WO2006004206A1 - 周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶の製造方法およびそれを用いた半導体デバイスの製造方法 - Google Patents
周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶の製造方法およびそれを用いた半導体デバイスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B17/00—Single-crystal growth onto a seed which remains in the melt during growth, e.g. Nacken-Kyropoulos method
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/38—Nitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/403—AIII-nitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B9/00—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents
- C30B9/14—Single-crystal growth from melt solutions using molten solvents by electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a nitride crystal of a periodic table such as a GaN crystal group 13 (hereinafter simply referred to as group 13), and a method for producing a semiconductor device using the production method.
- group 13 a nitride crystal of a periodic table such as a GaN crystal group 13 (hereinafter simply referred to as group 13), and a method for producing a semiconductor device using the production method.
- GaN gallium nitride
- MOCVD Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
- GaN crystals are epitaxially grown on different substrates having different lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients. If a GaN crystal with many such lattice defects is used, the operation of the electronic device will be adversely affected, and satisfactory performance for use in application fields such as blue lasers cannot be achieved. For this reason, in recent years, it has been strongly desired to improve the quality of G a N crystals grown on a substrate and to establish a manufacturing technique for G a N massive single crystals. At present, the heteroepitaxial G a N crystal growth method by the vapor phase method requires a complicated and long process to reduce the defect concentration of the G a N crystal.
- the heteroepitaxial crystal growth method on the substrate by the vapor phase method cannot provide a Group 13 metal nitride crystal with few lattice defects.
- other high-pressure methods require large equipment and are not economical.
- the equipment and materials used are very expensive. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention has been made to solve such problems of the prior art, and the object of the present invention is to provide a Group 13 metal nitride crystal such as a good quality GaN crystal even at a low pressure or normal pressure. It is to provide a method that can be manufactured.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device such as a light emitting diode, a laser diode, and a high frequency electronic device using the manufacturing method.
- the present inventors have a crystal size that is industrially applicable and has a crystal size that can be applied to a semiconductor device by an economical method, and has high quality. To study the method of growing crystals and complete the present invention It came.
- the object of the present invention is achieved by the following Group 13 metal nitride crystal production method.
- a reaction with the phase (B) of either the solid phase (b 2) or the liquid phase (b 3) containing the composite nitride containing the metal element other than the group 13 is generated by the group 13
- a method for producing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal comprising growing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal by removing a by-product containing a metal element other than a metal from the reaction field.
- the liquid phase (b 3) is formed between the liquid phase (A) and the solid phase (b 2), according to any one of [1] to [3] The manufacturing method of the group 13 metal nitride crystal of description.
- the liquid phase (A) and / or the liquid phase (b 1) force containing a simple substance or a compound containing a dopant element as described in any one of [1] to [14] A method for producing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal.
- Another object of the present invention is achieved by a method for producing a semiconductor device having a step of producing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal by the production method according to any one of [1] to [15] above. .
- a high-quality Group 1 3 metal nitride bulk crystal can be produced even at low pressure or normal pressure.
- a Group 1 3 metal nitride crystal by reacting with a Group 1 3 metal alloy and preferably an ionized nitrogen source dissolved in a molten salt or a Group 1 3 metal, near the crystal growth interface.
- a thick film or bulk crystal can be efficiently produced.
- the high temperature and high pressure process as in the prior art is not performed, and the reaction vessel is made of an alkaline earth metal or an oxide such as Zr, Ti, Y, Ce.
- Refractory materials consisting of, in particular, Group 1 metal nitride crystals of sufficient size to be applied to semiconductor devices using containers of inexpensive basic refractory materials such as magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconia, etc. In manufacturing.
- the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device of the present invention includes a step of manufacturing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal of the present invention.
- a semiconductor device capable of supporting high frequencies can be manufactured, which has a great industrial advantage.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory view showing a preferred crystal growth apparatus (part 1) used in the production of a Group 13 metal nitride crystal of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic explanatory view showing a preferred crystal growth apparatus (part 2) used in the production of a Group 13 metal nitride crystal of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic explanatory view showing a preferred crystal growth apparatus (part 3) used in the production of a Group 13 metal nitride crystal of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing the crystal growth apparatus used in the examples.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing the electrode-grown crystal growth apparatus used in the examples.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic explanatory view showing one embodiment of the apparatus for purifying molten salt used in the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an optical micrograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 8 shows X-ray diffraction data of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 9 is an optical micrograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 10 is an SEM photograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 11 is an optical micrograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. 12 is an optical micrograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 4.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic explanatory diagram showing a configuration example of a manufacturing apparatus for growing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic explanatory view showing a configuration example of a manufacturing apparatus for growing a Group 13 metal nitride crystal.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic explanatory view showing a preferred crystal growth apparatus (part 4) used in the production of a Group 13 metal nitride crystal of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is an X-ray diffraction data of the Ga Li 3 N 2 crystal obtained in Example 6.
- FIG. 17 is an optical micrograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 6.
- FIG. 18 is an optical micrograph of GaN crystals obtained in Example 7.
- FIG. 19 is a SEM photograph of the GaN crystal obtained in Example 8.
