Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
  • G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
  • G09G3/3216—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using a passive matrix
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
  • G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
  • G09G3/3225—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using an active matrix
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
  • G09G5/02—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators characterised by the way in which colour is displayed
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
  • H10K59/35—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels
  • H10K59/351—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels comprising more than three subpixels, e.g. red-green-blue-white [RGBW]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
  • H10K59/35—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels
  • H10K59/352—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels the areas of the RGB subpixels being different
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
  • H10K59/35—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels
  • H10K59/353—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels characterised by the geometrical arrangement of the RGB subpixels
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
  • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
  • G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
  • G09G2300/0452—Details of colour pixel setup, e.g. pixel composed of a red, a blue and two green components
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
  • G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
  • G09G2330/021—Power management, e.g. power saving
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
  • H10K59/38—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising colour filters or colour changing media [CCM]

Definitions

• the present invention relates to organic light emitting diode (OLED), full color display devices and, more particularly, to OLED color displays with improved power efficiency.
• OLED organic light emitting diode
• Color, digital image display devices are well known and are based upon a variety of technologies such as cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal and solid- state light emitters such as Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs).
• OLEDs Organic Light Emitting Diodes
• each display element or pixel is composed of red, green, and blue colored OLEDs. By combining the illumination from each of these three OLEDs in an additive color system, a wide variety of colors can be achieved.
• OLEDs may be used to generate color directly using organic materials that are doped to emit energy in desired portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• the known red and blue emissive materials are not particularly power efficient.
• broad bandwidth (appearing white) materials are known that have power efficiencies that are high enough by comparison to narrow bandwidth materials to produce a comparably power efficient OLED display by placing color filters over a broad bandwidth emissive material.
• power efficiency is always desirable, it is particularly desirable in portable applications because an inefficient display limits the time the device can be used before the power source is recharged.
• Portable applications may also require the display to be used in locations with high ambient illumination, requiring the display to provide imagery with a high luminance level to be useful, further increasing the power required to present adequate imagery.
• color gamut is typically described by plotting the CIE chromaticity coordinates of the red 2, green 4 and blue 6 OLEDs in a CIE diagram as shown in Fig. 1. It should be appreciated, however, that to maximize the color gamut, the CIE chromaticity coordinates of the red 2, green 4, and blue 6 OLEDs must be separated as much as possible and placed on or very near the boundary of the CIE diagram. However, all of the colors on the boundary of this diagram are monochromatic and any source that can be placed near this boundary, by definition, emits light over a very narrow spectral band. For this reason, to create a display with a broad color gamut, the OLEDs must emit energy in a narrow spectral bandwidth.
• the color filter absorbs more of the luminance energy of the illumination source than when a broad bandwidth filter is placed over the broad bandwidth light source.
• the power efficiency of the OLED is reduced significantly.
• EP0830032B1 by Sampsell, March 20, 2002 describes a projection system using a white light beam in conjunction with colored beams to improve the brightness of a projected display. Such a projection system, however, is not useful for an OLED display device. Further, this patent describes using the broad bandwidth white in a way that all colors will be perceived as lower in saturation.
• US 5, 526,016 issued June 11, 1996 to Nakagiri et al describes a rotary element of different colors to create a multi-color projection display. This projection device utilizes a white filter element to reduce the visibility of color breakup artifacts that are inherent in other similar color sequential display devices. This device is not suitable for small and compact display devices as required by portable application, has limited resolution, and is of very large size.
• saturation refers to color saturation (i.e. the purity of a color produced by the display device).
• an OLED display device that includes an array of light emitting pixels, each pixel having three or more OLEDs for emitting different colors of light specifying a gamut and at least one additional OLED for emitting a color of light within the gamut, wherein the power efficiency of the additional OLED is higher than the power efficiency of at least one of the three or more OLEDs; and means for driving the OLEDs in the pixels to produce a given color and luminance at a reduced power usage.
• Fig. 1 is a CIE chromaticity diagram showing coordinates for highly saturated red, green, and blue OLEDs
• Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs according to one embodiment of the present invention
• Fig. 3 is a graph showing the proportion of power that will be consumed by the display as power is removed from the OLEDs defining the gamut and applied to an in-gamut OLED;
• Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a series of OLEDs according to one embodiment of the present invention
• Fig. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the general concept of mapping from conventional three color data to four or more OLEDs without any loss in saturation;
• Fig. 6 is a flow chart illustrating an algorithm useful for programming a computer for mapping from conventional three color data to four OLEDs without any loss in saturation;
• Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of a series of OLEDs according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to a further alternative embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to a further embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a pattern of OLEDs arranged in one possible pixel pattern according to a further embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative pattern of
• the present invention is directed to a full color display device having three or more emissive OLEDs, providing three or more primary colors that define the gamut of the display, with one or more additional OLEDs having a color that is inside the gamut of the display and also having a higher power efficiency than the OLEDs that describe the gamut of the display.
