WO2006004031A1 - 光機能回路 - Google Patents
光機能回路 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006004031A1 WO2006004031A1 PCT/JP2005/012186 JP2005012186W WO2006004031A1 WO 2006004031 A1 WO2006004031 A1 WO 2006004031A1 JP 2005012186 W JP2005012186 W JP 2005012186W WO 2006004031 A1 WO2006004031 A1 WO 2006004031A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- transmission medium
- light
- wave transmission
- input
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/12119—Bend
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
- G02B2006/1213—Constructional arrangements comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12133—Functions
- G02B2006/12147—Coupler
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical functional circuit, and more particularly to an optical functional circuit using a holographic wave transmission medium that transmits waves holographically by multiple scattering according to a two-dimensional refractive index distribution.
- optical components using an optical waveguide structure have been developed as optical circuits that can easily realize branching and interference of light.
- Integrated optical components that utilize the properties of light waves make it easy to manufacture optical interferometers by adjusting the length of the optical waveguide, or by applying circuit processing technology in the semiconductor field. It becomes easy.
- Such an optical waveguide structure is an "optical confinement structure" that realizes spatial light confinement using the spatial distribution of the refractive index of light propagating in the optical waveguide.
- each component is connected in cascade using an optical wiring or the like. For this reason, the optical path length of the optical waveguide circuit must be longer than the optical path length required in order to cause an interference phenomenon in the optical circuit, and as a result, the optical circuit itself becomes very large. There was a problem that.
- the optical waveguide needs to have a very large refractive index difference.
- the relative refractive index difference is set to a value larger than 0.1%.
- the optical waveguide is designed to have a spatial distribution of refractive index. If optical confinement is performed using such a large refractive index difference, the degree of freedom in circuit configuration is limited. In particular, even if the refractive index difference in the optical waveguide is to be realized by local ultraviolet irradiation, the thermo-optic effect, or the electro-optic effect, the amount of change in the obtained refractive index is at most about 0.1%.
- wave transmission is smaller than conventional optical waveguide circuits and optical circuits using holographic circuits, and has a gentle refractive index distribution, that is, sufficiently high-efficiency optical signal control even with a small refractive index difference.
- a medium By using a medium, a highly efficient and compact optical circuit is realized.
- the wave transmission medium propagates the optical signal from the input port to the output port while performing multiple scattering by the refractive index of each of the virtual pixels defined by the virtual mesh. . Therefore, leakage of propagating light occurs due to a manufacturing error in manufacturing a mesh pixel. As a result, crosstalk occurs even if the propagated light output to the output port and the leaked propagated light of the same wavelength cause interference, or if the wavelengths differ and do not cause interference.
- the optical path cannot have a large angle, and the crosstalk is large. Since the effect of interference varies depending on the angle of incident light, a high proportion of components incident obliquely contributes to the deterioration of crosstalk. In particular, in a region where the beam diameter of light in the vicinity of the input / output port is small, the ratio of components incident obliquely with respect to the light traveling direction is large, so that crosstalk is degraded. There is a problem that the circuit characteristics deteriorate, such as the transmission loss of the optical circuit increases due to the deterioration of the crosstalk.
- the mesh-like pixels near the input port and the output port in the wave transmission medium function as a kind of lens and can collect light.
- it is a mesh pixel, it is difficult to determine the condensing position and it is difficult to connect to other optical elements. was there.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Y. Hibino, "Passive optical devices for photonic networks", IEIC Trans. Commun., Vol.E83— B No.10, (2000).
- a first object of the present invention is to provide an optical functional circuit having good circuit characteristics such as transmission loss and small crosstalk by applying a holographic wave transmission medium.
- a second object is to provide an optical functional circuit that facilitates connection of an optical waveguide device to which a holographic wave transmission medium is applied and has low transmission loss and crosstalk.
- the wave transmission medium for converting the optical path of the leaked light is provided.
- This wave transmission medium is composed of an optical waveguide composed of a clad layer formed on a substrate and a core embedded in the clad layer, and a part of the optical waveguide is formed by a refractive index distribution in which multiple scattering occurs.
- the optical functional circuit including the wave transmission medium, out of the optical signal incident from the input port defined in the wave transmission medium, from a predetermined output port defined in the wave transmission medium. Stray light force that is not emitted
- the optical axis of the input port and the optical axis of the predetermined output port are arranged so that they do not coincide with each other so that they are not coupled to other output ports.
- an alignment marker that defines an input / output port defined in the wave transmission medium is formed on the substrate. Alignment of the alignment marker that defines the condensing position of the optical component and the alignment marker that defines the port, formed on a member having an optical component optically coupled to the input / output port To optically couple the port and the optical component.
- the monitoring waveguide that defines the input / output port defined in the wave transmission medium is formed to the end surface where the input port is formed and the end surface where the output port is formed.
- the I / O port is aligned with the alignment of the optical fiber for alignment that defines the condensing position of the optical component formed on the member having the optical component that is optically coupled to the I / O port, and the waveguide for monitoring. And optical components are optically coupled.