- 1 is a GaN crystal
- 2 is a substrate or GaN crystal
- 3 is a substrate support rod
- 4 is a Ga_Li alloy
- 5 is a Ga metal alloy with a high Li concentration
- 6 is , Partition plate
- 7 is a molten salt containing a nitrogen ion source
- 8 is a Li 3 N block or Ga Li 3 N 2 block
- 9 is an end node electrode
- 10 is a force sword electrode
- 11 is Gas inlet pipe
- 12 is nitrogen gas
- 13 is a solid i 3 N partition plate
- 14 is a nitride dissolved phase (a molten salt thin film in which Li 3 N is dissolved)
- 15 is a reaction vessel for magnesium oxide
- 16 Is a force sword electrode metal for Li alloy (Ga metal)
- 17 is nitrogen gas or Ar atmosphere
- 18 is an electric furnace
- 19 is a substrate or grown crystal
- 20 is an alloy—melting Salt interface
- 21 is substrate or crystal holding and rotation mechanism
- a numerical range expressed using “to” means a range including numerical values described before and after “to” as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- the “substrate surface” includes the surface of a substrate such as sapphire, SiC and ZnO, as well as the surface of the formed Group 13 metal nitride crystal.
- the “reaction field” refers to a liquid phase (A) containing a Group 13 metal element and a liquid phase (b 1) containing a nitride containing a metal element other than Group 13 in a molten salt (B 1) or The vicinity of the interface between the solid phase (b 2) or the liquid phase (b 3) (B) containing a composite nitride containing a metal element other than Group 13 and a metal element other than Group 13 .
- the reaction proceeds as the components of each phase diffuse into each other.
- the liquid phase (b 3) may be formed by dissolving a part of the solid phase (b 2).
- the production method of the present invention comprises a liquid phase (A) containing a Group 13 metal element and a liquid phase (b 1) obtained by dissolving a nitride containing a metal element other than Group 13 in a molten salt or Group 13
- a liquid phase (b 1) obtained by dissolving a nitride containing a metal element other than Group 13 in a molten salt or Group 13
- the reaction between the solid phase (b 2) or the liquid phase (b 3) (B 3) containing a composite nitride containing a metal element other than Group 13 and a metal element other than Group 13 It is characterized by growing a group 13 metal nitride crystal by proceeding while removing by-products containing metal elements other than the group 13 metal to be generated from the reaction field.
- the liquid phase (A) containing a Group 13 metal element is preferably a liquid Group 13 metal alloy phase.
- the Group 13 metal alloy used in the production method of the present invention is a Group 13 gold alloy. It consists of metal elements other than genus elements and Group 13 Preferred examples of the metal belonging to Group 13 include Ga, Al, In, Gaal, GaIn, and the like. Further, examples of metal elements other than Group 13 include Li, Na, Ca, Mg, etc. Among them, Li and Ca can be mentioned as preferable elements. Specific examples of preferable Group 13 metal alloys include Ga-Li alloys and Ga-Ca alloys.
- the nitride used for the phase (B) in the production method of the present invention becomes a nitrogen source when growing the Group 13 metal nitride crystal.
- This nitride is a nitride of a metal element other than Group 13 or a composite nitride of the Group 13 metal and a metal element other than Group 13.
- Preferred nitrides, L i 3 N may be mentioned C a 3 N 2, G a L i 3 N 2, C a 3 G a 2 N 4 or the like. These can be used dissolved in a molten salt or a Group 13 metal.
- a liquid phase containing a nitride can be reacted with a liquid phase that is the above Group 13 metal or an alloy phase thereof.
- a Group 13 metal alloy phase is formed by the progress of the reaction.
- the liquid phase containing the nitride is not particularly limited as long as it reacts with the Group 13 metal alloy, but is obtained by dissolving the nitride in a molten salt which is an ionic melt, or the first 13 A liquid phase dissolved in a group metal is preferred.
- an excessive amount of Li 3 N is mixed with an alkali halide molten salt, and a solid solution is used to maintain saturation solubility.
- a solid solution is used to maintain saturation solubility.
- L i 3 N coexists can be exemplified. If such a liquid phase having a low surface tension is used, it can easily enter the interface between the Group 1-3 metal nitride crystal and the Group 1-3 metal alloy.
- the nitride is directly brought into contact with the Group 1 metal to form a liquid phase in which the nitride is dissolved in the vicinity of the interface of the Group 1 metal. Can react with the phase.
- a nitride is dissolved in a Group 1 metal, if the nitride is a single Li 3 N or C a 3 N 2 , the chemical equilibrium with the Ga metal or the generated Ga N , Ga Li 3 N 9. , C a 3 Ga 2 N 4 etc. Therefore, as a nitriding source for the reaction, it is also desirable to use a composite nitride such as G a Li 3 N 2 or C a 3 Ga 2 N 4 from the beginning.
- these nitrides may not be chemically synthesized crystalline, for example, they may not have a stoichiometric composition produced by reactive sputtering on a glassy substrate such as a sapphire substrate or Ishihide.
- a mixed nitride film may be used.
- the nitride thin film produced by such a dry process is kept in contact with the Group 13 metal, the nitride gradually dissolves from the nitride thin film to the Group 13 metal, and diffusion-dominated nitride dissolution occurs near the interface. It is particularly preferred because it can form a phase.
