WO2004027464A1 - 回折光学素子とその形成方法 - Google Patents
回折光学素子とその形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004027464A1 WO2004027464A1 PCT/JP2003/010722 JP0310722W WO2004027464A1 WO 2004027464 A1 WO2004027464 A1 WO 2004027464A1 JP 0310722 W JP0310722 W JP 0310722W WO 2004027464 A1 WO2004027464 A1 WO 2004027464A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0808—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more diffracting elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1847—Manufacturing methods
- G02B5/1857—Manufacturing methods using exposure or etching means, e.g. holography, photolithography, exposure to electron or ion beams
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1866—Transmission gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a diffractive optical element and a method of forming the same, and more specifically, to a diffractive optical element having a function of wavelength combining, power combining, polarizing combining, a wavelength plate, or an optical isolator and a method of forming the same.
- a diffractive optical element that causes light diffraction can be used for various applications.
- wavelength multiplexers / demultiplexers, optical power blurs, optical isolators, and the like used in the optical communication field can be manufactured using a diffractive optical element.
- a diffractive optical element is manufactured by forming a diffraction grating layer on a translucent substrate. Diffractive optical elements are roughly classified into a refractive index modulation type and a relief type based on the structural difference between the diffraction grating layers.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element.
- This refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element includes a diffraction grating layer 12a formed on a translucent substrate 11, and a refractive index modulation structure is formed on the diffraction grating layer 12a. . That is, in the diffraction grating layer 1 2 a, a local region having a local region with a relatively large refractive index n 2 with a relatively small refractive index eta iota are made form regularly alternately . The diffraction phenomenon due to a phase difference generated between a light spent through the light and regions of high refractive index n 2 which has passed through the region of lower refractive index may occur.
- the diffraction grating layer 12a having a refractive index modulation structure can be formed using, for example, a material whose refractive index increases by receiving energy beam irradiation.
- a material whose refractive index increases by receiving energy beam irradiation For example, it is known that the refractive index of Ge-doped quartz glass is increased by ultraviolet irradiation. It is also known that irradiating quartz glass with X-rays increases its refractive index. That is, by depositing a silica-based glass layer having a refractive index on the transparent substrates 1 and 1, increasing locally the refractive index by irradiating an energy beam in a periodic pattern on the glass layer eta 2, FIG. It is shown in 1 9 Such a diffraction grating layer 12a can be formed.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a relief type diffractive optical element.
- This relief type diffractive optical element includes a diffraction grating layer 12b formed on a translucent substrate 11, and a relief structure is formed on the diffraction grating layer 12b. That is, in the diffraction grating layer 12b, local regions having a relatively large thickness and local regions having a relatively small thickness are formed alternately and periodically. Then, a diffraction phenomenon may occur due to a phase difference generated between light passing through a region having a large thickness and light passing through a region having a small thickness.
- the diffraction grating layer 12 b having the relief structure can be formed by, for example, depositing a quartz glass layer on the translucent substrate 11 and processing the glass layer using photolithography and etching. .
- FIG. 21 is a schematic sectional view showing another example of the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element.
- the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element of FIG. 21 has a force similar to that of FIG. 19.
- three different levels of refractive index ⁇ ⁇ , n 2 , Local regions having n 3 are periodically arranged.
- a local region having three levels of refractive indices nn 2 and n 3 in the diffraction grating layer 12 c is formed, for example, by depositing a quartz-based glass layer having a refractive index ⁇ ⁇ on the substrate 11. It can be formed by irradiating the glass layer with energy beams of two different energy levels.
- a diffraction grating that includes a local region with a multi-level index of refraction can improve the diffraction efficiency compared to a diffraction grating that includes a region with a simple two (binary) level of the index of refraction.
- a diffraction grating with a multi-level refractive index change can have a higher diffraction efficiency than a diffraction grating with a binary-level refractive index change
- Diffraction gratings with continuous refractive index changes may also have higher diffraction efficiencies than gratings with binary level refractive index changes.
- the diffraction efficiency means the ratio of the sum of the diffracted light energy to the incident light energy. In other words, from the viewpoint of using diffracted light, it is preferable that the diffraction efficiency is large.
- Figure 22 shows another example of a relief type diffractive optical element in a schematic cross-sectional view. I have.
