WO2004050603A1 - 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 - Google Patents
1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004050603A1 WO2004050603A1 PCT/JP2003/014932 JP0314932W WO2004050603A1 WO 2004050603 A1 WO2004050603 A1 WO 2004050603A1 JP 0314932 W JP0314932 W JP 0314932W WO 2004050603 A1 WO2004050603 A1 WO 2004050603A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- naphthol
- tetralone
- amino
- nitro
- reaction
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/04—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by substitution of functional groups by amino groups
- C07C209/14—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by substitution of functional groups by amino groups by substitution of hydroxy groups or of etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
- C07C209/18—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by substitution of functional groups by amino groups by substitution of hydroxy groups or of etherified or esterified hydroxy groups with formation of amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings or from amines having nitrogen atoms bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
- C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene.
- 1,5-Diaminonaphthalene is useful as a raw material for various synthetic resins, and in particular, 1,5-naphthalenediisocyanate obtained from the compound is a useful compound as a raw material monomer for polyurethane having excellent physical properties. is there. Background art
- 1,5-diaminonaphthalene has been produced by dinitrating naphthalene to convert it to dinitronaphthalene, and then reducing the nitro group to an amino group.
- a large amount of 1,8-dinitro form is produced as a by-product in addition to the target 1,5-dinitro form.
- the yield of 1,5-di-toro form is 30%, whereas the yield of 1,8-di-toro form is 30%.
- the yield of the JETRO form is 65%, and the 1; 8-dinitro form is produced more than twice as much as the 1,5-dinitro form (JP-A-51-070757).
- the 1,8-dinitro form is used as a raw material for dyes, etc., but the production of 1,5-form is linked to the production of 1,8-form. Makes it difficult to produce the required amount of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene.
- 1,2-diamine obtained by a two-step process using orthonitrotoluene and acrylonitrile as raw materials is obtained by further aromatizing and hydrogenating troimine and / or nitroenamine.
- a method for producing minonaphthalene has been proposed (US 2002/0103401 and WO 02/090 315).
- intermediates of these methods such as ditromin and troena, Emissions, etc., disclose the c invention are relatively unstable compounds
- An object of the present invention is to produce 1,5-diaminonaphthalene industrially advantageously without producing an isomer of the 1,8-diamino form as a by-product and without passing through unstable ditroimin or -troenamine as an intermediate. It is to provide a new method of manufacturing.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies on the above-mentioned problems, and as a result, have found that 1,5-diaminonaphthalene can be industrially advantageously produced from a naphthol compound obtained by aromatizing a 5-substituted 1-1-tetraquinone. And completed the present invention. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- a method for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene comprising a step of dehydrogenating a 5-substituted 1-tetralone to produce a naphthol conjugate, and then aminating a hydroxyl group of the naphthol conjugate.
- the substituent of the 5-substituted 1-1-tetraphenyl used in the present invention is a group convertible to an amino group or an amino group, and the group convertible to an amino group is preferably a two-group.
- a method for obtaining 5-substituted 1-tetralone a conventionally known method can be employed.
- a method for obtaining 5-nitro-11-tetralone a method for nitrating ⁇ -tetralone (German Patent No. 4,086,665), a method for preparing 112-trotetraline in acetic acid by adding triacid chromium in acetic acid.
- the first step dehydrogenation of 5-nitro-2-tetralone is carried out to produce 5-nitro-1-naphthol.
- a known method for dehydrogenating alicyclic ketones to convert them into phenols can be used, and a method of heating in the presence of a noble metal catalyst is generally used.
- the noble metal catalyst those generally used as a hydrogenation catalyst can be used.
- Raney metals such as Raney Ni and Raney Co; Pd / C, Pd / alumina, Pt / C
- a platinum group catalyst supported on a carrier such as Pt / alumina can be used.
- the amount of catalyst used was 0.001 weight in terms of metal relative to the raw material. / 0 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.01% to 5% by weight.
- the reaction may be carried out in either the gas phase or the liquid phase, but it is advantageous to carry out the reaction in the liquid phase because of the high boiling point of 5-2-tro-1-tetrabutyl.
- the solvent used in the liquid phase reaction include water; alcohol solvents such as methanol and ethanol; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene and cyclohexane; ether solvents such as dioxane and diglyme; Ketones such as tyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; organic acids such as acetic acid; polar solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide (hereinafter abbreviated as DMF).
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
- 5-nitro-1-tetralone and 5-nitro-11-naphthorne and 5-amino-1-naphthol which are inert to the reaction, and are preferably ether solvents and polar solvents.
- These solvents can be used alone or in any mixture.