• a signal processor associated with the display converts a standard color image signal to drive signals that drive the OLEDs to reduce the power usage of the display.
• an emissive color OLED display device 10 (a small portion of which is shown) according to the present invention includes an array of pixels; each pixel 12 is composed of three or more OLEDs that emit different colors of light that define the gamut of the display, for example, a red 20, a green 22, and a blue 24 light emitting OLED.
• the full color display of this invention additionally includes at least one in-gamut OLED 26, for example, a white light emitting OLED that has a power efficiency that is higher than at least one of the OLEDs that define the color gamut of the display.
• the OLEDs in the pixels are all individually addressable using conventional means where the power used by an OLED is proportional to its addressing level.
• luminance that would conventionally be produced by a combination of lower power efficiency OLEDs defining the gamut of the display device can instead be produced by the higher power efficiency in-gamut OLED.
• Fig. 3 illustrates the proportion of power that will be used by this display as a function of the percent of luminance that is produced by OLEDs on the gamut boundary as opposed to the in-gamut OLED.
• the present invention can be employed in most OLED device configurations that allow four or more OLEDs per pixel. These include very unsophisticated structures comprising a separate anode and cathode per OLED to more sophisticated devices, such as passive matrix displays having orthogonal arrays of anodes and cathodes to form pixels, and active-matrix displays where each pixel is controlled independently, for example, with a thin film transistor (TFT).
• an OLED display includes pixels having a plurality of white light emitting OLEDs that are individually filtered using a color filter array to provide a color display. A schematic diagram of a cross section of such a display is shown in Fig. 4. There are numerous configurations of the organic layers wherein the present invention can be successfully practiced.
• each pixel 12 of the display device 10 has four OLEDs.
• Each OLED is formed on a transparent substrate 30.
• red 32, green 34, blue 36, and white or transparent 38 color filters are formed on this substrate.
• red 32, green 34, blue 36, and white or transparent 38 color filters are formed on this substrate.
• red 32, green 34, blue 36, and white or transparent 38 color filters are formed on this substrate.
• a transparent anode 40 is then formed over the color filter followed by the layers typically used to construct an OLED display.
• the OLED materials include a hole injecting layer 42, a hole transporting layer ' 44, a light emitting layer 46 and an electron transporting layer 48. Finally a cathode 50 is formed.
• the substrate may alternatively be located adjacent to the cathode, or the substrate may actually constitute the anode or cathode.
• the organic layers between the anode and cathode are conveniently referred to as the organic light emitting layer.
• the total combined thickness of the organic light emitting layer is preferably less than 500 nm.
• the device may be a top emitting device wherein light is emitted through a cover or a bottom emitting device that emits light through a substrate, as shown in Fig. 4.
• a bottom emitting OLED device is typically provided over a supporting substrate 30 on which is patterned the color filters.
• Either the cathode or anode can be in contact with the color filters and the substrate.
• the electrode in contact with the substrate is conventionally referred to as the bottom electrode.
• the bottom electrode is the anode, but this invention is not limited to that configuration.
• the substrate can either be light transmissive or opaque, depending on the intended direction of light emission. The light transmissive property is desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate. Transparent glass or plastic is commonly employed in such cases.
• the transmissive characteristic of the bottom support is immaterial, and therefore can be light transmissive, light absorbing or light reflective.
• Substrates for use in this case include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, semiconductor materials, silicon, ceramics, and circuit board materials. Of course it is necessary to provide in these device configurations a light-transparent top electrode.
• the anode When EL emission is viewed through the anode 40, the anode should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest.
• Common transparent anode materials used in this invention are indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO) and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum- or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium- indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide.
• metal nitrides such as gallium nitride
• metal selenides such as zinc selenide
• metal sulfides such as zinc sulfide
• the transmissive characteristics of anode are immaterial and any conductive material can be used, transparent, opaque or reflective.
• Example conductors for this application include, but are not limited to, gold, iridium, molybdenum, palladium, and platinum.
• Typical anode materials, transmissive or otherwise, have a work function of 4.1 eN or greater. Desired anode materials are commonly deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or electrochemical means.
• Anodes can be patterned using well-known photolithographic processes.
• hole-injecting layer 42 between the anode 40 and hole-transporting layer 44.
• the hole-injecting material can serve to improve the film formation property of subsequent organic layers and to facilitate injection of holes into the hole-transporting layer.
