WO2005087468A1 - 木質成形体の製造方法 - Google Patents
木質成形体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005087468A1 WO2005087468A1 PCT/JP2005/004802 JP2005004802W WO2005087468A1 WO 2005087468 A1 WO2005087468 A1 WO 2005087468A1 JP 2005004802 W JP2005004802 W JP 2005004802W WO 2005087468 A1 WO2005087468 A1 WO 2005087468A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polylactic acid
- fiber
- crystallization
- base material
- temperature
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/002—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres characterised by the type of binder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N5/00—Manufacture of non-flat articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/003—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2311/00—Use of natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29K2201/00 - B29K2309/00, as reinforcement
- B29K2311/14—Wood, e.g. woodboard or fibreboard
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
- B29L2031/3005—Body finishings
- B29L2031/3041—Trim panels
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a molded article containing a woody material as a main component.
- Vehicle interior panels and the like are molded products obtained from a material obtained by processing a wood material, which is a non-petroleum resource, into small pieces such as fibers instead of plastic molded products and adding a binder resin.
- a binder resin used in such a molded body include polyolefin such as polypropylene.
- polyolefins have a high environmental impact because they are produced exclusively from petroleum resources and are often disposed after use.
- a binder resin having a small load on the environment for example, a cellulosic material, a starch-based material, or an aliphatic polyester, which is mainly made of non-petroleum resources (for example, Patent Document 1). See 1. 1.) Above all, polylactic acid, a kind of aliphatic polyester, is expected to be used as a binder resin because it can be mass-produced from non-petroleum resources.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-55871
- polylactic acid While pressing, polylactic acid has a glass transition point around 60 ° C, and at a temperature exceeding the glass transition point, rigidity and the like are greatly reduced. For this reason, it is difficult to use polylactic acid for molded bodies used in parts that may be exposed to high temperatures exceeding 60 ° C, such as vehicle interiors.
- the decrease in rigidity of polylactic acid is due to the flow of the amorphous region at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition point.
- a method of improving the heat resistance of polylactic acid there is a method of increasing the crystalline region in order to reduce the amorphous region.
- One embodiment of the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problem is to form a base material containing wood fiber, polylactic acid fiber, and inorganic filler by pressing at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polylactic acid fiber.
- a method for producing a wooden molded article comprising: a shaping step; and a crystallization step of maintaining a substrate after the forming step at a temperature near a crystallization temperature of the polylactic acid fiber for a predetermined period.
- the entire base material is deformed into a predetermined shape and molded, and at the same time, the polylactic acid fiber is melted, and the polylactic acid fiber is solidified in the crystallization step to form a molded article.
- the crystallization step polylactic acid crystallizes faster and better using the inorganic filler as a nucleating agent.
- polylactic acid is crystallized also from a portion in contact with the wood fiber. Therefore, according to the present production method, it is possible to obtain a woody compact containing polylactic acid that has been better crystallized in a shorter time.
- the temperature around the crystallization temperature is a temperature within the range of the crystallization temperature ⁇ 20 ° C.
- the inorganic filler in the base material is dispersed in the polylactic acid fibers.
- the inorganic filler can be easily and well dispersed in the base material by mixing the polylactic acid fiber with the wood fiber, and the polylactic acid can be more uniformly crystallized in the crystallization step. Can be done.
- the inorganic filler can be easily dispersed by, for example, adding and kneading the polylactic acid before processing the fiber.
- the inorganic filler in the base material is talc. It is preferable that the inorganic filler is a power talc to which a known inorganic filler can be applied, since the time required for the crystallization step can be shortened.
- a base material having a weight ratio of wood fiber: polylactic acid fiber in the range of 7: 3-5: 5 is formed. According to this method, it is possible to obtain a woody molded body having good bonding of woody fibers and exhibiting good rigidity in a shorter crystallization step.
- a publicly-known molded product that is a molded product in which wood fibers are bound by a binder resin and is formed by pressing can be obtained.
- interior panels of vehicles for example, covers for structural parts such as door inner panels, instrument panels, pillars, seats and steering wheels, and interior materials for buildings and other vehicles, linings, It can be used as a structural material for furniture.