- the amount of the solvent to be used is not particularly limited, but is 1 to 100 times by weight, preferably 1 to 50 times by weight, based on the raw material in consideration of volumetric efficiency and stirring efficiency.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 300 ° C, preferably from room temperature to 200 ° C, more preferably from room temperature to 130 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 1 OMPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa.
- the nitro group may be reduced to a nitroso group, a hydroxylamino group, or an amino group. Therefore, in addition to 5-Ethro-11-naphthol, 5-Nitroso-1-1-naphthol, 5-hydroxylamino-1-naphthol and 5-amino-1-naphthol may be mixed, but nitro group and nitroso Both the group and the hydroxylamino group can be converted to an amino group by a reduction reaction in the next step.
- 5-amino-1-naphthol is produced by reduction of 5-nitro-11-naphthol obtained by the dehydrogenation reaction.
- a known method of generating an amino group by reduction of a nitro group can be used, but usually, a method of reducing with hydrogen in the presence of a noble metal catalyst using a solvent is generally used.
- a noble metal catalyst a catalyst generally used as a hydrogenation catalyst can be used, and the same catalyst as exemplified in the first step can be used.
- the amount of the catalyst to be used is about 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight in terms of metal, based on the raw material.
- the same solvents as those exemplified in the first step can be used. These solvents can be used alone or in any mixture.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited, but may be 1 to 10 with respect to the raw material in consideration of volumetric efficiency and stirring efficiency.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 200 ° C., preferably from room temperature to 100 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to IM Pa.
- the reduction reaction may be performed by isolating the product from the reaction mass subjected to the dehydrogenation reaction.However, the same solvent and the same catalyst are used in the dehydrogenation step and the reduction step to perform the dehydrogenation reaction. It is industrially advantageous to carry out the reduction reaction by introducing hydrogen into the reactor after carrying out the reaction.
- 1,5-diaminonaphthalene is produced by amination of 5-amino-1-naphthol.
- the hydroxyl group is aminated by bringing 5-amino-11-naphthol into contact with ammonia.
- the amount of ammonia used is 1 to 100 mole times, preferably 1 to 50 mole times the amount of the raw material.
- Amination can be carried out with high yield by performing the reaction in the presence of an aqueous bisulfite or sulfite solution.
- the bisulfite or sulfite is, for example, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, ammonium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, or ammonium sulfite, with ammonium bisulfite or ammonium sulfite being preferred.
- the amination may be performed in the presence of zinc chloride, iodine, calcium chloride, sulfanilic acid, sulfuric acid and the like.
- the amount of bisulfite or sulfites is 0. 1-1 5 0 mol% relative to the starting material, preferably 1-1 0 0 mole 0/0.
- the reaction is usually performed in an aqueous solution using a pressure vessel, but may be performed in a mixed solvent with a water-miscible solvent as long as the reaction is not inhibited.
- the reaction can also be carried out in a two-phase system using a solvent immiscible with water.
- the amount of the solvent to be used is not particularly limited, but is 1 to 100 times, preferably 1 to 50 times the weight of the raw material in consideration of the volumetric efficiency and the stirring efficiency.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 300 ° C., preferably from 50 to 200 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 10 MPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa.
- dehydrogenation and amination are carried out after producing 5-amino-1-tetralone by previously reducing 5-nitro-11-tetralone. You can also. That is, the second preferred embodiment of the process for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene of the present invention is as follows.
- 5-amino-1-tetralone is produced by reduction of 5-nitro-11-tetraquinone.
- a known method of generating an amino group by reduction of an etro group can be used, but usually, a method of reducing with hydrogen in the presence of a noble metal catalyst using a solvent is generally used.
- a noble metal catalyst a catalyst generally used as a hydrogenation catalyst can be used, and the same catalyst as exemplified in the first step of the first embodiment can be used.
- the amount of the catalyst to be used is about 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight in terms of metal, based on the raw material.
- the same solvents as those exemplified in the first step of the first embodiment can be used. These solvents can be used alone or in any mixture.
- the amount of the solvent to be used is not particularly limited, but is 1 to 100 times, preferably 1 to 50 times the weight of the raw material in consideration of the volume efficiency and the stirring efficiency.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 200 ° C, preferably from room temperature to 100 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to IM Pa.
- 5-amino-1-tetrabutane is dehydrogenated to produce 5-amino-1-naphthol.
- a known method of dehydrogenating alicyclic ketones and converting them to phenols can be used, but a method of heating in the presence of a noble metal catalyst is generally used.
- a catalyst generally used as a hydrogenation catalyst can be used, and the same catalyst as exemplified in the first step of the first embodiment can be used.
- the amount of the catalyst used is about 0.01% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.01% to 5% by weight in terms of metal, based on the raw material.
- the reaction may be carried out in either the gas phase or the liquid phase, but it is advantageous to carry out the reaction in the liquid phase due to the high boiling point of 5-amino-1-tetraport.