• Suitable materials for use in the hole-injecting layer include, but are not limited to, porphyrinic compounds as described in US 4,720,432, and plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymers as described in US 6,208,075.
• Alternative hole-injecting materials reportedly useful in organic EL devices are described in EP 0 891 121 Al and EP 1 029 909 Al.
• the hole-transporting layer 44 contains at least one hole- transporting compound such as an aromatic tertiary amine, where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring.
• the aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or a polymeric arylamine. Exemplary monomeric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel et al. in US 3,180,730. Other suitable triarylamines substituted with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one active hydrogen containing group are disclosed by Brantley et al. in US 3,567,450 and 3,658,520.
• a more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as described in US 4,720,432 and 5,061,569.
• the hole-transporting layer can be formed of a single or a mixture of aromatic tertiary amine compounds.
• Illustrative of useful aromatic tertiary amines are the following:
• Another class of useful hole-transporting materials includes polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in EP 1 009 041.
• polymeric hole-transporting materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
• the light- emitting layer (LEL) 46 of the organic light emitting layer includes a luminescent or fluorescent material where electroluminescence is produced as a result of electron-hole pair recombination in this region.
• the light-emitting layer can be comprised of a single material, but more commonly consists of a host material doped with a guest compound or compounds where light emission comes primarily from the dopant and can be of any color.
• the host materials in the light- emitting layer can be an electron-transporting material, as defined below, a hole- transporting material, as defined above, or another material or combination of materials that support hole-electron recombination.
• the dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, e.g., transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561 , WO 00/18851 , WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10 % by weight into the host material. Polymeric materials such as polyfluorenes and polyvinylarylenes (e.g., poly(p-phenylenevinylene), PPN) can also be used as the host material. In this case, small molecule dopants can be molecularly dispersed into the polymeric host, or the dopant could be added by copolymerizing a minor constituent into the host polymer.
• phosphorescent compounds e.g., transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561 , WO 00/18851 , WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful.
• Dopants are
• Host and emitting molecules known to be of use include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US 4,769,292; 5,141,671; 5,150,006; 5,151,629; 5,405,709; 5,484,922; 5,593,788; 5,645,948; 5,683,823; 5,755,999; 5,928,802; 5,935,720; 5,935,721; and 6,020,078.
• Metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and similar derivatives constitute one class of useful host compounds capable of supporting electroluminescence.
• useful chelated oxinoid compounds are the following: CO-1 : Aluminum trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)]
• CO-2 Magnesium bisoxine [alias, bis(8-quinolinolato)magnesium(II)]
• CO-3 Bis[benzo ⁇ f ⁇ -8-quinolinolato]zinc (II)
• CO-4 Bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)- ⁇ -oxo-bis(2-methyl-8- quinolinolato) aluminum(III)
• CO-5 Indium trisoxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)indium]
• CO-6 Aluminum tris(5-methyloxine) [alias, tris(5-methyl-8-quinolinolato) aluminum(III)]
• CO-7 Lithium oxine [alias, (8-quinolinolato)lithium(I)]
• CO-8 Gallium oxine [alias, tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III)]
• CO-9 Zirconium oxine [alias, tetra(8-quinolinolato)zirconium(IN)]
• useful host materials include, but are not limited to: derivatives of anthracene, such as 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene and derivatives thereof, distyrylarylene derivatives as described in US 5,121,029, and benzazole derivatives, for example, 2, 2', 2"-(l,3,5-phenylene)tris[l-phenyl-lH- benzimidazole].
• Useful fluorescent dopants include, but are not limited to, derivatives of anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, perylene, rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds, thiopyran compounds, polymethine compounds, pyrilium and thiapyrilium compounds, fluorene derivatives, periflanthene derivatives and carbostyryl compounds.
• ETL Electron-Transporting Layer
• Preferred thin film-forming materials for use in forming the electron-transporting layer 48 of the organic light emitting layers of this invention are metal chelated oxinoid compounds, including chelates of oxine itself (also commonly referred to as 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline). Such compounds help to inject and transport electrons, exhibit high levels of performance, and are readily fabricated in the form of thin films. Exemplary oxinoid compounds were listed previously.
• electron-transporting materials include various butadiene derivatives as disclosed in US 4,356,429 and various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in US 4,539,507. Benzazoles and triazines are also useful electron-transporting materials.
• layers 36 and 38 can optionally be collapsed into a single layer that serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transport. These layers can be collapsed in both small molecule OLED systems and in polymeric OLED systems.
• a hole-transporting layer such as PEDOT-PSS with a polymeric light-emitting layer such as PPN.
• PPN serves the function of supporting both light emission and electron transport.
