WO2010001850A1 - リチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010001850A1 WO2010001850A1 PCT/JP2009/061835 JP2009061835W WO2010001850A1 WO 2010001850 A1 WO2010001850 A1 WO 2010001850A1 JP 2009061835 W JP2009061835 W JP 2009061835W WO 2010001850 A1 WO2010001850 A1 WO 2010001850A1
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- fluorine
- carbonate
- alkyl group
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- carbon atoms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery containing lithium titanate as a negative electrode active material.
- non-aqueous electrolytes electrolytes salts and solvents
- positive electrode or negative electrode active materials improvements have been made to non-aqueous electrolytes (electrolyte salts and solvents) and positive electrode or negative electrode active materials. Among these, various proposals have been made for non-aqueous electrolytes and positive electrode active materials.
- the negative electrode active material for example, in Patent Document 1, in order to improve flame retardancy, a molten salt and a phosphate ester are used as an electrolyte, and an imidazole or amide non-fluorine organic compound is used as a solvent. It describes that an active material containing lithium is used as a negative electrode active material.
- the present inventors have excellent discharge capacity, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics, and are nonflammable (safety). As a result, the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery having a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a positive electrode, wherein the negative electrode active material constituting the negative electrode contains lithium titanate, and the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a fluorine-based solvent.
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte used in the present invention includes an electrolyte salt and a solvent for dissolving the electrolyte salt, and the solvent for dissolving the electrolyte salt includes fluorine-containing ether, fluorine-containing ester, fluorine-containing chain carbonate, and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate. It is preferable from the point that safety
- Rf 1 ORf 2 (Wherein Rf 1 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and Rf 2 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms).
- Rf 3 COORf 4 (Wherein Rf 3 is an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, Rf 4 is an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Rf 3 and Rf 4 is preferably a fluorine-containing ester represented by a fluorine-containing alkyl group) from the viewpoint of improving safety and good load characteristics, Also, the formula (IC): Rf 5 OCOORf 6 (Wherein Rf 5 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Rf 6 is an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are the same or different and all are hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms or alkyl groups which may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, provided that X 1 Fluorine-containing cyclic carbonates represented by (at least one of ⁇ X 4 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine-containing alkyl group) are preferred from the viewpoint of improving safety and good load characteristics. Two or more of these may be used in combination.
- carbonates (II) are preferably non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) and non-fluorine chain carbonate (IIB) from the viewpoint of good rate characteristics and cycle characteristics.
- the non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) is preferably one or a mixture of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate from the viewpoint of good cycle characteristics.
- the non-fluorine chain carbonate (IIB) is preferably one or a mixture of dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate from the viewpoint of good rate characteristics.
- the fluorine-based solvent (I) when the total amount of the fluorine-based solvent (I) and the other carbonate (II) is 100% by volume, the fluorine-based solvent (I) is 10 to 80% by volume, Carbonate (II) is preferably 20 to 90% by volume from the viewpoint of enhancing safety.
- the total of the fluorine-based solvents (I), (IIA) and (IIB) is 100% by volume.
- the fluorinated solvent (I) is 10 to 80% by volume
- (IIA) is 10 to 50% by volume
- (IIB) is 10 to 80% by volume
- the safety is improved. It is preferable from the viewpoint of good characteristics.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a lithium secondary battery that is excellent in discharge capacity, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics, and also has improved nonflammability (safety).
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention has a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a positive electrode. Further, a separator is often interposed. Hereinafter, each element will be described.
- the negative electrode is usually formed by applying a negative electrode mixture composed of a negative electrode active material and a binder (binder) and, if necessary, a conductive material to a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material contains lithium titanate as an essential component.
- lithium titanate examples include Li 4 Ti 5 O 12, Li 2 Ti 3 O 7 , and LiTiO 3 .
- Li [Li 1/4 Mg 1/8 Ti 13/8 ] O 4 or Li [Li 1 in which the 6-coordinate 16d site of Li [Li 1/3 Ti 5/3 ] O 4 is replaced with Mg or Al. / 4 Al 1/4 Ti 3/2 ] O 4 can also be exemplified as lithium titanate.
- negative electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- examples of other negative electrode active materials include carbon materials, and also include metal oxides (other than potassium titanate) and metal nitrides capable of inserting lithium ions.
- Examples of carbon materials include natural graphite, artificial graphite, pyrolytic carbons, cokes, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon fibers, activated carbon, and pitch-coated graphite.
- Metal oxides capable of inserting lithium ions include tin oxide. , Silicon oxide, Si—C composite, carbon-coated Si, and the like, and examples of the metal nitride include Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N and the like.
- binder for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyimide, polyaramid and the like can be used.
- the conductive material may be a conductive material used for a negative electrode mixture of a lithium secondary battery.
- a conductive carbon material such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, or pyrolytic carbon exemplified as the other negative electrode active material described above. , Cokes, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon fiber, activated carbon, pitch-coated graphite and the like.
- the negative electrode can be produced by slurrying these components with a solvent such as water or N-methylpyrrolidone, and applying and drying on a current collector (for example, a metal foil or plate of copper, stainless steel, nickel, etc.).
- a solvent such as water or N-methylpyrrolidone
- a current collector for example, a metal foil or plate of copper, stainless steel, nickel, etc.
