WO2010092871A1 - 燃料電池システムおよび該システムにおける始動時制御方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池システムおよび該システムにおける始動時制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010092871A1 WO2010092871A1 PCT/JP2010/051055 JP2010051055W WO2010092871A1 WO 2010092871 A1 WO2010092871 A1 WO 2010092871A1 JP 2010051055 W JP2010051055 W JP 2010051055W WO 2010092871 A1 WO2010092871 A1 WO 2010092871A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
- B60L58/31—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for starting of fuel cells
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
- B60L58/32—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load
- B60L58/33—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by cooling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
- B60L58/32—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load
- B60L58/34—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by heating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04253—Means for solving freezing problems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04395—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of cathode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04492—Humidity; Ambient humidity; Water content
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04559—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04634—Other electric variables, e.g. resistance or impedance
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04701—Temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04768—Pressure; Flow of the coolant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system and a startup control method in the system. More specifically, the present invention relates to an improvement in startability at a low temperature of a fuel cell system.
- the control map for normal starting is changed to the control map for starting below freezing point, and starting below the freezing point
- the fuel cell system is started along the control map.
- the sub-freezing start control map is changed to the normal start control map, and the fuel cell stack is changed along the normal start control map. Is started.
- the starting method may be changed based on the remaining water amount of the generated water of the fuel cell (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- the cooling water pressure at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is controlled to be lower than the pressure used when the fuel cell system is operated in a steady state.
- the coolant pressure at the inlet of the fuel cell stack is controlled to a pressure used when operating in a steady state.
- a temperature sensor detects the internal temperature of the fuel cell.
- the cooling water pump is controlled to stop, and when the internal temperature exceeds 0 ° C., the driving amount increases as the internal temperature increases (patent) Reference 2).
- the present invention provides a fuel cell system and a start-up control method for the system that suppresses deterioration of durability due to heat concentration while performing rapid warm-up operation as necessary when starting below freezing point. For the purpose.
- the present inventor has made various studies to solve such problems.
- In order to suppress the deterioration of the durability of the fuel cell it is desirable to reduce the number of times of rapid warm-up operation below freezing point.
- On the other hand if it takes time to start under freezing conditions, it will not be possible to follow the actual situation of use.
- a method of switching a map below the freezing point when the temperature of the fuel cell stack is equal to or lower than the freezing temperature of water is disclosed, but the inventor considering the durability of the stack, Focusing on switching the method of warm-up operation even at temperatures below freezing, as a result of various studies, we have gained new knowledge that leads to the solution of problems.
- the present invention is based on such knowledge, and is a fuel cell system that includes a fuel cell, and performs a rapid warm-up operation that quickly warms up by stopping the circulation of cooling water when starting below freezing.
- the memory for storing the operation end condition of the previous operation of the system, the temperature at the time of starting, or the remaining amount of generated water in the fuel cell calculated at the previous scavenging, and the memory read out from the memory at the starting of the system Based on the data, calculate the remaining amount of generated water, determine the necessity of rapid warm-up of the system based on the residual water amount and the starting temperature, and start the cooling water without circulation when rapid warm-up is required Based on the result of the determination by the determination means and the determination means, the reaction gas supplied to the fuel cell is less than that during normal power generation with or without circulation of the cooling water.
- the data is, for example, the impedance at the end of the previous operation of the fuel cell, the temperature of the fuel cell, and the amount of scavenging air.
- the scavenging air amount as used in this specification is the amount of air that is flowed to discharge water in the fuel cell stack when the ignition switch is turned off (for example, by a vehicle driver) after the previous operation is completed. .
- the determination means in the fuel cell system has an impedance measurement function for measuring the impedance of the fuel cell and a related temperature measurement function for measuring the related temperature of the fuel cell, and the data including the impedance measurement result and the related temperature measurement result is obtained. It is preferable to calculate the amount of residual water based on the generated water.
- the present invention is preferably a fuel cell system mounted on a fuel cell vehicle, and at the time of starting below freezing point, it is preferable to determine whether or not the fuel cell vehicle can run by a judging means.
