WO2006004120A1 - ガス拡散電極および高分子電解質型燃料電池の製造方法、ならびにガス拡散電極および高分子電解質型燃料電池 - Google Patents
ガス拡散電極および高分子電解質型燃料電池の製造方法、ならびにガス拡散電極および高分子電解質型燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006004120A1 WO2006004120A1 PCT/JP2005/012413 JP2005012413W WO2006004120A1 WO 2006004120 A1 WO2006004120 A1 WO 2006004120A1 JP 2005012413 W JP2005012413 W JP 2005012413W WO 2006004120 A1 WO2006004120 A1 WO 2006004120A1
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- catalyst layer
- alcohol
- catalyst
- polymer electrolyte
- gas diffusion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8814—Temporary supports, e.g. decal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Definitions
- Gas diffusion electrode and polymer electrolyte fuel cell manufacturing method gas diffusion electrode and polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- the present invention relates to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell used for a portable power source, a power source for portable equipment, a power source for electric vehicles, a home cogeneration system, and the like.
- a gas diffusion layer having both air permeability to fuel gas and electronic conductivity is formed on the outer surface of the catalyst layer.
- This catalyst layer is sometimes referred to as a gas diffusion electrode, and the combination of the catalyst layer and the diffusion layer is sometimes referred to as a gas diffusion electrode.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- a conductive separator is disposed to fix adjacent MEAs to each other and connect them electrically in series.
- a gas flow path is formed in the part of the separator in contact with the MEA to supply the reaction gas to the MEA electrode surface and carry the electrode reaction products and surplus gas to the outside of the MEA.
- the gas flow path is generally formed by providing a groove on the surface of the separator, but may be provided as a separate member.
- Many polymer electrolyte fuel cells have a MEA as described above and a pair of cells sandwiching it. Stack power with a stacked structure obtained by stacking multiple cells
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for storing the fuel cell after stopping the operation in a state where water is sealed in the fuel gas flow path or the oxidizing gas flow path of the fuel cell.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-6-251788
- gas diffusion electrodes and polymer electrolyte fuel cells have degraded initial characteristics even when they are out of service and during storage, and even after they are manufactured and used and sold.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, can exhibit its original performance from the initial stage immediately after production, and can sufficiently prevent deterioration of the initial characteristics over a long period of time even when the operation and the stop are repeated.
- An object is to provide a gas diffusion electrode and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having excellent durability.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a gas diffusion electrode and a polymer electrolyte type capable of easily and reliably obtaining the gas diffusion electrode and polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention described above. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a fuel cell.
- the present inventors have stopped the operation of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, particularly when storing or operating the fuel cell for a long period of time.
- a small amount of organic matter mixed into the electrode during later storage, and a small amount of organic matter mixed into the electrode during the manufacture of gas diffusion electrodes and polymer electrolyte fuel cells are a major cause of deterioration in electrode characteristics and battery characteristics. I found out that it was one.
- the present inventors can sufficiently reduce the amount of organic matter remaining in the catalyst layer of the electrode after formation, and organic matter mixed in the catalyst layer of the electrode during long-term operation and storage. The inventors have found that the present invention is extremely effective in achieving the above-described object, and have reached the present invention.
- the present invention for solving the above problems is a method for producing a gas diffusion electrode comprising at least a catalyst layer containing a carbon powder supporting an electrode catalyst and a cation exchange resin,
- the catalyst layer forming step alcohol, alcohol partial oxide, alcohol intramolecular dehydration reaction product, alcohol intermolecular condensation reaction product, alcohol and partial oxide intermolecular condensation reaction product, and partial oxide
- the ratio [% by mass] of the organic substance remaining in the catalyst layer satisfies the condition represented by the following formula (1).
- A represents the total mass of the organic matter
- E represents the total mass of the carbon powder
- G represents the positive mass
- the catalyst layer forming step it is contained (residual) in the electrode immediately after production. ) Adjust the amount of the above-mentioned organic matter so as to satisfy the condition of the above formula (1) ⁇ In other words, adjust the value so that the value of the formula (1) is 0.05 or less.
- a gas diffusion electrode with excellent durability that can exhibit its original performance (electrode characteristics) from the very beginning, and can sufficiently prevent deterioration of the initial characteristics over a long period of time even if it is repeatedly activated and stopped. Easy and reliable configuration.
- the original performance (battery characteristics) can be exhibited from the initial stage immediately after production, and even if the operation and the stop are repeated, the deterioration of the initial characteristics can be sufficiently prevented over a long period of time.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having excellent durability can be easily and reliably constructed.
- the present invention in a state where "the cation exchange resin can be dissolved or dispersed", a part of the cation exchange resin is dissolved and the other part is dispersed without being dissolved. Including the state.