• the cathode 50 used in this invention can be comprised of nearly any conductive material. Desirable materials have good film-forming properties to ensure good contact with the underlying organic layer, promote electron injection at low voltage, and have good luminance stability over time. Useful cathode materials often contain a low work function metal ( ⁇ 4.0 eN) or metal alloy.
• a Mg: Ag alloy wherein the percentage of silver is in the range of 1 to 20 %, as described in US 4,885,221.
• cathode materials include bilayers comprising a thin electron-injection layer (EIL) in contact with the organic layer (e.g., ETL), which is capped with a thicker layer of a conductive metal.
• EIL electron-injection layer
• the EIL preferably includes a low work function metal or metal salt, and if so, the thicker capping layer does not need to have a low work function.
• One such cathode is comprised of a thin layer of LiF followed by a thicker layer of Al as described in US 5,611,512.
• Other useful cathode material sets include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in US 5,059,861; 5,059,862, and 6,140,763.
• the cathode When light emission is viewed through the cathode, the cathode must be transparent or nearly transparent. For such applications, metals must be thin or one must use transparent conductive oxides, or a combination of these materials.
• Optically transparent cathodes have been described in more detail in US 4,885,211, US 5,247,190, JP 3,234,963, US 5,703,436, US 5,608,287, US 5,837,391, US 5,677,572, US 5,776,622, US 5,776,623, US 5,714,838, US 5,969,474, US 5,739,545, US 5,981,306, US 6,137,223, US 6,140,763, US 6,172,459, EP 1 076 368, and US 6,278,236.
• Cathode materials are typically deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask deposition, integral shadow masking as described in US 5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical vapor deposition.
• the organic materials mentioned above are suitably deposited through a vapor-phase method such as sublimation, but can be deposited from a fluid, for example, from a solvent with an optional binder to improve film formation. If the material is a polymer, solvent deposition is useful but other methods can be used, such as sputtering or thermal transfer from a donor sheet.
• the material to be deposited by sublimation can be vaporized from a sublimator "boat" often comprised of a tantalum material, e.g., as described in US 6,237,529, or can be first coated onto a donor sheet and then sublimed in closer proximity to the substrate.
• Layers with a mixture of materials can utilize separate sublimator boats or the materials can be pre-mixed and coated from a single boat or donor sheet. Patterned deposition can be achieved using shadow masks, integral shadow masks (US 5,294,870), spatially-defined thermal dye transfer from a donor sheet (US 5,851,709 and 6,066,357) and inkjet method (US 6,066,357).
• OLED devices are sensitive to moisture or oxygen, or both, so they are commonly sealed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, along with a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates.
• a desiccant such as alumina, bauxite, calcium sulfate, clays, silica gel, zeolites, alkaline metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, sulfates, or metal halides and perchlorates.
• Methods for encapsulation and desiccation include, but are not limited to, those described in US 6,226,890.
• barrier layers such as SiOx, Teflon, and alternating inorganic/polymeric layers are known in the art for encapsulation.
• OLED devices of this invention can employ various well-known optical effects in order to enhance its properties if desired. This includes optimizing layer thicknesses to yield maximum light transmission, providing dielectric mirror structures, replacing reflective electrodes with light-absorbing electrodes, providing anti-glare or anti-reflection coatings over the display, providing a polarizing medium over the display, or providing colored, neutral density, or color conversion filters over the display. Filters, polarizers, and anti- glare or anti-reflection coatings may be specifically provided over the cover or as part of the cover.
• the display is capable of presenting all of the colors presented by a standard three color; red, green, blue OLED display device.
• the color of the white OLED 26 is designed to match the white point of the display.
• the signal processor used to drive the display is configured to allow any gray value, including white, which would typically be presented using a combination of the red 20, green 22, and blue 24 color OLEDs to be created using primarily the white OLED 26.
• the peak luminance of the white OLED 26 is designed to match the combined luminance of the red 20, green 22, and blue 24 OLEDs. That is, in a typical configuration where the prior art display would be designed to achieve a peak luminance of 100 cd/sq. m, the red 20, green 22, and blue 24 OLEDs will be set up to produce this peak luminance when they are all turned on to their maximum value and the white OLED 26 will also be designed to provide this same peak luminance.
• the color of the additional in-gamut OLED 26 may be desirable to design the color of the additional in-gamut OLED 26 to provide a color points other than the display white level inside the gamut of the red 20, green 22, and blue 24 OLEDs. For example by biasing the color of the additional or "white" OLED 26 towards the color of one of the other OLEDs, the designer reduces the reliance of the display on the red 20, green 22 or blue 24 OLED that the additional in-gamut OLED 26 is moved towards.