- the graph of the starting temperature of the fuel cell-the remaining amount of generated water (Vw) is divided into a plurality of zones, and the starting temperature and the remaining amount of water at the starting of the fuel cell belong to which of the plurality of zones Accordingly, it is preferable to determine whether to start the cooling water without circulation.
- the graph of the fuel cell starting temperature vs. the remaining amount of generated water (Vw) is divided into a plurality of zones, and the cooling water is not circulated according to the relationship between the starting temperature and the remaining water amount when starting the fuel cell. It is also preferable to determine whether or not to start the vehicle and whether or not the fuel cell vehicle can travel without warm-up operation.
- a graph divided into a plurality of zones by a space closed by a curve as a graph of the starting temperature of the fuel cell-the remaining amount of generated water (Vw).
- Vw fuel cell starting temperature-residual water amount
- control method is a control method at start-up in a fuel cell system that performs a rapid warm-up operation that stops the circulation of cooling water and quickly warms up at the time of start-up under freezing as necessary.
- the data of the operation end condition of the previous operation of the system, the temperature at the time of start-up, or the remaining amount of generated water in the fuel cell calculated at the time of the previous scavenging is stored in a memory, and read out from the memory at the time of starting the system
- the remaining amount of generated water is calculated based on the obtained data, and the system determines whether or not the system needs to be warmed up quickly based on the amount of remaining water and the starting temperature, and starts cooling water without circulation when rapid warming is required.
- the reaction gas supplied to the fuel cell is less than that during normal power generation with or without circulating the cooling water. It is that executes the low-efficiency power generation large power loss as compared with the normal power generation.
- the present invention when the fuel cell system is started below the freezing point, it is possible to perform a rapid warm-up operation as necessary while suppressing deterioration in durability due to heat concentration.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell system according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the output current (FC current) and output voltage (FC voltage) of a fuel cell. It is a flowchart which shows the control method at the time of system starting in the 1st Embodiment of this invention.
- the vertical axis is a graph showing the internal temperature (FC temperature) of the fuel cell at the time of starting, and the horizontal axis is the residual water amount Vw, and shows a case where three zones I, II, and III are set as an example.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of FC temperature at start-up and residual water amount Vw, and shows an example in which four zones I to IV are set as an example.
- FIG. 10 is a graph of start-up FC temperature-residual water amount Vw in the third embodiment of the present invention, in which three zones I to III are set.
- FIG. 10 is a graph of start-up FC temperature-residual water amount Vw in the fourth embodiment of the present invention, in which four zones I to IV are set.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a fuel cell system 1 in the present embodiment.
- the fuel cell system 1 can be mounted on a vehicle 100 such as a fuel cell vehicle (FCHV), an electric vehicle, or a hybrid vehicle.
- FCHV fuel cell vehicle
- the fuel cell system 1 can be applied to various mobile bodies other than the vehicle 100 (for example, ships, airplanes, robots, etc.), stationary power sources, and portable fuel cell systems.
- the fuel cell system 1 includes a fuel cell 2, an oxidizing gas piping system 3 that supplies air as an oxidizing gas to the fuel cell 2, a fuel gas piping system 4 that supplies hydrogen gas as a fuel gas to the fuel cell 2, A refrigerant piping system 5 that supplies refrigerant to the fuel cell 2, a power system 6 that charges and discharges the power of the system 1, and a control device 7 that performs overall control of the operation of the system 1 are provided.
- Oxidizing gas and fuel gas can be collectively referred to as reaction gas.
- the fuel cell 2 is composed of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, for example, and has a stack structure in which a large number of single cells are stacked.
- the unit cell includes a solid polymer membrane having proton conductivity in an electrolyte layer, has an air electrode (cathode) on one surface of the electrolyte, a fuel electrode (anode) on the other surface, and A pair of separators are provided so as to sandwich the air electrode and the fuel electrode from both sides.
- An oxidizing gas is supplied to the oxidizing gas channel 2a of one separator, and a fuel gas is supplied to the fuel gas channel 2b of the other separator.
- the fuel cell 2 generates electric power by the electrochemical reaction of the supplied fuel gas and oxidizing gas.