- FIG. 1A is a diagram for explaining the basic structure of a wave transmission medium
- FIG. 1B is a diagram for explaining the basic structure of a wave transmission medium
- FIG. 1C is a diagram for explaining the basic structure of a wave transmission medium
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a calculation procedure for determining a spatial refractive index distribution of a wave transmission medium
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit that works according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a transmission spectrum of an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a method for removing leaked light in an optical branch circuit
- Fig. 6 is a diagram showing insertion loss of an optical branch circuit to which the leakage light elimination method according to the first embodiment is applied.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a method of removing leakage light in an MZ type wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit
- Fig. 8A shows the transmission spectrum of an MZ-type wavelength multiplexing / de-multiplexing circuit without stray light guide.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a transmission spectrum of an MZ-type wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit to which the leakage light removal method according to Example 2 is applied;
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a method for removing stray light according to Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a transmission spectrum of the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 3,
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a method for removing stray light according to Example 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a method for removing stray light according to Example 5 of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a method for removing stray light according to Example 6 of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a method for removing stray light according to Example 7 of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 9 of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 10 of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 11 of the present invention. A diagram showing the configuration of
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 12 of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 13 of the invention.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 14 of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a configuration of an optical line terminating device according to Example 15 of the present invention.
- the optical functional circuit of the present embodiment is a holographic wave transmission medium defined by a plurality of scattering points, and transmits waves to the holographic by multiple scattering according to a two-dimensional refractive index distribution.
- the “wave” propagating in the wave transmission medium is “light”.
- the theory applied to the wave transmission medium specifies the characteristics of the medium based on a general wave equation, and can also hold in principle for general waves.
- the wave transmission medium In order to output a desired light pattern by inputting a coherent light pattern, the wave transmission medium has a phase difference between forward propagating light and back-propagating light propagating in the wave transmitting medium.
- the refractive index distribution is determined so as to be small at any of the locations.
- a desired light pattern is output by repeatedly repeating holographic control at a local level according to the refractive index distribution.
- FIGS. 1A to 1C a basic structure of a wave transmission medium that can be applied to the present embodiment will be described.
- an optical circuit design area 11 composed of a wave transmission medium exists in the optical circuit board 1.
- One end face of the optical circuit is an incident surface 2-1 on which the input light IN is incident.
- the input light IN propagates through an optical circuit having a spatial refractive index distribution composed of a wave transmission medium with multiple scattering, and is output from the exit surface 2-2, which is the other end face.
- the wave transmission medium is made of a dielectric
- the spatial refractive index distribution indicates the local refractive index of the dielectric that forms the wave transmission medium! This is realized by setting based on the theory described later.
- the "field” (input field) formed by the input light IN is modulated according to the spatial distribution of the refractive index of the wave transmission medium constituting the optical circuit, and the "field” formed by the output light OUT.
- “(Output field) the wave transmission medium of the present invention is an (electromagnetic) field converting means for correlating the input field and the output field in accordance with the spatial refractive index distribution.
- the field of light in the cross section perpendicular to the propagation direction in the optical circuit (z axis direction in the figure) It is called (forward) propagation image (propagation field or propagation light) in X, z) (see Fig. 1B).
- field generally means an electromagnetic field (electromagnetic field) or a vector potential field of an electromagnetic field.
- the control of the electromagnetic field in the present embodiment corresponds to changing the spatial refractive index distribution provided in the optical circuit, that is, the dielectric constant distribution.
- the permittivity is given as a tensor, but usually the transition between polarization states is not so large, so it can be approximated by a scalar wave approximation for only one component of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, in this paper, the electromagnetic field is treated as a complex scalar wave. Since the “state” of light has an energy state (wavelength) and a polarization state, when the “field” is used to express the state of light, the wavelength and polarization state of light are also included. It will be possible.
- the input light IN image (input field) other than the focal point is the output light OUT image.
- Such a field of light directed to the exit surface 2-2 side force entrance surface 2-1 side is called a back propagation image (back propagation field or back propagation light) (see Fig. 1C).
- back propagation image can be defined for each location in the optical circuit.
- the output light OUT image is similar to the above.
- the back propagation image at that place can be considered.
- a back-propagation image can be defined for each location in the optical circuit.
- the outgoing field is a propagation field of the incident field
- the propagation field and the reverse propagation field coincide with each other at any point of the optical circuit.
- the field is generally a function over the entire target space, but the term “incident field” or “exit field” means a cross section of the field at the entrance surface or exit surface. . Also, even in the case of “field distribution”, when discussing a specific cross section, it means the cross section of the field for that cross section.
- the target light is not limited to light in a single state, so the index j is the index of light in each state that can be targeted for light in which light in multiple states is superimposed. In general, it is written.
- ⁇ j (x), ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ is defined by the intensity distribution, phase distribution, wavelength and polarization at the entrance and exit surfaces.