- the content of lithium titanate is preferably 97% by mass or less of the negative electrode mixture, more preferably 95% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 93% by mass or less. If the amount is too large, it tends to be disadvantageous in terms of adhesion.
- the lower limit is preferably 85% by mass, more preferably 87% by mass, and particularly preferably 90% by mass from the viewpoint of good effect of improving discharge capacity, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode is usually formed by applying a positive electrode mixture composed of a positive electrode active material and a binder (binder) and, if necessary, a conductive material, to a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material may be any positive electrode active material used for a positive electrode mixture of a lithium secondary battery.
- cobalt-based composite oxide, nickel-based composite oxide, manganese-based composite oxide, iron-based composite oxide, vanadium-based composite oxide, etc. have high energy density and become high-power lithium secondary batteries. preferable.
- cobalt-based composite oxide is LiCoO 2
- nickel-based composite oxide is LiNiO 2
- manganese-based composite oxide is LiMnO 2
- a composite oxide of NiMn represented by LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiNi x Mn 2-x O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), or LiNi 1-xy Co x Mn y O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1,0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1,0 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 1) may be a composite oxide of NiCoMn represented by.
- a part of metal elements such as Co, Ni, and Mn may be substituted with one or more metal elements such as Mg, Al, Z
- examples of the iron-based composite oxide include LiFeO 2 and LiFePO 4
- examples of the vanadium-based composite oxide include V 2 O 5 .
- a nickel complex oxide or a cobalt complex oxide is preferable because the capacity can be increased.
- a cobalt-based composite oxide from the viewpoint of high energy density and safety.
- the conductive material and the binder those described in the negative electrode can be used.
- these components are slurried using a solvent such as toluene or N-methylpyrrolidone, and a current collector (for example, a metal foil such as aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium, a plate, or a net that is usually used) It can be prepared by coating and drying.
- a solvent such as toluene or N-methylpyrrolidone
- a current collector for example, a metal foil such as aluminum, stainless steel, or titanium, a plate, or a net that is usually used
- the particles of the positive electrode active material are mainly secondary particles, and the secondary It is preferable to contain 0.5 to 7.0% by volume of fine particles having an average particle size of 40 ⁇ m or less and an average primary particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the contact area with the electrolytic solution is increased, and the diffusion of lithium ions between the electrode and the electrolytic solution can be accelerated, and the output performance can be improved.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention contains an electrolyte salt and an electrolyte salt dissolving solvent, and the electrolyte salt dissolving solvent contains a fluorine-based solvent.
- a solvent containing a fluorine-based solvent as a solvent, nonflammability (safety) is improved, and discharge capacity, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics are specifically improved.
- the electrolyte salt dissolving solvent contains a fluorine-based solvent, and at least one fluorine-based solvent (I) selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing ethers, fluorine-containing esters, fluorine-containing chain carbonates, and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonates, and others
- the carbonate (II) is preferably contained from the viewpoint of good battery characteristics.
- Fluorinated solvent at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ether (IA), fluorinated ester (IB), fluorinated chain carbonate (IC) and fluorinated cyclic carbonate (ID)
- fluorinated solvent at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated ether (IA), fluorinated ester (IB), fluorinated chain carbonate (IC) and fluorinated cyclic carbonate (ID)
- fluorinated ether (IA) examples include JP 08-037024, JP 09-097627, JP 11-026015, JP 2000-294281, JP 2001-052737, Examples thereof include compounds described in JP-A-11-307123.
- Rf 1 ORf 2 (Wherein Rf 1 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, Rf 2 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms), and the fluorine-containing ether having a good compatibility with other solvents is suitable. From the point of having a large boiling point.
- Rf 1 for example, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 3 CFHCF 2 CH
- fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms such as 2- , HCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) CH 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, and CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 —O—.
- Rf 2 includes, for example, —CF 2 CF 2 H, —CF 2 CFHCF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CFHCF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF Examples thereof include fluorine-containing alkyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms such as 3 .
- Rf 1 is an ether having 3 to 4 carbon atoms
- Rf 2 is particularly preferably a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 2 to 3 carbon atoms from the viewpoint of good ion conductivity.
- fluorine-containing ether (IA) examples include, for example, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3
- CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CFHCF 3 and the like can be exemplified, and among them, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 have good compatibility with other solvents The rate characteristics are also particularly preferable from the viewpoint of good characteristics.
- Rf 3 examples include HCF 2 —, CF 3 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 —, CH 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 —, CH 3 —, CH 3 CH 2 —, and the like. Among them, CF 3 — and HCF 2 — are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of good rate characteristics.
- Rf 4 examples include —CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , —CH (CF 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CF 2 CFHCF 3 , —CH 2 C 2 F 5 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CH 2 C 2 F 5 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3, etc.
- Non-fluorine alkyl groups such as —CH 3 , —C 2 H 5 , —C 3 H 7 , —CH (CH 3 ) CH 3, etc., among them —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 C 2 F 5 , —CH (CF 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, —CH 3 , and —C 2 H 5 are particularly preferred from the viewpoint of good compatibility with other solvents.
- fluorine-containing ester (IB) As specific examples of the fluorine-containing ester (IB), 1. Those in which both are fluorine-containing alkyl groups: CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 , HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCF 2 CF 2 H 2.
