WO2005021430A1 - カーボンナノウォールの製造方法、カーボンナノウォールおよび製造装置 - Google Patents
カーボンナノウォールの製造方法、カーボンナノウォールおよび製造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005021430A1 WO2005021430A1 PCT/JP2004/012406 JP2004012406W WO2005021430A1 WO 2005021430 A1 WO2005021430 A1 WO 2005021430A1 JP 2004012406 W JP2004012406 W JP 2004012406W WO 2005021430 A1 WO2005021430 A1 WO 2005021430A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/18—Nanoonions; Nanoscrolls; Nanohorns; Nanocones; Nanowalls
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00186—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the composition of the reactive mixture
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0835—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes substantially flat
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0871—Heating or cooling of the reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0892—Materials to be treated involving catalytically active material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a structure mainly composed of carbon and having a predetermined fine structure, an apparatus used for the method, and a plasma processing apparatus.
- a structure mainly composed of carbon and having a predetermined fine structure is known.
- Such carbon nanostructures include fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
- Patent Document 1 describes a carbon nanostructure called carbon nanowalls. In Patent Document 1, for example, a microwave is applied to a mixture of CH
- Patent Document 2 relates to a technique for forming a thin film or performing fine processing by injecting radicals into plasma.
- Patent Document 3 relates to a technique for measuring the concentration of radicals. Recently, there has been known a plasma processing apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate by using a plasma of a source gas or etching a substrate by using a plasma of a reactive gas.
- Patent Document 1 U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003Z0129305
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-9-137274
- Patent document 3 JP-A-10-102251
- Patent Document 1 discloses that carbon nanowalls are formed on a silicon substrate by plasma, but the carbon nanowalls are not formed unless a metal catalyst is coated on the silicon substrate.
- CF and CHF gases are used to form carbon nanowalls on a silicon substrate by plasma.
- Patent Document 2 discloses formation of a diamond thin film, but does not disclose formation of carbon nanowalls.
- a gas containing carbon and fluorine for example, CF
- one object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing carbon nanowalls. Another object of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing apparatus suitable for performing such a manufacturing method. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing carbon nanowalls in which properties and Z or properties can be easily controlled. Another object of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing apparatus suitable for implementing a powerful manufacturing method. Yet another object is to provide a novel structure of oriented carbon nanowalls. Another object is to provide a carbon nanowall having no metal catalyst.
- Still another object is to provide a plasma processing apparatus capable of performing high-precision processing used for forming a thin film using plasma and assing and etching.
- the purposes of these inventions are each achieved individually by each invention, and should not be construed as saying that each invention fulfills all the objects at the same time.
- carbon nanotubes can be produced by supplying radicals from outside the plasma atmosphere into a plasma atmosphere in which a raw material containing carbon as a constituent element is turned into plasma.
- a plasma atmosphere in which at least a raw material containing carbon as a constituent element is turned into plasma is formed in at least a part of the reaction chamber. Radical generated outside the atmosphere is injected into the plasma atmosphere. Then, carbon nanowalls are formed on the surface of the substrate placed in the reaction chamber.
- one or two or more conditions of the composition and supply amount of radicals to be injected into the plasma atmosphere are independently combined with one or more other manufacturing conditions. It can be adjusted upright or in relation to the other manufacturing conditions. That is, the degree of freedom in adjusting the manufacturing conditions is higher than in the case where no external radial injection is performed. This depends on the properties (eg, wall thickness, height, formation density, smoothness, surface area, etc.)
- the "carbon nanowall” is a carbon nanostructure having a two-dimensional spread.
- a two-dimensionally spread graph ensheet is erected on the surface of the substrate, and the wall is composed of a single layer or multiple layers.
- the two-dimensional meaning is used to mean that the length in the vertical and horizontal directions of the surface is sufficiently larger than the thickness (width) of the wall.
- the surface may be a multilayer, a single layer, or a pair of layers (layers with voids therein). Further, the upper surface may be covered, and therefore may have a cavity inside.
- the thickness of the wall is about 0.05-30 nm
- the length and width of the surface is about 100 nm-10 / zm.
- a typical example of the carbon nanowall obtained by the above-described production method is a carbon nanostructure having a wall-like structure that rises from a surface of a base material to a substantially constant direction from a surface thereof.
- fullerene such as C
- plasma atmosphere refers to a state in which at least a part of a substance constituting the atmosphere is ionized (that is, charged particles such as ions and electrons of atoms and molecules, and neutral particles such as radicals of atoms and molecules). Refers to an atmosphere in which both are mixed (plasmaized state).
- a radical is generated in a region different from the processing region where the film is formed or processed by the plasma of the raw material, and only this radical is injected into the processing region to control the film formation and the processing to reduce the carbon.
- reaction chamber and “reaction region”
- radical generation chamber and “radical generation region” are used interchangeably. This is the meaning of the area where both are partitioned.
- a preferred method of generating radicals is a method of irradiating the radical source with electromagnetic waves.
- the electromagnetic wave used in this method can be any of microwave and high frequency (UHF wave, VHF wave or RF wave). Irradiation with VHF or RF waves is particularly preferred.
- the brute force method for example, by changing the frequency and Z or the input power, the decomposition intensity (radical generation amount) of the radical source material can be easily adjusted. Therefore, there is an advantage that it is easy to control the production conditions of the carbon nanowall (the supply amount of radicals into the plasma atmosphere, etc.).
- microwave refers to an electromagnetic wave of about 1 GHz or more.
- UHF wave refers to an electromagnetic wave of about 300-3000MHz
- VHF wave refers to an electromagnetic wave of about 30-300MHz
- RF wave refers to an electromagnetic wave of about 3-30MHz, respectively.
- Radical Source Material Force Another preferred method for generating radicals is to apply a DC voltage to the radical source material. Further, a method of irradiating the radical source material with light (for example, visible light or ultraviolet light), a method of irradiating an electron beam, a method of heating the radical source material, and the like can also be adopted. Alternatively, a member having a catalytic metal may be heated and a radical source substance may be brought into contact with the member (ie, by heat and catalytic action) to generate radicals. As the catalyst metal, one or two or more selected from Pt, Pd, W, Mo, Ni and the like can be used.
