WO2005056505A1 - 芳香族化合物およびそれを用いた有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 - Google Patents
芳香族化合物およびそれを用いた有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005056505A1 WO2005056505A1 PCT/JP2004/018485 JP2004018485W WO2005056505A1 WO 2005056505 A1 WO2005056505 A1 WO 2005056505A1 JP 2004018485 W JP2004018485 W JP 2004018485W WO 2005056505 A1 WO2005056505 A1 WO 2005056505A1
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- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
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- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- -1 styrylamine compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 48
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- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 4
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001615 alkaline earth metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 125000000319 biphenyl-4-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C1=C([H])C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
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- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YRZZLAGRKZIJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxyvanadium phthalocyanine Chemical compound [V+2]=O.C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 YRZZLAGRKZIJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-methylisopropylbenzene Natural products CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JQQSUOJIMKJQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaphenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=C4C=C5C=CC=CC5=CC4=C3C=C12 JQQSUOJIMKJQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- FVDOBFPYBSDRKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid Chemical compound C=12C3=CC=C(C(O)=O)C2=C(C(O)=O)C=CC=1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C2=C1C3=CC=C2C(=O)O FVDOBFPYBSDRKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004033 porphyrin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazol-3-one Chemical class O=C1C=CN=N1 JEXVQSWXXUJEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003219 pyrazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940042055 systemic antimycotics triazole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JWJVZCNJVZZHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1.CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JWJVZCNJVZZHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- KWQNQSDKCINQQP-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)gallane Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O[Ga](OC=3C4=NC=CC=C4C=CC=3)OC=3C4=NC=CC=C4C=CC=3)=CC=CC2=C1 KWQNQSDKCINQQP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000003866 trichloromethyl group Chemical group ClC(Cl)(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000876 trifluoromethoxy group Chemical group FC(F)(F)O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTPBWAPZAJWXKY-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;quinolin-8-olate Chemical compound [Zn+2].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 HTPBWAPZAJWXKY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C13/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing rings other than, or in addition to, six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C13/28—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof
- C07C13/32—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings
- C07C13/54—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings with three condensed rings
- C07C13/547—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings with three condensed rings at least one ring not being six-membered, the other rings being at the most six-membered
- C07C13/567—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings with three condensed rings at least one ring not being six-membered, the other rings being at the most six-membered with a fluorene or hydrogenated fluorene ring system
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- C07C15/20—Polycyclic condensed hydrocarbons
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- C07C15/28—Anthracenes
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C25/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C25/18—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C25/22—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons with condensed rings
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C25/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C25/24—Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with unsaturated side chains
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
- H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/321—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3]
- H10K85/324—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3] comprising aluminium, e.g. Alq3
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
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- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/626—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing more than one polycyclic condensed aromatic rings, e.g. bis-anthracene
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
- C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
- C07C2603/04—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings
- C07C2603/22—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing only six-membered rings
- C07C2603/24—Anthracenes; Hydrogenated anthracenes
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1044—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing two nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms
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- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1074—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing more than three nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms
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- H10K2102/10—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene
- H10K2102/101—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO]
- H10K2102/103—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO] comprising indium oxides, e.g. ITO
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel aromatic compound and an organic electroluminescent device having a high luminous efficiency and a long luminance half-life. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel aromatic compound having a specific structure, and an organic compound having a specific structure.
- the present invention relates to a material for an electroluminescent device, a luminescent organic solution containing the aromatic compound, and an organic electroluminescent device emitting light by applying an electric field to a laminated thin film containing the aromatic compound.
- display elements having high performance have been required.
- display elements can be divided into light-emitting display elements and non-light-emitting display elements.
- Emission-type display elements include cathode ray tubes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and non-light-emitting display elements are liquid crystal display elements. and so on.
- Indices indicating the basic performance of a display element include operating voltage, power consumption, brightness, contrast, response time, lifetime, and display color.