- the oxidizing gas piping system 3 includes a supply path 11 through which the oxidizing gas supplied to the fuel cell 2 flows and a discharge path 12 through which the oxidizing off gas discharged from the fuel cell 2 flows.
- the supply path 11 communicates with the discharge path 12 via the oxidizing gas flow path 2a.
- the oxidizing off gas is in a highly moist state because it contains moisture generated by the cell reaction of the fuel cell 2.
- the supply path 11 is provided with a compressor 14 that takes in outside air via an air cleaner 13, and a humidifier 15 that humidifies the oxidizing gas fed to the fuel cell 2 by the compressor 14.
- the humidifier 15 exchanges moisture between the low-humidity oxidizing gas flowing in the supply passage 11 and the high-humidity oxidizing off-gas flowing in the discharge passage 12, and appropriately supplies the oxidizing gas supplied to the fuel cell 2. Humidify.
- the back pressure on the air electrode side of the fuel cell 2 is adjusted by a back pressure adjusting valve 16 disposed in the discharge path 12 near the cathode outlet.
- a pressure sensor P1 for detecting the pressure in the discharge passage 12 is provided in the vicinity of the back pressure adjustment valve 16.
- the oxidizing off gas passes through the back pressure regulating valve 16 and the humidifier 15 and is finally exhausted into the atmosphere outside the system as exhaust gas.
- the fuel gas piping system 4 includes a hydrogen supply source 21, a supply path 22 through which hydrogen gas supplied from the hydrogen supply source 21 to the fuel cell 2 flows, and a supply path for supplying hydrogen offgas (fuel offgas) discharged from the fuel cell 2. 22, a circulation path 23 for returning to the junction point A of 22, a pump 24 that pumps the hydrogen off-gas in the circulation path 23 to the supply path 22, and a purge path 25 that is branched and connected to the circulation path 23.
- the hydrogen gas flowing out from the hydrogen supply source 21 to the supply path 22 by opening the main valve 26 is supplied to the fuel cell 2 through the pressure regulating valve 27 and other pressure reducing valves and the shutoff valve 28.
- the purge passage 25 is provided with a purge valve 33 for discharging the hydrogen off gas to a hydrogen diluter (not shown).
- the refrigerant piping system (cooling mechanism) 5 is configured to supply a refrigerant channel 41 communicating with the cooling channel 2 c in the fuel cell 2, a cooling pump 42 provided in the refrigerant channel 41, and a refrigerant discharged from the fuel cell 2. It has a radiator 43 for cooling, a bypass passage 44 for bypassing the radiator 43, and a switching valve 45 for setting the flow of cooling water to the radiator 43 and the bypass passage 44.
- the refrigerant flow path 41 has a temperature sensor 46 provided in the vicinity of the refrigerant inlet of the fuel cell 2 and a temperature sensor 47 provided in the vicinity of the refrigerant outlet of the fuel cell 2.
- the refrigerant temperature (related temperature of the fuel cell) detected by the temperature sensor 47 reflects the internal temperature of the fuel cell 2 (hereinafter referred to as FC temperature).
- FC temperature the internal temperature of the fuel cell 2
- the temperature sensor 47 detects the temperature of parts around the fuel cell (related temperature of the fuel cell) and the outside air temperature around the fuel cell (related temperature of the fuel cell) instead of (or in addition to) the refrigerant temperature. May be.
- the fuel cell cooling pump 42 circulates and supplies the refrigerant in the refrigerant channel 41 to the fuel cell 2 by driving the motor.
- the power system 6 includes a high-voltage DC / DC converter 61, a battery 62, a traction inverter 63, a traction motor 64, and various auxiliary inverters 65, 66, and 67.
- the high-voltage DC / DC converter 61 is a direct-current voltage converter that adjusts the direct-current voltage input from the battery 62 and outputs it to the traction inverter 63 side, and the direct-current input from the fuel cell 2 or the traction motor 64. And a function of adjusting the voltage and outputting it to the battery 62.
