09 | De Nora Water Technologies, LLC | Electrocoagulation reactor |
USD798995S1 (en) | 2015-09-30 | 2017-10-03 | De Nora Water Technologies, LLC | Electrocoagulation reactor |
GB2555828A (en) * | 2016-11-11 | 2018-05-16 | Saralon Gmbh | Printed electroluminescent device |
KR102050805B1 (ko) * | 2018-02-13 | 2020-01-08 | 고려대학교 세종산학협력단 | 유기발광소자 제조방법 |
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KR20120022992A (ko) | 2012-03-12 |
TW201117646A (en) | 2011-05-16 |
KR101251194B1 (ko) | 2013-04-08 |
EP2434841A4 (en) | 2013-08-07 |
CN102428757A (zh) | 2012-04-25 |
JPWO2010134518A1 (ja) | 2012-11-12 |
EP2434841A1 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
JP5513496B2 (ja) | 2014-06-04 |
US20120068167A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
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