- the radicals to be injected into the plasma atmosphere preferably include at least hydrogen radicals (that is, hydrogen atoms; hereinafter, also referred to as "H radicals"). It is preferable to decompose a radical source material containing at least hydrogen as a constituent element to generate H radicals, and to inject the H radicals into a plasma atmosphere. Particularly preferred as such a radical source material.
- the thing is hydrogen gas (H). In particular, if only H radicals are supplied, carbon nano
- a raw material various substances containing at least carbon as a constituent element can be selected. Only one kind of substance may be used, or two or more kinds of substances may be used in an arbitrary ratio.
- a substance containing at least carbon and hydrogen as constituent elements e.g., hydride-port carbon
- a substance containing at least carbon and hydrogen as constituent elements e.g., hydride-port carbon
- a substance (such as fluorocarbon) containing at least carbon and fluorine as constituent elements is given.
- a substance containing carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine as essential constituent elements may be used.
- a substance containing carbon and fluorine as constituent elements for example,
- the carbon nanowalls will be imperfect.
- applications that meet this purpose such as the storage of hydrogen.
- a gas containing at least fluorine and carbon as constituent elements, it is possible to form a carbon nanowall having a good shape and certainty.
- the present inventors have discovered. At this time, if the amount of F is large, the space between the walls is widened. In addition, the present inventors discovered that when the type of the raw material is switched during the growth process, the shape of the carbon nanowall generated depends on the type of the raw material used in the growth process. did. By taking advantage of this fact, a carbon nanostructure in which a region grown using a gas containing carbon and hydrogen as a constituent element and a region grown using a gas containing carbon and fluorine as a constituent element are formed in a multi-step manner. A wall can be formed. This structure is expected to increase the hydrogen storage capacity of the fuel cell. It is also conceivable that the growth species of carbon nanowalls are formed at the initial stage of the growth process, and the shape after growth depends on the distribution shape of the growth species at the initial stage of growth. Therefore
- the raw material may be switched to grow the carbon nanowall.
- Carbon nanowalls are formed
- the mechanism is as follows. For example, CF radicals and CF in CF gas plasma
- the inventors have discovered that the properties of carbon nanowool change when the substrate is grown by grounding the substrate or insulating the substrate.
- the amount of H radicals injected into the reaction region depends on the flow rate of the H source gas and the flow rate of the raw material gas.
- the present inventors have discovered that the shape, wall spacing, wall thickness, and wall size of the formed carbon nanowalls can be controlled by the ratio. Therefore, a manufacturing method has been invented in which the properties of carbon nanowalls are controlled by controlling the amount of radicals supplied to the reaction region. In addition, mainly when using CFCFCHF
- the present inventors have found that the above is different. Therefore, by changing the flow ratio of the raw material containing carbon and fluorine as constituent elements and the constituent material containing carbon and hydrogen as constituent elements at least, the properties of the manufactured carbon nanowalls are changed to desired properties.
- a manufacturing method has been invented. At this time, they found that the higher the ratio of gas containing fluorine, the greater the spacing between walls and the thicker the walls. Controlling the properties of these carbon nanowalls can optimize the hydrogen storage capacity of the fuel cell and also optimize the electron emission characteristics of the field emission transistor.
- the average direction in the length direction of the wall of the carbon nanowall is aligned with the direction of the electric field.
- the present inventors have discovered for the first time that an orientation phenomenon appears.
- the average length of the carbon nanowalls growing on the substrate surface in the length direction of the radicals is illuminated. It is also expected that they will be aligned in the direction in which they are fired.
- the direction of the normal to the surface of the substrate is inclined relative to the direction of the electric field that generates plasma, or the directional force inclined relative to the direction of the normal to the surface of the substrate is based on radicals.
- a method for producing oriented carbon nanowalls by injecting the material into the surface of the material. Also on As described above, carbon nanowalls in a state where the length directions of a large number of walls are aligned in a predetermined direction on average, that is, in an oriented state, have not been conventionally applied. Therefore, the carbon nanowall in which the carbon nanostructure is oriented is a novel substance and has patentability.
- the substrate Before growing the carbon nanowalls, the substrate is heated to generate radicals (most preferably, H radicals) without generating a plasma of the source material (preferably by stopping the supply of the source material). ) Is irradiated on the substrate surface, and then the raw material is turned into plasma to grow carbon nanowalls.
- radicals most preferably, H radicals
- the present inventors have found for the first time that the growing carbon nanowalls are strongly bonded to the base material, and the mechanical bonding strength is improved. Therefore, a method of pretreating the substrate by irradiating the surface of the substrate with radicals has been invented.
- the concentration of at least one type of radical in the reaction chamber (for example, the concentration of at least one type of radical among carbon radicals, hydrogen radicals, and fluorine radicals) Concentration), at least one of the carbon nanowall production conditions is adjusted.
- the manufacturing conditions that can be adjusted based on the radical concentration include the supply amount of the raw material, the intensity of plasma conversion of the raw material (severity of the plasma conversion conditions), and the radical (typically H radical). Injection amount and the like. It is preferable to control such production conditions by feeding back the above-mentioned radical concentration. According to such a production method, it is possible to more efficiently produce carbon nanowalls having properties and Z or characteristics according to the purpose.
- no metal catalyst is present on the substrate.
- the method of the present invention is the first time that a carbon nanowall can be produced without using a metal catalyst.
- the metal catalyst is usually used for the production of carbon nanotubes.
- the metal catalyst remains on the bottom and top surfaces of the carbon nanowall, but depending on the application, the presence of this metal is a disadvantage. According to the present invention, it has become possible for the first time to provide a carbon nanowall free of metal.
- an apparatus for producing carbon nanowalls on the surface of a substrate includes a reaction chamber in which a raw material including at least a substance containing carbon as a constituent element is supplied, and the base material is disposed. Further, it includes a plasma discharge means for converting the raw material in the reaction chamber into plasma. Further, it includes a radical generation chamber to which a predetermined radical source material (typically, a radical source material having at least hydrogen as a constituent element) is supplied. Further, a radical generating means for generating a radical source material radical in the radical generating chamber is included.
- a predetermined radical source material typically, a radical source material having at least hydrogen as a constituent element
- the radical generated by the radical generating means can be introduced into the reaction chamber.
