WO2007099968A1 - ピストンリング - Google Patents
ピストンリング Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007099968A1 WO2007099968A1 PCT/JP2007/053677 JP2007053677W WO2007099968A1 WO 2007099968 A1 WO2007099968 A1 WO 2007099968A1 JP 2007053677 W JP2007053677 W JP 2007053677W WO 2007099968 A1 WO2007099968 A1 WO 2007099968A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- piston ring
- copper
- piston
- based powder
- heat
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
- F16J9/26—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction characterised by the use of particular materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piston ring used in an internal combustion engine, and more particularly to a piston ring that can effectively prevent an aluminum adhesion (welding) phenomenon to the piston ring.
- a reciprocating piston is provided with a pressure ring and an oil ring as a piston ring.
- This pressure ring has a function to prevent the phenomenon (blow-by) that high-pressure combustion gas flows out to the combustion chamber side force crank chamber side.
- the oil ring mainly has a function of suppressing a phenomenon (oil up) in which excess lubricating oil on the inner wall of the cylinder enters the combustion chamber side from the crank chamber side and is consumed.
- a conventional standard piston ring combination there are known a combination of three piston rings, that is, two pressure rings and one oil ring that also have a top ring and a second ring force.
- piston rings for internal combustion engines have been subjected to wear-resistant surface treatment such as nitriding treatment, ion plating treatment or hard chrome plating treatment as a means of improving the durability.
- nitriding treatment in particular, exhibits excellent wear resistance, and thus has attracted attention as a surface treatment for piston rings used under severe operating conditions and is widely used.
- the piston ring formed with the nitriding layer is excellent in wear resistance, but when mounted on an aluminum alloy piston, the ring groove wear of the piston tends to increase.
- the aluminum of the groove lower surface 11 of the aluminum alloy piston 10 adheres to the lower surface 3 of the piston ring 1. Wearing occurs (Fig. L (c)).
- Figs. 2 (a) to (c) are charts obtained by a stylus type surface roughness tester showing changes in the surface condition of the upper surface 2 and the lower surface 3 of the ring groove of the piston.
- the piston The surface condition of the upper surface 2 and the lower surface 3 of the ring groove changes from the normal state (Fig. 2 (a)) to the rough piston groove state (Fig. 2 (b)) and the aluminum adhesion state (Fig. 2 (c)). Change.
- the horizontal axis indicates the position of the piston, and the vertical axis indicates the undulation of the piston groove.
- (F) indicates the front direction
- (AT) indicates the anti-thrust direction
- (R) indicates the rear direction
- (T) indicates the thrust direction.
- FIGS. 3 (a) to 3 (c) show the aluminum adhesion mechanism, in which the lower surface 3 of the piston ring 1 and the groove lower surface 11 of the aluminum alloy piston 10 are formed on both surfaces, respectively. Then, contact is made via the oxide film 8 (0.2 / zm or less) (Fig. 3 (a)), and then the stress of the oxide film 8 at the contact portion is locally increased and the oxide film 8 is broken. As a result, Fe on the lower surface 3 of the piston ring 1 and A1 on the lower surface 11 of the groove 10 of the aluminum alloy piston 10 are joined (Fig. 3 (b)), and the aluminum alloy 20 is welded to the lower surface 3 of the piston ring 1 ( Figure 3 (c)).
- Fig. 4 shows an enlarged view of the aluminum adhesion part. In Fig. 4, 20 indicates the deposited aluminum, and 21 indicates the joint between A1 and Fe.
- the piston is treated with an anodized coating treatment, a plating treatment, or a matrix reinforcement treatment (in the piston).
- anodized coating treatment for example, phosphate coating treatment and plating treatment are applied, or as shown in FIGS. 5 (a) and (b), the surfaces of the piston 10 and the piston ring 1 are lubricated.
- Coating treatment 8 for example, Deflick (coating treatment manufactured by Kawamata Laboratories) is applied.
- an abrasion-resistant treatment layer such as a nitride layer or a chromium plating layer is formed on the upper and lower surfaces or the lower surface of the piston ring, and the surface of the abrasion-resistant treatment layer is formed.