- a base material containing a wood fiber, a polylactic acid fiber, and an inorganic filler is used.
- the wood fiber is a fiber obtained from wood materials, and its raw materials include known woods and herbs.
- the wood fiber is preferable if the fiber length is long because the strength and rigidity of the obtained wood molded body can be increased. For this reason, the use of relatively long fibers is preferred in this respect, especially for herbs, where bast plants are preferred.
- Bast plants include, for example, sisal, jute, kenaf, and the like. Particularly, kenaf, which grows quickly, is easy to cultivate, and provides good quality fibers, is preferable.
- Wood fiber is obtained by opening collected grasses or woody plants, and is a long and thin material as a whole.
- the wood fiber is typically a material obtained by fiber opening including a treatment of removing and loosening hemicellulose and the like between fibers.
- it is a material obtained by fiber opening using a chemical such as sulfuric acid or biodegradation.
- a chemical such as sulfuric acid or biodegradation.
- the husk is removed after collection, exposed to water rich in microorganisms such as river water for a predetermined period (letting), and washed to suppress fiber destruction and bond between fibers. Tissue can be degraded and removed.
- the material having reduced fiber-to-fiber bonds can be further mechanically opened with a fleece, air lay, or the like, and used as a substrate.
- the wood fiber obtained by letting has low lignin and hemicellulose and is well maintained in fiber. No.
- the wood fiber thus obtained is not limited, but if its diameter is 16 to 22 m, it is expected that the formability will be improved and the crystallization of polylactic acid will be favorably promoted. Therefore, it is preferable.
- the polylactic acid fiber is a material obtained by forming polylactic acid into a fiber by a known fiberizing method, appropriately crimping the fiber, and cutting it into a desired length.
- the polylactic acid has high crystallinity and is not particularly limited.
- polylactic acid having only D-lactic acid or only L-lactic acid has high crystallinity and is preferable.
- polylactic acid is not limited to polylactic acid in which D and L lactic acids are mixed at an arbitrary ratio, and may appropriately contain a molecular chain portion derived from a hydroxycarboxylic acid other than lactic acid, an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol, and an aliphatic polyhydric hydroxy acid. May be provided.
- Polylactic acid having a degree of crystallinity of 30% or more at a crystallization rate of 100% is preferable because it can exhibit good heat resistance by being crystallized. That is, polylactic acid having a crystallinity of 30% or more and 50% or less at a crystallinity of 100% is preferable. Further, polylactic acid that can easily achieve a crystallinity of 30% or more is more preferable.
- the crystallization ratio of 100% refers to a state in which the entire crystallizable portion of polylactic acid is crystallized! , U.
- the inorganic filler contained in the base material is a known inorganic filler such as calcium carbonate, talc, myriki, synthetic cayic acid, and silica powder. These are not particularly limited, such as granules, cones, needles, and flakes. Also, the size is not particularly limited, and for example, those having a particle diameter in the range of 100 nm-m can be favorably used. Inorganic fillers, especially talc, have a remarkable effect of increasing the crystallization rate by adding an inorganic filler, and are preferred.
- the amount of the inorganic filler to be added is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight based on polylactic acid.
- the amount of the inorganic filler is less than 0.1 wt% relative to polylactic acid, it is difficult to obtain a significant effect on the crystallization rate.
- the effect on the crystallization rate can be obtained even if the amount of the inorganic filler is large, but if the amount is too large, especially if it exceeds 5 wt%, the weight of the molded body increases, or the molded body becomes brittle or weak.
- the base material contains wood fibers, inorganic fillers and other known additives in addition to polylactic acid
- the base material contains 29 wt% or more and 49 wt% or less
- the molded body will This is preferable because it is possible to favorably bind the wood fibers by suppressing the decrease in rigidity of the steel and to increase the crystallization speed.
- the method of producing the base material is not particularly limited, but typically, it is produced by mixing wood fiber and polylactic acid fiber and forming the mixture into a mat shape that maintains a predetermined shape.