- the manufacturing apparatus one or more of the composition and supply amount of the radicals introduced into the reaction chamber are changed to the other or one or more of the carbon nanowall manufacturing conditions (for example, the plasma of the raw material).
- the production conditions can be adjusted independently or in relation to the other production conditions. That is, the production conditions of the carbon wall can be adjusted with a high degree of freedom.
- Such a manufacturing apparatus is suitable as an apparatus for performing the above-described carbon nanowall manufacturing method.
- the radical generating means is configured to irradiate the radical generating chamber with microwaves, UHF waves, VHF waves, or RF waves.
- This radical generating means is preferably configured as an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) generating mechanism.
- a member having a catalytic metal Pt, Pd, W, Mo, Ni, etc.
- the above-mentioned radical generating means is configured so that the catalytic metal member can be heated. May be.
- a wavy Ni wire (catalyst metal member) is disposed inside the radial generation chamber. H as a radical source substance is introduced into the heater in which a current has been passed through the wire to make contact therewith.
- the heating temperature of the catalyst metal can be, for example, about 300 to 800 ° C., and is usually preferably about 400 to 600 ° C.
- the plasma discharge means is configured as a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) generation mechanism.
- the radical generating means includes It is configured such that radicals can be introduced into the reaction chamber from a radical introduction port provided so as to spread toward the carbon nanowall forming surface of the material.
- a plurality of radical introduction ports are dispersedly arranged at a position facing the carbon nanowall formation surface of the substrate placed in the reaction chamber. According to such a configuration, carbon nanowalls can be more efficiently formed on the formation surface. When carbon nanowalls are formed in a relatively wide area of the substrate, the effect of such a configuration is particularly well exhibited.
- the apparatus for manufacturing carbon nanowalls disclosed herein may further include a concentration measuring means for measuring the concentration (density) of carbon radical in the reaction chamber.
- the measuring means includes a light emitting means for emitting an emission line of the radical (ie, an emission line of a carbon atom) into the reaction chamber.
- a light receiving means for receiving the light emitting line emitted from the emitting means is included.
- the emission line emitting means can be configured to emit an emission line specific to carbon radicals (carbon atoms) by applying appropriate energy to at least a gas containing carbon as a constituent element.
- the manufacturing apparatus may further include a concentration measuring means for measuring a concentration of H radical (hydrogen atom) in the reaction chamber. Further, a concentration measuring means for measuring the concentration of fluorine radical (fluorine atom) in the reaction chamber can be provided.
- a concentration measuring means is configured to include a light emitting line emitting means for emitting a light emitting line corresponding to the type of a radical to be measured, and a light receiving means for receiving the light emitting line emitted from the emitting portion.
- the target to be monitored and controlled is not limited to C, H, and F radicals, and may be C, CF, CF, CF, and CF (x ⁇ l, y ⁇ l) as the target radical.
- the production apparatus includes a control unit that adjusts at least one carbon nanowall production condition based on a radical concentration measurement result obtained by the measurement mechanism.
- Examples of manufacturing conditions that can be adjusted based on the measurement results include the supply amount of the raw material, Examples include the intensity of plasminization, the amount of injected radicals (typically H radicals), the amount of supply of radical source material, and the strength of radical source material. It is preferable that such manufacturing conditions be controlled by feeding back the above-mentioned radical concentration measurement results. According to a powerful manufacturing method, it is possible to more efficiently manufacture carbon nanowalls having properties and Z or characteristics according to purposes.
- the amount of radicals injected into the reaction chamber is determined to be a predetermined value. Therefore, it is desirable to control the supply amount of the radical source material and the electric power applied to the radical source material. In this way, the amount of radicals, particularly H radicals, injected into the reaction chamber can be controlled in real time during the growth process, and high-quality carbon nanowalls can be generated.
- this apparatus is used for other substrate processing such as film formation or assing-etching, the amount of radicals injected into the reaction chamber is precisely controlled in real time in the process by such a method. Thereby, highly accurate processing is realized.
- the following configuration can be adopted as a plasma processing apparatus for injecting radicals into a reaction region in which plasma is generated and performing high-precision growth calorie.
- a first electrode for applying power and a second electrode facing the first electrode and on which a processing member is installed are arranged in parallel.
- a first electrode having a large number of holes formed therein, a reaction region in which gas is supplied, and plasma is generated between the first electrode and the second electrode;
- a high-frequency power source that applies high frequency between the first electrode and the second electrode to convert the gas into plasma, and is provided in a region opposite to the second electrode with respect to the first electrode, and supplies a radical source material.
- the radical generator is provided with two electrode plates having a large number of small holes formed at the same position, spaced apart, the inner electrode being a cathode, and the outer electrode closer to the reaction region being grounded.
- the shield member may be used as a micro-hollow plasma generator for generating plasma in many small holes.
- the electrode outside the micro-hollow plasma generator can be used as a shield member, so that the device is simplified.
- a gas raw material gas
- radicals are also supplied to the reaction chamber through this hole, so that the amount of radicals injected into the raw material gas is Can be accurately controlled.
- the radicals and the raw material gas can be supplied uniformly to the surface of the base material, and the film formation and processing can be performed uniformly on the surface of the base material.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing apparatus according to a first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing apparatus according to a second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing apparatus according to a modification of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing apparatus according to a modification of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing apparatus according to a modification of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing a manufacturing apparatus according to a third embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a SEM image of a structure formed by Experimental Example 1 (RF input power: 50 W), in which a top surface force was observed.
- FIG. 8 is a SEM image of the structure formed by Experimental Example 2 (RF input power; 100 W), observed from above.
- FIG. 9 is a SEM image of the structure formed by Experimental Example 3 (RF input power: 200 W), observed from above.
- FIG. 10 is an SEM image of the structure formed by Experimental Example 4 (RF input power: 400 W), observed from above.
- FIG. 11 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 1.
- FIG. 12 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 2.
- FIG. 13 is an SEM image obtained by observing a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 3. [14] This is an SEM image of the cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. 15 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 1.
- FIG. 16 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 2.
- FIG. 17 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 3.
- FIG. 18 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. 19 is an SEM image obtained by observing a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. 20 is an SEM image of the structure formed in Experimental Example 4 observed from above.