- the charge / discharge of the battery 62 is realized by these functions of the high-voltage DC / DC converter 61. Further, the output voltage of the fuel cell 2 is controlled by the high voltage DC / DC converter 61.
- the battery (capacitor) 62 is a chargeable / dischargeable secondary battery, and is composed of, for example, a nickel metal hydride battery. In addition, various types of secondary batteries can be applied. Instead of the battery 62, a chargeable / dischargeable battery other than the secondary battery, for example, a capacitor may be used.
- the traction inverter 63 converts a direct current into a three-phase alternating current and supplies it to the traction motor 64.
- the traction motor 64 is, for example, a three-phase AC motor.
- the traction motor 64 constitutes, for example, a main power source of the vehicle 100 on which the fuel cell system 1 is mounted, and is connected to the wheels 101L and 101R of the vehicle 100.
- the auxiliary machine inverters 65, 66, and 67 control the driving of the motors of the compressor 14, the pump 24, and the cooling pump 42, respectively.
- the control device 7 is configured as a microcomputer having a CPU, a ROM, and a RAM inside.
- the CPU executes a desired calculation according to the control program, and performs various processes and controls such as control of normal operation and control of warm-up operation described later.
- the ROM stores control programs and control data processed by the CPU.
- the RAM is mainly used as various work areas for control processing.
- the timer 70, the voltage sensor 72, and the current sensor 73 are connected to the control device 7.
- the timer 70 measures various times necessary for controlling the operation of the fuel cell system 1.
- the voltage sensor 72 detects the output voltage (FC voltage) of the fuel cell 2.
- the voltage sensor 72 detects a voltage (hereinafter referred to as “cell voltage”) generated by each of a large number of single cells of the fuel cell 2. Thereby, the state of each single cell of the fuel cell 2 is grasped.
- the current sensor 73 detects the output current (FC current) of the fuel cell 2.
- the control device 7 inputs detection signals from various sensors such as various pressure sensors P1, temperature sensors 46 and 47, and an accelerator opening sensor that detects the accelerator opening of the vehicle 100, and each component (compressor 14, A control signal is output to the back pressure regulating valve 16 or the like.
- the control device 7 diagnoses the moisture state of the fuel cell 2 at a predetermined timing, and performs moisture control of the fuel cell 2 based on the diagnosis result.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the output current (FC current) and the output voltage (FC voltage) of the fuel cell, where the normal power generation is shown by a solid line and the low efficiency power generation is a dotted line It is shown in The horizontal axis represents the FC current, and the vertical axis represents the FC voltage.
- the low-efficiency power generation refers to power generation in which the reaction gas (in this embodiment, the oxidizing gas) supplied to the fuel cell 2 is less than that during normal power generation and has a large power loss compared to normal power generation.
- the fuel cell 2 is operated in a state where the air stoichiometric ratio is reduced to around 1.0 (theoretical value) (see the dotted line portion in FIG. 2).
- the power loss to be large, the fuel cell 2 can be quickly warmed up.
- the fuel cell 2 is operated in a state where, for example, the air stoichiometric ratio is set to 2.0 or more (theoretical value) so as to obtain high power generation efficiency while suppressing power loss (FIG. 2). (See the solid line part).
- the control device 7 functions as a power generation control unit that executes low-efficiency power generation, where necessary, the amount of reaction gas supplied to the fuel cell 2 is small compared to that during normal power generation and the power loss is large compared to normal power generation. .
- the control device 7 determines whether or not the timing for diagnosing the moisture state of the fuel cell 2 (hereinafter, diagnosis timing) has arrived.
- the diagnosis timing is, for example, when the operation of the fuel cell system 1 is completed or when the fuel cell system 1 is started.
- the control device 7 according to the present embodiment detects that the operation end command of the fuel cell system 1 has been input, for example, by turning off the ignition switch by the driver of the vehicle 100, and determines that the diagnosis timing has arrived.
- the control device (impedance measuring means) 7 measures the impedance of the fuel cell 2 and diagnoses the moisture state of the fuel cell 2 based on the measurement result.