- the elements of the alloy components discharged into the Group 13 metal alloy by the reaction are generally often less dense than the Group 13 metal, and promptly exit the Group 13 from the reaction field.
- the type of the molten salt used is not particularly limited as long as it does not hinder the progress of the reaction between the Group 13 metal and the nitrogen ion source, for example, a halide.
- carbonates, nitrates and iodides are not particularly limited as long as it does not hinder the progress of the reaction between the Group 13 metal and the nitrogen ion source, for example, a halide.
- the molten salt is a salt containing Al-strength metal opium Z or al-strength earth metal, and is more preferably a compound that can be used for the reaction of generating a nitrogen ion source.
- the molten salt is preferably an alkali metal salt such as Li, Na, or K and / or an alkaline earth metal salt such as Mg, Ca, or Sr. More preferably, it is particularly a Li salt. Further molten salt, L i C l, KC 1 , N a C Ca C l 2, B a C l 2, C s C l, L i B r, KB r, with metal halides such as C s B r It is also preferable that it is any one of LiC1, KC1, NaCl, CsC1 and mixed salts thereof.
- the molten salt contains impurities such as water
- reactive gases include salt water
- Examples include hydrogen, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen bromide, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.
- hydrogen chloride Is preferably used.
- the liquid phase containing nitride is brought into contact with the above Group 13 metal or its alloy phase to cause a reaction.
- a Group 13 metal nitride crystal or a substrate as a seed crystal for crystal growth.
- the shape of the seed crystal is not particularly limited, and may be a flat plate shape or a rod shape. Further, it may be a seed crystal for homoepitaxial growth or a seed crystal for heteroepitaxial growth. Specific examples include seed crystals of Group 13 metal nitrides such as vapor-grown GaN, InGaN, and A 1 Ga N.
- metal oxides such as sapphire, silica, Zn 0 and BeO, silicon-containing materials such as Si C and Si, and materials used as a substrate for gas phase growth such as GaAs can also be exemplified.
- the seed crystal and substrate material are preferably selected as close as possible to the lattice constant of the Group 13 metal nitride crystal grown in the present invention.
- a butter-shaped crystal is first grown by growing the seed crystal portion first, followed by crystal growth mainly in the horizontal direction, and then crystal growth in the vertical direction. It can also be produced.
- the reaction when a Ga_Li alloy is used as the Group 13 metal alloy and lithium nitride or gallium lithium nitride is used as the nitrogen source is basically represented by the following equation or the like.
- G a + L i 3 N G a N + 3 L i (1)
- G a + G a L i 3 N 2 2 G a N + 3 L i (1) '0 & ] ⁇ powder or 0 & ⁇
- a GaN crystal is produced by melting microcrystals together with Ga metal, lithium metal, lithium nitride and the like with a crucible (Chinese Patent Publication No. 1288079A).
- Ga metal, Li Metals, lithium nitrides, Ga Li nitrides, etc. are considered as dissolving agents for dissolving 0 & 1 ⁇ powder or 0 &! ⁇ Crystallites, so they are mixed in the same crucible.
- the reaction source Ga metal and molten salt, or Li 3 N and Ga Li 3 N 2 dissolved in the Ga metal constitute separate liquid phases, Li metal produced by reaction formulas (1), (1), dissolves in Ga metal, which is one of the reaction sources.
- the Li metal concentration in the Ga metal increases, but the Li metal that forms an alloy with the Ga metal is controlled by some means. In other words, the Li concentration on the production system side is absorbed by the Ga alloy on the reaction system side, so that the reaction formula (1),
- the 'reaction can always proceed to the right.
- the reaction part with nitride is directed toward the lower part of the Ga metal
- the Li metal produced by the reaction has a lower density than the Ga metal, so it moves in the Ga_Li alloy toward the upper part,
- the Li concentration increases.
- the Li concentration in the Ga—Li alloy near the reaction zone can be controlled naturally.
- Li that has become highly concentrated in the upper part is removed by some method.
- One method is to remove the reaction from the Ga metal alloy phase by an electrochemical method, etc., so that the composition of the Ga metal alloy phase is kept within a certain range and the reaction of formulas (1) and (1) 'is continuously performed. Can be done.
- Floating molten salt containing a nitrogen source on a low melting Group 1 3 metal liquid such as Ga When a seed crystal is placed on the surface of the Ga metal, the molten salt enters between the seed crystal surface and the liquid Ga metal, and a thin film-like nitride dissolved phase can be formed to grow the crystal. As the crystal grows, the reaction product alkali metal element (L i) dissolves in the liquid Ga metal to form an alloy. At this time, as a method for removing the alkali metal element (L i), for example, a liquid Ga alloy is anode-dissolved and dissolved in the molten salt in the form of Li ions, and further, Li on the side of the force sword in the bath.
- a liquid Ga alloy is anode-dissolved and dissolved in the molten salt in the form of Li ions, and further, Li on the side of the force sword in the bath.
- a metal such as Ga or A 1 to be alloyed is used as a force sword electrode, and Li can be easily recovered.
- the electrochemical method there is also a method in which the Group 13 metal alloy is transferred to another reaction vessel, the composition of which is adjusted there, and then returned to the crystal growth reactor.