- a piston ring with a polybenzimidazole resin film containing a solid lubricant see Patent Document 1.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-063266
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-246149
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-246823
- Patent Document 1 discloses a surface coating made of polybenzoimidazole resin and a solid lubricant (C or MoS). Imidazole
- the liquid resin When using a resin, the liquid resin may oxidize or deteriorate with time, so use with care. In addition, it may be difficult to stabilize the quality over a long period of time.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a surface coating composed of polyamide imide resin, polyimide resin, and solid lubricant (Dalaphite, MoS WS, polytetrafluoroethylene).
- Patent Document 3 discloses a surface coating consisting of polyamide imide resin, polyimide resin, MoS and acid antimony as solid lubricants.
- Such a coating does not sufficiently prevent aluminum adhesion, and antimony oxide is harmful to the environment and is not preferred for use.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and a main object is to provide a piston ring capable of effectively preventing an aluminum adhesion phenomenon to the piston ring. Means for solving the problem
- the present invention for solving the above problems includes a piston ring body, and a surface film formed on either the upper surface or the lower surface of the piston ring body, or on both the upper surface and the lower surface of the piston ring.
- the surface film is composed of a heat-resistant resin and a copper-based powder contained in the heat-resistant resin, and covers the entire surface film.
- the copper-based powder content is 20 to 80% by mass.
- the copper-based powder may be pure copper, copper oxide, or copper alloy! /.
- the shape of the copper-based powder may be a scale shape, and the average particle size thereof may be 8 to 12 ⁇ m.
- the copper powder may have a specific surface area of 0.6 to 0.9 mm / g.
- the area ratio force occupied by the copper-based powder on the surface of the surface film may be 6 to 74%.
- the heat-resistant resin is a polyamide-imide resin.
- the surface of the piston ring body on which the surface film is formed may be subjected to chemical conversion treatment.
- the heat-resistant resin contains a solid lubricant having a kind of force selected from disulfurium molybdenum, disulfurium tungsten, and graphite.
- the content of the lubricant relative to the entire coating may be 1 to 10% by mass.
- the surface coating made of the heat-resistant resin and the copper-based powder is formed on one or both of the upper surface and the lower surface of the piston ring, so that one of the ring grooves of the aluminum alloy piston is formed. It can prevent that a part peels and adheres to a piston ring.
- solid lubricant is used for the purpose of imparting lubricity to the surface of the piston ring body.
- the present invention is characterized by forming a surface coating containing copper-based powder instead of a solid lubricant! / Speak.
- the inventor of the present application pays attention to this problem, and in order to solve the problem, the lubricity is ensured by the heat-resistant resin constituting the surface coating, and the lubricity by the heat-resistant resin is improved for a longer time.
- a copper-based powder was dispersed and blended in the surface film, and the copper-based powder provided wear resistance to the surface film.
- the present invention has a different concept from the conventional one, and the copper-based powder in the present invention has a main role of imparting heat resistance and wear resistance in order to protect the surface film.
- the surface of the piston ring can be provided with lubricity by the heat-resistant grease constituting the surface coating, and the surface of the piston ring can be formed by the copper-based powder. Since abrasion resistance can be imparted to the coating, the lubricity due to the heat-resistant resin can be allowed to function for a long time.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of an aluminum adhesion phenomenon
- (a) is a perspective view of a piston
- (b) is an enlarged perspective view of a ring groove and a piston ring of the piston
- (c) is a view of the piston ring. It is an expansion perspective view which shows aluminum adhesion.
- FIG. 2] (a) to (c) are views showing changes in the surface condition of the ring groove-like surface and the lower surface of the piston.
- FIG. 3] (a) to (c) are cross-sectional views showing an aluminum adhesion mechanism.
- FIG. 4 An enlarged view of an aluminum adhesion part.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional resin coating process.
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the piston ring of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the vicinity of the upper surface of the piston ring shown in FIG. 6, and (b) is an enlarged front view of the upper surface of the piston ring shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional enlarged photograph of the piston ring of Example 24.
- FIG. 9 is an enlarged photograph of the surface of the piston ring of Example 6.