- the present invention is a gas diffusion electrode comprising at least a catalyst layer comprising a carbon powder supporting an electrode catalyst and a cation exchange resin,
- the catalyst layer is made of carbon powder carrying an electrode catalyst, a cation exchange resin, and an alcohol having a vapor pressure of 0.6 to 12.3 kPa at 20 ° C capable of dissolving or dispersing the cation exchange resin. And a liquid containing, formed using a mixed liquid,
- a gas diffusion electrode is provided.
- A represents the total mass of the organic matter
- E represents the total mass of the carbon powder
- G represents the positive mass
- the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention described above has a configuration including a catalyst layer that satisfies the condition of the formula (1) described in the above-described method for manufacturing a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention, Original performance (electrode characteristics) can be exhibited from the very beginning immediately after production, and it has excellent durability that can sufficiently prevent deterioration of the initial characteristics over a long period of time even if it is repeatedly activated and stopped.
- This gas diffusion electrode of the present invention can be preferably manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a force sword having a catalyst layer containing an electrode catalyst and a cation exchange resin, an anode having a catalyst layer containing an electrode catalyst and a cation exchange resin, a force sword and an anode.
- a method for producing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising at least a membrane electrode assembly comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between
- a method for producing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is provided.
- A represents the mass of organic matter per unit area of the membrane electrode assembly
- E represents the membrane electrode
- the amount of the organic substance to be contained (remaining) in the electrode immediately after manufacture is adjusted so as to satisfy the condition of the above formula (2).
- the value of Equation (2) to be 0.02 or less, the original performance (battery characteristics) can be exhibited from the very beginning immediately after manufacture, and Even if it is repeated, it is possible to easily and reliably constitute a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having excellent durability that can sufficiently prevent deterioration of initial characteristics over a long period of time.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having excellent initial characteristics can also be obtained.
- the amount of organic matter remaining in the electrode when the target is not a gas diffusion electrode but a membrane electrode assembly is reduced in a state where it is accurately reduced to a level that does not affect the deterioration of characteristics.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell can be obtained.
- the initial catalyst is poisoned and sufficient initial characteristics cannot be obtained immediately after production, and the electrode characteristics are greatly deteriorated during long-term operation and storage. Also, in the mixed solution preparation process The alcohol having a vapor pressure of 0.6-12.3 kPa at 20 ° C is used for the same reason as explained in the liquid mixture preparation step in the method of manufacturing the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention described above. This is the reason why.
- the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane is less than 20 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane exceeds 5 O / zm
- the supported amount of at least one electrode catalyst of the two catalyst layers is 0.
- the condition of formula (2) is satisfied in any case.
- the thicknesses of the two catalyst layers of the membrane electrode assembly are 3 to 50 m independently of each other.
- A that is, “mass of organic substance per unit area of membrane electrode assembly” is as follows:
- the center axis of the obtained fragment is set to be approximately parallel to the normal direction of the main surface of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- E is the membrane electrode connection obtained when A described above is obtained.
- Fragment of membrane electrode assembly obtained when obtaining the same fragment as the fragment of coalescence or A
- G that is, "mass of polymer electrolyte membrane per unit area of membrane electrode assembly"
- Membrane electrode assembly obtained when obtaining the same fragment or A A fragment with the same volume and shape as the coalesced fragment (A
- the present invention provides a force sword having a catalyst layer containing an electrode catalyst and a cation exchange resin, an anode having a catalyst layer containing an electrode catalyst and a cation exchange resin, and a force sword and an anode.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising at least a membrane electrode assembly including a polymer electrolyte membrane disposed therebetween,
- the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane is 20-50 m
- the amount of electrode catalyst supported on the two catalyst layers of the membrane electrode assembly is 0.1 to 2.
- OmgZcm 2 At least one of the two catalyst layers of the membrane electrode assembly is cation exchanged with the electrode catalyst. Formed by using a liquid mixture containing a resin and an alcohol-containing liquid capable of dissolving or dispersing the cation exchange resin and having a vapor pressure at 20 ° C of 0.6 to 12.3 kPa,
- Alcohol, alcohol partial acid oxide, alcohol intramolecular dehydration reaction product, alcohol intermolecular condensation reaction product, alcohol and partial oxide intermolecular remaining in at least one catalyst layer The polymer electrolyte, characterized in that the ratio [mass%] of the condensation reaction product and the organic substance composed of the intermolecular condensation reaction product of the partial oxide satisfies the condition represented by the following formula (2)
- a fuel cell is provided.
- A represents the mass of organic matter per unit area of the membrane electrode assembly
- E represents the membrane electrode
- the above-described polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention includes a catalyst layer that satisfies the condition of the formula (2) described in the above-described method for producing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention.