- a Li-metal halide having a high Li metal concentration is led to another container, where a Li or halogenated gas is reacted to form a Li halide. The produced Li halide is easily dissolved in the molten salt.
- the reactions of the formulas (1) and (1) ′ can be continuously performed with the composition of the Ga metal alloy phase close to the reaction field within a certain range.
- the within a certain range referred to here means that the fluctuation range of G a content in G a metal alloy phase is 2 to 5 atomic 0/0 within ⁇ , more that ⁇ 1 is 0 within atomic% Preferably, it is within ⁇ 5 atomic%.
- the composition of the Group 1 3 metal alloy phase within a certain range in the vicinity of the growth interface of the Group 1 3 nitride crystal, a thick film or parc Group 1 3 metal It becomes possible to grow nitride crystals.
- the quality of the Group 1-3 nitride crystal obtained by the present invention depends on the speed of the reaction thus controlled. Making an alloy with Ga metal Since the reaction rate changes depending on the concentration of Li metal, it is preferable to select an optimum composition for the alloy.
- the reaction between the Group 13 metal and the nitrogen source is carried out at the liquid phase interface or the substrate surface, and the reaction temperature is usually from 200 to 100 ° C., which is preferable.
- the temperature is preferably 400 to 85 ° C, more preferably 60 to 80 ° C.
- the compound of the nitrogen source is melted. It becomes possible to use at a temperature lower than the point. If an excess nitrogen source is added, the concentration in the molten salt becomes saturated solubility, and the activities of Li 3 N and Ga Li 3 N 2 in Equations (1) and (1) are 1. Therefore, it is preferable. Also, the molten salt and the Group 13 metal alloy are preferable because they exist as completely separate phases, the reaction at the interface between them is uniform, and the reaction rate can be accelerated.
- the nitride solid When creating a nitride-dissolved phase in the Group 13 metal, the nitride solid is brought into contact with the Group 13 metal, and a liquid phase in which the nitride is dissolved at the interface is formed by dissolution from the contact portion and natural diffusion. It is preferable that the shape of this phase is not disturbed by convection.
- the object when a substance other than the Group 13 metal is used for the purpose of doping, the object can be achieved within the production process of the present invention by adding to a molten salt or a Group 13 metal alloy.
- Powders such as L i 3 N is used as the nitrogen source is hygroscopic, and is easy to include the use as a raw material of moisture, etc., from the viewpoint of preventing entry of impurities such as moisture from the outside of the reaction system, the L i 3 N It is preferable to use a material that has been solidified after being heated and melted in a crucible in advance.
- Ga Li 3 N 2 has the ability to sinter G a N and Li 3 N at about 800 ° C, or heats the Ga _L i alloy at 600 to 800 ° C in a nitrogen atmosphere. By doing so, it can be produced.
- Ga Li 3 N 2 can be used alone or in a mixture with Li nitride. By doing so, it can be melted and melted into molten salt and Ga alloy.
- a Group 13 metal nitride crystal obtained by the production method of the present invention is a single metal nitride (eg, GaN, A1N, InN) or a nitride having a synthetic composition (eg, GaInNN). , G a A 1 N), particularly suitable as a method for producing crystals of G a N Can be used. Crystal growth of the Group 13 metal nitride is preferably performed using a seed crystal or by growing a crystal on a substrate.
- FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 are diagrams showing a configuration example of a manufacturing apparatus for growing a Group 1-3 metal nitride crystal used in carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 5 and FIG. 15 are diagrams showing the apparatus used in the examples of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic explanatory diagram of the apparatus for purifying molten salt, and it is preferable that the molten salt used for crystal growth is purified (mainly dehydrated) by this apparatus in advance.
- Molten salts such as chlorides generally contain a large amount of moisture because of their high hygroscopicity.
- a molten salt containing water is used in carrying out the present invention, it is not preferable because an oxide of a Group 13 metal is formed in the reaction vessel and the reaction vessel is easily corroded. Therefore, impurities such as water are removed in advance using a sample-sealed pretreatment device as shown in Fig. 6 (molten salt, basics of thermal technology, see P266 issued by Agne Technology Center Co., Ltd.). It is preferable.
- purifying using the apparatus shown in Fig. 6 first put the metal salt to be purified into the purification container 25, while evacuating the purification container 25 under vacuum or from the gas outlet 23.
- the temperature of the electric furnace 29 for the salt refining device is raised, and the metal salt is melted by switching to an inert gas such as argon gas or a reactive gas atmosphere such as hydrogen chloride gas. Thereafter, a reactive gas such as hydrogen chloride gas is blown into the molten metal salt from the gas introduction pipe 24 through the porous filter 26 for about 1 hour or longer to perform bubbling. After bubbling is completed, the pressure of the gas inlet tube 24 is reduced, and the molten salt is transferred to the sample reservoir 27 by applying pressure using an inert gas from the gas outlet 23 as required. After cooling, place the purified sample in vacuum by storing it in vacuum and sealing the top of the sample reservoir 2 7. If the molten salt contains heavy metals that cannot be removed by the above method, it is preferable to further purify the salt by the zone melt method.
- an inert gas such as argon gas or a reactive gas atmosphere such as hydrogen chloride gas.