- the entire refractive index distribution may be expressed as ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) with (x, z) as an indefinite variable, but it is distinguished from the refractive index value ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) at location ( ⁇ , ⁇ ). Shita
- ⁇ ⁇ High refractive index relative to the surrounding refractive index, such as the core part of the optical waveguide
- ⁇ ⁇ Indicates a low refractive index value with respect to ⁇ , such as a cladding portion in an optical waveguide
- ⁇ ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) j-th incident field ⁇ j (x) has a refractive index profile ⁇ n
- Input port and “output port” are "areas” in which fields on the incident end face and the outgoing end face are concentrated. For example, by connecting an optical fiber to the area, the light intensity is applied to the fiber. It is an area that can be propagated.
- the field intensity distribution and the phase distribution can be designed to be different for the j-th and k-th ones, a plurality of ports can be provided on the entrance end face and the exit end face.
- the field including the phase Regardless of whether the shapes are the same or orthogonal, they can be configured as different ports.
- the electromagnetic field is a field of a real vector value, and has the wavelength and the polarization state as parameters, and the value of the component is displayed as a complex number that can be easily handled in a general mathematical manner to solve the electromagnetic wave solution. write.
- the strength of the entire field is specified as 1.
- the propagation field and the back propagation field are expressed as complex vector value functions at the respective locations (i j (z, X , ⁇ n ⁇ ) and ⁇ i) j ( Z , X , ⁇ n ⁇ ).
- the refractive index distribution ⁇ n ⁇ is a parameter.
- the value of the function can be easily calculated by a known method such as a beam propagation method if an incident field ⁇ ( ⁇ ), an outgoing field ⁇ ( ⁇ ), and a refractive index distribution ⁇ are given.
- Figure 2 shows the calculation procedure for determining the spatial refractive index profile of the wave transmission medium. Since this calculation is repeatedly executed, the number of repetitions is represented by q, and the calculation is executed up to the (q-1) th, and the state of the qth calculation is illustrated. Based on the refractive index profile ⁇ n ⁇ obtained by the (q-1) th calculation, each jth incident field ⁇ j (x) and output
- the propagation field and backpropagation field are obtained by numerical calculation for the radiating field ⁇ j (x), and the results are obtained as ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) and ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ , respectively. ) (Step S220).
- ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) — a ⁇ Im [ ⁇ J (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ )] ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ )
- the symbol “ ⁇ ” in the second term on the right side means an inner product operation
- the Im port means an imaginary component of the field inner product operation result in [].
- the symbol “*” is a complex conjugate.
- the coefficient O is a value obtained by dividing a value less than a fraction of ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) by the number of field pairs, and is a small positive value.
- ⁇ means to sum the index j.
- Steps S220 and S240 are repeated, and the value ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) at the exit surface of the propagation field
- the initial value ⁇ n ⁇ of the refractive index profile may be set appropriately.
- Step S220 If the computer is configured with a relatively small memory, select an appropriate value for each q in the sum of the index j in Equation (1), and ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) And ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) only, and repeat subsequent calculations
- step S220 It is also possible (step S220). [0039] In the above calculation, if the value of () j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ) is close to the value of ⁇ j (z, x, ⁇ n ⁇ ), the equation (
- the determination of the refractive index distribution is to define a virtual mesh in the wave transmission medium and to determine the refractive index of a minute region (pixel) defined by this mesh for each pixel.
- a local refractive index can in principle be an arbitrary (desired) value for each location.
- the simplest system is a pixel with a low refractive index (n)
- the overall refractive index distribution is determined by the intermittent distribution.
- the place where the low refractive index pixel exists in the medium is considered as a gap of the high refractive index pixel, and conversely, the place where the high refractive index pixel exists is considered as the gap of the low refractive index pixel.
- the wave transmission medium of the present invention can be expressed as a desired place (pixel) in a medium having a uniform refractive index replaced with a pixel having a different refractive index.
- the refractive index is calculated by changing the refractive index in the direction obtained by the steepest descent method using the refractive index of each point as a variable.
- the difference between the two fields can be reduced.
- an effective optical path length is reduced due to interference phenomenon caused by multiple scattering of propagation waves generated in the medium.
- An optical circuit having sufficiently high optical signal controllability can be configured even with a long and gentle refractive index change (distribution).
- FIG. 3 shows an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the IX 2 optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit having the refractive index distribution shown in Fig. 3 can be obtained by repeating about 200 times.
- the black part in the optical circuit design area 1-1 in the figure is the high refractive index part (dielectric multiple scattering part) 111 corresponding to the core, and the part other than the black part corresponds to the clad.
- the low refractive index portion 112 is a scattering point having a refractive index lower than that of the waveguide.
- the refractive index of the clad assumes the refractive index of quartz glass, and the refractive index of the core has a value higher by 1.5% than the relative refractive index of quartz glass.
- the size of the optical circuit is 300 m long and 140 / zm wide.
- the mesh used to calculate the refractive index distribution is 300 x 140.
- Figure 4 shows the transmission spectrum of the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit. From the transmission spectrum, an optical multiplexer / demultiplexer depending on the wavelength is formed.
- the holographic wave transmission medium can emit light incident from the input port to a desired output port. Therefore, in an optical functional circuit in which a plurality of circuit elements are formed on a substrate, light leaked from each circuit element (hereinafter referred to as leaked light), that is, light not emitted from a predetermined output port of the circuit element is removed.
