WO2004087650A2 - Procede et intermediaires pour la preparation d'inhibiteurs d'amide d'acide beta-amino de dipeptidyle peptidase-iv - Google Patents
Procede et intermediaires pour la preparation d'inhibiteurs d'amide d'acide beta-amino de dipeptidyle peptidase-iv Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004087650A2 WO2004087650A2 PCT/US2004/008826 US2004008826W WO2004087650A2 WO 2004087650 A2 WO2004087650 A2 WO 2004087650A2 US 2004008826 W US2004008826 W US 2004008826W WO 2004087650 A2 WO2004087650 A2 WO 2004087650A2
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- 0 C*c1nnc(C2)[n]1CCN2C(C[C@@](C[Al])N)=O Chemical compound C*c1nnc(C2)[n]1CCN2C(C[C@@](C[Al])N)=O 0.000 description 3
- NUUFSROUMMPDIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=C(CCC[AlH2])NOCc1ccccc1 Chemical compound O=C(CCC[AlH2])NOCc1ccccc1 NUUFSROUMMPDIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C239/00—Compounds containing nitrogen-to-halogen bonds; Hydroxylamino compounds or ethers or esters thereof
- C07C239/08—Hydroxylamino compounds or their ethers or esters
- C07C239/20—Hydroxylamino compounds or their ethers or esters having oxygen atoms of hydroxylamino groups etherified
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D205/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
- C07D205/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 2, e.g. beta-lactams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of chiral beta-amino acid amide inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV which are useful for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
- the present invention also provides structurally novel intermediates useful in the disclosed process.
- WO 03/004498 also described a process for preparing compounds of formula I.
- a large number of synthetic transformations was required with a low overall chemical and optical yield.
- the present invention there are produced more efficiently compounds of structural formula I with an optical purity in excess of 95% in considerably fewer chemical steps with an overall chemical yield of about 45-47% starting from commercially available substituted phenylacetic acids.
- a smaller number of chromatographic purification steps is necessary throughout the synthetic sequence.
- This invention is concerned with a modular approach for preparing substituted beta- amino acid amide derivatives of structural formula I and certain useful intermediates obtained during that process.
- the process involves the chiral reduction of a beta-keto ester intermediate to generate a chiral beta-hydroxy ester which is hydrolyzed, converted into a benzyloxyamide and then cyclized to an N- benzyloxyazetidinone intermediate.
- the final steps in the sequence entail saponification of the N- benzyloxyazetidinone, amide coupling with a tetrahydrotriazolopyrazine and cleavage of the benzyloxy amine protecting group by hydrogenolysis.
- compounds of structural formula I are inhibitors of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DP-IV) which are useful for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
- Ar is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy;
- Rl is hydrogen or Ci _4 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to five fluorines; comprising the steps of:
- R2 is C ⁇ _6 alkyl; by treating a compound of structural formula II with a C ⁇ -6 alkanol;
- Rl is CF3 and Ar is phenyl substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, bromine, and trifluoromethyl.
- Ar is 2,5-difluorophenyl or 2,4,5- trifluorophenyl.
- the final product of the reaction sequence of structural formula I is isolated from the reaction mixture.
- the first step in the process of the present invention entails the preparation of a Meldrum's acid adduct of structural formula II:
- an appropriately substituted phenylacetic acid with a carboxyl group activating agent to generate an active carboxylic acid species, such as an acyl halide; an active ester, such as an aryl ester; a mixed carboxylic acid anhydride; an acyl imidazole; a mixed carboxylic acid carbonic acid anhydride; and a phosphoric or phosphinic acid mixed anhydride.
- a carboxyl group activating agent to generate an active carboxylic acid species, such as an acyl halide; an active ester, such as an aryl ester; a mixed carboxylic acid anhydride; an acyl imidazole; a mixed carboxylic acid carbonic acid anhydride; and a phosphoric or phosphinic acid mixed anhydride.
- the activated phenylacetic acid is allowed to react with 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (Meldrum's acid) in the presence of
- l, -carbonyldiimidazole or 1,1'- thiocarbonyldiimidazole may be used to generate an acyl imidazole; trimethylacetyl (pivaloyl) chloride or isovaleryl chloride to generate a pivalic or isovaleric acid mixed anhydride; oxalyl chloride (in the presence of a catalytic amount of DMF) or phosphorus pentachloride to generate an acid chloride; isobutyl chloroformate to generate an isobutylcarbonic acid mixed anhydride; and diethylcyanophosphate or diethylchlorophosphate to generate a diethylphosphoric acid mixed anhydride.