- FIG. 10 is a view showing a high-temperature valve seat wear tester.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the piston ring of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the vicinity of the upper surface of the piston ring shown in FIG. 6, and FIG. 7B is an enlarged front view of the upper surface of the piston ring shown in FIG.
- the piston ring 60 of the present invention includes a piston ring body 61 and a surface coating 62 formed on one or both of the upper surface and the lower surface (both in FIG. 6). And is composed.
- the material of the piston ring main body 61 of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any material can be used.
- any material can be used.
- the piston ring can be used not only for a top ring that functions as a so-called pressure ring, but also for a second ring that is the same pressure ring, and the present invention can also be applied to an oil ring.
- the surface of the piston ring body 61 of the present invention has a surface comprising a heat-resistant resin 63 and a copper-based powder 64 contained in the heat-resistant resin 63. A film is formed It is.
- the heat-resistant resin 63 is mainly intended to impart lubricity to the surface of the piston ring, while the copper-based powder 64 imparts wear resistance to the surface coating 62 contained therein. Therefore, it is intended to maintain the lubricity by the heat-resistant grease for a long time.
- the heat-resistant resin 63 constituting the surface coating 62 of the present invention can withstand the environment (temperature) in which the piston ring is used, has lubricity, and will be described later. There is no particular limitation as long as it is capable of holding and fixing the powder. Specific examples include polyamideimide (PAI) resin and polyimide (PI) resin.
- the copper-based powder 64 constituting the surface coating 62 of the present invention in addition to pure copper powder, various copper alloys such as copper oxide powder and various copper alloys (for example, brass alloys) can be used. System powder can be used.
- the copper-based powder has a role of preventing the above-mentioned heat-resistant grease from being worn, but it must avoid attacking the piston ring groove which is the counterpart material, and has too much hardness. Don't be too expensive. From this viewpoint, pure copper or copper oxide is preferable as the material of the copper-based powder.
- the shape of the copper-based powder 64 may be a regular shape such as a spherical shape or a polygonal shape, and may be an indefinite shape. However, as mentioned in the description of the material of the copper-based powder, it is necessary to avoid attacking the piston ring groove, which is the counterpart material, with the copper-based powder 64. From this viewpoint,
- the polygonal shape is preferably a scaly shape as shown in FIG. By making the shape of the copper-based powder 64 scaly and arranging it so as to overlap in the thickness direction of the surface coating as shown in FIG. 7, it is possible to prevent the piston ring groove from being damaged.
- the size thereof is not particularly limited.
- the force average particle diameter is preferably 8 to 12 ⁇ m. This is because if the average particle size is less than 8 ⁇ m, the cost required to refine the copper-based powder increases, while if it exceeds 12 m, there is a risk of attacking the piston ring groove as the counterpart material.
- the particle size of the scaly copper-based powder is the length of the symbol r shown in FIG. 7 (b) and means the length of the major axis of the scale.
- the specific surface area of the copper-based powder 64 is preferably 0.6 to 0.9 mm 2 Zg.
- the non-surface area is less than 0.6 mm 2 Zg, Adhesion between heat-resistant resin 63 and copper-based powder 64 may be poor (that is, copper-based powder may not be fixed by heat-resistant resin).
- the specific surface area in the present invention means a surface area per lg of copper-based powder, and is a value measured by an air permeation method.
- the heat-resistant resin 63 exhibits sufficient lubricating performance, and the copper
- the content of the copper system powder 64 with respect to the entire surface coating 62 should be 20 to 80% by mass. It is particularly preferable that the content be 50% by mass. If the content of the copper-based powder is less than 20% by mass, reduction or disappearance due to friction of the surface film cannot be effectively prevented, and aluminum adhesion cannot be sufficiently prevented.
- the content of the copper-based powder exceeds 80% by mass, the flexibility of the entire surface coating is reduced, and it becomes difficult to fix the copper-based powder by heat-resistant grease, and the copper-based powder is detached. There is a risk of it.
- the heat-resistant resin 63 contains a solid lubricant of a kind selected from molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, and graphite.
- a solid lubricant of a kind selected from molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, and graphite.