- FIG. 23 is a SEM image of the structure formed in Experimental Example 7 (growth time: 2 hours), observed from above.
- FIG. 24 is a SEM image of the structure formed in Experimental Example 8 (growth time: 3 hours), observed from above.
- FIG. 25 is an SEM image obtained by observing a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 5.
- FIG. 26 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 6.
- FIG. 27 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 7.
- FIG. 28 is an SEM image of a cross section of the structure formed in Experimental Example 8.
- FIG. 29 is a characteristic diagram showing a growth rate of a structure.
- FIG. 32 is a characteristic diagram showing the electron emission characteristics of the structure formed in Experimental Example 9.
- FIG. 33 is a schematic view showing an example of a configuration for applying a high frequency to a second electrode.
- FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing another example of a configuration for applying a high frequency to the second electrode.
- FIG. 45 is an SEM image of a structure grown by Experimental Example 17 (substrate; SiO 2, Ni) for 8 hours.
- FIG. 52 is an enlarged SEM image of FIG. 51.
- FIG. 53 is an enlarged SEM image of FIG. 52.
- FIG. 54 is a TEM image measured by peeling off carbon nanowalls produced in Experimental Example 12.
- FIG. 56A is a cross-sectional view showing a device used in a fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 56B is a sectional view showing a plasma processing apparatus according to a fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 57 is a configuration diagram showing a detailed planar structure and a side cross-sectional structure of a first electrode of a plasma processing apparatus according to a fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 58 A characteristic diagram obtained by measuring the relationship between the H radical generation power and the hydrogen atom density in the reaction region according to the eighteenth experimental example.
- a raw material used for the production of carbon nanowalls various substances containing at least carbon as a constituent element can be selected.
- elements that can constitute a raw material together with carbon include hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitrogen, oxygen, and the like. Species or more.
- preferable raw materials include a raw material substantially composed of carbon and hydrogen, a raw material substantially composed of carbon and fluorine, and a raw material substantially composed of carbon, hydrogen and fluorine.
- Saturated or unsaturated hydridic carbon eg, CH
- fluorocarbon eg, CF
- fluorohide carbon eg,
- the type (composition) of the raw material used may be constant throughout the manufacturing process (for example, the growth process) of the carbon wall, or may be different depending on the manufacturing process. Depending on the properties (eg, wall thickness) and Z or properties (eg, electrical properties) of the desired carbon nanostructure, the type (composition) and supply method of the raw material to be used can be appropriately selected. .
- radical source substance a substance containing at least hydrogen as a constituent element can be preferably used. It is preferable to use a radical source substance (radical source gas) that exhibits a gaseous state at normal temperature and normal pressure.
- a particularly preferred radical source material is hydrogen gas (H 2). Also,
- Radioactive substances that can generate H radicals by decomposition such as
- radical source substance only one kind of substance may be used, or two or more kinds of substances may be used at an arbitrary ratio.
- the radical is injected into a plasma atmosphere in which the raw material is turned into plasma.
- This mixes the source material's plasma with radicals (typically H radicals). That is, high-density radicals (H radicals) can be formed in the plasma atmosphere of the raw material.
- radicals typically H radicals
- H radicals high-density radicals
- carbon nanowalls are formed (grown) by carbon deposited on the base material.
- base materials that can be used include at least the area force at which carbon nanowalls are formed i, SiO
- a base material composed of 23 materials is exemplified.
- the whole substrate may be made of the above-mentioned material.
- carbon nanowalls can be produced directly on the surface of the above-mentioned substrate without using a catalyst such as nickel-iron. Ni, Fe, Co , Pd, Pt, etc. (typically a transition metal catalyst) may be used.
- a catalyst such as nickel-iron. Ni, Fe, Co , Pd, Pt, etc. (typically a transition metal catalyst) may be used.
- a thin film of the catalyst for example, a film having a thickness of about 11 lOnm
- carbon nanowalls may be formed on the catalyst film.
- the outer shape of the substrate used is not particularly limited. Typically, a plate-shaped substrate (substrate) is used.
- FIG. 1 shows a configuration example of a carbon nanowall (carbon nanostructure) manufacturing apparatus according to the present application.
- the apparatus 1 includes a reaction chamber 10, plasma discharge means 20 for generating plasma in the reaction chamber 10, and radical supply means 40 connected to the reaction chamber 10.
- the plasma discharge means 20 is configured as a parallel plate type capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) generation mechanism.
- CCP capacitively coupled plasma
- Each of the first electrode 22 and the second electrode 24 constituting the plasma discharge means 20 of this embodiment has a substantially disk shape.
- These electrodes 22, 24 are arranged in the reaction chamber 10 so as to be substantially parallel to each other. Typically, they are arranged such that the first electrode 22 is on the upper side and the second electrode 24 is on the lower side.
- a power supply 28 is connected to the first electrode (force sword) 22 via a matching network 26.
- RF wave for example, 13.56 MHz
- UHF wave for example, 500 MHz
- VHF wave for example, 27 MHz, 40 MHz, 60 MHz, 100 MHz, 150 MHz
- microwave for example, 2. 45GHz
- at least an RF wave can be generated.
- the second electrode (anode) 24 is arranged in the reaction chamber 10 apart from the first electrode 22.
- the interval between the two electrodes 22 and 24 can be, for example, about 0.5 to 10 cm. In this embodiment, the distance is about 5 cm.
- the second electrode 24 is grounded.
- a substrate (base material) 5 is arranged on the second electrode 24.
- the substrate 5 is arranged on the surface of the second electrode 24 such that the surface of the substrate 5 on which the carbon nanowall is to be manufactured is exposed (opposed to the first electrode 22).
- the second electrode 24 has a built-in heater 25 (for example, a carbon heater) as a substrate temperature adjusting means. By operating the heater 25 as required, the temperature of the substrate 5 can be adjusted.
- the reaction chamber 10 is provided with a raw material inlet 12 capable of supplying a raw material (raw gas) from a supply source (not shown).
- the first electrode (upper electrode) 22 and the second electrode The inlet 12 is arranged so that the source gas can be supplied to the electrode (lower electrode) 24.
- the reaction chamber 10 is provided with a radical introduction port 14 into which radicals can be introduced from a radical supply means 40 described later.