- the control device (impedance measuring means) 7 of the present embodiment samples the FC voltage detected by the voltage sensor 72 and the FC current detected by the current sensor 73 at a predetermined sampling rate, and performs a Fourier transform process (FFT calculation process or DFT operation processing). Then, the control device (impedance measuring means) 7 measures the impedance of the fuel cell 2 by dividing the FC voltage signal after the Fourier transform process by the FC current signal after the Fourier transform process.
- control device 7 reads the reference impedance IPth stored in the reference impedance memory 92, and compares the read reference impedance IPth with the measured impedance (hereinafter, measured impedance).
- the reference impedance IPth is a reference value for determining whether or not the fuel cell 2 is in a dry state, and is obtained in advance by an experiment or the like. Specifically, an impedance for determining whether or not the fuel cell 2 is in a dry state is obtained through an experiment or the like, and this is mapped and stored in the reference impedance memory 92.
- control device 7 compares the FC temperature detected by the temperature sensor 47 (hereinafter referred to as a detected FC temperature) with the reference FC temperature stored in the reference FC temperature memory 91.
- the reference FC temperature Tth is a reference value for determining whether or not the fuel cell 2 permits low-efficiency power generation, and is obtained in advance through experiments or the like. Specifically, an FC temperature for determining whether or not low-efficiency power generation is permitted is obtained by experiment or the like, and this is mapped and stored in the reference FC temperature memory 91.
- a memory reference FC temperature memory 91, reference impedance memory 92, reference scavenging air amount memory 93
- the remaining water amount Vw data stored in the memory calculated at the previous scavenging may be used.
- Z0 in Formula 1 room temperature impedance
- [Formula 2] Room temperature impedance Z0 A * (Te ⁇ B) * (Ze ⁇ C) + C Can be obtained.
- A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are constants that vary depending on the system.
- the remaining water amount Vw can also be calculated from the following mathematical formula 3 using the scavenging air amount Fe.
- Pe is the saturated water vapor pressure at the temperature Te, and J and H are constants that vary depending on the system.
- Residual water amount V2 determined from the amount of scavenging air JH * ⁇ (Fe * Pe)
- Step SP2 it is determined whether or not the vehicle 100 can travel, whether or not rapid warm-up is necessary, and whether or not the cooling water (FCC) is non-circulated during rapid warm-up.
- I, II, and III zones are set in a graph in which the vertical axis indicates the FC temperature at start-up and the horizontal axis indicates the remaining water amount Vw, and the remaining water amount Vw and the FC temperature at start-up Whether or not the vehicle 100 is allowed to travel is determined depending on which zone the combination of is located (see FIG. 4).
- the control device 7 is able to travel the vehicle 100. Further, it is determined that rapid warm-up while circulating the cooling water (FCC) is possible (step SP3). In addition, in the case of the zone III where the FC temperature at start-up is low and the remaining water amount Vw is large (wet), the control device 7 circulates the cooling water while the vehicle 100 is stopped (cannot travel). It is determined that the rapid warm-up is performed without making it (step SP5).
- control device 7 indicates that the vehicle 100 is in a stopped state (cannot travel). Therefore, it is determined that rapid warm-up is performed while circulating the cooling water (step SP4).
- the warm-up process when the zone corresponds to the II zone is performed, and then the processing corresponding to the I zone is performed. . That is, in the case of the present embodiment targeting the fuel cell system 1 mounted on the vehicle 100, since the system is started in a stopped state, it is determined that the vehicle can travel in the I zone. Even in this case, first, warm-up processing in a stopped state is performed as in the case of the II zone, and thereafter, the processing shifts to processing corresponding to the I zone (see FIG. 3).
- the convenience and durability of the fuel cell system 1 are simultaneously improved by zoning the relationship between the FC temperature and the remaining water amount Vw when the fuel cell system 1 is started. I am going to do that. That is, when rapid warm-up is performed in the system 1, rapid warm-up is performed only in a case where it corresponds to the above-described zone III, and the coolant is not circulated (that is, no circulation is performed). ) Since the frequency of rapid warm-up under the circumstances is suppressed, it is possible to suppress deterioration of durability due to heat concentration.