- Rf 3 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group: CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 3 , CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 3 , HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 3 , HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 3 , CH 3 CF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 3 , CH 3 CF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 3 , CF 3 CF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 3 , CF 3 CF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 3 3.
- Rf 4 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group: CH 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 , CH 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CH 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H, CH 3 CH 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 , CH 3 CH 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CH 3 CH 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H 1 type or 2 types or more can be illustrated, and among these, 2. 2.
- Rf 3 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group
- Rf 4 is preferably a fluorine-containing alkyl group, and among them, CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 3 , CF 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 3 , HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 3 , HCF 2 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CH 3 , CH 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 3 , and CH 3 C ( ⁇ O) OCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 have good compatibility with other solvents and good rate characteristics. Is particularly preferred.
- the fluorine-containing chain carbonate for example, the formula (IC): Rf 5 OCOORf 6 (Wherein Rf 5 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Rf 6 is an alkyl group that may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 4 carbon atoms) It is preferable from the viewpoint of high properties and good rate characteristics.
- Rf 5 examples include CF 3 —, C 2 F 5 —, (CF 3 ) 2 CH—, CF 3 CH 2 —, C 2 F 5 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 —, CF 2 CFHCF 2 CH 2 — and the like can be exemplified
- Rf 6 examples include CF 3 —, C 2 F 5 —, (CF 3 ) 2 CH—, CF 3 CH 2 —, C 2 F 5 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2.
- Illustrative are fluorine-containing alkyl groups such as CH 2 —, CF 2 CFHCF 2 CH 2 —, and non-fluorine alkyl groups such as —CH 3 , —C 2 H 5 , —C 3 H 7 , —CH (CH 3 ) CH 3. it can.
- Rf 5 is CF 3 CH 2 -
- C 2 F 5 CH 2 - is, CF 3 CH 2 as Rf 6 -
- C 2 F 5 CH 2 -, - CH 3 is -C 2 H 5
- This is particularly preferable from the viewpoints of suitable viscosity, good compatibility with other solvents, and good rate characteristics.
- fluorine-containing chain carbonate examples include, for example, CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 , and CF 3 CH 2.
- fluorine-containing chain carbonates such as OCOOCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CH 3 can be exemplified, and among them, CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 , CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CH 3 is suitable for viscosity, flame retardancy, compatibility with other solvents and good rate characteristics Particularly preferred. Further, for example, compounds described in JP-A-06-21992, JP-A-2000-327634, JP-A-2001-256983 and the like can also be exemplified.
- the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (ID) for example, the formula (ID): (Wherein X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are the same or different and all are hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms or alkyl groups which may contain a fluorine atom having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, provided that X 1 Fluorine-containing cyclic carbonates represented by (at least one of ⁇ X 4 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine-containing alkyl group) are preferred from the viewpoint of improving safety and good load characteristics.
- fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate examples include 4-fluoro-1,3 dioxolane-2one, 4,5-difluoro-1,3 dioxolane-2one, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3 dioxolane-2one 4-monofluoromethyl-1,3dioxolane-2one, 4,5-dimethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3dioxolane-2one, 4,5-dimethyl-4-fluoro-1,3 dioxolane- 2-one and the like, and 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2one is particularly preferred.
- fluorine-based solvents (I), fluorine-containing ether (IA), fluorine-containing chain carbonate (IC), and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (ID) are suitable in terms of suitable viscosity, good electrolyte salt solubility and rate characteristics. In view of good cycle characteristics, fluorine-containing ether (IA) and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (ID) are particularly preferable.
- Fluorine-containing ether (IA), fluorine-containing ester (IB), fluorine-containing chain carbonate (IC) and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (ID) may be used alone or in combination.
- the combination of (IA) and (IB), the combination of (IA) and (IC), the combination of (IA) and (ID), the combination of (IC) and (ID) is a low viscosity, other solvent From the viewpoint of good compatibility with.
- the fluorine-based solvent (I) is 10 to 80% by volume when (I) + (II) is 100% by volume. Furthermore, it is preferable from the viewpoint of excellent rate characteristics and oxidation resistance. Further, 10 to 65% by volume, 15 to 65% by volume, especially 20 to 60% by volume is preferable because safety is particularly improved.
- (II) Other carbonates
- Other carbonates may be chain carbonates or cyclic carbonates other than fluorine-containing chain carbonates (IC), and may be fluorine-containing carbonates or non-fluorine carbonates. Fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) and non-fluorine chain carbonate (IIB) are preferred.
- Non-fluorine cyclic carbonate examples include one or more of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and the like.
- ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) have a high dielectric constant and are particularly excellent in solubility of the electrolyte salt, and are preferable for the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- This non-fluorine cyclic carbonate has excellent electrolyte salt dissolving power, as well as improved rate characteristics and improved dielectric constant.
- vinylene carbonate can be added as an additional (optional) component to improve cycle characteristics.
- the blending amount is preferably 0.1 to 10% by volume with respect to the entire electrolyte.
- Non-fluorine chain carbonate examples include CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CH 3 (diethyl carbonate; DEC), CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3 (methyl ethyl carbonate; MEC), CH One or more hydrocarbon chain carbonates such as 3 OCOOCH 3 (dimethyl carbonate; DMC) and CH 3 OCOOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (methylpropyl carbonate) can be used.