- the relief type diffractive optical element shown in FIG. 22 is similar to that shown in FIG. 20.However, local regions having three different thicknesses are periodically formed in the diffraction grating layer 12 d in FIG. Are arranged regularly. As described above, a local region having a thickness of three levels in the diffraction grating layer 12; d is formed, for example, by depositing a quartz-based glass layer on the substrate 11 and performing photolithography on the glass layer. It can be formed by repeating the etching process twice. Thus, even with a diffraction grating including local regions having multiple levels of thickness, diffraction efficiency can be improved as compared with a diffraction grating including a simple two levels of thickness.
- the above-described refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element can be manufactured in principle, it is difficult to obtain a practical refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element. This is because, for example, the refractive index variation obtained by irradiating a quartz glass with an energy beam is at most about 0.02, making it difficult to form an effective diffraction grating layer. I can do it.
- a relief type is generally used as a diffractive optical element.
- photolithography and etching which are necessary for producing a relief type diffractive optical element, are rather complicated processing steps, and require considerable time and effort. Further, it is not easy to control the etching depth with high accuracy.
- the relief type diffractive optical element has a problem that dust and dirt are liable to adhere to the surface since fine irregularities are formed on the surface. Disclosure of the invention
- an object of the present invention is to provide a practical diffractive optical element efficiently and at low cost.
- the diffractive optical element includes a light-transmitting DLC (diamond-like carbon: diamond-like carbon) film formed on a light-transmitting substrate, and the DLC film has a relatively high refractive index. It is characterized by including a diffraction grating including a local region having a relatively low refractive index and a local region.
- DLC diamond-like carbon
- the interface between the high-refractive-index region and the low-refractive-index region may be perpendicular or inclined to the surface of the DLC film, and the refractive index continuously increases on both sides of the interface. It may have changed.
- Such a diffractive optical element is capable of splitting a light beam including a plurality of wavelengths into a plurality of light beams depending on the wavelength, and converting a plurality of light beams having different wavelengths into a single light beam. May have the function of wavelength combining and branching.
- Such diffractive optics can split a single wavelength light beam into multiple light beams and combine power beams that can combine multiple single wavelength light beams into a single light beam. It may have a branching function.
- such a diffractive optical element may have a polarization combining / branching function that can separate and combine the TE wave and the TM wave included in the light beam of a single wavelength.
- such a diffractive optical element may have a function of a wave plate for a TE wave or a TM wave included in a light beam of a single wavelength.
- an optical isolator by combining a DLC film including a diffraction grating having the function of polarization combining and splitting with a DLC film including a diffraction grating having a function of a wave plate.
- such a diffractive optical element can include a diffraction grating that can operate on light containing wavelengths in the range of 0.8 im to 2.0 jum.
- the DLC film is irradiated with an energy beam in a predetermined pattern to increase the refractive index, thereby increasing the high refractive index included in the diffraction grating. Regions can be formed.
- the energy beam can be selected from X-rays, electron beams, and ion beams.
- DLC films can also be deposited on substrates by plasma CVD. Further, when the interface between the high-refractive-index region and the low-refractive-index region is inclined with respect to the surface of the DLC film, the surface of the DLC film may be irradiated with an energy beam inclined.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a process for producing a diffractive optical element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a process for manufacturing a diffractive optical element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a process for manufacturing a diffractive optical element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the wavelength branching operation of the wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the wavelength and the intensity distribution of the light split by the wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a diffraction grating pattern in the optical power splitter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a power splitting action in the optical power splitter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a beam distribution in a plane orthogonal to the diffracted beam power-branched by the optical power branching device of FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the polarization splitting action in the polarization splitter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the polarization conversion effect of the wavelength plate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the operation of the optical system of FIG. 10 as an optical isolator.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a diffractive optical element that can function as an optical isolator in the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic sectional view illustrating another example of the wavelength branching action of the wavelength multiplexer / demultiplexer according to the present invention. '
- FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating another example of the power branching action in the optical power branching device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating another example of the polarization splitting action in the polarization splitter according to the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a diffractive optical element that can function as an optical isolator in the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a method for producing a diffractive optical element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating still another example of a method for producing a diffractive optical element according to the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a conventional refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a conventional relief type diffractive optical element.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of a conventional refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic sectional view showing another example of the conventional relief type diffractive optical element.
- FIG. 1 to 3 are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating the steps of manufacturing a refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- dimensional relationships such as length and thickness are appropriately changed for clarification and simplification of the drawings, and do not reflect actual dimensional relationships.