- a catalyst layer that satisfies the condition of the formula (2) described in the above-described method for producing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention can be suitably manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention or the method for manufacturing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present invention includes the conditions of the formula (1) in the catalyst layer forming step described above and the conditions of the formula (2) in the membrane electrode assembly forming step described above. By satisfying at least one of them, it can be preferably produced. More specifically, each processing condition (mixture liquid) in the actual manufacturing process is satisfied so that at least one of the condition of the formula (1) and the formula (2) is satisfied by feeding back experimental data.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention can be suitably produced by adjusting the composition, heat treatment temperature, gas phase gas composition during the heat treatment, and the like.
- the method for producing a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention it is possible to sufficiently remove organic substances mixed into the electrode during the manufacturing process and organic substances mixed into the electrode during storage after operation stop. For this reason, the gas diffusion electrode has excellent durability that can exhibit its original performance (electrode characteristics) from the very beginning immediately after manufacture, and can sufficiently prevent deterioration of the initial characteristics over a long period of time even if it is repeatedly activated and stopped.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell can be obtained easily and reliably.
- organic substances mixed in the electrode can be sufficiently removed in the same manner as in the above-described method for producing a gas diffusion electrode.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell with excellent durability that can exhibit its original performance (battery characteristics) from the beginning of the battery, and can sufficiently prevent deterioration of the initial characteristics over a long period of time even if it is repeatedly operated and stopped. It can be obtained easily and reliably.
- a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention it can be suitably manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention, and the original performance (electrode characteristics) can be exhibited from the initial stage immediately after manufacturing, Even if the operation is stopped and stopped repeatedly, the deterioration of the initial characteristics can be sufficiently prevented over a long period.
- a gas diffusion electrode having excellent durability can be provided.
- the present invention can be suitably manufactured by the above-described method for manufacturing a gas diffusion electrode of the present invention or the method for manufacturing a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a preferred embodiment (stack) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the basic configuration of a membrane electrode assembly mounted on the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 10 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the time-dependent characteristics of the average voltage per unit cell of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells produced in Example 1 of the present invention and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the time-dependent characteristics of the average voltage per unit cell of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells produced in Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the time-dependent characteristics of the average voltage per single cell of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells produced in Example 3 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a preferred embodiment of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (stack) of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a basic configuration of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) mounted on the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 10 shown in FIG.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- a membrane electrode assembly 30 shown in FIG. 2 carries a preferred embodiment of the gas diffusion electrode of the present invention.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 10 shown in FIG. 1 is preferably manufactured by the gas diffusion electrode manufacturing method of the present invention or the polymer electrolyte fuel cell manufacturing method of the present invention.
- the membrane electrode assembly 30 is mainly composed of the polymer electrolyte membrane 1 and the polymer From anode catalyst layer 2 and force sword catalyst layer 3 adhered to both surfaces of electrolyte membrane 1, anode gas diffusion layer 4a and force sword gas diffusion layer 4b adhered to each of these catalyst layers, and a sealing material (not shown). It is configured.
- a separator (not shown) in which a groove (not shown) serving as a gas flow path and a groove (not shown) used as a cooling water flow path are formed outside the membrane electrode assembly 30 (see FIG. (Not shown).
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 10 fastens the laminate 21 with a laminate 21 in which a plurality of laminates of membrane electrode assemblies 30 and separators are further laminated.
- the laminated body 21 is mainly composed of a pair of end plates (end plates) 22, a fastening rod 23 for fastening the two end plates 22, and a screw panel 24.
- the two end plates 22 have a gas inlet 25 for supplying a reaction gas to the gas flow path in the laminate 21 and an exhaust gas discharged from the laminate 21 to the outside of the laminate 21.
- Gas outlet 25a, cooling water inlet 26 for supplying cooling water to the cooling water flow path in laminated body 21, and cooling water discharged from laminated body 21 for taking out from the laminated body 21
- a cooling water outlet 26a is provided.
- hydrogen gas obtained by reforming methanol, natural gas, or the like for example, is supplied as a fuel through a gas channel on the anode side. Further, a gas containing an oxidant such as air or oxygen gas is supplied through the gas flow path on the force sword side.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane 1 has a function of selectively allowing protons generated in the anode catalyst layer 2 to permeate the force sword catalyst layer 3 along the film thickness direction.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane 1 also has a function as a diaphragm for preventing hydrogen supplied to the anode and oxygen supplied to the power sword from being mixed.
- the gas diffusion electrode produced by the production method of the present invention may be (I) only the catalyst layer can be activated, and (i) a catalyst layer is formed on the gas diffusion layer. Or a combination of a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer obtained by peeling from the support sheet may be produced as a product (gas diffusion electrode). It may be manufactured as a product.