• the peak luminance of the additional OLED 26 may also be desirable to set the peak luminance of the additional OLED 26 to other luminance values; including lower values, such as half the luminance of the peak luminance of the combined red 20, green 22 and blue 24 OLEDs which increases the reliance on the OLEDs that define the gamut of the display (20, 22, and 24) while reducing the reliance on the additional OLED 26.
• the peak luminance of the additional OLED 26 may also be designed to higher values, such as one and a half times the peak luminance of the combined red 20, green 22 and blue 24 OLEDs. However, this bias can result in loss of saturation for colors that are high in luminance that should be rendered as high in saturation.
• a suitable method is employed to map from a conventional three channel data stream to four colors in order to display standard video information on the display, which has more than three different colored OLEDs.
• Conventional color specifications can be converted to a red, green, blue, white specification using a suitable look-up table.
• Methods of generating lookup tables for converting a three color specification to drive a display having 4 or more color channels are well-known in the art, for example, US 6,075,514 issued June 13, 2000 to Ryan, provides one such method.
• the conversion may be accomplished real time using an algorithm that specifies the conversion.
• the desired peak luminance and the chromaticity coordinates of the desired white of the display are determined 60.
• the CIE chromaticity coordinates for each OLED are then determined 62.
• the peak luminance is calculated 64 for the red 20, green 22, and blue 24, OLEDs using the following equations:
• ⁇ ; y r ( ⁇ w(-yb+yg)+ ⁇ g(yb-y )+ ⁇ b(-y +yw)) ⁇ w (1) ( ⁇ g yb - ⁇ r yb - ⁇ by g + ⁇ r y g + ⁇ by r - ⁇ g y r )y
• Y w represents the desired peak luminance (i.e., the luminance of the final display device when the display device is turned on to its maximum value);
• x w and y w represent the chromaticity coordinates of the desired display white point;
• Y r , Yg, and Yt ⁇ represent the peak luminance values required for the display device to produce the desired white luminance;
• x r , Xg, and x D represent the respective x chromaticity coordinates of the red, green, and blue OLEDs in the display device;
• y r , yg, and y ⁇ represent the respective y chromaticity coordinates of the red, green, and blue OLEDs in the display device.
• the CIE chromaticity coordinates and tonescale for the standard video input are then determined 66. Using this data and the peak luminance for the red, green, and blue display device luminance, the aim luminance and CIE chromaticity coordinates are calculated 68 for all possible code value combinations.
• the CIE coordinate space is then divided 70 into a series of n-1, non-overlapping triangular regions where n is the number of OLEDs with different CIE chromaticity coordinates.
• This division may be done in a number of ways. For example, appropriate triangles are formed by connecting the CIE color coordinate of the white OLED to the CIE color coordinate of each of the red, green, and blue OLEDs, the three appropriate triangles being formed by the combination of the CIE chromaticity coordinates of the white OLED with each of the possible combinations of the CIE chromaticity coordinates for the red, green, and blue OLEDs.
• line segments are drawn initially between the CIE chromaticity coordinates of the in-gamut OLEDs and then these line segments are connected to the OLEDs that define the gamut of the display. In this way, the use of the additional in-gamut OLED(s) are maximized, providing improved display device power efficiency.
• the home triangle of the chromaticity coordinates of each of these code value combinations is then determined 72. That is, the triangle containing the chromaticity coordinates of each color defined by each code value combination is determined and that triangle is defined as the home triangle. It is recognized that the desired chromaticity coordinates for some code value combinations may lie on a boundary or vertex of one of these triangles, in which case this value may be arbitrarily assigned to any of the possible home triangles for this code value combination.
• Y a represents the desired luminance for the code value combination as calculated 68 earlier;
• x a and y a represent the chromaticity coordinates for the code value combination as calculated 68 earlier;
• Y , Y2, and Y3 represent the luminance values of the three OLEDs defining the first, second, and third corners of the home triangle, respectively;
• xj, X2, and X3 represent the respective x chromaticity coordinates of the first, second and third corners of the home triangle;
• y ⁇ , y , and y3 represent the respective y chromaticity coordinates of the first, second, and third corners of the home triangle.
• a relationship defining the luminance of each OLED to the code value for each OLED is then determined 76. Using this relationship, the code value for each OLED luminance that was calculated 74 for each code value combination is finally calculated 78 and placed into the output of the look-up table. Any OLED that was not a part of the home triangle that was defined for each standard code value combination is assigned a code value of 0 in the final look up table.
• Fig. 6 allows the replacement of a fraction of the white luminance that would typically be generated by the red, green, and blue OLEDs to be produced by the additional (white) OLED.