- One of the non-emissive display devices is the most widely used at present because of its light weight and low power consumption. However, characteristics such as response time, contrast, and viewing angle have not reached satisfactory levels, and there is still much room for improvement.
- an organic electroluminescent element (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as EL) is attracting attention.
- EL organic electroluminescent element
- the organic EL element is classified into an inorganic EL element and an organic EL element according to a material for forming a light emitting layer.
- the organic EL element has an advantage that it can be multicolored by being superior in luminance, driving voltage and response speed characteristics compared to the inorganic EL element!
- an organic EL element also includes a light emitting layer and a pair of opposing electrode forces sandwiching the light emitting layer.
- Non-Patent Document 1 In light emission, when an electric field is applied between both electrodes, electrons are injected from the cathode side, and holes are injected from the anode side. Further, the electrons recombine with holes in the light emitting layer to generate an excited state, and emit energy as light when the excited state returns to the ground state.
- An organic EL device using a low molecular aromatic diamine and aluminum complex as materials for forming a light emitting layer was reported. (For example, see Non-Patent Document 1).
- luminescent materials such as coumarin derivatives, tetraphenylbutadiene derivatives, bisstyrylarylene derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, and the like are known, and they can emit light in the visible region up to blue light and red. It has been reported that the realization of a color display element is expected (for example, see Patent Documents 13 to 13). Further, an organic EL device using an anthracene conjugate or a derivative thereof has also been proposed (for example, see Patent Document 413). However, there has been a demand for a higher efficiency ridge with lower luminous efficiency.
- Patent Document 4 discloses an anthracene ligated product represented by the following formula (a)
- Patent Document 8 discloses an anthracene ligated product represented by the following formula (b)! RU
- Patent Document 9 discloses a compound represented by the following formula (c). Discloses a compound represented by the following formula (d), and Patent Document 7 discloses a compound represented by the following formula (e). [0005] [Formula 2]
- Patent Document 5 discloses a compound represented by the following formula (f)
- Patent Document 11 discloses a compound represented by the following formula (g)
- Patent Document 12 discloses a compound represented by the following formula (h)
- Patent Document 13 discloses a compound represented by the following formula (i).
- the anthracene conjugate was a poorly soluble compound due to the high planarity of the side chains, and the EL performance was not sufficient.
- polymers such as poly (p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) and poly (2-methoxy-5- (2'-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4 phenylenevinylene) are used as materials for forming the light emitting layer.
- An organic electroluminescent device using GaN has been announced (for example, see Non-Patent Document 2).
- soluble PPV has been developed into which functional groups capable of improving the solubility characteristics in organic solvents have been introduced.
- a solution containing the soluble PPV or a derivative thereof by wet coating by a method such as spin coating or ink jetting, a light emitting layer can be formed, and a device can be easily obtained.
- the organic electronic light-emitting device can emit light up to a green color and orange.
- the luminescent low-molecules known to date are often insoluble, and the luminescent layer is usually formed by vacuum evaporation.
- the vacuum evaporation method has many problems such as a complicated process and a large-sized evaporation apparatus. So, as mentioned above, There has been a demand for easy film formation of devices by wet film formation even with low molecular compounds.
- the luminescent small molecule has the advantage that it can be easily synthesized with a shorter synthetic route than the PPV and can be purified to a high purity by a known technique such as column chromatography. Attempts were made to use soluble low molecular weight compounds.However, after wet film formation, crystallization and the like resulted in pinholes in the thin film. Films have been formed in a form dispersed in binder resin and the like. However, since the binder resin is electrically inactive, the light emission performance may be hindered.