- the support sheet is made of a synthetic resin sheet, a synthetic resin layer, or a metal that is not soluble in the mixed liquid for forming the catalyst layer. Laminating film having a structure in which the layers are laminated, a metallic sheet, a sheet having a ceramic force, a sheet made of an inorganic-organic composite material, a polymer electrolyte membrane, and the like
- one or more other layers such as a water repellent layer may be disposed between the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer.
- a product in which the support sheet is releasably joined to the surface of the catalyst layer opposite to the gas diffusion layer may be manufactured as a product.
- a mixed solution for forming the catalyst layer is prepared.
- This mixed solution contains an electrode catalyst (powder), a cation exchange resin, and an alcohol capable of dissolving or dispersing the cation exchange resin and having a vapor pressure at 20 ° C. of 0.6 to 12.3 kPa. And at least a liquid.
- the above-mentioned mixed solution can be used even when forming a catalyst layer of a force sword and an anode that is out of the range, and is particularly preferably used for both the force sword and the anode catalyst layer.
- Preferable examples of the cation exchange resin to be contained in the mixed liquid include those having sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, and sulfonimide groups as cation exchange groups. From the viewpoint of hydrogen ion conductivity, a cation exchange resin having a sulfonic acid group is particularly preferred.
- the cation exchange resin having a sulfonic acid group preferably has an ion exchange capacity of 0.5 to 1.5 milliequivalents of Zg dry resin.
- the ion exchange capacity of the cation exchange resin is 0.5 meq. Or more and Zg dry resin, the resistance value of the obtained catalyst layer is less likely to increase during power generation, so the preferred ion exchange capacity is 1.
- Ion exchange capacity is 0.8 ⁇ 1.2 meq. Fat is particularly preferred.
- X represents a fluorine atom or trifluoro It is preferably a copolymer comprising a polymer unit based on) and a polymer unit based on tetrafluoroethylene.
- fluorovinyl compound examples include compounds represented by the following formulas (3) to (5).
- q represents an integer of 1 to 8
- r represents an integer of 1 to 8
- t represents an integer of 1 to 3.
- cation exchange resin examples include naphthion manufactured by Aldrich and Flemion manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Further, the cation exchange resin described above may be used as a constituent material of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- alcohol having a vapor pressure of 0.6-12.3 kPa at 20 ° C is a residue in the catalyst layer where the conductive porous body (carbon, etc.) force that forms the catalyst layer is easily discharged. It has the advantage that it is difficult to remain.
- those having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and containing one or more OH groups in the molecule are preferable.
- Specific examples include ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, n-pentanol, ethylene glycol, pentafluoroethanol, and heptafluorobutanol.
- These alcohols may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the alcohol is particularly preferably ethanol, in which a straight chain having one OH group in the molecule is particularly preferred.
- This alcohol includes those having an ether bond such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
- solvents can be appropriately mixed with the "liquid” containing alcohol having a vapor pressure at 20 ° C of 0.6-12.3 kPa.
- solvents include water and acetone.
- Other solvents and alcohol can be mixed and used in a ratio of 10: 1 to 1:10.
- the electrode catalyst in the present invention is used by being supported on carbon powder.
- the electrode catalyst has a metal particle force, and the metal particles are not particularly limited, and various metals can be used.
- platinum and ruthenium alloys are preferred because platinum alloys are preferred.
- the carbon powder preferably has a specific surface area of 50 to 1500 m 2 Zg.
- the specific surface area is 50 m 2 Zg or more, it is difficult to increase the loading ratio of the electrode catalyst, and there is no possibility that the output characteristics of the obtained catalyst layer will deteriorate, so the preferred specific surface area is 1500 m 2 / g or less. If so, it is preferable because the pores are not too fine and coating with a cation exchange resin is not difficult, and the output characteristics of the obtained catalyst layer are not likely to deteriorate.
- the specific surface area is particularly preferably 200 to 900 m 2 / g.
- the electrode catalyst particles preferably have an average particle size of 0.05 to 5 ⁇ m! /.
- An average particle size of 0.05 m or more is preferred because the resulting catalyst layer does not have a dense structure and does not make it difficult to discharge the generated water in the power sword anode. In this case, it is preferable because the electrode catalyst is not easily covered with the cation exchange resin, and the covering area is not reduced and the performance of the catalyst layer may not be lowered.
- the mixed solution preferably has a solid concentration of 0.1 to 20% by mass.
- a catalyst layer having a predetermined thickness can be obtained without spraying or applying the mixture many times when the catalyst layer is produced by spraying or applying the mixed solution. Production efficiency does not decrease.
- the solid content concentration is 20% by mass or less, the viscosity of the mixed solution is high. There is no possibility that the resulting catalyst layer becomes non-uniform.
- Particularly preferred is a solid content concentration of 1-10% by mass! /.