• no white replacement is made, and the display is identical in operation to a three color display.
• full white replacement is made, meaning that at any pixel location, excepting those where subpixel spatial interpolation is done, at least one of the red, green, and blue OLEDs will be off or at minimum luminance, and for the majority of colors, the white OLED will be at least partially lit.
• the white replacement algorithm is depicted in Fig. 6.
• the desired peak luminance and chromaticity coordinates of the display white point are determined 80.
• the CIE chromaticity coordinates for each OLED are then determined 81.
• the peak luminance is calculated 82 for the red 20, green 22, and blue 24, OLEDs using equations 1, 2 and 3 as shown earlier.
• a 3x3 matrix is calculated 84.
• the XYZ tristimulus values of the RGB video are input 86.
• the red, green, and blue luminance values are then calculated 88 using the 3x3 matrix that was calculated 84 earlier to rotate from the primaries associated with CIE XYZ tristimulus values to the RGB luminances of the display.
• These luminances are renormalized from the white point of the display to the peak luminance of the white OLED 90, and the common luminance, i.e., the minimum of the three, is calculated 92.
• a white replacement fraction (F) is selected 93.
• the multiple of F and the common luminance is subtracted 94 from each of the red, green, and blue luminances that were calculated 92 earlier. This luminance is then added 95 to the luminance of the white OLED, previously zero.
• the luminance values for the red, green, and blue OLEDs are renormalized 96 to the display white point, and combined 97 with the luminance value for the white OLED.
• a lookup table to convert from luminance of the red, green, blue and white OLED to the code value required to produce each luminance is then determined 98. This lookup table is then applied to determine 99 the code values necessary to drive each OLED to its desired luminance.
• fractions greater than 1.0 may be considered when applying this approach, but not without compromising the colorimetric accuracy of the display.
• Many variations are possible, such as not subtracting F times the common luminance from the RGB channels when adding it to the white channel, or such as simply adding some fraction F2 of the maximum luminance of the RGB channels to the white channel. Either approach will provide a display whose peak white luminance is improved but whose color saturation is diminished.
• a second particularly useful embodiment includes the use of several different OLED materials that are doped to provide multiple colors.
• the red 20, green 22, blue 24 and white 26 OLEDs may be composed of different OLED materials that are doped to produce different colored OLEDs.
• This embodiment is illustrated in Fig. 7 which includes a plurality of OLEDs that are formed on a transparent substrate 100. On this substrate is formed an anode 102. On each anode is formed a stack of organic light emitting diode materials 114, 116, 118, and 120. Over the organic light emitting diode materials a cathode 112 is formed.
• Each of the organic light emitting diode material stacks (e.g., 114, 116, 118 and 120) are formed from a hole injecting layer 104, a hole transporting layer 106, a light emitting layer 108, and an electron transporting layer 110.
• the light emitting layer and potentially other layers within the stack of organic light emitting diode materials are selected to provide a red, green, blue, and white light emitting OLEDs.
• One stack of light emitting diode materials 114 emits energy primarily in the long wavelength or red portion of the visible spectrum.
• a second stack of light emitting diode materials 116 emits energy primarily in the middle wavelength or green portion of the visible spectrum.
• a third stack of light emitting diode materials 118 emits energy primarily in the short wavelength or blue portion of the visible spectrum.
• the fourth stack of light emitting diode materials 120 emits energy in a broad range of wavelengths, producing a white OLED. In this way, the four different materials form a four color OLED device including red, green, blue, and white OLEDs.
• OLEDs formed from materials that are doped to produce different colors may have significantly different luminance efficiencies and therefore it may be desirable to select a white OLED with chromaticity coordinates that are biased towards the chromaticity coordinate of the OLED with the lowest power efficiency.
• the chromaticity coordinate of the white OLED in this way, the element with the lowest power efficiency is replaced more often by the white OLED, decreasing the overall power usage.
• the different OLEDs may need to be driven at different levels to produce a color-balanced display. It is important to realize that the stability of OLED materials is inversely related to the current density that is used to drive the OLED. The lifetime of an OLED is influenced by the current density that is used to drive the OLED, therefore, the need to drive some elements with a higher current density may shorten the life of the OLEDs of the given color. Further, OLED materials that are doped to produce different colors typically have different luminance stabilities. That is, the change in luminance output that occurs over time is different for the different materials.
• a material may be employed for the white OLED having a chromaticity coordinate that is positioned closer to the OLED with the shortest luminance stability than to the chromaticity coordinates of the other gamut defining OLEDs. Positioning the white OLED according to this criteria reduces the overall usage of the closest gamut-defining OLED, extending the lifetime of the closest gamut-defining OLED. In either of the two embodiments that have been discussed, it is important to note that because the white OLED is significantly more efficient than the red, green, or blue OLEDs the current density or power required to drive the white OLED is significantly lower than for the red, green, or blue OLEDs.