- leaked light light leaked from each circuit element
- a holographic wave transmission medium is used as the optical component.
- FIG. 5 shows a method for removing leaked light in the optical branch circuit.
- the 1x4 optical branch circuit is a waveguide-type branch circuit formed on the substrate 101, and light incident from the input waveguide 102 is transmitted through the three branch waveguides 104a to 104c, and four output waveguides. It is emitted from 103a to 103d. At this time, leakage light is generated in the 1 ⁇ 4 optical branch circuit 101 due to axial misalignment and mode mismatch of the optical fiber optically coupled to the input / output waveguide.
- the radiated light or evanescent light generated in the branching waveguide 104a becomes leakage light and recombines with the branching waveguides 104b and 104c and the output waveguides 103a to 103d, degrading the uniformity of the output power of the branching light.
- radiated light or evanescent light generated in the branching waveguides 104b and 104c becomes leakage light and recombines with the output waveguides 103a to 103d to degrade the uniformity of the output power of the branching light.
- stray light guides 105a to 105c are installed in order to prevent leakage light generated in the branching waveguides 104a to 104c from being coupled to the waveguide again.
- Stray light guide 105a ⁇ 105c Is the wave transmission medium described above, and is disposed in a finite region of the clad portion in the substrate 101. Leakage light generated in the branch waveguides 104a to 104c is emitted to the side surface of the substrate 101 where the input / output waveguides are not formed by the stray light guides 105a to 105c.
- FIG. 6 shows the insertion loss of the 1 ⁇ 4 optical branch circuit.
- the insertion loss between the input waveguide and each output waveguide when light with a wavelength of 1.55 m is incident is shown.
- the insertion loss variation with the stray light guides 105a to 105c is 0.1 dB, and the insertion loss variation without the stray light guide is ldB.
- the stray light guide using the wave transmission medium clearly shows that the leaked light is removed.
- FIG. 7 shows a method for removing leaked light in the MZ type wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit.
- the MZ-type wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit includes an optical power coupler 114a coupled to the input waveguides 112a and 112b, an optical power coupler 114b coupled to the output waveguides 1 13a and 113b, an optical power coupler 114a, and an optical power coupler. It consists of arm waveguides 116a and 116b that couple to 114b.
- leakage light is generated in the MZ type wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit due to axial misalignment and mode mismatch of the optical fiber optically coupled to the input / output waveguide.
- the radiated light or evanescent light generated in the optical power bras 114a and 114b becomes leakage light and recombines with the arm waveguides 116a and 116b and the output waveguides 113a and 113b, thereby degrading crosstalk.
- stray light guides 115a and 115b are installed in order to prevent leakage light generated in the optical power bras 114a and 114b from recombining with the optical waveguide.
- the stray light guides 115a and 115b are the above-described wave transmission media, and are disposed in a finite region of the clad portion in the substrate 111.
- the leakage light generated in the optical power plugs 114a and 114b forms an input / output waveguide of the substrate 111 by the stray light guides 115a and 115b! The light is emitted to the side surface.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show transmission spectra of the MZ type wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit.
- Figure 8A shows the transmission spectrum of the MZ wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit without stray light guide, and the crosstalk is 25 dB.
- FIG. 8B is a transmission spectrum of the MZ wavelength multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit to which the leakage light elimination method according to Example 2 is applied, and the crosstalk is 40 dB.
- the stray light guides 115a and 115b using the wave guide transmission medium clearly indicate that the leakage light is removed.
- the holographic wave transmission medium is an optical component that removes leakage light.
- the conventional optical circuit it is possible to realize an optical functional circuit with good circuit characteristics such as transmission loss and low crosstalk without causing interference between a plurality of output ports.
- the transmission spectrum of the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit shown in FIG. 4 it can be seen that part of the propagating light that should be emitted to the output port b is emitted to the output port a. This is because part of the light transmitted through the wave transmission medium is not output to the specified output port but is output to other output ports due to manufacturing errors when manufacturing the mesh-shaped wave transmission medium. This is because partial forces other than the port also leak.
- the light that is not emitted from the predetermined output port that is, the propagation light that does not contribute to the circuit operation assumed in the design or hinders the circuit operation is referred to as “stray light”.
- the propagating light power to be emitted to the output port b is steeply emitted as stray light to the output port a.
- FIG. 9 shows a method for removing stray light according to Example 3 of the present invention.
- the optical axis 3-12a, b of the output port 3-2 is shifted laterally on the coordinate X with respect to the optical axis 3-11 of the input port 3-1 of the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit.
- the half value of the beam divergence angle of the optical signal incident from the input port 3-1 is assumed to be zero.
- the output port 3-2 is placed outside the intersection of the two lines with an angle ⁇ from the input port 3-1 and the exit surface 2-2 with respect to the optical axis 3-11 of the input port 3-1.
- the propagating light component that does not contribute to the circuit operation assumed in the design is scattered almost straight by the pixels having different refractive indexes, but generally travels straight, so that the optical axis 3 of the output port 3-2.