- Group 1 metal elements and metal elements other than Group 1 metal elements As a Group 13 metal alloy consisting of elemental metals, a Ga-Li alloy, as a molten salt, a molten salt of Li C 1 -KC 1 purified by the apparatus shown in FIG. 6, and as a nitride of a metal element other than the Group 13 metal
- a case where Li 3 N and Ga Li 3 N 2 are used will be described as an example. The following description can also be applied when other materials are selected.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a typical manufacturing apparatus used in carrying out the present invention.
- a reaction vessel 15 of magnesium oxide For example, put Ga metal or Ga-Li alloy 4 in a reaction vessel 15 of magnesium oxide, and then refine it on a low melting point such as refined LiC1 or binary eutectic salt LiC1-KC1
- molten salt 7 This molten salt is dissolved as a nitrogen source L i 3 N, a G a L i 3 N 2 until saturated solubility.
- the molten salt temperature is lower than the melting point of Li 3 N (813 ° C) and Ga Li 3 N 2 , saturation is achieved by buoyating the solid Li 3 N mass 8 into the molten salt 7. Solubility can be maintained.
- the density is kept at the interface between the molten salt 7 and the Ga metal 5 from the density.
- the Li 3 N mass used here can be prepared by dissolving and solidifying Li 3 N in a separate reaction vessel and then crushing it.
- L i 3 density less One also nitrides such as N when the density of the molten salt is much greater than the density of the L i 3 N mass (about 1. 4 gZc m 3), was dissolved L Since i 3 N is distributed only above the molten salt and it is difficult to increase the Li 3 N concentration near the interface with the Ga alloy, in the present invention, the molten salt having a slightly higher density than Li 3 N is used. It is preferable to select and use.
- molten salt with a density of about 1.6 to 2.2 g / cm 3 is used. If the Li 3 N concentration in the molten salt varies, the bath may be gently stirred. In the figure, 1 is the growing GaN crystal. The molten salt penetrates into the interface between the GaN crystal 1 and the Ga alloy 4 to form a thin film-like nitride dissolved phase 14, which follows Ga in the Ga alloy and the reaction formula shown in the above formula (1). G a N crystals are produced, and the by-product Li metal forms an alloy with Ga metal.
- the activity coefficient is about 0.3.
- the activity coefficient is further reduced at low concentrations of Li, 10 atoms, and is considered to be on the order of 0.0 1 below 0 / Li. . that L i is the activity decreases to well below the value of 1 0 one 3. Accordingly, in the extremely low L i activity of the initial reaction formula (1) Response proceeds very rapidly but the reaction with the L i concentration in G a alloy with the reaction increases hardly proceeds rapidly, 5 0 atoms 0/0 - Stop and approaches the composition of the L i. In this way, the Li concentration in the Ga alloy varies greatly with the progress of the reaction, and the reaction rate also varies with this. It is preferable to avoid the problem.
- the Li concentration can be controlled to a constant value.
- the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 when crystal 1 is rotated as indicated by the arrow in the figure, the Ga alloy 4 under the crystal is moved outward by centrifugal force. happenss. At this time, When the partition plate 6 is installed in the container, the movement of the Ga alloy 4 near the inner wall of the container is slow at the top of the partition plate 6, and the concentration of the Li metal generated by the equation (1) To rise.
- the Li activity increases in the vicinity of the inner wall of the vessel, and the equilibrium of equation (1) becomes from the left, and excess G a N is generated at the interface between the molten salt 7 and the Ga alloy 4 to form a crust. Can be prevented.
- the electrode 9 made of a strong bond is inserted into the Ga alloy near the inner wall of the container, the alloy is anodicly melted. Since i is easier to dissolve in terms of potential than Ga, Li is easily anodicly dissolved and dissolved as ions in the electrolytic bath 7, and a metal Li is generated at the force sword electrode 10.
- the produced metal Li reacts with nitrogen gas 12 to produce Li 3 N in the bath, which is used again as a nitrogen source.
- Fig. 1 the produced metal Li reacts with nitrogen gas 12 to produce Li 3 N in the bath, which is used again as a nitrogen source.
- liquid Ga or solid or liquid A 1 is used as the force sword electrode 16, and the deposited metal Li is alloyed with Ga or A 1 to fix the metal Li. I'm ashamed.
- the thin-film nitride melt phase 14 formed by the penetration of the molten salt into the interface between 0 & crystal 1 and Ga alloy 4 has a negative effect because the nitrogen source concentration decreases as the reaction proceeds. It is necessary to supply a nitrogen source from bath 7 of the tank. If the crystal growth is slow, there is no problem with the supply of the nitrogen source, but if the growth rate is fast, move crystal 1 slightly up and down during the growth to bring a new electrolytic bath into the interface. It is preferable. In this way, GaN crystals can be continuously grown.
- the method for controlling the concentration of the produced metal Li is not limited to the electrochemical method shown in FIGS.
- the Ga alloy with a high concentration of metal Li is taken out of the container, and the metal Li in the Ga alloy is also removed by blowing in hydrogen chloride gas or halogen gas such as chlorine gas. It can be removed.
- FIG. 3 is another type of crystal growth apparatus suitable for practicing the present invention.