• the luminance stability over time of the materials used to create the OLED is typically related to the current density used to drive the OLED through a very non-linear function in which the luminance stability over time of the material is much poorer when driven to higher current densities.
• the function used to describe this relationship can typically be described as a power function. For this reason, it is not desirable to drive any OLED to current densities that are higher than a given threshold where the function describing the luminance stability over time is particularly steep. A the same time, it may be desirable to achieve maximum display luminance values that would typically require the red, green, or blue OLEDs to be driven to this current density.
• the current density required to drive the white OLED is significantly lower than that required to drive the red, green, or blue OLED, it will be the last of the OLEDs to reach this threshold current density. Therefore, it may be desirable to map the conventional three color data signal to the display such that the color saturation of the image is degraded while producing the desired luminance without exceeding the threshold current density for any of the three OLEDs.
• One way is to determine the red, green, or blue code values that will exceed this threshold, determine the difference in luminance for the display when the display is to be driven to the threshold response for any of the code values that exceed the threshold when compared to the luminance for the display when the display would be driven to the desired luminance and to add this difference in luminance to the luminance of the white OLED.
• the desired display luminance is achieved without surpassing the threshold current density for the red, green, or blue OLEDs.
• the increased luminance of the display is achieved by sacrificing the color saturation of the displayed image and using the method described here, the color saturation for the highly saturated, bright colors within the image is reduced.
• Another way to perform this adjustment is to reduce the color saturation for all image elements within the color channel that is likely to exceed the current density or power drive limit.
• the various OLEDs will have different efficiencies and lifetimes.
• the white OLEDs can be increased in size. It should also be recognized that as the amount of luminance that is dedicated to the white OLED is manipulated, it may also be desirable to change the relative sizes of these OLEDs.
• Fig. 8 shows another potential pixel layout.
• the display device 130 is composed of an array of pixels 132.
• the pixel 132 is composed of a red 134, green 136, blue 138 and white 140 OLED.
• the OLEDs are more spatially symmetric having nearly equal vertical and horizontal dimensions.
• Fig. 9 shows a display device 150 composed of an array of pixels. Each pixel 152 is composed of a red 154, a green 156, and a blue 158 OLED. Additionally, the pixel includes two white OLEDs 160 and 162.
• the white OLEDs are diagonally located at opposing corners of the pixel to maximize the spacing of these OLEDs. Further, the red and green OLEDs, which have the most luminance excluding the white OLEDs, are further located diagonally across the opposing corners of the pixel.
• the white OLED luminance that is calculated according to the method shown in Fig. 5 (step 74) or Fig. 6 is divided equally between the two white OLEDs and the code value for each of the white OLEDs is determined for one half of the calculated luminance value.
• Fig. 10 shows a display device 170 with an array of pixels.
• the pixel 172 is composed of two red OLEDs 174 and 176, two green OLEDs 178 and 180, one blue OLED 182 and four white OLEDs 184 through 190.
• the OLEDs of the same color are spaced as far apart as possible within the pixel.
• the luminance for the red 174 and 176 OLEDs, the green OLEDs 178 and 180 and the white OLEDs (184 through 190) is calculated by dividing the luminance derived from the method shown in Fig. 5 (step 74) or Fig. 6 for the red, green, and white OLEDs by the number OLEDs of each color within the pixel.
• Fig. 11 shows a display device 200 with an array of pixels.
• the pixel 202 is composed of one red OLED 204, two green OLEDs 206 and 208, one blue OLED 210 and two white OLEDs 212 and 214. It is desirable to maximize the separation of the white 212 and 214 and green OLEDs 206 and 208 within the pixel structure. As shown in Fig. 11, this is accomplished by placing each of the white OLEDs 212 and 214 at diagonally opposing corner of the pixel.
• the green OLEDs 206 and 208 are also positioned at diagonally opposing corners of the pixel 202.
• the luminance for the green OLEDs 206 and 208 and the white OLEDs 212 and 214 is calculated by dividing the luminance derived from the method shown in Fig. 5 (step 74) or Fig. 6 for the green and white OLEDs by the number OLEDs of the green and white OLEDs within the pixel 202.
• any of the different patterns of OLEDs that are used to define a pixel that the relative areas of the different OLEDs may be adjusted to preserve the lifetime to balance the lifetime of the different OLEDs within a pixel.