- the stray light can be eliminated.
- FIG. 10 shows a transmission spectrum of the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to the third example. Compared to the vector shown in Fig. 4, it can be seen that the stray light emitted to the output port a is suppressed. In this way, downsizing can be realized by applying the holographic wave transmission medium, there is no interference between a plurality of output ports, and transmission loss and crosstalk are reduced. It is possible to realize an optical functional circuit having good circuit characteristics, such as a die.
- FIG. 11 shows a method for removing stray light according to Example 4 of the present invention.
- the optical axes 3-12a and b of the output port 3-2 are shifted with respect to the optical axes 3-11 of the input port 3-1.
- Optical axes 3—12a, b make a right angle.
- the refractive index distribution can be calculated along a straight line connecting the input port 3-1 and the output port 3-2.
- the input field and the output field are inclined. Will give.
- FIG. 12 shows a stray light removal method according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- a stray light guide 4 is arranged.
- stray light is considered to be output in the direction of the exit surface 2-2 along the optical axis 3-11 of the input port. Therefore, the stray light guide 4 is arranged so that the stray light around the optical axis 3-11 can be collected and output to the left end of the exit surface 2-2.
- the stray light field at the input end face is obtained by appropriately determining the input end face of the stray light guide. Next, calculation is performed using the algorithm described above along the axis with the input end face as a reference.
- FIG. 13 shows a stray light removal method according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
- an input waveguide 5-1 and an output waveguide 5-2a, b are arranged. Since the optical circuit shown in FIG. 9 has a structural boundary between the input port 3-1 and the output port 3-2 of the wave transmission medium formed in the optical circuit design area 11, Connection with optical fiber is difficult.
- the waveguide 5-1 connected to the input port and the waveguides 5-2a, b connected to the output port are formed on the substrate 1-2 around the optical circuit design region 1-1.
- Optical waveguides 5-1 and 5-2 are linear waveguides that also have the core and surrounding cladding force, and have a structural boundary, so they are connected to optical fibers 6-1 and 6-2. Becomes easy.
- Example 6 Although a straight waveguide is shown in Example 6, the optical waveguide has flexibility in layout. Curved waveguides are also possible. Therefore, the degree of freedom in the positional relationship between the input port and output port of the optical circuit design area 1-1 and the optical fiber increases.
- FIG. 14 shows a method for removing stray light according to Example 7 of the present invention.
- Example 7 is substrate 1
- the optical fiber 6-1 is optically coupled to the input waveguide 5-1 connected to the input port of the optical circuit design region 1 la.
- the optical circuit design area 1-la is, for example, an optical multiplexer / demultiplexer and has two output ports. The output port is connected to the input port of the optical circuit design area 1-lb through the connection waveguides 5-3a, b.
- the optical circuit design area 1-lb is a filter circuit, for example, and has two output ports. The output ports are optically coupled to optical fibers 6-2a and b through output waveguides 5-2a and b, respectively.
- the optical axis of the output port is shifted laterally on the coordinate X with respect to the optical axis of the input port.
- the stray light guide 4 is placed around the input waveguide 5-1 so that stray light generated at the connection between the optical fiber and the input waveguide is not input to the optical circuit design area 1-la, as in the fifth embodiment. — Place two.
- the stray light guide 4 is provided around the waveguides 5-3a and b so that stray light generated at the connection portion between the output port and the waveguide is not input to the optical circuit design region 1-lb. Place three. Stray light guides 44a and b are also arranged around the output waveguide 5-2a and b so that stray light generated at the connection between the output port and the waveguide is not coupled to the optical fiber.
- the optical circuit can be miniaturized by applying a holographic wave transmission medium.
- the optical circuit is miniaturized by applying a holographic wave transmission medium, and the optical axis of the input port and the optical axis of the output port are not matched with each other. By arranging them, it is possible to realize an optical functional circuit having good circuit characteristics such as no interference between a plurality of output ports and low transmission loss and crosstalk.
- Example 8
- leakage light or stray light occurs due to axial misalignment and mode mismatch of the optical fiber optically coupled to the input / output waveguide. Therefore, it is easy to connect an optical waveguide device using a holographic wave transmission medium, and realizes an optical functional circuit with low transmission loss and low crosstalk.
- FIG. 15 shows a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- An optical fiber device is constructed by connecting an optical fiber to the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit shown in Fig. 3 and enclosing it in a package (not shown).
- the end faces of the optical fibers 13a to 13c are coupled to the input port on the incident end face of the wave transmission medium 11 formed on the substrate 10 and the output port on the exit end face.
- the optical fibers 13a to 13c are fixed to the glass blocks 12a to 12c to be fixed, align the substrate 10 and the glass blocks 12a to 12c, and couple to the input / output ports.
- alignment markers 15a to 15c are formed on the substrate 10 based on the coordinates of the input / output ports determined at the time of calculation.
- the alignment markers 15 a to 15 c may be formed with a waveguide core on the substrate 10 or may be formed with metal on the surface of the substrate 10.
- FIG. 16 shows a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 9 of the present invention.