- Mg-Li alloy 4 in a reaction vessel 15 of magnesium oxide and melt it with a low melting point such as refined Li C 1 or binary eutectic salt Li C 1 and KC 1 Add salt 7.
- said molten salt a nitrogen source L i 3 N, G a L i 3 N 2 ⁇ to fast until saturation solubility.
- the substrate holder having a rotation axis substantially parallel to the interface 20 between the two liquid phases.
- a plurality of disc-like substrates 19 are placed on the die 21 1 and rotated so that the plate-like substrate contacts the molten salt 7 and the alloy 4 alternately.
- an anode electrode 9 and a force sword electrode 16 are used to control the concentration of the metal Li in the alloy 4. That is, when the Ga_Li alloy 4 is used as an anode, Li is preferentially dissolved in the anode and dissolved in the electrolytic bath 7 as ions. The Li ions are precipitated as metal Li at the cathode 16 and alloyed. Therefore, the composition of the Ga_Li alloy can be controlled electrochemically.
- the cathodes arranged between the substrates move in synchronization with the rotational movement so that they do not hit the substrate holder 21 as the substrate rotates.
- a structure is preferred.
- the substrate 19 for example, sapphire, SiC or the like can be used, but it is preferable to use a plate-like GaN crystal. It is preferable to grow a crystal on both sides of a plate-like GaN crystal to produce several wafers, and use one of them as a substrate for the next crystal growth. In accordance with the growth of the crystal, a nitrogen source L i 3 N, G a L i 3 N 2 is better to be appropriately replenished from Li Zapa 3 0.
- Figure 1 3 and Figure 1 4 show the equipment for producing a liquid phase in which a nitride is dissolved in a Ga-Li alloy, using a physical process such as chemical or reactive sputtering.
- nitride 8 such as Ga Li 3 N 2 is fixed in a vessel 31 such as magnesia or tandastene, and nitride is contained in the liquid Ga metal so that it is in direct contact with the Ga alloy.
- G a N produced according to the equations (1) grows on the substrate 2 and Li is taken into the alloy phase 4. At this time, the substrate support rod 3 may be slowly rotated to promote crystal growth.
- the alloy phase 4 becomes a Ga-Li alloy when the reaction starts, it may initially be a Ga metal alone. At this time, when the Li concentration increases and the density decreases due to the reaction, the alloy portion with a high Li concentration near the reaction field moves naturally upward, so if the amount of Ga alloy is sufficiently large, the reaction stops. Since the Li concentration is high in the upper part 5 of the Ga alloy, thin-film GaN crystals and small parc crystals can be produced without artificially controlling the Li concentration. Is possible. In order to grow G a N as a thick film or a bulker, for example, the molten salt 7 shown in FIG. 13 is placed on the upper part of the alloy 4, Li is anodic dissolved and moved to the force sword 16, The Li concentration in 4 can be controlled.
- Figure 14 shows a thin film 35 made of a mixture of Ga-Li i N, etc. on a substrate 34 of quartz, sapphire, GaN, etc., using a dry process such as a sputter. , Contact with Ga metal 4 to form a nitride dissolved phase 3 4, and grow a Ga N crystal on the substrate 3 4.
- reference numeral 36 denotes a partition plate for preventing the reaction between the nitride thin film 35 and the Ga metal 4 at a portion other than the crystal growth portion.
- the material tandasten or the like is used.
- the atmosphere 17 in the reaction vessel may be a nitrogen atmosphere, but if it is a nitrogen atmosphere, it reacts with Li at the interface with the Ga-Li alloy to form a nitride, which reacts with Ga to form a nitride.
- an inert gas such as Ar is preferable because an adverse effect is caused when it becomes easy to produce G a N having poor crystallinity.
- the dissociation pressure of the generated G a N is calculated to be 1 atm at 65 500 ° C when calculated from the free energy of formation, and it is generally said that decomposition starts when the temperature reaches 65 ° C or higher at atmospheric pressure. .
- Ga N does not decompose into Ga metal and nitrogen gas in the alloy or molten salt.
- the dissolution and precipitation of GaN crystals can be controlled by the Li concentration in the Ga alloy, so re-dissolution and recrystallization must be repeated at the solid-liquid interface during crystal growth. Can do. As a result, since the quality of the crystal can be improved, the present invention is extremely advantageous.
- the production method of the present invention can be used in a process for producing a Group 1 metal nitride crystal in a production method of a semiconductor device.
- the raw materials, conditions and equipment used in general semiconductor device manufacturing methods can be applied as they are for the raw materials, manufacturing conditions and equipment in other processes.
- GaN crystals were grown at the interface between the molten salt and the Ga 1 Li alloy without using a GaN seed crystal or substrate.
- About 4.6 g of molten salt, about 0.6 g of Li 3 N, and about 7 g of Ga-Li alloy (L i about 3 atomic%) are put in a magnesium oxide reaction vessel (Luppo) 15 in a nitrogen atmosphere ( Dissolved at atmospheric pressure).
- Li-Li alloys 4 of molten salt 7 in a state separated into two phases of the lower phase portion of the upper phase and G a- L i alloys 4 of molten salt 7 as shown in FIG. 5, block-like L i 3 N 8 molten salt Dissolved to saturation concentration while floating in the bath.