- a soluble light-emitting compound can be formed into a wet film, a light-emitting layer can be obtained with high quality, and an element obtained from the soluble light-emitting compound has high luminous efficiency. Further, at the current level, there is a demand for a significant improvement in which the life of the element is short.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-239655
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-7-138561
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-3-200289
- Patent Document 4 U.S. Pat.No. 5,935,721
- Patent Document 5 JP-A-8-012600
- Patent Document 6 JP-A-2000-344691
- Patent Document 7 JP-A-11 323323
- Patent Document 8 U.S. Pat.No. 5,972,247
- Patent Document 9 JP-A-11-3782
- Patent Document 10 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-329732
- Patent Document 11 JP 2001-335516 A
- Patent Document 12 JP-A-10-294179
- Patent Document 13 U.S. Pat.No. 5,077,142
- Non-patent Document l Appl.Phys. Lett. 51, 913, 1987
- Non-patent document 2 Nature, 347, 539, 1990 & Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 1982, 1991 Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has a high luminous efficiency and a half life of luminance. It is intended to provide a compound for obtaining an organic EL device having a long length. Another object of the present invention is to provide a material for an organic EL device applicable not only to vacuum deposition but also to various wet film formation methods.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to achieve the above object. As a result, when a novel aromatic compound having an anthracene structure is used as a luminescent material, the luminescent efficiency is high and the luminance half life is long. It has been found that an organic EL device can be manufactured. We also found that this new aromatic compound has high solubility in organic solvents and can be applied to wet film forming processes such as spin coating. The invention has been completed based on strong knowledge.
- the present invention provides an aromatic compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- R 1 to R 14 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, a carbon number 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group, 1-140 substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, 6-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and 3-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl group substituted to show the heteroaryl group force chosen group.
- the present invention also provides a luminescent organic solution containing the aromatic compound, and a material for an organic electroluminescent device having the aromatic compound.
- the present invention provides an organic electroluminescent device having at least one organic thin film layer having at least a light-emitting layer between a cathode and an anode, wherein at least one of the organic thin film layers is formed of the aromatic thin film.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an organic electroluminescent device containing an organic electroluminescent device which also has a compound power. The invention's effect
- an organic EL device having high luminous efficiency and long luminance half life.
- a material for an organic EL device applicable to various wet film formation methods as well as vacuum deposition.
- novel aromatic compound of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (1).
- R 1 and R 14 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and 2 to 40 carbon atoms.
- a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 1 carbon atom
- Substituted heteroaryl group power Indicates the selected group.
- R 9 One is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1Q and R 14 has 6 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 6—24 substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
- no and logen atoms examples include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms include methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, sec-butyl, tert Butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 3,7-dimethyloctyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl, 2- Examples thereof include an adamantyl group, a norbornyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trichloromethyl group, a benzyl group, a ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl group, a 2-phenylethyl group and a 1-phenylethyl group.
- substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms include a vinyl group, a propyl group, a butyr group, an oleyl group, an eicosapentaethyl group, a docosahexayl group And 2,2-diphenyl-rubber groups, 1,2,2-triphenyl-vinyl groups, 2-phenyl-2-phenyl-vinyl groups, and the like.
- substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms include an ethynyl group, a methylethyl group, and a ferrule group.
- substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms include methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propyloxy, 2-propyloxy, 1-butyloxy, 2-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, tert-butyloxy.
- substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms include a fur group, a 2-biphenyl group, a 3-biphenyl group, a 4-biphenyl group, a terphenyl group Group, 3, 5—Ziff Phenolic, 3,4-diphenyl, pentaphenyl, 4- (2,2-diphenyl) phenyl, 4- (1,2) 2-triphenyl) phenyl, fluorenyl, 1 naphthyl, 2 naphthyl, 9 anthryl, 2 anthryl, 9-phenanthryl, 1-pyrenyl, chrysenyl, naphthacetyl And cholesterol groups.
- substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms include furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, oxadiazole, pyridin, pyrazine, triazine, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, benzothienephene, dibenzen. Residues such as zothiophene and carbazole and the like.
- R 1 to R 14 are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, and a 3 to 40 carbon atom.
- Heteroaryl group A compound that is the selected group is more preferable, and R 1 to R 14 are preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms.