- a wood fiber and a polylactic acid fiber are supplied to a stake at a predetermined ratio, and the fiber is opened by an air lay and a web in which the fiber is deposited with a predetermined basis weight is created.
- the base material can be formed by appropriately stacking a plurality of webs and entangled by needle punching or the like.
- the inorganic filler can be applied in a dispersed state by electrostatically attaching it or by preparing a suspension and dipping the fiber mat.
- an inorganic filler is added to the softened polylactic acid at a predetermined ratio. This makes it possible to disperse the inorganic filler in the base material satisfactorily by mixing the polylactic acid fiber with the wood fiber. A predetermined amount is stably maintained without performing any operation.
- the method for producing a wooden molded product according to the present invention includes a molding step and a crystallization step.
- the base material is molded by applying pressure at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polylactic acid fiber.
- the substrate is previously heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point by an oven or the like.
- the mold for molding the substrate is also heated to a temperature lower than the melting point.
- the mold is preferably heated to a temperature in a crystallization step described later, that is, a temperature in the vicinity of the crystallization temperature of the polylactic acid fiber (crystallization temperature ⁇ 20 ° C).
- a substrate heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polylactic acid fiber is set in a mold, and the shape is imparted by pressing.
- pressurization at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polylactic acid fiber may be performed a plurality of times.
- a mat-shaped base material is first heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polylactic acid fiber, pressed between a pair of flat plates to form a flat plate shape, and then heated again to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the polylactic acid fiber.
- pressure may be applied with a mold having the desired shape.
- the crystallization step is performed on the base material after the forming step.
- the polylactic acid in the base material is crystallized by maintaining the base material after the forming step at a temperature near the crystallization temperature of the polylactic acid fiber.
- the crystallization step may be performed by cooling the substrate once and heating it again after the molding step, but typically, the heated substrate is treated as it is after the molding step. As a result, the number of times of heating can be reduced and the working efficiency can be increased.
- the crystallization step can be carried out by taking out the mold force of the base material and putting it into an oven or the like.However, by holding the base material in the mold and performing it, deformation of the molded shape can be avoided. preferable.
- the crystallization process may be performed by transferring to a different mold from the molding process.However, since the substrate is easily cooled when removed from the mold in the molding process, the substrate is held in the mold used in the molding process. It is preferable to carry out.
- the substrate is kept at a temperature near the crystallization temperature of polylactic acid.
- DSC temperature drop measurement constant temperature rate 3 ° CZmin
- the crystallization temperature of pure polylactic acid obtained is about 105 ° C, and about 125 ° C for polylactic acid containing ⁇ % of talc is 100 ° C — Keep at 110 ° C.
- the base material is kept at a temperature of about 100 ° C. to 110 ° C. when the base material is kept at a temperature near the crystallization temperature in advance.
- the base material is heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of polylactic acid in the molding step, for example, to a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher, and is set in a die.
- the temperature drops (pure polylactic acid has a melting point of about 179 ° C).
- the temperature is kept close to the crystallization temperature required in the crystallization step by holding it in the mold as it is. Since the mold is kept at a temperature near the crystallization temperature, preferably at a temperature slightly lower than the crystallization temperature, the temperature of the base material inside the mold can be favorably maintained near the crystallization temperature.
- polylactic acid binds to a higher temperature force using an inorganic filler as a nucleating agent. Crystallize.
- crystallization since crystallization is started at a higher temperature, crystallization can be performed in a state in which the movement of molecular chains is active, crystallization can be rapidly performed in a better arrangement, and the crystallization speed is high.
- the wood fiber and the polylactic acid are in good contact, and the polylactic acid is crystallized more rapidly by this contact. Also, in the presence of wood fibers, polylactic acid crystallizes faster than expected from the simple substance.
- the tip of the wood fiber acts as a crystal nucleating agent.
- the crystallization rate changes depending on the degree of adhesion to wood fibers, it is expected that crystallization will be guided by regulating the arrangement and movement of molecular chains.
- the time required for the crystallization step in the present manufacturing method is short.