- active aryl esters examples include p-nitrophenyl esters, 2,4-dinitrophenyl esters, and pentafluorophenyl esters.
- Meldrum's acid may be initially present in the reaction mixture during the formation of the activated acid species or added subsequently after generation of the activated acid species.
- the reaction is carried out in a suitable organic solvent, such as DCM, DCE, THF, dimethoxymethane, DME, DMF, DMAc, NMP, DMSO, rPAc, EtOAc, MTBE, toluene, MeCN, and propionitrile.
- the reaction is carried out in the presence of base, such as triethylamine, N,N- diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, 2,4,6-collidine, imidazole, pyridine, lutidine, N,N- dimethylaniline, DMAP, DABCO, and DBU.
- base such as triethylamine, N,N- diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, 2,4,6-collidine, imidazole, pyridine, lutidine, N,N- dimethylaniline, DMAP, DABCO, and DBU.
- base such as triethylamine, N,N- diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, 2,4,6-collidine, imidazole, pyridine, lutidine, N,N- dimethylaniline, DMAP, DABCO, and DBU.
- the Meldrum's acid adduct is prepared using
- the second step in the process of the present invention concerns conversion of a Meldrum' s acid adduct of formula II into a beta-keto ester of structural formula V. This is accomplished by alcoholysis with a C ⁇ . alkanol.
- Preferred alkanols include methanol and ethanol.
- the reaction is preferably conducted in refluxing methanol.
- the third step in the process of the present invention involves asymmetric reduction of the beta-keto group in a compound of structural formula V with a chiral reducing agent in a suitable organic solvent to afford a chiral beta-hydroxy ester of structural formula VI.
- the chiral reduction is effected by Noyori-type asymmetric hydrogenation using [(5)-(BINAP-RuCl2)]Et3N or (5)-BINAP-RuCl2 in MeOH as the chiral catalyst [see R. Noyori et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.. 40: 40- 73 (2001)].
- the asymmetric hydrogenation is typically carried out using elevated pressures of hydrogen gas.
- the chiral beta-hydroxy ester of formula VI is typically obtained in greater than 90% yield and 90% ee.
- Other chiral catalysts that can also be employed for the asymmetric hydrogenation include (5)- [2,2]Phanephos, Duphos, as well as other chiral bisphosphines.
- the fourth step in the process of the present invention entails hydrolysis of a chiral beta- hydroxy ester of structural formula VI to afford a chiral beta-hydroxy acid of structural formula VII.
- the hydrolysis is effected under aqueous base conditions with an alkali metal hydroxide, such as lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide; an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, such as barium, calcium, and magnesium hydroxide; or an alkali metal carbonate, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium carbonate.
- Solvents that are compatible for the saponification reaction include THF, DME, dioxane, DCE, and toluene all in the presence of water.
- the organic solvent is aqueous THF.
- the fifth step in the process of the present invention is conversion of a chiral beta- hydroxy acid of formula VII into a beta-hydroxy benzyloxyamide of structural formula VITI. This is achieved by amide coupling with 0-benzylhydroxylamine in the presence of a coupling reagent in a suitable solvent.
- Embodiments of coupling reagents include l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), l-cyclohexyl-3-(2- morpholmoethyl)carbodiimide, 1,3-di-tert-butylcarbodiimide, l-(dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide methiodide, l-tert-butyl-3-(1 ⁇ iphenylmethyl)-carbodiimide, 1,3- diisopropylcarbodiimide, bis-(diphenylmethyl)-carbodiimide, l-tert-butyl-3-ethylcarbodiimide, 1-methyl- 2-chloropyridinium iodide, 2-ethoxy-l-ethoxycarbonyl-
- Suitable solvents for the amide coupling reaction include water, THF, MeCN, DMF, DMAc, DCM, ethyl acetate, DCE, JPAc, chloroform, propiontrile, and mixtures thereof.
- a preferred solvent is water.
- the sixth step in the process of the present invention concerns cyclocondensation of a beta-hydroxy benzyloxyamide of structural formula VITI to generate a beta-lactam or azetidinone of structural formula LX using Mitsunobu reaction conditions.
- the azodicarboxylate is a di-(Ci-4 alkyl) azodicarboxylate, dibenzyl azodicarboxylate, or bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) azodicarboxylate.
- the reaction is performed in the presence of a phosphine ligand, such as a trialkyl- and a triarylphosphine, in a suitable organic solvent.
- trialkylphosphines include tributylphosphine and trioctylphosphine.
- triarylphosphine include triphenylphosphine and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine.
- Suitable organic solvents for the Mitsunobu reaction include DCM, chloroform, DCE, toluene, MTBE, THF, EtOAc, D?Ac, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, acetonitrile, DMF, xylene, 1,4-dioxane, propionitrile, and mixtures thereof.