- the solvent used in the liquid phase reaction the same solvents as those exemplified in the first step of the first embodiment can be used. in It is also preferable to dissolve 5-amino-1-naphthol, which is inert to the reaction and is 5-amino-1-tetrabutane product, and ether solvents and polar solvents are preferable. These solvents can be used alone or in any mixture.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited. It is 100 times by weight, preferably 1 to 50 times by weight.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 300 ° C, preferably from room temperature to 200 ° C, more preferably from room temperature to 130 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 1 OMPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa.
- 1,5-diaminonaphthalene is produced by amination of 5-amino-1-naphthol.
- the amination reaction of the hydroxyl group is carried out by bringing 5-amino-11-naphthol into contact with ammonia, and the amount of ammonia to be used is 1 to 100 mole times, preferably 1 to 50 mole times, relative to the amount of the raw material. is there.
- the amination can be carried out in good yield when carried out in the presence of an aqueous solution of bisulfite or sulfite.
- the sulfite or sulfite the same salts as those exemplified in the third step of the first embodiment can be used.
- the amination may be performed in the presence of zinc chloride, iodine, calcium chloride, sulfanilic acid, sulfuric acid, or the like.
- the amount of bisulfite or sulfite material to 0. 1-1 5 0 mole 0/0, preferably 1-1 0 0 mole 0/0.
- the reaction may be usually carried out in a mixed solvent with a water-miscible solvent in a range that does not inhibit the force reaction carried out in the aqueous solution using a pressure vessel.
- the reaction can also be carried out in a two-phase system using a solvent immiscible with water.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited, but is 1 to 100 times, preferably 1 to 50 times the weight of the raw material in consideration of the volume efficiency and the stirring efficiency.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 300 ° C., preferably from 50 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 10 MPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa.
- the method for producing 1,2-diaminonaphthalene comprises: It is also possible to reduce the nitro group after dehydrogenation and amination of the tetralone to give 5--1-nitrophthylamine. That is, the third preferred embodiment of the process for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene of the present invention is as follows.
- the reaction can be carried out in the same manner as in the first step of the first embodiment.
- 5-nitro-11-naphthol 5-nitro-11-naphthol, 5-hydroxysilaminon-1-naphthol and 5-amino-11-naphthol may be present in a mixed state. Since the hydroxylamino group can be converted to an amino group by the reduction reaction in the third step, any compound can be used for the amination reaction in the second step.
- 5-nitro-11-naphthylamine is produced by amination of 5-—11-naphthol.
- the hydroxyl group amination reaction is carried out by contacting 5-t-nitro-naphthol with ammonia.
- the amount of the ammonia used is 1 to 100 times, preferably 1 to 50 times the molar amount of the raw material.
- the amination can be carried out in good yield when carried out in the presence of an aqueous solution of bisulfite or sulfite.
- the same salts as those exemplified in the third step of the first embodiment can be used.
- the amination may be carried out in the presence of zinc chloride, iodine, calcium chloride, sulfanilic acid, sulfuric acid and the like.
- the amount of bisulfite or sulfites is 0. 1-1 5 0 mole 0/0 relative to the starting material, preferably 1-1 '0 0 mole 0/0.
- the reaction may be usually carried out in a mixed solvent with a water-miscible solvent in a range that does not inhibit the force reaction carried out in the aqueous solution using a pressure vessel.
- the reaction can also be carried out in a two-phase system using a solvent immiscible with water.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited, but is 1 to 100 times, preferably 1 to 50 times the weight of the raw material in consideration of the volumetric efficiency and the stirring efficiency.
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 300 ° C, preferably from 50 to 200 ° C, and the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 1 OMPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa.
- 1,5-diaminonaphthalene is produced by reduction of 5-—11-naphthylamine obtained by the amination reaction.
- a known method of generating an amino group by reduction of a nitro group can be used, but usually, a method of reducing with hydrogen in the presence of a noble metal catalyst using a solvent is generally used.
- a noble metal catalyst a catalyst generally used as a hydrogenation catalyst can be used, and the same catalyst as exemplified in the first step of the first embodiment can be used.
- the amount of the catalyst used is about 0.001% to 1% by weight, preferably 0.01% to 0.5% by weight in terms of metal, based on the raw material.
- the same solvents as those exemplified in the first step of the first embodiment can be used. These solvents can be used alone or in any mixture.
- the amount of the solvent to be used is not particularly limited. However, considering the volumetric efficiency and the stirring efficiency, the amount of the solvent is 1 to; L 0,0 times by weight, preferably; ⁇ 50 times the weight. .
- the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 200 ° C, preferably from room temperature to 100 ° C.
- the reaction pressure is from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa, preferably from atmospheric pressure to IMPa.