- Li 3 N was previously dissolved in a nitrogen atmosphere in a nitrogen atmosphere, solidified, and then crushed into a block shape.
- As the molten salt with a melting point of about 370 ° C in L i 2 ternary salts of C 1 one KC 1 (60/40 mole 0/0).
- Each salt of the Li C 1 -KC 1 binary system was purified by itself using the apparatus shown in FIG. 6, and the sample was weighed and dissolved under vacuum to obtain a mixed salt.
- the metal Li deposited by the reaction of formula (1) forms an alloy with Ga metal, and the Li concentration increases with the growth of GaN. Rose.
- the electrode 9 was put into a Ga—Li alloy to be an anode, and Li in the alloy was anodically dissolved as ions in the molten salt 7.
- a force sword 16 containing a liquid of Ga metal is placed, Li ions are precipitated, and a Ga—Li alloy is formed. The composition was controlled.
- the internal temperature of the reaction vessel 15 was maintained at about 780 ° C, and an electrolysis current of 4 OmA was applied for 8 hours (the amount of electricity was about 1,000 coulombs).
- an electrolysis current of 4 OmA was applied for 8 hours (the amount of electricity was about 1,000 coulombs).
- cool to room temperature in a stationary state cool with liquid nitrogen to completely solidify the Ga alloy, separate the metal components, and then elute the contents of Rutsupo with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
- the Li concentration of Ga—Li alloy 4 is 3.2 atomic% before the experiment and 4.3 atomic% after the experiment. It is thought that the variation in the concentration of Li was suppressed to about 1 atomic%.
- Fig. 7 shows a photomicrograph of the transparent crystalline powder (diameter 0.5 to lmm) taken out in this way. As can be seen from Fig. 7, the crystal grows in a vortex, and since it has a flat surface on the C surface, it is thought that it has grown at the interface between alloy 4 and electrolytic bath 7. .
- the generated GaN is slightly larger than the density of the Ga-Li alloy, but when it is left standing, it is considered that the significant part stops at the interface between the alloy 4 and the electrolytic bath 7 due to the surface tension. It is done.
- Example 1 Crystal growth was performed under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the current was 2 OmA and the energization time was extended to 16 hours (the amount of electricity was about 1000 coulombs, which was almost the same as in Example 1).
- Example 1 a micrograph of the obtained transparent powder (diameter 0.5-2 mm) and SEM photographs are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, respectively. It is almost the same as Example 1 except that the crystal is enlarged in plan view, and the Li concentration of the Ga-Li alloy is 2.9 atomic% before the experiment and 4. It was 8 atomic%.
- Crystal growth was performed under the same conditions as in Example 1, except that the apparatus of FIG. 4 without electrodes was used and electrolysis was not performed. The duration of the experiment is 8 hours.
- a photomicrograph of the resulting white powder (diameter less than 0.5 mm) is shown in FIG.
- the Li concentration of G a — Li alloy 4 is 3.1 atomic% before the experiment and 1 3.7 atomic% after the experiment, which is significantly higher than that of Examples 1 and 2 in which electrolysis was performed.
- the Li concentration of the a_Li alloy 4 was increased, and the size of the obtained powder crystal was also small.
- the intensity ratio of the diffraction peaks of the X-ray diffraction data 15 is almost the same as in Examples 1 and 2, but the half width of each peak is slightly higher than in Examples 1 and 2, as shown in Table 1. It is somewhat widespread, and the crystallinity seems to be slightly worse.
- Example 20 Crystal growth was performed under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that the experiment time was extended to 16 hours. A micrograph of the obtained white powder crystal (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm) is shown in FIG. Despite extending the experiment time, the size of the crystal is not so large compared to the crystal of Example 3. In addition, the Li concentration of the Ga-Li alloy 4 is 3.3 atomic% before the experiment and 14.1 atomic% after the experiment.
- Example 3 Crystal growth was performed under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that about 20% by weight of Mg was further added to the Ga-Li alloy.
- the resulting white powder (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm) is very similar to the photomicrograph of Example 3 (Fig. 11).
- Impurities in the crystal are analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. As a result of measurement and analysis by QMS, they were Li 0.0028% by weight and Mg 0.65% by weight, respectively.
- the analysis results in Example 3 are Li 0.003 wt% and Mg 0.0053 wt%, and it was found that Mg was doped into the crystal by adding Mg to the alloy.
- Ga L i 3 N 2 placed in the crucible exists near the interface between the salt and the Ga metal, unlike L i 3 N. It is believed that it dissolves in the bath and reacts with the Ga metal interface to form GaN.
- the Li concentration of Ga-Li alloy 4 is 3. It was 2 atomic% and 8.4 atomic% after the experiment. Compared with Example 3 using Li 3 N, the rise of Li in the alloy is small, but (1) As a result of the progress of the reaction as shown in the equation, the Li concentration in the Ga alloy increases, It is thought that GaN was generated. An optical micrograph of the GaN powder obtained in this experiment is shown in Fig. 17, and the half width of the X-ray data is shown in Table 1. Compared to Example 3 using Li 3 N, the crystallinity was rather good.
- Example 6 An experiment similar to Example 6 was performed except that pure Ga was used instead of the Ga alloy and the nitrogen atmosphere was changed to an argon atmosphere.