- R 1 —R 14 is also a group selected from a hydrogen atom and an aryl group having 6-40 carbon atoms, most preferably R 11 —R 13
- R 1Q and R 14 is a hydrogen atom and the other is a hydrogen atom.
- Examples of the aromatic compound represented by the above general formula (1) include the following.
- the element structure of the organic EL element of the present invention has a structure in which one or more organic layers are laminated between electrodes, and examples thereof include (anode Z light-emitting layer Z cathode) and (anode Z hole Injection or transport layer Z emission layer Z electron injection or transport layer Z cathode), (anode Z hole injection or transport layer Z emission layer Z cathode) and (anode Z emission layer Z electron injection or transport layer Z cathode) Structure.
- the aromatic compound of the present invention may be used in any of the above organic layers. , A hole transporting material, a light emitting material, and an electron transporting material. Further, the aromatic compound of the present invention may be used alone or as a component of a mixture.
- Hole Injection As a Z transport material, it has the ability to transport holes, has the hole injection effect of the anode cap, has an excellent hole injection effect on the light emitting layer or the light emitting material, and is generated in the light emitting layer. It is preferable to use a compound which prevents the excitons from moving to the electron injection layer or the electron injection material and has excellent thin film forming ability.
- phthalocyanine derivatives naphthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, oxazoles, oxaziazoles, triazoles, imidazoles, imidazolones, imidazolethiones, pyrazolines, pyrazolones, tetrahydroimidazoles, oxazoles, oxaziazoles, hydrazones, acyleshydrazones, polyarylalkanes.
- Stilbene butadiene, benzidine-type triphenylamine, styrylamine-type triphenylamine, diamine-type triphenylamine and derivatives thereof, polymers such as polybutylcarbazole and polysilane, and polyethylenedioxythiophene Zpolystyrene.
- Sulfonic acid PDOTZPSS
- PANIZC Polyaline Z camphorsulfonic acid
- Examples thereof include polymer materials such as conductive polymers typified by (SA), but are not limited thereto.
- SA conductive polymers
- more effective hole injection materials are aromatic tertiary amine derivatives and phthalocyanine derivatives.
- aromatic tertiary amine derivatives include: triphenylamine, tritolylamine, tolyldiphenylamine, N, N'-diphenyl-N, N '-(3-methylphenyl) -1,1,1-biphenyl-amine.
- phthalocyanine (p c ) derivative examples include HPc, CuPc, CoPc, NiPc, ZnPc
- phthalocyanine derivatives such as TiOPc, MoOPc, GaPc—O—GaPc and naphthalocyanine derivatives are not limited thereto.
- the Z transport material has the ability to transport electrons, has the effect of injecting electrons from the cathode, has an excellent electron injection effect on the light emitting layer or the light emitting material, and has the excitation generated in the light emitting layer.
- Compounds that prevent the transfer of electrons to the hole injection layer and have excellent thin film forming ability are preferred. Specific examples include fluorenone, anthraquinodimethane, diphenoquinone, thiopyrandioxide, oxazole, oxaziazole, triazole, imidazole, perylenetetracarboxylic acid, fluorenylidenemethane, anthraquinodimethane, anthrone, and derivatives thereof. Power is not limited to these.
- the charge injecting property can be improved by adding an electron accepting substance to the hole injecting material and an electron donating substance to the electron injecting material.
- more effective electron injecting materials are a metal complex compound and a nitrogen-containing five-membered ring derivative.