- the inlet 14 is arranged between the first electrode 22 and the second electrode 24 so that radicals can be introduced.
- the reaction chamber 10 is provided with an exhaust port 16.
- the exhaust port 16 is connected to a vacuum pump or the like, not shown, as pressure adjusting means (pressure reducing means) for adjusting the pressure in the reaction chamber 10.
- the outlet 16 is located below the second electrode 24.
- the radical supply means 40 includes a radical generation chamber 41 and a radical generation means 50 that generates a radical in the radical generation chamber 41 with a radical source material force.
- the radical generating means 50 is configured as an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) generating mechanism.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- a configuration in which a coil 52 is arranged around the radical generation chamber 41 can be employed.
- a coil 52 was formed by spirally winding a 1-Z4-inch copper tube five times around a radical generation chamber 41 formed using a quartz tube having an inner diameter of 26 mm and a length of 20 mm. .
- the coil 52 can be cooled by running water or the like.
- a power supply 58 is connected to the radical generating means 50 (coil 52) via a matching circuit 56.
- an RF wave 13.56 MHz
- a UHF wave eg, 500 MHz
- a VHF wave eg, 100 MHz
- at least an RF wave can be generated.
- a configuration may be adopted in which a microwave is directly introduced to generate microwaves (for example, 2.45 GHz), thereby generating radicals.
- the coil 52 can be omitted.
- the radical generation chamber 41 is provided with a radical source introduction port 42 through which a radical source material 36 (not shown) can be introduced. Further, the radical generation chamber 41 is connected to the radical inlet 14 of the reaction chamber 10. In one preferred embodiment, a radical introduction port 42 is provided at one end in the longitudinal direction of the tubular radical generation chamber 41, the other end is connected to the radical introduction port 14 of the reaction chamber 10, and a coil 52 is disposed therebetween. ing. In the present embodiment, the radical generation chamber 41 is arranged beside the reaction chamber 10, but the arrangement position of the radical generation chamber is not limited to this. For example, it may be arranged above the reaction chamber or below it. Alternatively, a radical generation chamber is arranged (contained) inside the reaction chamber.
- a carbon nanowall can be manufactured as follows. That is, the substrate 5 is set on the second electrode 24, and a gaseous raw material (raw gas) 32 is supplied to the reaction chamber 10 from the raw material inlet 12 at a predetermined flow rate. Further, a gaseous radical source material (radical source gas) 36 is supplied from the radical source inlet 42 to the radical generating chamber 41 at a predetermined flow rate. A vacuum pump (not shown) connected to the exhaust port 16 is operated to adjust the internal pressure of the reaction chamber 10 (total pressure of the partial pressure of the source gas and the partial pressure of the radical source gas) to about 10 lOOOOmTorr.
- the preferable supply ratio of the source gas and the radical source gas may vary depending on the type (composition) of those gases, the properties and characteristics of the intended carbon nanowalls, and the like.
- the supply ratio of the source gas Z can be supplied in the range of 2Z98-60Z40. This supply ratio is preferably in the range of 5Z95-50Z50, and more preferably in the range of 10Z90-30Z70.
- an RF power of 28 power for example, about 13.56 MHz, 5W to 2KW is input.
- the source gas 32 is turned into plasma mainly between the first electrode 22 and the second electrode 24 to form a plasma atmosphere 34.
- input RF power of about 13.56MHz, 10-1000W from 58 power sources.
- the radical source gas 36 in the radical generating chamber 41 is decomposed to generate radicals 38.
- the generated radicals 38 are introduced into the reaction chamber 10 from the radical introduction port 14 and injected into the plasma atmosphere 34.
- the plasma of the raw material gas forming the plasma atmosphere 34 and the radicals 38 injected from the outside are mixed.
- the temperature of the substrate 5 is maintained at about 100 to 800 ° C (more preferably, about 200 to 600 ° C) by using the heater 25 or the like.
- This second embodiment is an example in which the configuration of the radical supply means is different from the device of the first embodiment.
- members performing the same functions as in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
- the radical supply means 40 provided in the apparatus 2 according to the present embodiment has a plasma generation chamber 46 above the reaction chamber 10.
- the mass production chamber 46 and the reaction chamber 10 are separated by a partition wall 44 provided to face the carbon nanowall formation surface of the substrate 5.
- a power supply 28 is connected to the partition 44 via a matching circuit 26. That is, the partition 44 in this embodiment also functions as the first electrode 22.
- the apparatus 2 has a high frequency applying means 60 for applying an RF wave, a VHF wave or a UHF wave between the wall surface of the plasma generation chamber 46 and the partition wall 44.
- plasma 33 can be generated from radical source gas 36.
- reference numeral 62 denotes an AC power supply
- reference numeral 63 denotes a bias power supply
- reference numeral 64 denotes a filter. Ions generated from the plasma 33 are extinguished at the partition 44 and neutralized to form radicals 38. At this time, an electric field can be appropriately applied to the partition wall 44 to increase the neutralization ratio. In addition, energy can be given to the neutral radical.
- the partition wall 44 is provided with a large number of through holes dispersedly. These through holes serve as a large number of radical introduction ports 14, and radicals 38 are introduced into the reaction chamber 10, diffused as they are, and injected into the plasma atmosphere 34. As shown in the figure, these inlets 14 are arranged so as to extend in the surface direction of the upper surface of the substrate 5 (the surface facing the first electrode 22, that is, the surface on which the carbon nanowalls are formed). According to the apparatus 2 having such a configuration, the radicals 38 can be more uniformly introduced into a wider range in the reaction chamber 10. Thus, carbon nanowalls can be efficiently formed over a wider range (area) of the substrate 5. Further, it is possible to form a carbon nanowall having a more uniform structure (properties, characteristics, etc.) in each part in the plane direction. According to the present embodiment, one or more of these effects can be realized.
- the partition wall 44 may have a surface coated with a material having a high catalytic function such as Pt, or may be formed of such a material itself.
- a material having a high catalytic function such as Pt
- ions in the plasma atmosphere 34 are accelerated and the partition wall 44 is sputtered. Ring.
- atoms (such as Pt) or clusters having a catalytic function can be injected into the plasma atmosphere.