- the waveguide 25a is connected to the input port of the wave transmission medium 21, which is the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit shown in FIG. 3, and the optical waveguides 25b and 25c are connected to the output port.
- wave transmission media 24a to 24c for mode field conversion are formed on the substrate 20 to improve the coupling efficiency between the optical waveguides 25a to 25c and the optical fibers 23a to 23c.
- alignment markers 26a to 26c are used. That is, the alignment markers 26a to 26c are formed on the substrate 20 based on the coordinates of the input / output ports determined at the time of calculation, and the optical fibers 23a to 23c of the opposing glass blocks 22a and 22b are formed. By forming a marker corresponding to the condensing position, alignment can be performed easily.
- FIG. 17 shows the configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 10 of the present invention.
- the difference from the ninth embodiment is the configuration of the wave transmission media 24a to 24c for mode field conversion.
- the wave transmission mediums 24a to 24c of Example 9 have the entire refractive index of the wave transmission medium based on the refractive index (here, binary refractive index) of each of the virtual pixels defined by the virtual mesh. Specific refractive index distribution was determined.
- Example 10 using the above-described general algorithm for determining the spatial refractive index distribution, as shown in FIG. 17, the refractive index is adjusted by modulating the core width of the optical waveguide in the optical axis direction. Determine the rate distribution.
- a method of configuring the core width of the wave transmission medium 24a will be briefly described.
- the phase difference between the field of the signal light input from the optical fiber 23a and the field propagated to the optical fiber 23a of the field obtained by inverting the phase of the desired signal light field output to the wave transmission medium 21.
- the input signal light can be converted into the desired output signal light.
- the phase difference at each position in the optical axis direction is calculated.
- the phase difference is positive, the core width of the optical waveguide is enlarged, and when the phase difference is negative, the core width of the optical waveguide is increased.
- the input signal light can be converted into the desired output signal light by calculating the width of the core of the optical waveguide that minimizes the phase difference by calculation.
- FIG. 18 shows the configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 11 of the present invention.
- the substrate 20 on which the wave transmission medium 21 which is the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit shown in FIG. 3 is formed and the substrate 40 on which the light emitting element 41 and the light receiving element 42 are mounted are coupled to each other, and a package not shown in the figure.
- An optical waveguide device is formed by encapsulating in the above.
- the output port of the wave transmission medium 21 The optical waveguides 25b and 25c are connected to each other to form wave transmission media 27a to 27b to be condensing lenses, and the coupling efficiency with the light emitting element 41 and the light receiving element 42 is improved.
- the alignment markers 26b and 26c are also used to connect the wave transmission media 27a to 27b serving as the condensing lenses to the light emitting element 41 and the light receiving element 42.
- the optical waveguide device can be miniaturized by forming the condenser lens on the substrate as a wave transmission medium.
- it has been necessary to align the optical axis among the light emitting element and the light receiving element, the condensing lens, and the optical multiplexer / demultiplexer. Therefore, the manufacturing process of the optical waveguide device can be shortened.
- FIG. 19 shows a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 12 of the present invention.
- a package (not shown) is formed by combining the substrate 20 on which the wave transmission medium 21 that is the optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit shown in FIG. 3 is formed and the substrate 50 on which, for example, the optical switch 51 and the optical filter 52 are formed.
- An optical waveguide device is formed by encapsulating in the above.
- the optical waveguides 25b and 25c of the substrate 20 and the optical waveguide of the substrate 50 are connected by wave transmission media 24b and 24c for mode field conversion.
- the alignment mar forces 26b and 26c are used for alignment for connection. In this way, the connection between the conventional PLC circuit and the wave transmission medium can be easily made by the alignment marker. According to Examples 8 and 9 and the present example, optical waveguides of various configurations can be used. Devices can be easily combined.
- FIG. 20 shows a configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 13 of the present invention.
- a waveguide 35a is connected to the input port of the wave transmission medium 31 on the substrate 30, and optical waveguides 35b and 35c are connected to the output port.
- wave transmission media 34a to 34c for mode field conversion are formed to improve the coupling efficiency between the optical waveguides 35a to 35c and the input / output optical fibers 33a and 33b.
- Monitor waveguides 36a and 36b are used for connection between wave transmission media 34a to 34c for mode field conversion and optical fibers 33a and 33b for input and output. That is, the substrate 30 has no performance. Based on the coordinates of the input and output ports determined during the calculation, the ports of the monitor waveguides 36a and 36b are formed, and the opposing glass blocks 32a and 32b also correspond to the condensing position of the optical fiber. The alignment optical fibers 33a and 33b are held. By connecting the light source and the optical power meter via the alignment optical fibers 33a and 33b and the monitoring waveguides 36a and 36b, and determining the connection position while measuring the light intensity, the wave for mode field conversion is obtained. It is possible to easily align the transmission media 34a to 34c with the input / output optical fibers 33a and 33b. Example 14
- FIG. 21 shows the configuration of an optical waveguide device including an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing circuit according to Example 14 of the present invention.