- the metal complex compound include 8-hydroxyquinolinatolithium, bis (8-hydroxyquinolinato) zinc, bis (8-hydroxyquinolinato) copper, bis (8-hydroxyquinolinato) manganese, tris ( 8-Hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum, tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) gallium, bis (10-hydroxybenzo [h] quinolinato) beryllium, bis (10 —Hydroxybenzo [h] quinolinato) zinc, bis (2-methyl-8 quinolinato) chloride, gallium, bis (2-methyl-8 quinolinato) (o cresolate) gallium, bis (2-methinole 8 quinolinato) (1 naphtholate) aluminum, Bis (2-methyl-8 quinolinate) (2 naphtholate) gully Beam and the like, but not limited
- oxazole, thiazole, oxaziazole, thiadiazole and triazole derivatives are preferable. Specific examples of these include 2,5-bis (1-phenyl) -1,3,4-year-old oxazole, dimethyl POPOP, 2,5-bis (1-phenyl) 1,3,4 thiazole , 2,5-bis (1-phenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2- (4 'tert-butylphenol) -5- (4'biphenyl) 1,3,4 oxadiazole, 2 , 5 bis (1 naphthyl) -1,3,4 oxaziazole, 1,4 bis [2— (5 Oxaziazolyl)] benzene, 1,4-bis [2- (5-Fe-oxaxazolyl) 4 tert-butylbenzene], 2- (4 'tert-butylphenyl) -5- (4'-biphen
- the electron injection layer is made of an insulator or a semiconductor, current leakage can be effectively prevented, and electron injection properties can be improved.
- an insulator it is preferable to use at least one metal compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal lucogenide, alkaline earth metal chalcogenide, alkali metal halide, and alkaline earth metal halide.
- the electron injection layer is made of such an alkali metal chalcogenide or the like, since the electron injection property can be further improved.
- Specific examples of preferred alkali metal chalcogenides include, for example, Li 0, LiO, Na
- Preferred alkali metal halides include, for example, LiF, NaF, KF, LiCl, KCl, and NaCl.
- Preferred alkaline earth metal halides include, for example, fluorides such as CaF, BaF, SrF, MgF and BeF, and other than fluorides.
- the semiconductor constituting the electron transport layer includes at least one atom selected from Ba, Ca, Sr, Yb, Al, Ga, In, Li, Na, Cd, Mg, Si, Ta, Sb, and Zn. Oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, and the like, may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the inorganic compound constituting the electron transport layer is preferably a microcrystalline or amorphous insulating thin film. If the electron transport layer is composed of these insulating thin films, a more uniform thin film is formed, so that pixel defects such as dark spots can be reduced. Examples of such inorganic compounds include the above-mentioned alkali metal chalcogenides, alkaline earth metal chalcogenides, alkali metal halides and alkaloids. Potassium earth metal halides are exemplified.
- the electron injection layer may contain a reducing dopant having a work function of 2.9 eV or less.
- a reducing dopant is defined as a substance that can reduce an electron transporting compound. Therefore, various substances having a certain reducing property are used, for example, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals, oxides of alkali metals, halides of alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals.
- preferable reducing dopants include Na (work function: 2.36 eV), K (work function: 2.28 eV), Rb (work function: 2.16 eV) and Cs (work function: 1). .95eV) force group force at least one alkali metal selected, Ca (work function: 2.9 eV), Sr (work function: 2.0-2.5 eV), and Ba (work function: 2.52 eV) At least one alkaline earth metal selected from those selected from the group consisting of those having a work function of 2.9 eV or less is particularly preferable.
- more preferred reducing dopants are at least one alkali metal selected from the group consisting of K, Rb and Cs, further preferred are Rb and Cs, and most preferred is Cs.
- a combination of these two or more kinds of alkali metals is also preferable.
- a combination containing Cs, for example, Cs and Na, Cs It is preferable to use a combination of K, Cs and Rb or Cs, Na and ⁇ .
- the light emitting layer may be doped with a fluorescent dye! ⁇ .
- the doping concentration is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 20% by mass.
- the fluorescent dye examples include perylene derivatives, rubrene derivatives, coumarin derivatives, disyanomethylenepyran derivatives, and stilbene derivatives.
- Known fluorescent dyes such as a conductor, a tristyrylarylene derivative, and a distyrylarylene derivative can be used.