- radicals 38 injected from the plasma generation chamber 46 and at least carbon generated in the plasma atmosphere 34 Dical and Z or ions, and atoms or clusters having a catalytic function generated and implanted by sputtering of the partition wall 44 as described above are used.
- atoms, clusters or fine particles having a catalytic function can be deposited inside and on the Z or surface of the obtained carbon nanowall. Since carbon nanowalls having such atoms, clusters or fine particles can exhibit high catalytic performance, they can be applied as electrode materials for fuel cells and the like.
- the apparatus 2 shown in FIG. 2 is configured to generate a plasma 33 from the radical source gas 36 by a high frequency.
- the plasma 2 may be generated by a microwave.
- a waveguide 47 for introducing a microwave 39 is provided above a plasma generation chamber 46.
- microwaves are introduced into the plasma generation chamber 46 from the quartz window 48 using the slot antenna 49 to generate high-density plasma 332.
- the plasma 332 is diffused into the plasma generation chamber 46 (plasma 334), and the force can also generate radicals 38.
- illustration of the plasma discharge means 20 is partially omitted. Further, a bias can be appropriately applied to the partition wall 44 shown in FIG.
- a bias is applied between the plasma 334 in the plasma generation chamber 46 and the partition 44 or between the plasma atmosphere 34 and the partition 44 in the reaction chamber 10.
- the direction of the bias is appropriately variable.
- U which is preferably configured to apply a negative bias to the partition wall 44.
- FIG. 4 shows another configuration example of the device having the radical introduction port 14 provided so as to extend toward the carbon nanowall formation surface.
- the radical supply means 40 provided in the device 4 has a radical generation chamber 41 and a radical diffusion chamber 43 into which the radicals 38 generated in the radical generation chamber 41 are introduced.
- the radical diffusion chamber 43 is provided in a cylindrical shape on the outer periphery of the reaction chamber 10 via a partition 44.
- the radicals 38 can be introduced into the reaction chamber 10 from the radical introduction port 14 provided in each part of the partition wall 44 (that is, extending in the circumferential direction of the base material 5).
- the plasma generation chamber 46 in the configuration of the apparatus 2 see FIG.
- the third embodiment is an example in which a radical concentration measuring means is provided in the apparatus of the first embodiment.
- a radical concentration measuring means 70 for measuring the concentration of C radicals (carbon atoms) in the reaction chamber 10.
- the measuring means 70 includes an emission line emitting device 72 as emission line emitting means for emitting an emission line 75 (for example, an emission line having a wavelength of 296.7 nm) specific to a carbon atom (carbon radical) into the reaction chamber 10;
- a light receiver 74 as light receiving means for receiving (detecting) the light emitting line 75 is included.
- the light emitting line 75 emitted from the light emitting line emitting device 72 is configured to pass between the first electrode 22 and the second electrode 24 and reach the light receiving device 74.
- the light emitting line 75 from which the power of the injector 72 has been emitted may pass through another part of the reaction chamber 10 and reach the light receiver 74.
- the light emitting line 75 may pass under the second electrode 24 (on the side of the exhaust port 16) and reach the light receiver 74.
- the emission line 75 of carbon atoms is absorbed from the injector 72 to the light receiver 74 according to the concentration of carbon radicals (carbon atoms) existing between them. Therefore, for example, the intensity of the emission line 75 detected by the light receiver 74 at any measurement time, and the emission line detected by the light receiver 74 when there is substantially no carbon radical in the path of the light emission line 75 From the difference from the strength of 75, the concentration (density) of carbon radicals at the measurement time can be ascertained. Further, by controlling the manufacturing conditions such that the detection intensity of the light emitting line 75 is maintained at, for example, the same level as at the start of the manufacturing, the fluctuation of the carbon radical concentration during the manufacturing can be suppressed.
- a carbon radical concentration detection signal detected by the light receiver 74 is sent to a control circuit 76 connected to a raw material gas supply amount adjustment mechanism (not shown) (for example, an electromagnetic valve), and the intensity of this signal falls within a predetermined range.
- a raw material gas supply amount adjustment mechanism for example, an electromagnetic valve
- the production conditions can be adjusted according to the radical concentration in the reaction chamber.
- carbon nanowalls having properties and Z or characteristics according to the purpose can be produced more efficiently. For example, improving the yield of carbon nanowalls, improving the accuracy of shape (properties), improving the reproducibility of shapes (properties), saving the amount of source gas and Z or radical source gas, and facilitating control of manufacturing conditions One or more of these effects can be achieved.
- the apparatus 7 can be configured to include a radical concentration measuring means 70 configured to measure the concentration of the H radical (hydrogen atom) in the reaction chamber 10.
- a radical concentration measuring means 70 configured to measure the concentration of the H radical (hydrogen atom) in the reaction chamber 10.
- an emission line emitter 72 for emitting an emission line 75 unique to a hydrogen atom (H radical) and a light receiver 74 for detecting the emission line 75 are used.
- the concentration of F radicals (fluorine atoms) in the reaction chamber 10 is increased by the emission line emitter 72 that emits a light beam 75 specific to a fluorine atom (fluorine radical) and the light receiver 74 that detects the emission line 75.
- a radical concentration measuring means 70 configured to measure the concentration.
- the concentration of C radical configured to measure the concentration of C radical
- a configuration including the radical concentration measuring means 70 including the light emitting line emitter 72 that emits the light emitting line 75 corresponding to the type of the radical to be measured and the light receiver 74 that detects the light emitting line 75 is provided. It can be. For example, at least one of C, C, H, F, CF, CF and CF
- Measuring means capable of measuring the concentration of the radical.
- a plurality of measurement means capable of measuring two or more of these may be provided.
- a radical concentration measuring means having an emission line emitter for emitting an emission line specific to a hydrogen atom (H radical) and a photodetector for detecting the emission line is provided by an H radical in the radical generation chamber 41. May be provided to measure the concentration of Alternatively, such an H radical concentration measuring means may be provided so that the concentration of H radicals in the plasma generation chamber 46 or the radical diffusion chamber 43 can be measured.
- Si silicon
- the silicon substrate 5 does not substantially contain a catalyst (metal catalyst or the like).
- a catalyst metal catalyst or the like.