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- MEC CH 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 3
- MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- CH 3 OCOOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 methylpropyl carbonate
- the blending ratio is (I) + (IIA) + (IIB) 100 volume%, (I) 10-80 volume%, non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) 10-50 volume%, non-fluorine chain It is preferable that the amount of the carbonated carbonate (IIB) is 10 to 80% by volume from the viewpoint of further improving safety and good battery characteristics.
- non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) If the content of non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA) is too high, the compatibility with other components decreases, especially in low-temperature atmospheres (eg, -30 to -20 ° C) such as the outside temperature in winter and the room temperature of a freezer. , May cause layer separation with other components.
- the preferable upper limit is 35% by volume, and further 30% by volume.
- the amount is too small, the solubility of the electrolyte salt in the entire solvent is lowered, and a desired electrolyte concentration (0.8 mol / liter or more) cannot be achieved.
- non-fluorine chain carbonate (IIB) is effective in improving low temperature characteristics because of its low viscosity. Accordingly, when it is necessary to improve the low temperature characteristics, an appropriate amount may be blended. However, since the flash point is relatively low, it is desirable to keep it to an extent that does not impair the safety of the battery.
- fluorine-based solvent particularly fluorine-containing ether (IA) is 20
- fluorine-based solvent particularly fluorine-containing ether (IA) is 20
- examples thereof include ⁇ 60% by volume, 10 to 35% by volume of non-fluorine cyclic carbonate (IIA), and 10 to 70% by volume of non-fluorine chain carbonate (IIB).
- the problems of the present invention can be solved by using only the components (I) and (II) as the solvent for the non-aqueous electrolyte. You may mix
- Examples of the electrolyte salt used for the non-aqueous electrolyte in the present invention include LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiN (O 2 SCF 3 ) 2 , LiN (O 2 SC 2 F 5 ) 2 and the like. From the viewpoint of good cycle characteristics, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN (O 2 SCF 3 ) 2 , LiN (O 2 SC 2 F 5 ) 2 or a combination thereof is particularly preferable.
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is required to be 0.5 mol / liter or more, further 0.8 mol / liter or more.
- the upper limit is usually 1.5 mol / liter.
- the solvent for dissolving an electrolyte salt of the present invention has a dissolving ability so that the concentration of the electrolyte salt is in a range satisfying these requirements.
- the components (I) and (II), and further the volume ratio of (I), (IIA) and (IIB) are not destroyed, and the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Flame retardants, surfactants, high dielectric additives, cycle characteristics and rate characteristics improvers, and other additives may be added for the purpose of improving safety.
- the phosphate ester may be blended in order to impart incombustibility (non-ignition property). Ignition can be prevented when the blending amount is 1 to 10% by volume with respect to the electrolyte salt dissolving solvent.
- phosphate esters examples include fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate esters, non-fluorine-based alkyl phosphate esters, and aryl phosphate esters.
- fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate esters contribute to the incombustibility of electrolytes in a small amount. It is preferable because of its non-flammable effect.
- fluorine-containing alkyl phosphate ester examples include fluorine-containing dialkyl phosphate esters described in JP-A No. 11-233141, cyclic alkyl phosphate esters described in JP-A No. 11-283669, and fluorine-containing trialkyl phosphate esters. Examples thereof include alkyl phosphate esters.
- the fluorine-containing trialkyl phosphate ester has a high ability to impart incombustibility and good compatibility with the component (I), so that the addition amount can be reduced, and 1 to 8% by volume, Even at 1-5% by volume, ignition can be prevented.
- Rf is CF 3 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 —, or CF 3 CFHCF 2.
- Rf is CF 3 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 CH 2 —, HCF 2 CF 2 —, or CF 3 CFHCF 2.
- tri-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl phosphate and tri-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl phosphate are preferable.
- fluorine-containing lactone, fluorine-containing sulfolane and the like can also be exemplified as flame retardants.
- Surfactant may be blended in order to improve capacity characteristics and rate characteristics.
- any of a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant may be used, but the fluorine-containing surfactant has good cycle characteristics and rate characteristics. It is preferable from the point.
- Preferred examples include fluorine-containing carboxylates and fluorine-containing sulfonates.
- fluorine-containing carboxylic acid salt e.g., HCF 2 C 2 F 6 COO - Li +, C 4 F 9 COO - Li +, C 5 F 11 COO - Li +, C 6 F 13 COO - Li +, C 7 F 15 COO - Li +, C 8 F 17 COO - Li +, HCF 2 C 2 F 6 COO - NH 4 +, C 4 F 9 COO - NH 4 +, C 5 F 11 COO - NH 4 +, C 6 F 13 COO - NH 4 +, C 7 F 15 COO - NH 4 +, C 8 F 17 COO - NH 4 +, HCF 2 C 2 F 6 COO - NH (CH 3) 3 +, C 4 F 9 COO - NH (CH 3) 3 +, C 5 F 11 COO - NH (CH 3) 3 +, C 6 F 13 COO - NH (CH 3) 3 +, C 7 F 15 COO - NH (CH 3) 3 +,
- fluorine-containing sulfonates for example, C 4 F 9 SO 3 - Li +, C 6 F 13 SO 3 - Li +, C 8 F 17 SO 3 - Li +, C 4 F 9 SO 3 - NH 4 +, C 6 F 13 SO 3 - NH 4 +, C 8 F 17 SO 3 - NH 4 +, C 4 F 9 SO 3 - NH (CH 3) 3 +, C 6 F 13 SO 3 - NH (CH 3 ) 3 + , C 8 F 17 SO 3 - NH (CH 3 ) 3 + and the like.