- the kind of rapid warm-up mode corresponding to the number of zones is set in advance and it is sufficient to determine which rapid warm-up is to be performed according to the relationship between the FC temperature and the remaining water amount Vw, particularly at the time of system startup Convenience is high. More specifically, first, in the case of the I zone with the highest frequency, the vehicle is ready to run immediately, and it is not necessary to wait for the user such as a driver, so that the usability does not deteriorate. Conversely, the zone III is infrequent, but if applicable, the cooling water circulation is stopped and warmed up rapidly to minimize the time that the user waits under severe cold. In addition, stopping the circulation of the cooling water as necessary and quickly warming up also eases the driver's anxiety. Further, in the case of the II zone, there is an effect that the time for the user to wait by the rapid warm-up is shortened, and the durability deterioration of the fuel cell 2 is suppressed by performing the rapid warm-up while circulating the cooling water.
- ⁇ Second Embodiment> In the first embodiment described above, three zones (regions) are set in the graph of the FC temperature and the residual water amount Vw, but other zones may be used.
- four zones (regions) I to IV are set in a graph in which the vertical axis indicates the FC temperature at start-up and the horizontal axis indicates the remaining water amount Vw, and the remaining water amount Vw and the FC temperature at start-up Whether the vehicle 100 is allowed to travel or the like is determined depending on which zone the combination of is located (see FIGS. 5 and 6).
- the temperature (FC temperature) Te, impedance Ze, and scavenging air amount Fe of the fuel cell 2 at the end of the previous operation of the fuel cell system 1 are stored in memory (reference FC temperature memory 91, reference impedance memory 92, reference scavenging air amount memory). 93).
- memory reference FC temperature memory 91, reference impedance memory 92, reference scavenging air amount memory. 93).
- each data stored in the memories 91 to 93 is read, and the remaining water amount Vw of the fuel cell 2 is calculated based on these data (step SP11).
- the remaining water amount Vw is calculated by calculating the remaining water amount V1 obtained from the impedance and the remaining water amount V2 obtained from the scavenging air amount based on the mathematical expressions 1 to 3, and selecting the larger value. Obtainable.
- Step SP12 it is determined from the remaining water amount Vw and the FC temperature at the time of starting whether the vehicle 100 can travel, whether or not rapid warm-up is necessary, and whether or not the cooling water (FCC) is non-circulated during rapid warm-up.
- zones I, II, III, and IV zones I, II, III, and IV (zones) are set in a graph in which the vertical axis indicates the FC temperature at the start and the horizontal axis indicates the remaining water amount Vw. Whether or not the vehicle 100 is allowed to travel is determined depending on which zone the combination with the FC temperature is located in.
- the control device 7 is capable of running the vehicle 100 and needs rapid warm-up. It is determined that there is not (step SP13).
- the control device 7 circulates the cooling water while the vehicle 100 is stopped (cannot travel). It is determined that the rapid warm-up is performed without making it (step SP16).
- the control device 7 can drive the vehicle 100 but needs to be quickly warmed up. (Step SP14). In this case, the rapid warm-up is performed while circulating the cooling water. Further, when the FC temperature and the remaining water amount Vw at the start correspond to the III zone between the II zone and the IV zone, the control device 7 needs to rapidly warm up when the vehicle 100 is stopped (cannot run). Is determined (step SP15). The rapid warm-up in this case is also performed while circulating the cooling water.
- the zone when it is determined that the zone corresponds to the I zone or the II zone, first, warm-up processing is performed when the zone corresponds to the III zone, and then the processing corresponding to the II zone, and further according to the situation.
- the system is started while the vehicle is stopped. Even if it is determined that the vehicle can be driven, the warm-up process in the stopped state is first performed as in the case of the III zone, and then the II zone and, in some cases, the I zone are handled. The process proceeds (see FIG. 3). Note that the I zone, the II zone, and the III zone may be distinguished in this way from the beginning.
- a substantially elliptical zone is set in the graph of the FC temperature and the remaining water amount Vw (see FIGS. 4 and 6), but the zone may have other shapes. it can.