- a preferred fluorescent dye is a distyrylarylene derivative, and more preferably an arylamino substituted distyrylarylene derivative.
- a material having a work function of more than 4 eV is suitable, and carbon, aluminum, vanadium, iron, cono- lt, nickel, tungsten, silver, gold, Platinum, rhodium and their alloys, metal oxides such as tin oxide and indium oxide used for ITO and NESA substrates, and organic conductive resins such as polythiophene and polypyrrole are used.
- the conductive material used for the cathode those having a work function of less than 4 eV are suitable, such as magnesium, calcium, tin, lead, titanium, yttrium, lithium, lithium, manganese, aluminum, and the like.
- the force at which the alloy is used is not limited to these.
- the alloys include, but are not limited to, magnesium Z silver, magnesium Z indium, lithium Z aluminum and the like.
- the ratio of the alloy is controlled by the temperature, atmosphere, degree of vacuum, and the like of the evaporation source, and is selected as an appropriate ratio.
- the anode and the cathode may be formed of two or more layers if necessary.
- the organic EL device it is desirable that at least one surface is sufficiently transparent in the emission wavelength region of the device in order to efficiently emit light. It is also desirable that the substrate is transparent.
- the transparent electrode is set so as to secure a predetermined translucency by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering using the above conductive material. It is desirable that the electrodes on the light emitting surface have a light transmittance of 10% or more.
- the substrate is not limited as long as it has mechanical and thermal strength and transparency, but a glass substrate and a transparent resin film are preferable.
- Transparent resin films include polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-butyl alcohol copolymer, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, nylon, Polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkylbutylether copolymer, polybutylfluoride, tet Lafluoroethylene Ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polychlorinated trifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyester, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyimide, Polypropylene and the like can be mentioned.
- Each organic layer of the organic EL device of the present invention is formed by a dry film forming method such as vacuum evaporation, sputtering, plasma, or ion plating, or a wet forming method such as spin coating, dive, casting, roll coating, flow coating, and ink jet. Any of the membrane methods can be applied.
- the film thickness is not particularly limited, but needs to be set to an appropriate film thickness. In general, if the film thickness is too thin, pinholes and the like may occur, and sufficient luminous brightness may not be obtained even when an electric field is applied. Normally, the film thickness is more preferably in the range of 5 nm to 10 m, and the force is more preferably in the range of 10 nm to 0.2 m, since this is necessary and the efficiency is deteriorated.
- a material for forming each layer is dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate solvent to prepare a luminescent organic solution to form a thin film, and any solvent may be used.
- the solvent include halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotonolene, dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane.
- Alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanole, hexanol, cyclohexanol, methinoreserosonosoleb, alcohol solvents such as ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and benzene.
- hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, hexane, octane, decane and tetralin, and ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and amyl acetate.
- hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and dioxane and ether solvents are preferred. These solvents may be used alone or in a combination of two or more. The solvents that can be used are not limited to these.
- a suitable resin additive may be used for improving film forming properties, preventing pinholes in the film, and the like.
- Resins that can be used include polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, and polysulfate.
- Insulating resin such as ON, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, cellulose and their copolymers, photoconductive resin such as poly N-vinylcarbazole and polysilane, and conductive such as polythiophene and polypyrrole Fats and the like.
- the additives include an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, and a plasticizer.
- a protective layer is provided on the surface of the device, or the entire device is protected by silicone oil, resin, or the like. It is also possible.
- Compound (A4) was synthesized by the following synthetic route.
- the obtained reaction mixture was diluted with 100 mL of water and 300 mL of toluene, and insolubles were removed by filtration with Celite.
- the organic layer was separated from the filtrate, washed with 50 mL of a saturated saline solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off to obtain a dark red oil.
- the obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (A) by NMR and FDMS (field desorption mass analysis). The measurement results of NMR and FDMS are shown below.
- the obtained reaction mixture was quenched with 50 mL of a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, the organic layer was separated, washed with 50 mL of a saturated saline solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off to obtain a red oil. .