- the crystallization step is performed only for the time when the crystallinity of polylactic acid is 30% or more.
- the reaction is performed for a time when the crystallization rate of polylactic acid is sufficiently high, and specifically, it is preferably performed until the crystallization rate becomes almost 100%. Even in this case, for example, it is possible to end in seconds such as within 60 seconds.
- a base in which the weight ratio of wood fiber: polylactic acid to the base material before molding is 7: 3-5: 5, and the ratio of the inorganic filler to polylactic acid is 0.1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less.
- the material is manufactured into a molded article by the present production method, it is preferable to mold the molded substrate so that the density of the molded substrate is 0.5 g / cm 3 or more.
- the base material is cooled to obtain a woody molded body.
- the wooden molded body can be processed into various products by appropriately deburring, skinning, etc.
- the wood molded product obtained by this method has the same degree of crystallinity and has a higher bending strength than a wooden molded product containing no inorganic filler. This is considered to be because the crystal region is formed more uniformly when the crystallization is promoted by the inorganic filler, and the strength of the whole formed body becomes more uniform. In addition, it is considered that the strength of the crystal region itself is also improved as soon as a more regular crystal is formed.
- Example 1 Example 1
- Polylactic acid HMV-8CA manufactured by Nisshinbo Industries, Ltd.
- talc "SG-2000" average particle size 1.0 m, Nippon Talc Co., Ltd.)
- polylactic acid 1 By a known method, it was made into a fiber, crimped, and cut into a length of 5 lmm to obtain a polylactic acid fiber (containing talc) for a base material.
- a kenaf bast fiber fiberized by a known method was cut into a length of 70 mm to obtain a wood fiber for a base material.
- the wood fiber and the polylactic acid fiber are mixed at a weight ratio of 70:30, spread and formed into a sheet-like web, and a plurality of the webs are laminated and punched by a doll.
- the basis weight is 1.6 kgZm 2 .
- a substrate was prepared.
- the base material was sandwiched between two molds on a flat plate together with a spacer having a thickness of 2.5 mm, heated to 230 ° C. and pressed at a pressure of 12 kgZcm 2 for 40 seconds to form a plate.
- the preform was placed in an oven heated to 230 ° C and heated for 150 seconds to bring the inside of the substrate to 210 ° C.
- the basis weight of the molding substrate before the 1. OkgZm 2 the final wood moldings basis weight of 0. 9kgZm 2 of a thickness of 2. 3 mm, except that the apparent density 0. 4gZcm 3, the same procedure as in Example 1 Several wood compacts with different pressurization times were prepared.
- Example 1 except that wood fiber and polylactic acid fiber were mixed at a weight ratio of 50:50, a base material was prepared in the same manner, and a basis weight of 1.5 kgZm 2 and a thickness of 1.5 kgZm 2 were obtained by the same heating and pressing. A plurality of wood compacts having different pressurization times of 2.3 mm and an apparent density of 0.7 gZcm 3 were prepared.
- Example 1 except that wood fiber and polylactic acid fiber were mixed in a weight ratio of 30:70, a base material was prepared in the same manner, and the basis weight was 1.5 kgZm 2 , and the A plurality of wood compacts having different pressurization times of 2.3 mm and an apparent density of 0.7 gZcm 3 were prepared.
- Comparative Example 1 As a comparative example, a base material similar to that of Example 1 was prepared using polylactic acid fibers prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that talc was not added when preparing the polylactic acid fibers. In addition, the basis weight was obtained by heating and pressing in the same manner as in Example 1. A plurality of wood compacts having a thickness of 2.3 mm and an apparent density of 0.7 gZcm 3 with different pressing times were prepared.
- Example 3 The same base material as in Example 3 was prepared using the same polylactic acid fiber as in Comparative Example 1, and the basis weight was 1.5 kgZm 2 , the thickness was 2.3 mm, and the apparent density was 0 by heating and pressing in the same manner as in Example 3. A plurality of wood compacts having different pressurization times of 7 g / cm 3 were prepared.