- the mixed solution it is preferable to prepare the mixed solution so that the mass ratio of the electrode catalyst to the cation exchange resin is 50:50 to 85:15 in terms of solid content. This is because the cation exchange resin can efficiently coat the electrode catalyst, and the three-phase interface can be increased when a membrane electrode assembly is produced. Further, when the amount of the electrocatalyst is 50:50 or more at this mass ratio, the pores of the carbon powder as the support are not crushed by the cation resin, and the reaction field is reduced. Therefore, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell As a result, there is no risk of performance degradation.
- the amount of the electrocatalyst is 85:15 or less at this mass ratio, the performance as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is deteriorated without the possibility that the coating of the electrocatalyst with cation exchange resin is insufficient. Don't be afraid. It is particularly preferred to prepare such that the mass ratio of the electrocatalyst to the cation exchange resin is 60: 40-80: 20.
- a stirrer such as a homogenizer or a homomixer
- a high-speed rotation such as a high-speed rotating jet flow method or a grinder
- a method of applying shear force to the dispersion by extruding the dispersion with a high partial pressure of 4 pressures such as a high-pressure emulsifier.
- the obtained mixed solution is preferably filtered. This is because the aggregation of the electrode catalyst particles in the mixed solution can be removed by filtration, and the effect of suppressing the aggregation of the mixed solution is obtained. Therefore, it is preferably performed immediately before spraying or coating when forming the catalyst layer.
- the mixed solution may be pressurized and sucked through the filter or may be passed through the filter.
- the filter preferably has a pore diameter of 5 to: LOOm. If the pore size is 5 m or more, it is easy to filter and does not cause clogging. Therefore, if the preferred pore size is 100 m or less, the ability to remove fine particles is also preferable.
- the pore size is particularly preferably 20-60 ⁇ m.
- a catalyst layer is formed on the support sheet using the above mixed solution.
- the catalyst layer may be formed by coating the mixed solution on the support sheet by spraying or coating, and drying the liquid film having the mixed liquid force on the support sheet.
- the support sheet include (i) the polymer electrolyte membrane, (ii) a gas diffusion layer having a porous body force having gas diffusibility and electron conductivity, or (m) a synthetic resin having a characteristic that it does not dissolve in a mixed solution.
- Examples of the synthetic resin include polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene Z tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
- a method of applying the mixed liquid when forming the catalyst layer a method using an applicator, a bar coater, a die coater, a spray, a screen printing method, a gravure printing method, or the like can be applied.
- the two catalyst layers of the membrane-electrode assembly each independently have a thickness of 3 to 50 m. If the thickness is 3 m or more, the gas supplied to the catalyst layer does not easily permeate the membrane, and the preferred thickness is 50 m or less because the strength of the resulting membrane electrode assembly does not decrease. It is preferable that the gas supplied in the catalyst layer does not diffuse and the reaction does not proceed. From the viewpoint of more reliably obtaining the effects of the present invention, it is particularly preferable that the two catalyst layers of the membrane electrode assembly have a thickness of 5 to 20 ⁇ m independently of each other.
- a water repellent, a pore former, a thickener, a diluting solvent, and the like are added to the mixed liquid as necessary to enhance the drainage of water generated by the electrode reaction, and to improve the catalyst layer itself. It is possible to maintain shape stability, improve coating unevenness during coating, and improve coating stability.
- an intramolecular dehydration reaction of alcohol, a partial oxide of alcohol, and the alcohol is generated from the catalyst layer.
- the partial acid product of alcohol means the partial acid product of the alcohol. And at least one of an aldehyde group, a carbonyl group, and a carboxyl group in the molecule!
- the organic material described above is removed from the catalyst layer by any one of the following three embodiments, and the ratio [mass%] of the organic material remaining in the catalyst layer is expressed by the formula (1):
- A represents the total mass of the organic matter
- E represents the total mass of the carbon powder
- G represents the positive mass
- A represents the mass of organic matter per unit area of the membrane electrode assembly
- E represents the membrane electrode
- Equation (2) represents the mass of the polymer electrolyte membrane per unit area of the membrane electrode assembly. It is sufficient to satisfy the condition represented by].
- the value ⁇ 100 XA) ⁇ in equation (2) is 0.0.
- the following method is preferred as a method of adjusting to satisfy the condition of Formula (1) or Formula (2). That is, in the catalyst layer forming step, after forming the catalyst layer on the support sheet, the laminate composed of the support sheet and the catalyst layer is heated to a temperature not lower than 40 ° C and not higher than the glass transition temperature of the cation exchange resin. It is preferable to remove organic substances by heat treatment with Thereby, especially volatile organic substance can be removed suitably and the effect of this invention described previously can be acquired more reliably. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of obtaining the effect of this heat treatment, heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 60 ° C. or higher and lower than the glass transition temperature of the cation exchange resin. It is preferable.