- the difference from the thirteenth embodiment is that wave transmission media 34a to 34c for mode field conversion are wave transmission media in which the waveguide width is modulated as in the tenth embodiment.
- Examples 8 to 14 it is possible to easily connect an optical waveguide device to which a holographic wave transmission medium is applied by using an alignment marker or a monitor waveguide formed on the substrate. It becomes.
- FIG. 22 shows a configuration of an optical line termination unit (ONU) according to Embodiment 15 of the present invention.
- NU is a device installed in the subscriber premises of an optical fiber subscriber network, and transmits and receives optical signals to and from the optical line terminating equipment (OLT) on the station side.
- a wavelength of 1.55 / z m is used for the downstream signal of OLT—ONU, and a wavelength of 1.55 / z m is used for the upstream signal of ONU—OLT.
- the ONU combines the upstream signal and the downstream signal with the PD 202 that receives the downstream signal on the PLC board 201, the LD 203 that transmits the upstream signal, the monitor PD 204 that monitors the output light power of the LD 203, and the like. And a WDM filter 205 for wave generation.
- the signal wavelength-multiplexed by the WDM filter 205 is connected to the OLT via the optical fiber 207 fixed to the glass block 206.
- light leaks at the connection point between PD202 and optical waveguide, LD203 and optical waveguide, WDM filter 205 and optical waveguide, and optical fiber 207 and optical waveguide.
- the leakage light removal method described in the above-described embodiment is applied.
- the wave conductors 211 and 212 have the function of a condensing lens, and improve the coupling efficiency between the PD 202 and the optical waveguide, and the LD 203 and the optical waveguide, respectively.
- WDM filters and light As shown in the first and second embodiments, stray light guides 213a and 213b made of wave transmitters are installed at the intersections of the waveguides to prevent the leaked light from being coupled to the optical waveguides again.
- Example 8 for the connection between the PLC substrate 201 and the glass block 206, the tens of force 215a and 215b are used, and for the coupling between the optical fiber 207 and the optical waveguide, Example 9 is used. As shown in Fig. 5, the wave transmission medium 214 for mode field conversion is used.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002552417A CA2552417C (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-01 | Optical functional circuit |
EP05755862.9A EP1764635B1 (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-01 | Optical functional circuit |
JP2006523769A JP4113236B2 (ja) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-01 | 光機能回路 |
US10/584,820 US7580597B2 (en) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-01 | Optical functional circuit |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-197313 | 2004-07-02 | ||
JP2004197313 | 2004-07-02 | ||
JP2004317092 | 2004-10-29 | ||
JP2004-317092 | 2004-10-29 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006004031A1 true WO2006004031A1 (ja) | 2006-01-12 |
Family
ID=35782835
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2005/012186 WO2006004031A1 (ja) | 2004-07-02 | 2005-07-01 | 光機能回路 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7580597B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1764635B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4113236B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100799659B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2552417C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006004031A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007279240A (ja) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-10-25 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光回路 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5071542B2 (ja) * | 2010-09-30 | 2012-11-14 | 住友大阪セメント株式会社 | 光導波路素子 |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS60202553A (ja) * | 1984-03-27 | 1985-10-14 | Nec Corp | 導波路型光ヘツド |
JPH0511135A (ja) * | 1991-07-01 | 1993-01-19 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 光フアイバと光導波路の接続方法 |
JPH10186184A (ja) * | 1996-12-19 | 1998-07-14 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 光バスおよび信号処理装置 |
JPH10332966A (ja) * | 1997-06-03 | 1998-12-18 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光デバイス |
JP2002031731A (ja) * | 1993-08-09 | 2002-01-31 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | ハイブリッド光集積回路 |
US6618535B1 (en) | 2001-04-05 | 2003-09-09 | Nortel Networks Limited | Photonic bandgap device using coupled defects |
JP2003344677A (ja) | 2002-05-29 | 2003-12-03 | Fujitsu Ltd | フォトニック結晶光導波路 |
JP2004046021A (ja) * | 2002-07-15 | 2004-02-12 | Omron Corp | 光導波路装置、光合波分波装置及び光波長多重伝送装置 |
JP2004163731A (ja) | 2002-11-14 | 2004-06-10 | Seiko Epson Corp | 光デバイスおよびその製造方法 |
WO2004059354A1 (ja) * | 2002-12-26 | 2004-07-15 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | 波動伝達媒体および導波回路 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2773990B2 (ja) | 1991-04-15 | 1998-07-09 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 光導波路基板と光ファイバ整列用基板との結合体の製造方法 |