- the two zones for example, a curve of an inversely proportional graph or a curve approximated to a hyperbola
- the zone is divided into three zones, a zone III with a low residual water amount Vw (wet) and zone II between the two zones (see FIG. 7).
- the calculation of the remaining water amount Vw, whether or not the vehicle 100 can travel, whether or not rapid warm-up is necessary, and whether or not the cooling water (FCC) is not circulated during rapid warm-up are the same as in the first embodiment. The same can be done.
- the three zones (for example, a curve of an inversely proportional graph or a curve approximated to a hyperbola) have a high start-up FC temperature and a small residual water amount Vw (dry) I zone, and a low start-up FC temperature.
- the zone is divided into four zones, that is, the IV zone having a large amount of residual water Vw (wet), the II zone located between the two zones, and the III zone (see FIG. 8).
- the calculation of the remaining water amount Vw, whether or not the vehicle 100 can travel, whether or not rapid warm-up is necessary, and whether or not the cooling water (FCC) is not circulated during rapid warm-up are the same as in the second embodiment. It can be carried out.
- the present invention when the fuel cell system is started below the freezing point, it is possible to suppress deterioration in durability due to heat concentration while performing rapid warm-up operation as necessary. Therefore, the present invention can be widely used in fuel cell systems having such requirements.
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Abstract
Description
まず、この燃料電池システム1においては、当該システムの前回運転終了時の燃料電池2の温度(FC温度)Te、インピーダンスZe、掃気エア量(前回運転終了後、例えば車両のドライバーによるイグニッションスイッチのOFF操作時に燃料電池スタックの中の水を排出するために流すエア量)Feをメモリ(基準FC温度メモリ91、基準インピーダンスメモリ92、基準掃気エア量メモリ93)に記憶しておき、いつでも読み出せるようにしている。燃料電池システム1の始動時には、これらメモリ91~93に記憶されている各データを読み出し、これらデータに基づいて燃料電池2の残水量Vwを算出する(ステップSP1)。残水量Vwは、前回の掃気時に算出してメモリしておいたデータを用いてもよい。あるいは、当該残水量Vwを例えば以下の式によって算出することができる。
[数式1]
インピーダンスから求められる残水量V1=E/(Z0-F)+G
[数式2]
常温インピーダンスZ0=A*(Te-B)*(Ze-C)+C
によって求めることができる。ただし、A,B,C,D,E,F,Gのそれぞれは、システムによって変化する定数である。
[数式3]
掃気エア量から求められる残水量V2=J-H*Σ(Fe*Pe)
上述した第1の実施形態ではFC温度と残水量Vwとのグラフ中に3つのゾーン(領域)を設定したが、これ以外の数のゾーンとしてもよい。例えば本実施形態では、縦軸が始動時のFC温度、横軸が残水量Vwを表すグラフ中にI~IVの4つのゾーン(領域)を設定し、残水量Vwと始動時のFC温度との組合せがどのゾーンに位置するかによって車両100の走行可否等を決定する(図5、図6参照)。
上述した第1、第2の実施形態ではFC温度と残水量Vwとのグラフ中に略楕円形状のゾーンを設定したが(図4、図6参照)、ゾーンの形状をこれ以外とすることもできる。例えば本実施形態では、2本の曲線(例えば、反比例グラフの曲線ないしは双曲線に近似した曲線)によって、始動時FC温度が高く残水量Vwが少ない(ドライである)Iゾーン、始動時FC温度が低く残水量Vwが多い(ウェットである)IIIゾーン、両ゾーンの中間であるIIゾーンの3つのゾーンに区切っている(図7参照)。なお、残水量Vwの算出や、車両100の走行可否、急速暖機の要否、および急速暖機時に冷却水(FCC)を無循環とするか否かの判断は、第1の実施形態と同様に行うことができる。