- the catalyst layer forming step after the catalyst layer is formed on the support sheet, the laminate composed of the support sheet and the catalyst layer is vacuum degassed in a container to remove organic substances. It is preferable to carry out. This makes it possible to easily remove organic substances from the catalyst layer, so that the effects of the present invention described above can be obtained more reliably.
- vacuum means that the ratio of the organic substance remaining in the catalyst layer can be adjusted so as to satisfy the condition represented by the above formula (1) or formula (2). Indicates the degree of vacuum that can be sufficiently vaporized. Thus, for example, may be academic high vacuum limited to (1 X 10- 6 ⁇ 1 X 1 0 "2 Pa) Nag-called ultra-high vacuum, extremely high vacuum.
- the vacuum degassing can, for example Use vacuum pumps such as oil rotary pumps, ejector pumps, and turbomolecular pumps.
- the organic substance can be removed by immersing the laminate composed of the support sheet and the catalyst layer in ion-exchanged water.
- ion-exchanged water ion-exchanged water.
- the conditions for the immersion are not particularly limited as long as the organic substances can be removed.
- the viewpoint of reducing the immersion time and the viewpoint of improving the solubility of the organic substances in the ion-exchanged water can be achieved by setting the temperature of the ion-exchanged water to room temperature ( It is preferable to adjust to 25 ° C or higher. For example, it may be immersed in a 90 ° C hot water bath for 60 minutes.
- the catalyst layer forming step membrane electrode assembly forming step
- the organic substance removal step in the catalyst layer formation step is preferably performed in an active gas atmosphere.
- the mixed solution preparation step and the catalyst layer formation step membrane electrode assembly formation step
- the suppression of the progress of the partial acid reaction of alcohol Since it is low and has high adsorptivity to the constituent materials in the catalyst layer, and the production amount of the partial oxidation reaction product of alcohol is reduced, it is effective in obtaining the effects of the present invention more reliably.
- inert gas means He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Rn or N !,, and "inert gas”.
- ⁇ Gas atmosphere '' means at least selected from the group consisting of He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Rn or N
- an atmosphere with one kind as the main component of the gas phase should be used.
- the inert gas atmosphere may contain oxygen as long as the partial oxidation reaction of alcohol that satisfies the vapor pressure condition does not proceed.
- oxygen included, the upper limit of the oxygen partial pressure in the inert gas atmosphere takes into account the solubility of oxygen in the mixed solution, the temperature of the mixed solution, the removal conditions of organic matter ⁇ heat treatment conditions (temperature, time) ⁇ , etc. And set it.
- the catalyst layer obtained by the catalyst layer forming step as described above can be suitably used for the manufacture of gas diffusion electrodes, membrane electrode assemblies, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
- a catalyst layer is formed on both sides to obtain a membrane electrode assembly, and then the whole is made of carbon paper, It may be sandwiched between gas diffusion layers such as bon cloth or carbon felt, and bonded by a known technique by hot pressing or the like.
- the polymer electrolyte is such that the catalyst layer faces the polymer electrolyte membrane with two gas diffusion layers with a catalyst layer. Just hold the film and join it with a known technique such as hot pressing!
- the support sheet with the catalyst layer is brought into contact with at least one of the polymer electrolyte membrane and the gas diffusion layer, and the support sheet
- the catalyst layer may be transferred by peeling off and bonded by a known technique.
- organic substances and gases that are mixed into the catalyst layer from the time of manufacture to use and cause a major deterioration in the initial characteristics and durability characteristics of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell are From the viewpoint of reducing contamination during storage and storage as much as possible, it consists of a support sheet and a catalyst layer obtained after the catalyst layer formation step. Packing storage that stores the catalyst layer obtained after peeling off the support sheet or the membrane electrode assembly obtained after the membrane electrode assembly forming step in a sealed container until use. It is preferable to include the process.
- the unit cell, the stack, and the polymer electrolyte fuel cell are manufactured using the gas diffusion electrode or the membrane electrode assembly including the catalyst layer, the unit cell, the stack, and the polymer electrolyte fuel cell are manufactured. Can be stored in a sealed container until use!
- a packaging method use a synthetic resin bag or container with excellent airtightness, such as nylon Z polyethylene, for example, and use a porous material such as activated carbon or silica gel inside. It is preferable to enclose the adsorbent.
- the force sword includes an oxidant gas including oxygen, an anode Is supplied with a fuel gas containing hydrogen.
- a separator in which a groove serving as a gas channel is formed is disposed outside the gas diffusion electrodes of both of the membrane electrode assemblies, and a gas is allowed to flow to the membrane electrode assembly by flowing gas through the gas channels. Supplying the gas to generate electricity.