- the obtained reaction mixture was separated by filtration, washed with water and methanol, and dried to obtain a pale yellow solid.
- the obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (A4) by NMR, FDMS, and the like. The measurement results such as NMR and FDMS are shown below.
- Ip indicates the ionization potential
- Eg indicates the energy gap
- Tg indicates the glass transition temperature (the same applies to the following).
- the resulting reaction mixture was quenched with 50 mL of a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, the organic layer was separated, washed with 50 mL of saturated saline, dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off to obtain a pale yellow solid.
- This was washed with a mixed solvent of hexane: dichloromethane 1: 1 (volume ratio) to obtain 4.Og (76% yield) of a white solid compound.
- the obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (A50) by NMR. The NMR measurement results are shown below.
- Compound (A6) was synthesized by the following synthetic route.
- the obtained reaction mixture was quenched with 50 mL of a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, the organic layer was separated, washed with 50 mL of saturated saline, dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off to obtain a yellow oil.
- the obtained reaction mixture was separated by filtration, washed with water and methanol in that order, and dried to obtain a pale yellow solid. This was purified by column chromatography (filled with silica gel). Purification was performed by eluting with a mixed solvent of hexane and 20% by mass dichloromethane. By this purification, 1. Og (97% yield) of a pale yellow solid was obtained.
- the obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (A6) by ' ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ MR and FDMS. The measurement results of NMR and FDMS are shown below.
- Compound (A7) was synthesized by the following synthetic route.
- the obtained reaction mixture was quenched with 50 mL of a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, the organic layer was separated, washed with 50 mL of a saturated saline solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off to obtain a yellow oil. .
- the obtained reaction mixture was separated by filtration, washed with water and methanol in that order, and dried to obtain a pale yellow solid. This was purified by column chromatography (filled with silica gel). Purification was performed by eluting with a mixed solvent of hexane and 20% by mass dichloromethane. By this purification, 1.Og (yield 79%) was obtained as a pale yellow solid compound.
- the obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (A7) by 1 NMR, FDMS, and the like. The measurement results such as NMR and FDMS are shown below.
- the obtained reaction mixture was filtered, washed with water and methanol in that order, and dried. A pale yellow solid was obtained. This was purified by column chromatography (filled with silica gel). Purification was performed by eluting with a mixed solvent of hexane and 33% by mass of dichloromethane. By this purification, 4.3 g (yield 90%) of a pale yellow solid compound was obtained. The obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (B1) by 1 NMR and FDMS. The measurement results such as NMR and FDMS are shown below.
- Compound (B5) was synthesized by the following synthetic route.
- the obtained reaction mixture was quenched with 50 mL of a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, the organic layer was separated, washed with 50 mL of a saturated saline solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off to obtain a yellow oil. .
- the obtained reaction mixture was separated by filtration, washed with water and methanol in that order, and dried to obtain a pale yellow solid.
- the obtained compound was confirmed to be the above compound (B5) by 1 NMR and FDMS. The measurement results such as NMR and FDMS are shown below.
- a 25 mm ⁇ 75 mm ⁇ 1.1 mm thick glass substrate with an ITO transparent electrode (manufactured by Geomatic) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, and then to UV ozone cleaning for 30 minutes.
- the glass substrate with the transparent electrode lines after washing is mounted on the substrate holder of the vacuum evaporation apparatus, and first, the N, with a film thickness of 60 nm is covered on the surface where the transparent electrode lines are formed so as to cover the transparent electrodes.
- N'bis (N, N'-diphenyl-4aminobiphenyl) -N, N-j8-naphthyl-4,4'diamino-1,1'-biphenyl film (TPD232 film) was formed.
- This TPD232 film functions as a hole injection layer.
- a 20 nm-thick N, N, ⁇ ', N'-tetrakis (4-biphenyl) 4,4'-benzidine film was formed on the TPD232 film.