- DCM diisopropyl azodicarboxylate
- triphenylphosphine in toluene.
- the seventh step in the process of the present invention is hydrolysis of a beta-lactam of structural formula LX to afford a beta-amino acid of structural formula X.
- the hydrolysis can be effected under either aqueous acid or aqueous base conditions.
- an alkali metal hydroxide such as lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide
- an alkaline earth metal hydroxide such as barium, calcium, and magnesium hydroxide
- an alkali metal carbonate such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium carbonate
- Solvents that are compatible for the saponification reaction include THF, DME, dioxane, DCE, and toluene, all in the presence of water.
- the organic solvent is miscible with water.
- the hydrolysis can also be performed by heating a beta-lactam of formula LX with aqueous acid in methanol, such as aqueous hydrochloric acid and aqueous sulfuric acid.
- the penultimate step in the process of the present invention is amide coupling of a beta- amino acid of structural formula X with a tetrahydro[l,2,4]triazolo[4,3- ]pyrazine of structural formula XII or an amine salt thereof in the presence of a coupling reagent in a suitable organic solvent to afford a beta-amino acid amide of structural formula XL
- a coupling reagent in a suitable organic solvent to afford a beta-amino acid amide of structural formula XL
- the scope and ranges of conditions that can be employed for the amide coupling reaction are similar to those for the conversion of VII into Vffl.
- the coupling reaction is performed using EDC in the presence of N-methylmorpholme in acetonitrile or DMF or an aqueous mixture thereof.
- the final step in the process of the present invention is removal of the benzyloxy protecting group on the amine functionality of a compound of structural formula XI.
- This is accomplished under hydrogenolytic conditions in the presence of a metal catalyst in an organic solvent.
- Suitable organic solvents for the hydrogenolysis include, but are not limited to, a lower alkanol, such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol; THF, DME, diethoxyethane, and IPAc, and aqueous mixtures thereof.
- JPAc can also be used with an additive, such as HCl, HBr, acetic acid, and formic acid.
- Transfer hydrogenation conditions can also be employed wherein the hydrogen is generated in situ.
- Sources of hydrogen for the transfer hydrogenation include ammonium formate, formic acid, cyclohexene, and isopropyl alcohol.
- Metal catalysts include Pd/C, PCI/AI2O3, Pd/CaC03, and Pd(OH)2/C.
- Other catalysts can also be used such as Pt, Rh, and Ni based catalysts, or oxides thereof, alone or on supports such as carbon, silica, and alumina.
- the hydrogenolysis is carried out with 10% Pd/C as catalyst in methanol as the solvent.
- Ar is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy.
- Ar is 2,5-difluorophenyl or 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl.
- Ar is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy.
- Ar is 2,5-difluorophenyl or 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl.
- Ar is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; and Rl is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to five fluorines.
- Rl is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to five fluorines.
- Ar is 2,5-difluorophenyl or 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl and Rl is trifluoromethyl. Representative experimental procedures utilizing the novel process are detailed below.
- DABCO is l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
- DBU is 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene
- DCE is 1,2-dichloroethane
- DCM is dichloromethane
- DMAc is N,N- dimethylacetamide
- DMAP is 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine
- DME is 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- DMF is N,N- dimethylformamide
- EtOAc is ethyl acetate
- EtOH is ethanol
- HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
- IPAc is isopropyl acetate
- MeCN is acetonitrile
- MeOH is methanol
- MTBE is methyl t- butyl ether
- NMM is
- halogen is meant fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
- the starting materials are either commercially available or known in the chemical scientific or patent literature. Purification procedures include e.g., distillation, crystallization and normal or reverse phase liquid chromatography.
- Hydrazine (20.1 g, 35 wt% in water, 0.22 mol) was mixed with 310 mL of acetonitrile. 31.5 g of ethyl trifluoroacetate (0.22 mol) was added over 60 min. The internal temperature was increased to 25 °C from 14 °C. The resulting solution was aged at 22 - 25 °C for 60 min. The solution was cooled to 7 °C. 17.9 g of 50 wt% aqueous NaOH (0.22 mol) and 25.3 g of chloroacetyl chloride (0.22 mol) were added simultaneously over 130 min at a temperature below 16 °C.
- Step D Preparation of 3-(trifluoromethyl)-5.6,7,8-tetrahydrorL2,41triazolor4.3- ⁇ 1pyrazine.