- the blending amount of the surfactant is preferably 0.01 to 2% by mass with respect to the entire electrolyte salt dissolving solvent from the viewpoint of reducing the surface tension of the electrolytic solution without reducing the charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- high dielectric additive examples include sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, acetonitrile, propionitrile and the like.
- overcharge inhibitor examples include hexafluorobenzene, fluorobenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, dichloroaniline, difluoroaniline, and toluene.
- Tetrahydrofuran and silicate compounds are effective for improving the rate characteristics.
- the separator that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited. Microporous polyethylene film, microporous polypropylene film, microporous ethylene-propylene copolymer film, microporous polypropylene / polyethylene bilayer film, microporous Examples thereof include polypropylene / polyethylene / polypropylene three-layer films.
- a film in which an aramid resin is coated on a separator made for the purpose of improving safety such as a short circuit caused by Li dentrite, or a film in which a resin containing polyamideimide and an alumina filler is coated on a separator can be given (for example, (See JP 2007-299612 A and JP 2007-324073 A).
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is useful as a large-sized lithium secondary battery for a hybrid vehicle or a distributed power source, a small-sized lithium secondary battery such as a mobile phone or a portable information terminal.
- Preparation Example 2 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CFHCF 3 (IA-2) was used as component (I).
- Preparation Example 3 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (IA-3) was used as component (I).
- Preparation Example 4 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that HCF 2 CF 2 OCH 3 (IA-4) was used as component (I).
- Preparation Example 5 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 (IA-5) was used as component (I).
- Preparation Example 6 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that CF 3 COOCH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H (IB-1) was used as component (I).
- Preparation Example 7 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution used in the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 3 (IC-1) was used as component (I).
- Preparation Examples 8 to 16 A nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that the blending ratios of Component (I), Component (IIA) and Component (IIB) were used in the amounts shown in Table 2.
- Preparation Examples 17 to 19 In place of LiPF 6 as the electrolyte salt, LiN (O 2 SCF 3 ) 2 (Preparation Example 17), LiN (O 2 SC 2 F 5 ) 2 (Preparation Example 18) or LiBF 4 (Preparation Example 19) was used. Prepared the nonaqueous electrolyte solution used for this invention like the preparation examples 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
- Adjustment example 20 This was the same as in Preparation Example 1 except that 4-fluoro-1,3dioxolan-2-one (ID-1) was used as component (I) and the blending ratio of component (IIB) was used in the amounts shown in Table 4.
- ID-1,3dioxolan-2-one ID-1
- IIB blending ratio of component
- Adjustment examples 21-22 As component (I), HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (IA-1) and 4-fluoro-1,3dioxolan-2-one (ID-1) are used, and the blending ratio of component (IIB) is shown.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that the amount shown in 4 was used.
- Adjustment example 23 CF 3 CH 2 OCOOCH 2 CF 3 (IC-1) and 4-fluoro-1,3dioxolan- 2 -one (ID-1) are used as component (I), and the blending ratio of component (IIB) is shown in Table 4.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that it was used in an amount.
- Adjustment example 24 As component (I), HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H (IA-1) and 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (ID-1) are used, and component (IIA) and component (IIB) are used.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention was prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that the blending ratio of was used in the amount shown in Table 4.
- lithium secondary batteries were produced in the following manner. Further, for these lithium secondary batteries, the following battery characteristics (discharge capacity, Rate characteristics, cycle characteristics) tests were conducted.
- Table 1 shows the results of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Example 1
- Table 2 shows the results of Examples 8 to 16, and Table 3 shows the results of Examples 17 to 19.
- a positive electrode active material obtained by mixing LiCoO 2 , carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: KF-1000) at 90/3/7 (mass% ratio) is dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Then, the slurry is applied uniformly on a positive electrode current collector (aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m), dried to form a positive electrode mixture layer, and then compression-molded with a roller press and then cut. The lead body was then welded to produce a strip-shaped positive electrode.
- lithium titanate Li [Li 1/3 Ti 5/3 ] O 4 manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name KF-1000
- a negative electrode active material mixed at 10/3 (mass% ratio) was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a slurry, and uniformly applied onto a negative electrode current collector (copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m). After drying, a negative electrode mixture layer was formed, and then compression-molded with a roller press, cut, dried, and the lead body was welded to produce a strip-shaped negative electrode.
- the strip-like positive electrode and negative electrode are cut to a size of 16 mm ⁇ , and a microporous polyethylene film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m is cut to a size of 25 mm ⁇ to form a separator.
- a bipolar cell was obtained.
- 1 is a positive electrode
- 2 is a negative electrode
- 3 is a separator
- 4 is a positive electrode terminal
- 5 is a negative electrode terminal.
- 2 ml each of the electrolyte solutions prepared in Examples 1 to 19 and Comparative Example 1 were sealed in this cell.
- the capacity is a 3 mAh cell.
- a chemical conversion treatment was performed after the separators and the like had sufficiently permeated to produce a bipolar cell.