- This BPTPD film functions as a hole transport layer.
- the compound (# 6) and the following doping material (PAVB) were co-deposited on the BPTPD film at a deposition rate ratio of 40: 2 to form a film having a thickness of 40 nm.
- This film functions as a light emitting layer.
- a tris (hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq) film having a thickness of lOnm was formed. This Alq film functions as an electron injection layer.
- Li Li source: manufactured by SAES Getter Co.
- Alq Li film (thickness lOnm) as an electron injection layer (cathode).
- A1 was vapor-deposited on this Alq: Li film to form a metal cathode, thereby producing an organic EL device.
- This device 1. 2mAZcm 2 current flows in the DC voltage 5. 6V, blue emission 99CdZm 2 was observed. The CIE chromaticity coordinates at this time were (0.15, 0.29).
- Luminous efficiency is 8.2 cd / A, 4.71 m / W Met.
- Example 7 a device was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the compound shown in Table 1 was used instead of the compound (A6), and a DC voltage was applied in the same manner as in Example 7! Then, the luminous efficiency and the luminance half life were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a 25 mm ⁇ 75 mm ⁇ 1.1 mm thick glass substrate with an ITO transparent electrode (manufactured by Geomatic) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes, and then to UV ozone cleaning for 30 minutes.
- a polyethylene film used for the hole injection layer by spin coating is formed to a film thickness of 100 nm with a thickness of 100 nm, and then compound (A6) and the above Using a 1% by mass toluene solution of PAVB, a light emitting layer was formed on PEDOT / PSS by a spin coating method. At this time, the film thickness was 50 nm.
- Alq film a tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum film (hereinafter abbreviated as “Alq film”) having a film thickness of lOnm was formed.
- Alq film functions as an electron injection layer.
- Li Li source: manufactured by SAES Getter Co.
- Alq which are reductive dopants, were binary-deposited to form an Alq: Li film as an electron injection layer (negative electrode).
- a metal A1 was deposited on this Alq: Li film to form a metal cathode, and an organic EL device was manufactured.
- A1 is deposited on this Alq: Li film to form a metal cathode, An organic EL device was manufactured.
- a device was prepared in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the compound (A6) was replaced with the compound shown in Table 1 in Example 13, and a DC voltage was applied as in Example 13 to emit light. The efficiency and luminance half life were measured. Table 2 shows the results.
- An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 13, except that the following compound (e) described in JP-A-11-323323 was used instead of the compound (A6).
- the luminous efficiency of this device was 6.8 cdZA, and the luminance half life from 500 cdZm 2 was 150 hours, which was short.
- Example 13 a spin-coating solution in which the solubility in toluene was 0.1% by mass or less and the solubility was extremely low when the following compound (g) described in JP-A-2001-335516 was used instead of the compound (A6) could not be prepared.
- the organic EL device of the present invention can be suitably used for a flat light-emitting body such as a flat panel display, a light source such as a copying machine, a printer, a backlight of a liquid crystal display or an instrument, a display board, a sign lamp and the like.
- a flat light-emitting body such as a flat panel display, a light source such as a copying machine, a printer, a backlight of a liquid crystal display or an instrument, a display board, a sign lamp and the like.
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- 2004-12-10 CN CNA2004800374818A patent/CN1894179A/zh active Pending
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WO2007127078A1 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2007-11-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electroluminescent device including an anthracene derivative |
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JP2009081265A (ja) * | 2007-09-26 | 2009-04-16 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 有機薄膜トランジスタ |
US8525156B2 (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2013-09-03 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Organic thin film transistor having an amorphous channel control layer with specified inozation potential |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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TW200527941A (en) | 2005-08-16 |
CN1894179A (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
EP1695952A1 (en) | 2006-08-30 |
KR20060134956A (ko) | 2006-12-28 |
US20070106103A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
JP2005170911A (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
EP1695952A4 (en) | 2007-09-05 |
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