• the interpolation algorithms that were discussed earlier to enhance the perceived resolution of the OLED display device may also be applied in any of these patterns. It should also be recognized that while one reason for using more
• OLEDs of one color than another is to improve the perceived sharpness of the OLED display device, it may also be desirable to use fewer OLEDs of one color than another (assuming that the OLEDs all have the same light emitting area) for a different reason. For example, to balance the lifetime of the different colored OLEDs, one may wish to utilize fewer white OLEDs than red, green, or blue OLEDs simply because the white materials that are known to be available to create a white OLED today have higher power efficiency and stability and therefore are likely to have a longer lifetime than the red, green, or blue OLEDs. Therefore, it may be desirable to produce a pixel on an OLED display device having fewer white OLEDs that are driven at higher current densities while providing more red, green, or blue OLEDs that are driven at lower current densities.
• the display device 220 is composed of an array of pixels.
• Each pixel 222 is composed of a series of six OLEDs with three, highly saturated, red, green and blue OLEDs 230, 232, and 234 defining the gamut of the display and three similarly colored OLEDs 224, 226 and 228 with lower saturation but higher power efficiency defining a sub-gamut within the display.
• the OLEDs that are used to create the sub-gamut in the display will allow all unsaturated colors to be displayed with a high power efficiency but the presence of the higher saturation OLEDs will allow the presentation of information with higher saturation at the expense of a loss in power efficiency.
• this embodiment could employ either color filters or OLED materials that are doped to produce different colored light emission.
• the power consumption of a hypothetical display constructed according to a conventional approach can be calculated and this power consumption can be compared to a preferred embodiment of this invention.
• Table 1 shows colors that will be assumed for a typical graphical display screen, their code values, and the percent of the screen covered by each color.
• the assumed application might show a white background over the majority of the display, some black text that covers the majority of the screen and therefore consumes 20 percent of the screen real estate, gray tool bars that fill around 10 percent of the screen, and an unsaturated or light blue title bar that fills around 5 percent of the screen.
• Also shown might be some saturated red and green icons, each covering 2 percent of the screen. Table 1. Screen content to be displayed.
• Table 2 shows many of the important display characteristics that will be important in this and comparative examples.
• Table 3 shows many of the characteristics for each OLED that will impact the display power calculations. Table 2. Display Characteristics
• the red, green, and blue luminance required from a OLED to generate a color balanced image can be computed.
• the luminance for each OLED can then be calculated.
• the amount of current required to drive each OLED to the necessary luminance is then calculated and this current is multiplied by an assumed voltage (9 Volts in this example) to calculate the power for each OLED.
• this power is multiplied by the number of each OLED on the display to calculate the power required to drive each color OLED to illuminate the display to the desired color.
• the resulting power values are shown in the columns labeled Red OLEDs, Green OLEDs, and Blue OLEDs in Table 4.
• the power required to illuminate all OLEDs on the display to present each color over the entire display is then calculated by summing the power for all OLEDs. These values are shown in the column labeled Power in Table 4.
• Table 4 The values shown in Table 4 are then weighted by their usage as indicated by percent of screen in Table 1 and an average power draw is calculated. In this way, it can be shown that to display this example screen the display will draw approximately 1.14 Watts of power.
• This same display can be constructed using a display structure according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
• a white OLED will be added to the red, green, and blue OLEDs but that the total area of each OLED will be decreased to provide the same total fill factor.
• no color filter is placed over the white OLED and therefore the transmittance of this OLED is 100%.
• the chromaticity coordinates for this white OLED matches the white point of the display.
• the white OLED is also used to generate luminance energy that was originally supplied by the combination of red, green, and blue OLEDs when generating the light blue condition and therefore the power required to generate this color is reduced in this example over the previous example.
• the red and green colors were fully saturated and composed of red and green in OLEDs in the previous example, they continue to be fully saturated and composed of only light from the red and green OLEDs in this example. Therefore the power used to generate the red and green colors is equivalent in the two examples. Table 5. Power required to display the colors listed in Table 1
• This same display can be constructed using a display structure according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
• a white OLED will be added to the red, green, and blue OLEDs but that the total area of each OLED will be decreased to provide the same total fill factor.
• the white OLED will have a power efficiency of 75 A/sq m.
• the chromaticity coordinates for this white OLED matches the white point of the display.
• the white OLED is also used to generate luminance energy that was originally supplied by the combination of red, green, and blue OLEDs when generating the light blue condition and therefore the power required to generate this color is reduced in this example over the previous example.
• the red and green colors were fully saturated and composed of either red or green OLEDs in the previous example, they continue to be fully saturated and composed of only light from the red and green OLEDs in this example. Therefore the power used to generate the red and green colors is equivalent in the two examples. Table 7. Power required to display the colors listed in Table 1

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