- Rate characteristic (%) 5C discharge capacity (mAh) /0.2C discharge capacity (mAh) ⁇ 100
- Cycle maintenance ratio (%) 100 cycle discharge capacity (mAh) / 1 cycle discharge capacity (mAh) ⁇ 100
- lithium secondary batteries using a negative electrode containing lithium titanate and further using a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a fluorinated solvent are excellent in discharge capacity, rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics. .
- lithium secondary batteries were produced in the following manner. Further, these lithium secondary batteries were subjected to battery characteristics (discharge capacity) in the same manner as in Example 1. , Rate characteristics, cycle characteristics) tests were conducted. The results are shown in Table 4.
- lithium titanate Li [Li 1/3 Ti 5/3 ] O 4 manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- acetylene black acetylene black
- polyvinylidene fluoride manufactured by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name KF-1100
- a negative electrode active material mixed at 6/3 (mass% ratio) was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a slurry, and uniformly applied onto a negative electrode current collector (copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m). After drying, a negative electrode mixture layer was formed, and then compression-molded with a roller press, cut, dried, and the lead body was welded to produce a strip-shaped negative electrode.
- Example 25 Using the non-aqueous electrolytes prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, lithium secondary batteries (cylindrical batteries) were produced in the following manner, and overcharge tests were performed on these lithium secondary batteries. . The results are shown in Table 5.
- this belt-like positive electrode is overlapped with the belt-like negative electrode via a microporous polyethylene film (separator) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and wound in a spiral shape.
- a laminated electrode body having a round structure was obtained. In that case, it wound so that the rough surface side of the positive electrode current collector could be the outer peripheral side. Thereafter, the electrode body was filled in a bottomed cylindrical battery case having an outer diameter of 18 mm, and the positive and negative lead bodies were welded.
- test non-aqueous electrolyte was poured into the battery case, and after the electrolyte had sufficiently penetrated into the separator and the like, it was sealed, precharged, and aged to produce a cylindrical lithium secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
式(IA):
Rf1ORf2
(式中、Rf1は炭素数3~6の含フッ素アルキル基、Rf2は炭素数2~6の含フッ素アルキル基)で示される含フッ素エーテルであることが、安全性を高め、負荷特性が良好な点から好ましく、
また、式(IB):
Rf3COORf4
(式中、Rf3は炭素数1~2のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、Rf4は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であって、Rf3およびRf4の少なくともいずれか一方は含フッ素アルキル基である)で示される含フッ素エステルであることが、安全性を高め、負荷特性が良好な点から好ましく、
また、式(IC):
Rf5OCOORf6
(式中、Rf5は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基、Rf6は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)で示される含フッ素鎖状カーボネートであることが、安全性を高め、負荷特性が良好な点から好ましく、また式(ID):
負極は、通常、負極活物質と結着剤(バインダー)、さらに要すれば導電材などから構成される負極合剤を負極集電体に塗布して形成される。
チタン酸リチウムとしては、たとえばLi4Ti5O12またはLi2Ti3O7、LiTiO3などがあげられる。また、Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4の6配位16dサイトをMgまたはAlで置換したLi[Li1/4Mg1/8Ti13/8]O4またはLi[Li1/4Al1/4Ti3/2]O4もチタン酸リチウムとして例示できる。
正極は、通常、正極活物質と結着剤(バインダー)、さらに要すれば導電材などから構成される正極合剤を正極集電体に塗布して形成される。
本発明で使用する非水電解液は、電解質塩と電解質塩溶解用溶媒とを含み、該電解質塩溶解用溶媒がフッ素系溶媒を含むものである。溶媒としてフッ素系溶媒を含んだものを使用することにより、不燃性(安全性)が向上し、放電容量、レート特性、さらにはサイクル特性が特異的に良好になる。
フッ素系溶媒(I)を含有させることにより、電解液を難燃化する作用や、低温特性を改善する作用、さらにはレート特性の向上、耐酸化性の向上といった効果が得られる。
Rf1ORf2
(式中、Rf1は炭素数3~6の含フッ素アルキル基、Rf2は炭素数2~6の含フッ素アルキル基)で示される含フッ素エーテルが、他溶媒との相溶性が良好で適切な沸点を有する点から好ましい。
Rf3COORf4