- the molten salt used is Li C 1 4.2 g, Ga metal 11. lg, Ga Li 3 N 2 0.62 g.
- the Li concentration of Ga-Li alloy 4 was 3.2 atomic percent before the experiment, and the Li concentration in Ga after the experiment was 6.5 atomic percent.
- Figure 18 shows an optical micrograph of the GaN powder obtained in this experiment, and Table 1 shows the half-value width of the X-ray data. Even in an inert atmosphere other than nitrogen, many crystals with a complex growth shape were seen on the hexagonal plate-like crystal surface. From the X-ray data, good crystals similar to those in Example 6 were obtained. .
- Fig. 19 a and b are SE of crystals grown in this way It is M photograph. Although the surface of the sample was analyzed with EP MA, elements other than Ga and N were not observed and the film was not a complete film. It grows with the surface facing up, and depending on the location, it was incomplete as shown in Fig. 19b, but a thin film was also observed. table 1
- the method for producing a Group 1 metal nitride crystal of the present invention it is possible to produce a Group 1 metal nitride crystal having a size sufficient to be easily applied to a semiconductor device using an inexpensive apparatus. Can do. Especially for frequencies that were previously difficult to manufacture Since it can be used to manufacture possible semiconductor devices, it has significant industrial advantages.
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Abstract
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EP05757722A EP1772540B1 (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-04 | Method for preparing crystal of nitride of metal belonging to 13 group of periodic table and method for manufacturing semiconductor device using the same |
CN2005800293976A CN101010453B (zh) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-04 | 周期表第13族金属氮化物结晶的制造方法以及使用其的半导体器件的制造方法 |
US11/631,394 US8133319B2 (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-04 | Production process of periodic table group 13 metal nitride crystal and production method of semiconductor device using the same |
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KR (1) | KR100961416B1 (ja) |
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JP2006045052A (ja) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-02-16 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶の製造方法およびそれを用いた半導体デバイスの製造方法 |
KR100961416B1 (ko) | 2004-07-02 | 2010-06-09 | 미쓰비시 가가꾸 가부시키가이샤 | 주기율표 제 13 족 금속 질화물 결정의 제조 방법 및 그것을 사용한 반도체 디바이스의 제조 방법 |
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JP5015417B2 (ja) * | 2004-06-09 | 2012-08-29 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | GaN結晶の製造方法 |
DE112005001982T5 (de) * | 2004-08-31 | 2007-08-02 | Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. | Fluoreszierende Substanz |
US20080289569A1 (en) * | 2005-08-24 | 2008-11-27 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Method for Producing Group 13 Metal Nitride Crystal, Method for Manufacturing Semiconductor Device, and Solution and Melt Used in Those Methods |
JP4941448B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-26 | 2012-05-30 | 豊田合成株式会社 | Iii族窒化物半導体製造装置 |
US20200024767A1 (en) * | 2018-07-19 | 2020-01-23 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Systems and methods for binary single-crystal growth |
CN113802175B (zh) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-07-19 | 北京锦斓控股有限公司 | 使用电化学溶液法制备铁氮磁性材料的方法及装置 |
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JP2005132663A (ja) * | 2003-10-30 | 2005-05-26 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Iii族窒化物の結晶成長方法及びiii族窒化物結晶及び結晶成長装置 |
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US6270569B1 (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 2001-08-07 | Hitachi Cable Ltd. | Method of fabricating nitride crystal, mixture, liquid phase growth method, nitride crystal, nitride crystal powders, and vapor phase growth method |
US6406677B1 (en) * | 1998-07-22 | 2002-06-18 | Eltron Research, Inc. | Methods for low and ambient temperature preparation of precursors of compounds of group III metals and group V elements |
CN1113987C (zh) | 1999-09-14 | 2003-07-09 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 一种利用熔盐法生长氮化镓单晶的方法 |
CN1113988C (zh) * | 1999-09-29 | 2003-07-09 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 一种氮化镓单晶的热液生长方法 |
JP4229624B2 (ja) | 2002-03-19 | 2009-02-25 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 窒化物単結晶の製造方法 |
JP4881553B2 (ja) | 2003-09-18 | 2012-02-22 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 13族窒化物結晶の製造方法 |
JP4569304B2 (ja) | 2004-01-29 | 2010-10-27 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶の製造方法及びそれを用いた半導体デバイスの製造方法。 |
JP4661069B2 (ja) | 2004-03-26 | 2011-03-30 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶の製造方法 |
TW200617224A (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2006-06-01 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | Production process of periodic table group 13 metal nitride crystal and production method of semiconductor device using the same |
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JP2006045052A (ja) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-02-16 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶の製造方法およびそれを用いた半導体デバイスの製造方法 |
KR100961416B1 (ko) | 2004-07-02 | 2010-06-09 | 미쓰비시 가가꾸 가부시키가이샤 | 주기율표 제 13 족 금속 질화물 결정의 제조 방법 및 그것을 사용한 반도체 디바이스의 제조 방법 |
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US20100139551A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
EP1772540A1 (en) | 2007-04-11 |
CN101010453B (zh) | 2011-10-26 |
CN101010453A (zh) | 2007-08-01 |
KR20070053702A (ko) | 2007-05-25 |
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