- the content of the solid lubricant with respect to the entire surface coating 62 is preferably 1 to 10% by mass (in this case, if the content of the copper-based powder 64 is 20 to 80% by mass, (The remainder becomes heat-resistant grease.) O
- a surface coating containing solid lubricant in addition to copper-based powder on the upper and lower surfaces of the piston ring, it is possible to achieve an initial The conformability and wear resistance can be improved, and as a result, the occurrence of aluminum adhesion can be prevented, and a piston ring having excellent durability can be provided.
- the solid lubricant is uniformly distributed in the heat-resistant resin 63.
- the area ratio (see Fig. 7 (b)) of the copper-based powder 64 on the surface of the surface coating 62 constituting the piston ring of the present invention is preferably 6 to 74%.
- the area ratio is By limiting to the range, the balance between the heat-resistant resin 63 and the copper-based powder 64 is improved, and the respective effects can be sufficiently exhibited.
- the method for forming the surface coating 62 in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the above-described copper-based powder 64 is contained in a polyamide-imide resin as a heat-resistant resin, and this is applied by spray coating or immersion coating. Alternatively, it may be applied to the surface of the piston ring body 61 by electrostatic coating or the like. Further, the surface coating 62 may be subjected to post-treatment such as heating and baking as necessary.
- the thickness of the surface film in the present invention formed by such a method is preferably about 3 to 20 ⁇ m, for example.
- the surface of the piston ring body 61 on which the surface coating 62 is formed may be subjected to a chemical conversion treatment as a pretreatment.
- the chemical conversion treatment include a phosphate treatment, more specifically, a manganese phosphate treatment.
- a member corresponding to the piston ring body was prepared using the following two types of materials. • 10Cr3 ⁇ 4 "-" C: 0.5% by mass, Si: 0.2% by mass, Mn: 0.3% by mass, P: 0.02% by mass, S: 0.01% by mass, Cr: 10.2 % By mass, balance is Fe and inevitable impurities (Examples 1 to 23, Comparative Examples 1 to 38)
- Polyamideimide resin is used as the heat-resistant resin on both the upper surface and the lower surface of the two types of material force, and a powder made of scaly copper powder (purity 99.5%) is used as the copper-based powder.
- a surface film having a thickness of 10 / zm was formed by spraying.
- the average particle size of the scaly copper powder used was 9 m, and the amount of copper powder added to the entire surface coating was different. These are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- molybdenum disulfide, tantalite disulfide, and graphite are added as solid lubricants, and the addition amounts thereof are as shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
- a surface film containing a polyamidoimide resin containing graphite was formed to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the added solid lubricant is 1 to 7 / ⁇ ⁇ .
- the composite resin layer is the surface coating 62 shown in FIGS.
- ⁇ indicates the heat-resistant resin layer 63 made of polyamideimide resin
- Cu indicates the copper-based powder 64.
- the sliding tapping test refers to a piston ring test piece in which the piston material 103 is fixed to the testing machine 101 so as not to move in the axial direction, the piston ring test piece 102 is mounted on the piston material 103 concentrically.
- This test is performed by reciprocating a pig iron circular rod 105 provided on the inner surface side of 102 in the axial direction, and is a test method in which an operation mode is given in which the piston member 103 is struck while rotating the piston ring test piece 102.
- the test machine 101 has a heater 104 for heating the test material, which can reproduce the high temperature state during combustion in the engine without actually burning the fuel, and simulates the change in the state of the piston material. Can do.