(式中、Rf3は炭素数1~2のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、Rf4は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であって、Rf3およびRf4の少なくともいずれか一方は含フッ素アルキル基である)で示される含フッ素エステルが、難燃性が高く、かつ他溶媒との相溶性が良好な点から好ましい。
1.両方が含フッ素アルキル基であるもの:
CF3C(=O)OCH2CF3、CF3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF3、CF3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF2H、HCF2C(=O)OCH2CF3、HCF2C(=O)OCH2CF2CF3、HCF2C(=O)OCF2CF2H
2.Rf3が含フッ素アルキル基であるもの:
CF3C(=O)OCH3、CF3C(=O)OCH2CH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH2CH3、CH3CF2C(=O)OCH3、CH3CF2C(=O)OCH2CH3、CF3CF2C(=O)OCH3、CF3CF2C(=O)OCH2CH3
3.Rf4が含フッ素アルキル基であるもの:
CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF3、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF2H、CH3CH2C(=O)OCH2CF3、CH3CH2C(=O)OCH2CF2CF3、CH3CH2C(=O)OCH2CF2CF2H
などの1種または2種以上が例示でき、なかでも、前記2.Rf3が含フッ素アルキル基であるもの、および3.Rf4が含フッ素アルキル基であるものが好ましく、なかでも、CF3C(=O)OCH3、CF3C(=O)OCH2CH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH2CH3、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF3が、他溶媒との相溶性およびレート特性が良好な点から特に好ましい。
Rf5OCOORf6
(式中、Rf5は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基、Rf6は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)で示される含フッ素鎖状カーボネートが、難燃性が高く、かつレート特性が良好な点から好ましい。
本発明においては、(I)に加えて、他の公知のカーボネートを配合する。他のカーボネートとしては、含フッ素鎖状カーボネート(IC)以外であれば鎖状カーボネートでも環状カーボネートでもよく、含フッ素カーボネートでも非フッ素カーボネートでもよいが、低温特性およびサイクル特性が良好な点から、非フッ素環状カーボネート(IIA)と非フッ素鎖状カーボネート(IIB)が好ましい。
非フッ素系環状カーボネート(IIA)としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネートなどの1種または2種以上があげられる。なかでも、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)は誘電率が高く、また電解質塩の溶解性に特に優れており、本発明の電解液に好ましい。
非フッ素鎖状カーボネート(IIB)としては、たとえばCH3CH2OCOOCH2CH3(ジエチルカーボネート;DEC)、CH3CH2OCOOCH3(メチルエチルカーボネート;MEC)、CH3OCOOCH3(ジメチルカーボネート;DMC)、CH3OCOOCH2CH2CH3(メチルプロピルカーボネート)などの炭化水素系鎖状カーボネートの1種または2種以上があげられる。これらのうち粘性が低く、かつ低温特性が良好なことから、DEC、MEC、DMCが好ましい。
本発明に使用できるセパレータはとくに制限はなく、微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム、微孔性ポリプロピレンフィルム、微孔性エチレン-プロピレンコポリマーフィルム、微孔性ポリプロピレン/ポリエチレン2層フィルム、微孔性ポリプロピレン/ポリエチレン/ポリプロピレン3層フィルムなどがあげられる。
(IA-1):HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H
(IA-2):HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3
(IA-3):CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H
(IA-4):HCF2CF2OCH3
(IA-5):HCF2CF2CH2OC2H5
(IB-1):CF3COOCH2CF2CF2H
(IC-1):CF3CH2OCOOCH2CF3
(ID-1):4-フルオロ-1,3ジオキソラン-2オン
(IIA-1):エチレンカーボネート
(IIA-2):プロピレンカーボネート
(IIB-1):ジメチルカーボネート
(IIB-2):メチルエチルカーボネート
(IIB-3):ジエチルカーボネート
成分(I)としてHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(IA-1)、成分(IIA)としてエチレンカーボネート(IIA-1)、成分(IIB)としてジメチルカーボネート(IIB-1)を40/20/40体積%比となるように混合し、この電解質塩溶解用溶媒にさらに電解質塩としてLiPF6を1.0モル/リットルの濃度となるように加え、25℃にて充分に撹拌し本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(IA-2)を用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてCF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(IA-3)を用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてHCF2CF2OCH3(IA-4)を用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてHCF2CF2CH2OC2H5(IA-5)を用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてCF3COOCH2CF2CF2H(IB-1)を用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてCF3CH2OCOOCH2CF3(IC-1)を用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)、成分(IIA)および成分(IIB)の配合割合を表2に示す量で用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明の非水電解液を調製した。
電解質塩としてLiPF6に代えて、LiN(O2SCF3)2(調製例17)、LiN(O2SC2F5)2(調製例18)またはLiBF4(調製例19)を用いたほかは、それぞれ調製例1、2および3と同様にして本発明に用いる非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)として4-フルオロ-1,3ジオキソラン-2オン(ID-1)を用い、成分(IIB)の配合割合を表4に示す量で用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明の非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(IA-1)と4-フルオロ-1,3ジオキソラン-2オン(ID-1)を用い、成分(IIB)の配合割合を表4に示す量で用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明の非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてCF3CH2OCOOCH2CF3(IC-1)と4-フルオロ-1,3ジオキソラン-2オン(ID-1)を用い、成分(IIB)の配合割合を表4に示す量で用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明の非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)としてHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(IA-1)と4-フルオロ-1,3ジオキソラン-2オン(ID-1)を用い、成分(IIA)と成分(IIB)の配合割合を表4に示す量で用いたほかは調製例1と同様にして本発明の非水電解液を調製した。