- Capable ram DB-1 (made by &), 0.53 mm inside diameter, 30 m length Column temperature: 200 ° C
- the starting material for 1,5-naphthalenediisocyanate or the like is 1,5-naphthalenediisocyanate or the like.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004556837A JP4553192B2 (ja) | 2002-12-04 | 2003-11-21 | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
EP03812296A EP1568681B1 (en) | 2002-12-04 | 2003-11-21 | Process for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene |
DE60332384T DE60332384D1 (de) | 2002-12-04 | 2003-11-21 | Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,5-diaminonaphthalin |
AU2003302639A AU2003302639A1 (en) | 2002-12-04 | 2003-11-21 | Process for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene |
US10/754,696 US6828461B2 (en) | 2002-12-04 | 2004-01-12 | Process for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002-352642 | 2002-12-04 | ||
JP2002352642 | 2002-12-04 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/754,696 Continuation US6828461B2 (en) | 2002-12-04 | 2004-01-12 | Process for producing 1,5-diaminonaphthalene |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004050603A1 true WO2004050603A1 (ja) | 2004-06-17 |
Family
ID=32463238
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2003/014932 WO2004050603A1 (ja) | 2002-12-04 | 2003-11-21 | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6828461B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1568681B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4553192B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1301245C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003302639A1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE60332384D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004050603A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006143611A (ja) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-06-08 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1585057A1 (en) * | 2004-04-08 | 2005-10-12 | KPL Packaging S.P.A. | Method and unit for selecting and separating reams from a stack of sheets of paper or similar |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04154745A (ja) * | 1990-10-16 | 1992-05-27 | Nippon Steel Chem Co Ltd | ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
JPH07278066A (ja) * | 1994-04-08 | 1995-10-24 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE397150C (de) | 1920-11-20 | 1924-06-14 | J D Riedel Akt Ges | Verfahren zur Herstellung von zyklischen Ketonen |
DE408665C (de) | 1922-07-28 | 1925-01-23 | J D Riedel Akt Ges | Verfahren zur Darstellung von Aminoketonen der Tetrahydronaphthalinreihe |
DE3840618C1 (ja) * | 1988-12-02 | 1990-03-15 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen, De | |
EP1345888A1 (de) * | 2000-12-22 | 2003-09-24 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,5-naphthalindiamin |
EP1295864B1 (en) * | 2001-05-08 | 2008-12-03 | Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes, Inc. | Process for preparation of 1,5-diaminonaphthalenes |
JP2003081921A (ja) * | 2001-09-11 | 2003-03-19 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレン類の製造方法 |
-
2003
- 2003-11-21 DE DE60332384T patent/DE60332384D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-21 JP JP2004556837A patent/JP4553192B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-21 AU AU2003302639A patent/AU2003302639A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-21 WO PCT/JP2003/014932 patent/WO2004050603A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2003-11-21 EP EP03812296A patent/EP1568681B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-21 CN CNB2003801006429A patent/CN1301245C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-01-12 US US10/754,696 patent/US6828461B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH04154745A (ja) * | 1990-10-16 | 1992-05-27 | Nippon Steel Chem Co Ltd | ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
JPH07278066A (ja) * | 1994-04-08 | 1995-10-24 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
HIDEAKI HAMADA ET AL: "Aminophenol-rui no ekiso Ammonolysis ni yoru Phenylenediamine-rui no Gosei", JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, no. 3, 1983, pages 420 - 427, XP002979185 * |
RODRIGUEZ ET AL: "Synthesis of 1.5-naphthylethynyl nanostructure networks with extended II-conjugation. Effective heterocoupling catalyzed by palladium under a compatible CO2 atmosphere", TETRAHEDRON LETTERS, vol. 44, 2003, pages 2691 - 2693, XP002979183 * |
See also references of EP1568681A4 * |
TSUNEAKI HIRASHIMA ET AL: "Hokozoku Nitro Kagobutsu no Hyerazine Kangen (sono 2)- Kasseitan - Enkatetsu (III) shokubai-", JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, no. 7, 1975, pages 1223 - 1227, XP002979184 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006143611A (ja) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-06-08 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
JP4598486B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-17 | 2010-12-15 | 三井化学株式会社 | 1,5−ジアミノナフタレンの製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1568681B1 (en) | 2010-04-28 |
CN1692097A (zh) | 2005-11-02 |
DE60332384D1 (de) | 2010-06-10 |
JPWO2004050603A1 (ja) | 2006-03-30 |
EP1568681A1 (en) | 2005-08-31 |
AU2003302639A1 (en) | 2004-06-23 |
US6828461B2 (en) | 2004-12-07 |
US20040143137A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
EP1568681A4 (en) | 2007-05-02 |
CN1301245C (zh) | 2007-02-21 |
JP4553192B2 (ja) | 2010-09-29 |
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