- the material for the separator include metal, carbon, and a mixture of graphite and rosin, which can be used widely.
- the carbon paper used as a gas diffusion layer was water-repellent.
- Carbon paper (TGP-H-120 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) with an outer size of 16cm X 20cm and a thickness of 360 ⁇ m was impregnated into an aqueous dispersion containing fluorocarbon resin (Neflon ND1 manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.). After that, it is placed on a hot plate adjusted to 60 ° C and dried for 10 to 30 minutes.
- Water repellency was imparted by heating at ° C for 30 minutes.
- an ink mixed with conductive carbon powder and an aqueous solution in which PTFE fine powder is dispersed is applied to one surface of the carbon paper using a screen printing method.
- a water repellent layer was formed. At this time, a part of the water repellent layer was embedded in the carbon nonwoven fabric.
- a mixed solution (ink) for forming the catalyst layer was prepared.
- platinum particles with an average particle size of 30 A which is an electrode catalyst, are supported on Ketjen Black EC (AKZO Chemie, the Netherlands), which is carbon powder (conductive carbon particles) having an average primary particle size of 30 nm.
- the obtained catalyst body (platinum 50 mass%) was used on the force sword side.
- a catalyst body (30% by mass of platinum and 30% by mass of ruthenium) obtained by supporting platinum particles and ruthenium particles having an average particle diameter of about 30 A on Ketjen Black EC was used on the anode side.
- a 9 wt% solution (Flemion manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) in which a polymer electrolyte (perfluorosulfonic acid), which is a cation exchange resin, is dispersed in ethanol, and to prevent ignition by the catalyst.
- Distilled water and each of the above catalyst bodies were mixed together to prepare mixed solutions for forming the anode and cathode catalyst layers, respectively.
- the mixing mass ratio of the polymer electrolyte to the catalyst body was set to 2: 1 for both of the two types of liquid mixture.
- the dispersion medium used in the mixed solution a liquid in which ethanol having a vapor pressure of 5.33 kPa at 20 ° C and distilled water were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1 was used. That is, 50% by mass of the liquid was water.
- a liquid mixture for forming a catalyst layer on the force sword side was directly applied to one side of a hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte membrane (DuPont Nafion 112) having an outer size of 20 cm x 32 cm by a screen method, It dried in air
- a hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte membrane DuPont Nafion 112
- a mixed solution for forming a catalyst layer on the anode side is applied by a coater on a support sheet that also has polypropylene strength, and dried to form an anode side catalyst layer, and the other side of the hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte membrane is formed.
- the anode side catalyst layer was transferred and bonded to the surface of the substrate by hot pressing (135 ° C., 10 minutes).
- the amount of platinum contained in the force sword side catalyst layer after formation was adjusted to 0.60 mg / cm 2 , and the average thickness of the force sword side catalyst layer at this time was 20 m.
- the amount of platinum contained in the anode side catalyst layer was adjusted to 0.35 mg / cm 2, and the average thickness of the anode side catalyst layer at this time was 15 m.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- the membrane electrode assembly was subjected to 60 ° C in the atmosphere at 85 ° C. A minute heat treatment was applied. The conditions for this heat treatment were obtained in advance by experiments so as to satisfy the expression (2).
- a gas channel and a cooling water channel having a depth of 1 mm were provided by cutting on a plate made of an electronically conductive carbon material having an outer dimension of 20 cm ⁇ 32 cm and a thickness of 3. Omm to obtain a separator.
- the thickness of the thin part of the separator obtained was 0.3 mm.
- a separator having an oxidant gas flow path formed on one surface of the membrane electrode assembly was overlapped with a separator having a fuel gas flow path formed on the other surface to obtain a unit cell.
- a separator 21 in which cooling channel grooves were formed was placed on one side of the unit cell to produce a stack 21 in which 100 unit cells were stacked.
- a stainless steel current collector plate, an insulating plate (not shown) made of an electrically insulating material, and an end plate 22 are arranged at both ends of the stack 21, and the whole is fastened by a fastening rod 23.
- the high part according to the present invention having the structure shown in FIG. A child electrolyte fuel cell was obtained.
- the fastening rod 23 was fixed with a screw panel 24, and the fastening pressure at this time was 7 kgfZcm 2 per separator area.
- Nitrogen gas was supplied at 1000 ccZmin for 30 minutes from the supply gas inlet 25 on the anode side and the power sword side of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell fabricated as described above, and oxygen present in the stack was supplied. Removed and replaced with nitrogen gas. Note that 26 is the cooling water inlet and 26a is the cooling water outlet.
- activated carbon (coconut shell crushed charcoal / kitara) is used to adsorb and remove the remaining organic substances such as alcohol that are insufficiently removed during the production of the membrane electrode assembly at the supply gas outlet 25a on the anode side and the power sword side.