本実施形態では、3本の曲線(例えば、反比例グラフの曲線ないしは双曲線に近似した曲線)によって、始動時FC温度が高く残水量Vwが少ない(ドライである)Iゾーン、始動時FC温度が低く残水量Vwが多い(ウェットである)IVゾーン、両ゾーンの間に位置するIIゾーンおよびIIIゾーンの4つのゾーンに区切っている(図8参照)。残水量Vwの算出や、車両100の走行可否、急速暖機の要否、および急速暖機時に冷却水(FCC)を無循環とするか否かの判断は、第2の実施形態と同様に行うことができる。
Claims (9)
- 燃料電池を含み、氷点下での始動時、冷却水の循環を止めて急速に暖機する急速暖機運転を必要に応じて実施する燃料電池システムであって、
当該システムの前回運転の運転終了条件、始動時温度等のデータ、あるいは前回掃気時に算出した当該燃料電池における生成水の残水量を記憶するメモリと、
当該システムの始動時に該メモリから読み出したデータに基づき前記生成水の残水量を算出し、該残水量と始動時温度より、当該システムの急速暖機の要否の判断、および急速暖機が必要な場合に前記冷却水を無循環で始動させるかどうかの判断を行う判断手段と、
該判断手段による判断結果に基づき、前記冷却水を循環させながら又は循環させずに、前記燃料電池に供給される反応ガスが通常発電時に比して少なく尚かつ前記通常発電に比して電力損失が大きい低効率発電を実行する発電制御手段と、
を有することを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 前記判断手段は、前記燃料電池のインピーダンスを測定するインピーダンス測定機能と、前記燃料電池の関連温度を測定する関連温度測定機能とを備え、前記インピーダンスの測定結果および前記関連温度の測定結果を含むデータに基づき前記生成水の残水量を算出する、請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記データは、当該燃料電池の前回運転終了時のインピーダンス、該燃料電池の温度、掃気エア量である、請求項2に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 燃料電池車に搭載された燃料電池システムであって、氷点下での始動時、当該燃料電池車が走行可能かどうかの判断を前記判断手段によって行う、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 当該燃料電池の始動時温度‐前記生成水の残水量(Vw)のグラフを複数のゾーンに分け、当該燃料電池の始動時における前記始動時温度と前記残水量とが前記複数のゾーンのいずれに属するかに応じて前記冷却水を無循環で始動させるかどうかを判断する、請求項4に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 当該燃料電池の始動時温度‐前記生成水の残水量(Vw)のグラフを複数のゾーンに分け、当該燃料電池の始動時における前記始動時温度と前記残水量の関係に応じて前記冷却水を無循環で始動させるかどうか、および当該燃料電池車が暖機運転なしで走行可能かどうかを判断する、請求項4に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池の始動時温度‐前記生成水の残水量(Vw)のグラフとして、曲線によって閉じられた空間により複数のゾーンに分けられたものが用いられる、請求項5または6に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池の始動時温度‐前記生成水の残水量(Vw)のグラフとして、反比例グラフの曲線ないしは双曲線に近似した2ないしは3の曲線により複数のゾーンに分けられたものが用いられる、請求項5または6に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 氷点下での始動時、冷却水の循環を止めて急速に暖機する急速暖機運転を必要に応じて実施する燃料電池システムにおける始動時制御方法であって、
当該システムの前回運転の運転終了条件、始動時温度等のデータ、あるいは前回掃気時に算出した当該燃料電池における生成水の残水量をメモリに記憶しておき、
当該システムの始動時に該メモリから読み出したデータに基づき前記生成水の残水量を算出し、該残水量と始動時温度より、当該システムの急速暖機の要否の判断、および急速暖機が必要な場合に前記冷却水を無循環で始動させるかどうかの判断を行い、
該判断手段による判断結果に基づき、前記冷却水を循環させながら又は循環させずに、前記燃料電池に供給される反応ガスが通常発電時に比して少なく尚かつ前記通常発電に比して電力損失が大きい低効率発電を実行する、燃料電池システムにおける始動時制御方法。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE112010000819B4 (de) | 2017-01-26 |
JP2010186599A (ja) | 2010-08-26 |
US20120003557A1 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
US8524406B2 (en) | 2013-09-03 |
CN102318116B (zh) | 2014-09-10 |
JP4962919B2 (ja) | 2012-06-27 |
DE112010000819T5 (de) | 2012-05-31 |
CN102318116A (zh) | 2012-01-11 |
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