- the silicon substrate 5 was set so that its (100) face was directed to the first electrode 22 side.
- Hydrogen gas (radical source gas) 36 was supplied from the port 42.
- the gas in the reaction chamber 10 was exhausted from the exhaust port 16.
- the partial pressure of CF in the reaction chamber 10 is about 20 mTorr H
- the supply amounts (flow rates) of the source gas 32 and the radical source gas 36 and the exhaust conditions were adjusted so that the partial pressure of 262 was about 80 mTorr and the total pressure was about 100 mTorr. While supplying the source gas 32 under these conditions, an RF power of 13.56 MHz and 100 W was input to the first electrode 22 with a power source 28, and the source gas (C F) 32 in the reaction chamber 10 was irradiated with an RF wave. As a result, the source gas 32
- a plasma atmosphere 34 was formed between the first electrode 22 and the second electrode 24.
- an RF power of 58 power and a coil 52 coils 13.56 MHz 50 W is input to the radical source gas (H 2) 36 in the radical generation chamber 40 to supply an RF wave.
- the H radical generated as a result was introduced into the reaction chamber 10 from the radical inlet 14.
- a carbon nanostructure was grown (deposited) on the (100) plane of the silicon substrate 5.
- the growth time of the structure was set to 2 hours. During this time, the temperature of the substrate 5 was maintained at about 500 ° C. by using a heater 25 and a cooling device (not shown) as necessary.
- Example 2-4 The conditions for generating a radical (here, an H radical) 38 were changed from the conditions of Experimental Example 1. That is, the RF input power from the power supply 58 to the coil 52 was set to 100 W (Experimental Example 2), 200 W (Experimental Example 3), and 400 W (Experimental Example 4). In other respects, a carbon nanostructure was formed on the (100) plane of the silicon substrate 5 in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1. Table 1 summarizes the above experimental conditions.
- the “pressure ratio” represents the ratio of the partial pressures of the source gas Z radical source gas supplied to the present apparatus (that is, the ratio of the supply amounts).
- FIG. 14 The structure formed in Experimental Example 14 was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- Figures 7-10 are SEM images of the structure formed in Experimental Example 14 observed from the top.
- Fig. 11 14 is an SEM image of each structure observed from a cross section, and
- Figs. 15-18 are SEM images of each structure observed at a higher magnification.
- FIG. 19 is an SEM image of the cross section of the structure according to Experimental Example 4 observed at a higher magnification than in FIG.
- FIG. 20 is an SEM image of the structure according to Experimental Example 4 observed from the upper surface at a higher magnification than in FIG.
- Example 5-8 In Experimental Example 4, the time for growing the structure on the substrate was 0.5 hour (Experimental Example 5), 1 hour (Experimental Example 6), and 2 hours (Experimental Example 6). Example 7) and 3 hours (Experimental example 8). In other respects, a carbon nanostructure was fabricated on the (100) plane of the silicon substrate 5 in the same manner as in Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. 30 shows an SEM image of the structure formed in Experimental Example 9 observed from above
- FIG. 31 shows an SEM image of the structure formed in Experimental Example 10 observed from above.
- the carbon nanomaterial according to Experimental Example 9 was manufactured using fluorocarbon (here, CF) as the source gas.
- the wall ( Figure 30) has an average wall thickness of about 10-30 nm.
- Nanowalls (Figure 31) have an average wall thickness of a few nanometers. Thus, when CF is used as the source gas, it is clearly clearer than when CH is used as the source gas.
- Thick carbon nanowalls were formed. Control the wall thickness by the amount of CF
- the carbon nanowalls according to Experimental Example 9 and the carbon nanowalls according to Experimental Example 10 are different in shape other than the thickness (for example, the flatness of the wall). These observations suggest that the properties of the resulting carbon nanowalls can be controlled by appropriately selecting the type and Z or composition of the source gas. Further, the distance between the carbon nanowalls can be controlled by the type of the source gas.
- Example 11> A voltage was applied to the carbon nanowall obtained in Experimental Example 9 to evaluate the electron emission characteristics.
- Figure 32 shows the results. As shown in the figure, the measured current sharply increased when the electric field strength was about 5.5-6 VZ m or more.
- the carbon nanowall obtained in Experimental Example 9 may be useful as a constituent material of a field emission electron source (electrode).
- a structure having a highly efficient catalytic action can be obtained.
- Such a carbon nanowall provided with a catalyst can be applied to, for example, an electrode of a fuel cell.
- Example 12 The substrate was Si (100), the power for generating plasma in the reaction chamber was 100 W, the power for generating radicals was 400 W, the flow rate ratio of CF / H was 15Z30sccm, and the substrate temperature was
- Experiment 13 Experiment was performed under the same conditions as in Experiment 12 except that the raw material gas was replaced with CH and CH.
- the wall thickness of the tool is small but the density is high, but the shape seems to be collapsed. Many branched walls are formed in the direction perpendicular to the wall. It is understood that the height is proportional to the growth time. Carbon nanowalls with branched walls are advantageous for some applications. It is also conceivable that it will show advantages in field electron emission and hydrogen storage.
- the CF / H flow ratio obtained was 1Z2, which is the same as that in Experimental Example 12. SE changes with growth time
- the F / H flow ratio is 1Z2, which is the same as that in Experimental Example 12. SEM image changing with growth time
- Fig. 43 shows the SEM image of the surface when this was done.
- the source gas containing F it is considered that the vertical wall of the carbon nanowall is surely formed and becomes uniform. It is also understood that the shape of the wall is distorted due to the presence of CH, and the thickness of the wall is reduced. In any case, by using a gas containing F, carbon nanowalls can be formed more effectively.
- the Ni substrate In the case of the Ni substrate, it is formed more uniformly and honey than the other substrates, and the force of the orientation (the length direction of the wall faces in a constant direction on average) It is understood that there is.
- FIG. 47 shows the case where CH gas is used. Radical generation generates radicals
- the applied power is proportional to the amount of H radicals injected into the reaction chamber. It can be seen that the greater the amount of H radicals injected into the reaction chamber, the wider the wall spacing, the thinner the carbon nanowalls, and the greater the wall thickness. It is understood that this property does not depend on the type of raw gas.