- Cartridge 27 equipped with (manufactured by Co., Ltd.) was installed (see FIG. 2).
- silica gel crushed Z manufactured by Fuji Fuji Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present invention is packaged as described above, stored at room temperature (25 ° C) for 500,000 hours for a long time, and then maintained at 70 ° C. Hydrogen gas is supplied to the anode side with a dew point of 65 ° Caro-humidity is heated at C and supplied to the power sword, and air is supplied at a dew point of 70 ° C and heated, and fuel utilization is 80%, oxygen utilization is 40%, and current density is 300 mAZcm 2 A discharge test was conducted with current flowing.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, a gas diffusion electrode and a membrane electrode assembly were prepared, and in order to remove organic substances such as alcohol remaining in the catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly, nitrogen was added to the membrane electrode assembly. Heat treatment was performed at 85 ° C for 60 minutes in the atmosphere. Note that the conditions for this heat treatment were obtained in advance by experiments so as to satisfy the condition of Equation (2).
- the membrane electrode assembly after heat treatment (10 membrane electrode assemblies were prepared and 5 of them were Used for property testing, 5 of which were used for analysis. ) Is punched out as a prismatic piece (test piece, bottom size: 3 mm X 3 mm, 1.7 mg) as described above, and the residual amount of organic matter in the catalyst layer is gas chromatographed (same as in Example 1) ⁇ 100 XA Z (E + G) ⁇ from the equation (2).
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and stored for a long period of 5000 hours at room temperature (25 ° C), and then a discharge test was performed.
- Fig. 4 shows the change over time in the average voltage per unit cell included in a denatured fuel cell.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and stored for a long period of 5000 hours at room temperature (25 ° C), and then a discharge test was performed.
- Fig. 5 shows the change over time of the average voltage per unit cell included in the denatured fuel cell.
- a gas diffusion electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell were produced and obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the step of removing the organic substance having power such as alcohol remaining in the catalyst layer was not performed.
- Anode and cathode of polymer electrolyte fuel cell The supply gas was introduced on the side of the battery, and nitrogen gas was not supplied, but it was stored in the atmosphere at room temperature (25 ° C) for 5000 hours. After that, a discharge test was conducted, and Fig. 3 shows the time course of the average voltage per unit cell included in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- Example 2 After producing a gas diffusion electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell in the same manner as in Example 1, it was used in the atmosphere at room temperature (25 ° C) without using the packaging method according to the present invention. Stored for a long time. Thereafter, a discharge test was performed, and the time course of the average voltage per unit cell included in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is shown in FIG.
- the gas diffusion electrode obtained by the production method according to the present invention and the polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the gas diffusion electrode are excellent in initial characteristics and have little deterioration in initial characteristics and durability characteristics when used over a long period of time. There is an effect. Therefore, it can be suitably used for portable power supplies, portable device power supplies, electric vehicle power supplies, and home cogeneration systems.
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Abstract
Description
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JP2006528914A JP5153139B2 (ja) | 2004-07-06 | 2005-07-05 | ガス拡散電極および高分子電解質型燃料電池の製造方法 |
US11/579,344 US7883817B2 (en) | 2004-07-06 | 2005-07-05 | Method for producing gas diffusion electrode and method for producing polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and gas diffusion electrode and polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
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JP2010165622A (ja) * | 2009-01-19 | 2010-07-29 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用触媒層とその製造方法 |
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JP6149850B2 (ja) | 2014-12-08 | 2017-06-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 膜電極接合体の製造方法 |
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OF COX |
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WO2020112919A1 (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2020-06-04 | Opus 12, Inc. | Electrolyzer and method of use |
KR20210131999A (ko) | 2018-12-18 | 2021-11-03 | 오푸스-12 인코포레이티드 | 전해기 및 사용 방법 |
CA3125442A1 (en) * | 2019-01-07 | 2020-07-16 | Opus 12 Incorporated | System and method for methane production |
CN110146454B (zh) * | 2019-05-16 | 2021-07-09 | 江南大学 | 通过构建可分离再生体系验证抗氧化剂间再生作用的方法 |
EP4065753A1 (en) | 2019-11-25 | 2022-10-05 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Membrane electrode assembly for co x reduction |
WO2024035474A1 (en) | 2022-08-12 | 2024-02-15 | Twelve Benefit Corporation | Acetic acid production |
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JP2012209268A (ja) | 2012-10-25 |
CN1969413A (zh) | 2007-05-23 |
JPWO2006004120A1 (ja) | 2008-04-24 |
JP5551215B2 (ja) | 2014-07-16 |
US7883817B2 (en) | 2011-02-08 |
US20080274387A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
JP5153139B2 (ja) | 2013-02-27 |
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