JPH08190028A (ja) | 1995-01-12 | 1996-07-23 | Hitachi Cable Ltd | N×mスプリッタ導波路素子及びその製造方法 |
JP3151699B2 (ja) | 1995-05-18 | 2001-04-03 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 光回路部品の作製方法 |
EP1412791A4 (en) | 2001-07-03 | 2005-08-10 | Univ Brown Res Found | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PROCESSING OPTICAL SIGNALS WITH SUPER GRIDS |
US7116851B2 (en) * | 2001-10-09 | 2006-10-03 | Infinera Corporation | Optical signal receiver, an associated photonic integrated circuit (RxPIC), and method improving performance |
US7489846B2 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2009-02-10 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Photonic crystal sensors |
JP2005352453A (ja) * | 2004-05-12 | 2005-12-22 | Nec Corp | 光ファイバ部品及び光導波路モジュール並びにこれらの製造方法 |
-
2005
- 2005-07-01 KR KR1020067012952A patent/KR100799659B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2005-07-01 US US10/584,820 patent/US7580597B2/en active Active
- 2005-07-01 CA CA002552417A patent/CA2552417C/en active Active
- 2005-07-01 EP EP05755862.9A patent/EP1764635B1/en active Active
- 2005-07-01 WO PCT/JP2005/012186 patent/WO2006004031A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-07-01 JP JP2006523769A patent/JP4113236B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS60202553A (ja) * | 1984-03-27 | 1985-10-14 | Nec Corp | 導波路型光ヘツド |
JPH0511135A (ja) * | 1991-07-01 | 1993-01-19 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 光フアイバと光導波路の接続方法 |
JP2002031731A (ja) * | 1993-08-09 | 2002-01-31 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | ハイブリッド光集積回路 |
JPH10186184A (ja) * | 1996-12-19 | 1998-07-14 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 光バスおよび信号処理装置 |
JPH10332966A (ja) * | 1997-06-03 | 1998-12-18 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光デバイス |
US6618535B1 (en) | 2001-04-05 | 2003-09-09 | Nortel Networks Limited | Photonic bandgap device using coupled defects |
JP2003344677A (ja) | 2002-05-29 | 2003-12-03 | Fujitsu Ltd | フォトニック結晶光導波路 |
JP2004046021A (ja) * | 2002-07-15 | 2004-02-12 | Omron Corp | 光導波路装置、光合波分波装置及び光波長多重伝送装置 |
JP2004163731A (ja) | 2002-11-14 | 2004-06-10 | Seiko Epson Corp | 光デバイスおよびその製造方法 |
WO2004059354A1 (ja) * | 2002-12-26 | 2004-07-15 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | 波動伝達媒体および導波回路 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1764635A4 * |
YABU T. ET AL: "New design method for low loss Y-branch waveguides", THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS GIJUTSU KENKYU HOKOKU, vol. 100, no. 68, 12 May 2000 (2000-05-12), pages 65 - 72, XP002997771 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007279240A (ja) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-10-25 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光回路 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2552417C (en) | 2010-03-09 |
JPWO2006004031A1 (ja) | 2007-08-16 |
US7580597B2 (en) | 2009-08-25 |
KR20060111624A (ko) | 2006-10-27 |
KR100799659B1 (ko) | 2008-01-30 |
EP1764635A1 (en) | 2007-03-21 |
EP1764635B1 (en) | 2018-04-25 |
US20080232736A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
CA2552417A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
JP4113236B2 (ja) | 2008-07-09 |
EP1764635A4 (en) | 2010-08-04 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8346087B2 (en) | Wavelength-division multiplexing for use in multi-chip systems | |
JP5748859B2 (ja) | 光合流分岐器、双方向光伝播器、及び光送受信システム | |
US8320761B2 (en) | Broadband and wavelength-selective bidirectional 3-way optical splitter | |
US20100266295A1 (en) | Optical-signal-path routing in a multi-chip system | |
CA3040880C (en) | Optical circuit board, optical device, and alignment method | |
US9151901B2 (en) | Wavelength-selective path-switching element | |
JP3726062B2 (ja) | 光合分波器 | |
Zhang et al. | Scalable and low crosstalk silicon mode exchanger for mode division multiplexing system enabled by inverse design | |
JP4705067B2 (ja) | 三次元交差導波路 | |
JP4383815B2 (ja) | ホログラフィック波動伝達媒体の製造方法 | |
JP4113236B2 (ja) | 光機能回路 | |
JP6351114B2 (ja) | モード合分波器及びモード合分波器の設計方法 | |
JP2014182213A (ja) | 光素子 | |
JP2006030687A (ja) | 導波路型光合分波回路 | |
WO2007039968A1 (ja) | 光導波路装置 | |
CN100399079C (zh) | 光学功能回路 | |
JP4113161B2 (ja) | 光導波路型スイッチ | |
JP3851314B2 (ja) | 光分岐回路、光送受信回路および光ネットワーク | |
JP2018077356A (ja) | 光変調器および光モジュール | |
JP4069101B2 (ja) | 導波路型光合分波回路 | |
JP2006126658A (ja) | 光導波路デバイス | |
JP5118772B2 (ja) | 光インターコネクト | |
JP2006039053A (ja) | 光機能回路 | |
JP4126268B2 (ja) | アレイ導波路格子型光合分波回路 | |
JP2006039052A (ja) | 光機能回路 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 200580001837.7 Country of ref document: CN |
|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NG NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2006523769 Country of ref document: JP |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1020067012952 Country of ref document: KR |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2552417 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2005755862 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1020067012952 Country of ref document: KR |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: DE |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2005755862 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 10584820 Country of ref document: US |