成分(I)を配合せず、エチレンカーボネート(IIA-1)とジメチルカーボネート(IIB-1)を(IIA-1)/(IIB-1)=30/70体積%比となるように混合したほかは調製例1と同様にして比較用の非水電解液を調製した。
調製例1~19および比較調製例1でそれぞれ調製した非水電解液を用い、以下の要領でリチウム二次電池を作製し、さらにこれらのリチウム二次電池について、以下の電池特性(放電容量、レート特性、サイクル特性)試験を行った。
LiCoO2とカーボンブラックとポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学(株)製。商品名KF-1000)を90/3/7(質量%比)で混合した正極活物質をN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに分散してスラリー状としたものを正極集電体(厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔)上に均一に塗布し、乾燥して正極合剤層を形成し、その後、ローラプレス機により圧縮成形した後、切断し、リード体を溶接して、帯状の正極を作製した。
(放電容量)
充放電電流をCで表示した場合、4mAを1Cとして以下の充放電測定条件で測定を行う。評価は、比較例1の放電容量の結果を100とした指数で行う。
充放電条件
充電:2.0C、2.8Vにて充電電流が1/10Cになるまでを保持(CC・CV充電)
放電:2.0C 1.0Vcut(CC放電)
充電については、2.0Cで2.8Vにて充電電流が1/10Cになるまで充電し0.2C相当の電流で1.0Vまで放電し、放電容量を求める。引き続き、2.0Cで2.8Vにて充電電流が1/10Cになるまで充電し、5C相当の電流で1.0Vになるまで放電し、放電容量を求める。この5Cでの放電容量と、0.2Cでの放電容量との比から、つぎの計算式に代入してレート特性を求める。
レート特性(%)=5C放電容量(mAh)/0.2C放電容量(mAh)×100
サイクル特性については、上記の充放電条件(2.0Cで2.8Vにて充電電流が1/10Cになるまで充電し2.0C相当の電流で1.0Vまで放電する)で行う充放電サイクルを1サイクルとし、最初のサイクル後の放電容量と100サイクル後の放電容量を測定する。サイクル特性は、つぎの計算式で求められた値をサイクル維持率の値とする。
サイクル維持率(%)=100サイクル放電容量(mAh)/1サイクル放電容量(mAh)×100
調製例20~24で調製した非水電解液を用いて、以下の要領でリチウム二次電池を作製し、さらにこれらのリチウム二次電池について、実施例1と同様にして、電池特性(放電容量、レート特性、サイクル特性)試験を行った。結果を表4に示す。
LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3(日本化学工業(株)製)とカーボンブラックとポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学(株)製。商品名KF-1100)を90/3/7(質量%比)で混合した正極活物質をN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに分散してスラリー状としたものを正極集電体(厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔)上に均一に塗布し、乾燥して正極合剤層を形成し、その後、ローラプレス機により圧縮成形した後、切断し、リード体を溶接して、帯状の正極を作製した。
実施例1と比較例1でそれぞれ調製した非水電解液を用い、以下の要領でリチウム二次電池(円筒型電池)を作製し、さらにこれらのリチウム二次電池について、過充電試験を行った。結果を表5に示す。
上記で作製した帯状の正極と帯状の負極を用いて、この帯状の正極を厚さ20μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して帯状の負極に重ね、渦巻状に巻回して渦巻状巻回構造の積層電極体とした。その際、正極集電材の粗面側が外周側になるようにして巻回した。その後、この電極体を外径18mmの有底円筒状の電池ケース内に充填し、正極および負極のリード体の溶接を行った。
上記で作製した円筒型電池について、それぞれ1CmA相当の電流値で3.0Vまで放電し12Vを上限電圧として3CmA相当の電流値での過充電を行い、発火・破裂の有無を調べる。発火・破裂が発生した場合を×、発生しなかった場合を○とする。
2 負極
3 セパレータ
4 正極端子
5 負極端子
Claims (9)
- 負極と非水電解液と正極とを有するリチウム二次電池であって、負極を構成する負極活物質がチタン酸リチウムを含有し、非水電解液がフッ素系溶媒を含有するリチウム二次電池。
- 非水電解液が電解質塩と電解質塩溶解用溶媒とを含み、該電解質塩溶解用溶媒が、含フッ素エーテル、含フッ素エステル、含フッ素鎖状カーボネートおよび含フッ素環状カーボネートよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種のフッ素系溶媒(I)と他のカーボネート(II)を含む請求項1記載のリチウム二次電池。
- フッ素系溶媒(I)が、
式(IA):
Rf1ORf2
(式中、Rf1は炭素数3~6の含フッ素アルキル基、Rf2は炭素数2~6の含フッ素アルキル基)で示される含フッ素エーテル、
式(IB):
Rf3COORf4
(式中、Rf3は炭素数1~2のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、Rf4は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であって、Rf3およびRf4の少なくともいずれか一方は含フッ素アルキル基である)で示される含フッ素エステル、
式(IC):
Rf5OCOORf6
(式中、Rf5は炭素数1~4の含フッ素アルキル基、Rf6は炭素数1~4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)で示される含フッ素鎖状カーボネート、
および
式(ID):
よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項2記載のリチウム二次電池。 - 他のカーボネート(II)が、非フッ素環状カーボネート(IIA)および非フッ素鎖状カーボネート(IIB)である請求項2または3のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 非フッ素環状カーボネート(IIA)が、エチレンカーボネートおよびプロピレンカーボネートの1種または混合物である請求項4記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 非フッ素鎖状カーボネート(IIB)が、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネートおよびジエチルカーボネートの1種または混合物である請求項4記載のリチウム二次電池。
- (I)と(II)の合計を100体積%としたときに、フッ素系溶媒(I)が10~80体積%で他のカーボネート(II)が20~90体積%である請求項2~7のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
- (I)と(IIA)と(IIB)の合計を100体積%としたときに、フッ素系溶媒(I)が10~80体積%、(IIA)が10~50体積%、および(IIB)が10~80体積%である請求項4~8のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池。
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US20110111307A1 (en) | 2011-05-12 |
CN102077406B (zh) | 2015-03-04 |
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KR20110028315A (ko) | 2011-03-17 |
JPWO2010001850A1 (ja) | 2011-12-22 |
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