- the relationship between the power for generating radicals and the hydrogen atom density in the reaction region was measured. This characteristic is shown in FIG. It can be understood that the hydrogen atom density is increased twice as much as the supply power is increased, when the hydrogen atom density is increased to tl, 400W, compared to the state without H radical injection. If not inject H the radical Le is a hydrogen atom density of 1.
- the properties of the gas as a whole are the properties obtained when grown with CF gas.
- the properties of the obtained carbon nanowalls are controlled by the raw material gas used first. From this, it is possible to form a carbon nonawl having a desired shape by switching and growing a gas containing carbon and fluorine as constituent elements and a gas containing carbon and hydrogen as constituent elements. On the other hand, the growing gas seems to be affected. Therefore, by switching the gas containing carbon and fluorine as constituent elements and the gas containing carbon and hydrogen as constituent elements in multiple stages, carbon nanotubes having respective properties are formed in multiple stages. It seems to be. Also in this case, it is considered to be effective for hydrogen absorption.
- the power CCP was 100 W
- the power ICP for generating H radicals was 400 W
- the substrate was Si (100)
- the substrate temperature was 600 ° C
- the substrate was grown for 8 hours.
- the normal of the substrate was inclined by 90 degrees with respect to the direction of the RF electric field that generates plasma.
- the SEM image of the upper surface of the carbon nanowall was measured.
- Figures 51, 52 and 53 (magnifications decrease sequentially) are shown. It can be seen that the length direction of the wall is aligned in a certain direction (which is considered to be the direction of the electric field). That is, it is understood that carbon nanowalls oriented in a predetermined direction were obtained.
- Fig. 55 shows SEM images of carbon nanowalls grown with the normal direction of the substrate inclined at 10, 60, and 90 degrees with respect to the direction of the RF electric field. It is understood that the degree of orientation is highest at 90 degrees. Note that, even when the normal line of the substrate is inclined with respect to the irradiation direction of the H radical, it is considered that oriented carbon nanowalls are formed.
- the members denoted by the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 3 perform the same functions as those in FIG.
- a large number of holes 202 are provided in the first electrode 200, and the generated plasma collides with the side walls of the holes 202 of the first electrode 200, the electrons are absorbed, and the ions are converted into radicals, which originally exist.
- the radical passes through the hole 202 as it is and is injected into the reaction chamber 10.
- a shield member 100 having a number of holes 102 between the first electrode 200 and the waveguide 47 is provided in parallel with the first electrode 202.
- the hole 102 is formed at the same position as the hole 202, and the radical passes through the holes 102 and 202 to reach the reaction region 10.
- This shield member 100 is grounded.
- the first electrode 20 Discharge between 0 and the waveguide 47 is prevented. That is, the pressure between the first electrode 200 and the shield member 100 is smaller than the distance between the first electrode 200 and the second electrode 24, and the pressure in the atmosphere is low. Therefore, no avalanche phenomenon occurs at the distance between the first electrode 200 and the shield member 100, so that no discharge occurs, and a discharge can be generated only between the first electrode 200 and the second electrode 24. .
- a passage 204 for supplying a source gas is formed in the first electrode 200, and the passage 204 opens to the hole 202. Therefore, both the raw material gas and the H radical are supplied to the reaction region 10 from the holes 202. With this configuration, the ratio of the radical to the source gas can be controlled with high accuracy, and the carbon nanowalls can be grown uniformly with the same supply direction to both substrates.
- the present apparatus is characterized in that the shield member 100 is provided between the radical generating means and the plasma discharge means as described above.
- the first electrode 200 to which RF power is applied has a number of holes 202 formed therein. This hole 202 functions to convert ions to radicals as described above.
- a shield member 300 having a large number of holes 302 is provided above the first electrode 200. The shield member 300 is formed in a cylindrical shape, and is configured to partition the radical generation region from the reaction region.
- a hollow sword 320 is provided in parallel with the bottom surface 308 of the shield member 300, and a number of holes 322 are provided in the same position as the holes 302 and 202.
- An insulating plate 340 which also has a ceramic force, is provided between the holo sword 320 and the shield plate 206, and the insulating plate 340 is formed at the same position as the holes 342, 302, and 202. T! / When a negative DC voltage is applied to the holo-force sword 320, plasma is generated in the holes 322, 342, and 302. This plasma is accelerated toward the first electrode 200, is converted into a radical in the hole 202, and the radical is injected into the reaction region 150.
- FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 schematically show specific examples of a configuration for applying a high frequency to the second electrode 24.
- Reference numeral 242 in FIG. 33 denotes an AC power supply that generates a high frequency of, for example, 400 KHz, 1.5 MHz, or 13.56 MHz.
- Reference numeral 244 in FIG. 34 denotes an AC power supply that generates a high frequency of, for example, 13.56 MHz.
- Reference numeral 246 in the figure denotes an AC power supply that generates a high frequency of, for example, 400 KHz.
- a low-pass filter 248 is connected between the power supplies 244 and 246. Note that a DC power supply may be used instead of the AC power supply 246.
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Abstract
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US10/569,838 US20070184190A1 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2004-08-27 | Method for producing carbon nanowalls, carbon nanowall, and apparatus for producing carbon nanowalls |
EP04772362A EP1661855A4 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2004-08-27 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CARBON NANOPAROI, CARBON NANOPAROI, AND PRODUCTION APPARATUS THEREOF |
JP2005513488A JP3962420B2 (ja) | 2003-08-27 | 2004-08-27 | カーボンナノウォールの製造方法、カーボンナノウォールおよび製造装置 |
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JP2006273613A (ja) * | 2005-03-28 | 2006-10-12 | Univ Nagoya | 金属を担持させたカーボンナノウォール及びその製造方法 |
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KR100913886B1 (ko) * | 2007-05-04 | 2009-08-26 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 저온 펄스 플라즈마를 이용한 나노입자 제조장치 및 방법 |
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WO2013187452A1 (ja) | 2012-06-13 | 2013-12-19 | 株式会社三五 | リチウム二次電池用負極及びその製造方法 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP3962420B2 (ja) | 2007-08-22 |
EP1661855A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
JPWO2005021430A1 (ja) | 2006-10-26 |
US20070184190A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
EP1661855A4 (en) | 2012-01-18 |
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