- hydrochloride salt (1-4) A suspension of amidine L3 (27.3 g, 0.13 mol) in 110 mL of methanol was warmed to
- Step A Preparation of 5-ri-hvdroxy-2-(2.5-difluorophenyl)ethylidene1-2.2-dimethyl- 3- dioxane-4,6-dione (2-2)
- Oxalyl chloride (2.54 Kg, 1.72 L, 20.1 mol) was slowly added to a slurry of 2,5- difluorophenylacetic acid (3.00 Kg, 17.4 mol) and DMF (9 mL) in dichloromethane (11 L) at 25-30 °C over 1.5 h. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature until the end of HCl gas evolution.
- Dichloromethane and excess (COCl) 2 were distilled off (20-25 °C, 28" Hg).
- Step B Preparation of methyl 4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)-3-oxobutanoate (2-3)
- ketoester 7_ _ ⁇ as a crystalline solid: mp 37- 39 °C. lH NMR (CDCI 3 ): ⁇ 3.50 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.83 (d, 2H), 6.86-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.94-7.00 (m, 1H). enol form: 3.48 (s), 3.67 (s), 12.04 (s).
- Step B The solution from Step B was divided into 2 batches (approx. 12 L each) and degassed by bubbling in N 2 for 15 min. 2N HCl (70 mL) and then (S)-BfNAP-RuCl 2 (22.3 g, 0.4 mol%) were added to each batch which was then submitted to hydrogenation (H 2 , 150 psi, 5 gal autoclave) at 60 °C for 4-5 h. Both batches were then combined and further processed as described in Step D.
- the methanol solution of ⁇ -hydroxyester from Step C was solvent switched to THF (17 L final volume) using 35 L of THF with a minimal residual volume of 5 L (20-25 °C, 28 " Hg).
- a solution of LiOH.H 2 0 (2.37 kg, 56.5 mol) in water (12 L) was added at 20-25 °C to the preceding mixture.
- the solution was stirred for 30 min, MTBE (8 L) was then added and the layers separated.
- the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (2 x 8 L) then the combined organic layers were back-extracted with water (8 L).
- the combined aqueous layers were used directly in Step E below.
- Step F Preparation of (4R)4-(benzyloxy)-4-(2,5-difluorobenzyl)azetidin-2-one (2-7)
- Triphenylphosphine (3.64 kg, 13.9 mol) was slowly added to a solution of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (2.80 kg, 2.73 L, 13.9 mol) in toluene (43 L) at such a rate that the temperature did not rise above 25 °C over 30 min.
- the ⁇ -hydroxamate from Step E (4.05 kg, 12.6 mol) was then added portionwise at 20-30 °C over 30 min. After 2 h at 20-22 °C, 12-15 A% of starting hydroxamate remained (HPLC).
- a solution was prepared from triphenylphosphine (364 g) and DIAD (280 g) in toluene (4.3 L) as described above.
- Step H Preparation of 7-r(3R)-3-r(benzyloxy)amino1-4-(2.5-difluorophenyl)butanovn-3-
- Step I Preparation of (2R)-4-oxo-4-r3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydrori.2,41triazolor4.3- ⁇ lpyrazin-7(8H)-vn-l-(2.5-difluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (2-10)
- the methanol solution of free amine (26 L) was added to the tartaric acid solution dropwise keeping temperature at about 60-65 °C.
- the precipitated crystalline salt was aged for 30 min at this temperature and cooled gradually to 0°C with efficient stirring. After aging for 1 h at 0 °C, the crude salt was filtered off and rinsed with 3 L of 2: 1 iPA-MeOH (pre-cooled to 0°C). The cake was dried in a filter pot under reduced pressure with a nitrogen sweep for 16 h to give the crude tartrate as a white crystalline solid (3.97 Kg).
- the crude (L)-tartaric acid salt (2.0 Kg) was dissolved in 50 L of MeOH at reflux temperature (about 59°C). The homogenous solution was cooled to 45 °C and transferred to a 100 L round-bottom flask through an in-line filter. About 5 L of methanol was distilled off. The solution was heated to about 50-55°C and JPA (43 L) was charged (in-line filter) slowly over 30 min keeping the temperature at about 55-65°C. After aging the slurry for 1 h at about 60-65°C, the slurry was gradually cooled to 0 °C with efficient stirring.
- This compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, but using commercially available 2,4,5-trifluorophenylacetic acid in place of 2,5-difluorophenylacetic acid in Step A. Melting point 114.1 - 115.7 °C. l ⁇ NMR (300 MHz, CD3CN): ⁇ 7.26 (m), 7.08 (m), 4.90 (s), 4.89 (s), 4.14 (m), 3.95 (m), 3.40 (m), 2.68
Abstract
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