- Example 1 46 shown in Table 12 As is apparent from a comparison between Example 1 46 shown in Table 12 and Comparative Example 77 86 of the prior art, no aluminum adhesion is observed in the piston ring test piece of the Example of the present invention. Further, as is apparent from a comparison between Example 110 and Comparative Example 14, aluminum adhesion occurs when the addition amount of the copper-based powder is 15%. In addition, when the amount of copper-based powder added is 90%, aluminum adhesion does not occur. It is difficult to say that it is the same as Comparative Example 5 as a technique. Also from this result, it can be seen that the loading amount of the copper-based powder is preferably 20 to 80%.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008502802A JP5113737B2 (ja) | 2006-02-28 | 2007-02-27 | ピストンリング |
US12/280,904 US8240676B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2007-02-27 | Piston ring |
DE112007000435.5T DE112007000435B4 (de) | 2006-02-28 | 2007-02-27 | Kolbenring |
CN2007800053562A CN101384841B (zh) | 2006-02-28 | 2007-02-27 | 活塞环 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006053781 | 2006-02-28 | ||
JP2006-053781 | 2006-02-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2007099968A1 true WO2007099968A1 (ja) | 2007-09-07 |
Family
ID=38459073
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2007/053677 WO2007099968A1 (ja) | 2006-02-28 | 2007-02-27 | ピストンリング |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8240676B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5113737B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101384841B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE112007000435B4 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007099968A1 (ja) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009068584A (ja) * | 2007-09-12 | 2009-04-02 | Toyota Motor Corp | 摺動用被覆構造 |
JP2009084604A (ja) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Nippon Piston Ring Co Ltd | 摺動部材及びその製造方法 |
WO2011071049A1 (ja) | 2009-12-08 | 2011-06-16 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング及びピストン装置 |
US8088496B2 (en) * | 2007-08-24 | 2012-01-03 | Nippon Piston Co., Ltd | Piston ring |
US20120091663A1 (en) * | 2009-03-26 | 2012-04-19 | Laszlo Pelsoeczy | Nitriding Grade Steel Material Composition for Manufacturing Piston Rings and Cylinder Liners |
WO2012105538A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-03 | 2012-08-09 | 株式会社リケン | 組合せピストンリング |
WO2014034180A1 (ja) | 2012-08-28 | 2014-03-06 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング |
WO2014054286A1 (ja) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-10 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング |
US9885417B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2018-02-06 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Piston ring |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102008055194A1 (de) | 2008-12-30 | 2010-07-08 | Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh | Gleitelement |
MX336491B (es) * | 2009-10-06 | 2016-01-21 | Riken Kk | Anillo de engrase para motor de combustion interna. |
EP2693085B1 (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2018-10-10 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Multi-piece oil ring |
US9551419B2 (en) | 2015-04-22 | 2017-01-24 | Federal-Mogul Corporation | Coated sliding element |
US9903310B2 (en) * | 2016-05-05 | 2018-02-27 | Mahle International Gmbh | Piston with anti-carbon coating and method for applying an anti-carbon coating on a piston |
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- 2007-02-27 JP JP2008502802A patent/JP5113737B2/ja active Active
- 2007-02-27 CN CN2007800053562A patent/CN101384841B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-02-27 WO PCT/JP2007/053677 patent/WO2007099968A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2007-02-27 DE DE112007000435.5T patent/DE112007000435B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8088496B2 (en) * | 2007-08-24 | 2012-01-03 | Nippon Piston Co., Ltd | Piston ring |
JP2009068584A (ja) * | 2007-09-12 | 2009-04-02 | Toyota Motor Corp | 摺動用被覆構造 |
JP2009084604A (ja) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Nippon Piston Ring Co Ltd | 摺動部材及びその製造方法 |
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US20120091663A1 (en) * | 2009-03-26 | 2012-04-19 | Laszlo Pelsoeczy | Nitriding Grade Steel Material Composition for Manufacturing Piston Rings and Cylinder Liners |
US9062769B2 (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2015-06-23 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Piston ring and piston device |
WO2011071049A1 (ja) | 2009-12-08 | 2011-06-16 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング及びピストン装置 |
WO2012105538A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-03 | 2012-08-09 | 株式会社リケン | 組合せピストンリング |
US9885417B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2018-02-06 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Piston ring |
WO2014034180A1 (ja) | 2012-08-28 | 2014-03-06 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング |
WO2014054286A1 (ja) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-10 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング |
JP5479658B1 (ja) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-23 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング |
US9285032B2 (en) | 2012-10-02 | 2016-03-15 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Piston ring |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090058014A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
CN101384841B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
DE112007000435T5 (de) | 2008-12-11 |
CN101384841A (zh) | 2009-03-11 |
DE112007000435B4 (de) | 2017-08-10 |
JPWO2007099968A1 (ja) | 2009-07-23 |
US8240676B2 (en) | 2012-08-14 |
JP5113737B2 (ja) | 2013-01-09 |
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