- Example 4 The same base material as in Example 4 was prepared using the same polylactic acid fiber as in Comparative Example 1, and the basis weight was 1.5 kgZm 2 , the thickness was 2.3 mm, and the apparent density was 0 by heating and pressing in the same manner as in Example 4. A plurality of wood compacts having different pressurization times of 7 g / cm 3 were prepared.
- Example 1 70 30 1.0 0.7 25
- Table 1 in Examples 1 to 4 containing talc, the crystallization ratio reached 100% in less than 1 minute, respectively, whereas in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, each of them reached 3 minutes. I needed more. From this, it was clarified that the crystallization time can be drastically reduced by adding talc to a wood compact including wood fiber using polylactic acid fiber as a binder resin.
- the time of the crystallization step was reduced to about 1/7 to 1/19. It should be noted that 200 minutes is required when only polylactic acid is injection-molded into a board having the same shape as that of the present embodiment and the mold is kept at 100 to 110 ° C, and 10 minutes is required even when talc is added. Therefore, it was suggested that mixing with wood fiber, that is, kenaf fiber, may promote crystallization of polylactic acid.
- Example 2 having an apparent density of 0.4 gZcm 3 has an apparent density of 0.7 gZcm. twice the crystallization time compared to the actual Example 1 which is 3 was required. This suggests that polylactic acid may crystallize more quickly in a state of close contact, particularly in a state of high contact with wood fibers.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN2005800084947A CN1933947B (zh) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-17 | 木质模制品的制造方法 |
DE602005016091T DE602005016091D1 (de) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-17 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines holzformteils |
EP05720989A EP1726418B1 (en) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-17 | Process for producing woody molding |
US10/593,220 US7988905B2 (en) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-17 | Process for producing woody molding |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-076516 | 2004-03-17 | ||
JP2004076516A JP4498783B2 (ja) | 2004-03-17 | 2004-03-17 | 木質成形体の製造方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005087468A1 true WO2005087468A1 (ja) | 2005-09-22 |
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ID=34975417
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2005/004802 WO2005087468A1 (ja) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-17 | 木質成形体の製造方法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7988905B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1726418B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4498783B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1933947B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602005016091D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005087468A1 (ja) |
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JP2008030380A (ja) | 2006-07-31 | 2008-02-14 | Mitsubishi Motors Corp | 合成板 |
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KR100870597B1 (ko) * | 2007-08-03 | 2008-11-25 | 재단법인서울대학교산학협력재단 | 폴리락트산 바이오복합재료 제조방법 및 이에 의한폴리락트산 바이오복합재료 |
JP5194938B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-27 | 2013-05-08 | トヨタ紡織株式会社 | 植物性繊維複合材の製造方法 |
WO2009139508A1 (en) * | 2008-05-16 | 2009-11-19 | Indonesian Institute Of Sciences (Lipi) | Composites of kenaf micro fiber with polypropylene or polylactic acid |
EP2307500B1 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2014-03-05 | Kao Corporation | Biodegradable resin composition |
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WO2011116122A1 (en) * | 2010-03-16 | 2011-09-22 | Andersen Corporation | Sustainable compositions, related methods, and members formed therefrom |
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JP6011343B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-14 | 2016-10-19 | 東レ株式会社 | プレス成型用不織布及びその製造方法並びに成型体の製造方法 |
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- 2005-03-17 DE DE602005016091T patent/DE602005016091D1/de active Active
- 2005-03-17 EP EP05720989A patent/EP1726418B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-03-17 WO PCT/JP2005/004802 patent/WO2005087468A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-03-17 US US10/593,220 patent/US7988905B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1726418A4 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
JP4498783B2 (ja) | 2010-07-07 |
EP1726418A1 (en) | 2006-11-29 |
EP1726418B1 (en) | 2009-08-19 |
US7988905B2 (en) | 2011-08-02 |
CN1933947A (zh) | 2007-03-21 |
DE602005016091D1 (de) | 2009-10-01 |
CN1933947B (zh) | 2012-03-07 |
JP2005262559A (ja) | 2005-09-29 |
US20070176315A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
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