- a DLC film 2 was formed by plasma CVD to a thickness of 2 im. It was then deposited.
- the thickness of the DLC film in the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element is not particularly limited, and can be set to an arbitrary thickness. However, if the DLC film is too thick, it is not preferable because the light absorption effect of the film becomes too large. Also, if the DLC film is too thin, it will be difficult to obtain a sufficient diffraction effect.
- a DLC film having a thickness in the range of 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m is preferably used for the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element.
- a thicker DLC film can be used, and if the refractive index change rate can be increased, a thinner DLC film can be used. .
- a gold mask 3 was formed on the DLC film 2 by a lift-off method.
- gold stripes having a width of 0.5 ⁇ and a length of 5 mm were repeatedly arranged at intervals of 0.5 m. That is, the gold mask 3 had a line and space pattern.
- a He ion beam 4 was injected through an opening of the gold mask 3 at a dose of 5 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 2 in a direction perpendicular to the DLC film 2 under an acceleration voltage of 800 keV.
- the region of the DLC film 2 where He ions were not implanted had a refractive index of 1.55, but the refractive index of the region 2a where He ions were implanted was increased to 2.05.
- I was The change in the refractive index of such a DLC film is much larger than the change in the refractive index obtained in quartz glass, and a diffraction grating layer with sufficiently high diffraction efficiency can be formed.
- the gold mask 3 was removed by etching, and the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element of Embodiment 1 was obtained.
- the diffraction grating layer 2 in this diffractive optical element includes two types of regions having a refractive index of 1.55 and 2.05, and is a so-called binary level diffraction grating layer.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a wavelength branching operation when the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element obtained in Embodiment 1 is used as a wavelength branching device.
- the black cross-sectional area represents a relatively high refractive index area
- the white cross-sectional area represents a relatively low refractive index area.
- the diffractive optical element of FIG. 4 can be used as a multiplexer.
- the light beam is generally incident at an appropriate angle within a range of about 0 to 70 degrees with respect to the normal to the surface of the diffractive optical element. .
- this range of incident angle depends on the angle between the boundary between the high refractive index region and the low refractive index region and the surface of the DLC film.
- the incident angle of the light beam is adjusted in consideration of the inclination angle.
- FIG. 5 is a graph schematically illustrating an example of a wavelength branching result obtained by the diffractive optical element according to the first embodiment.
- the horizontal axis of this graph represents the wavelength (nm) of the diffracted light
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of the diffracted light in arbitrary units.
- light having a wavelength range of 1.5 to 1.6 im and a beam diameter of 350 / im is incident on the diffractive optical element of Embodiment 1 using an optical fiber and a collimator.
- the diffractive optical element of Embodiment 1 using an optical fiber and a collimator.
- the diffracted light beam exists along one plane including the incident light beam.
- a diffracted light beam can be two-dimensionally distributed by using a two-dimensional diffraction grating pattern as in the second embodiment described below.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view showing a two-dimensional diffraction grating pattern in the diffractive optical element according to the second embodiment.
- the diffractive optical element of the second embodiment can also be manufactured by the same steps as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the black region indicates the region of the DLC film where the refractive index has been increased by irradiation with the Heiosi beam
- the white region indicates the region where the He ion beam was not irradiated. I have.
- the black pattern is formed by a minimum cell combination of 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 4 m and has a periodicity of 13 2 / m. That is, in the diffraction grating pattern of FIG.
- the small f spring width is 4 ⁇ .
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a power branching effect when the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element obtained in the second embodiment is used as an optical power blur (power branching device). That is, when a light beam of a single wavelength is incident on a diffractive optical element, the diffraction angles of light passing through the diffractive optical element differ from each other depending on the diffraction order. As a result, an incident light beam of a single wavelength can be split into multiple diffracted light beams. .
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a beam distribution in a plane orthogonal to the diffracted beam whose power has been branched as shown in FIG. 7 by the optical power plug of FIG. That is, the incident light beam having power ⁇ can be split into 16 diffracted light beams each having P / 16 power.
- a beam having a wavelength of 1.55 ⁇ and a beam diameter of 350 / zm was perpendicularly incident on the surface of the diffractive optical element of Embodiment 2, a 16-fold diffracted light beam distributed symmetrically four times was obtained.
- a 16-fold diffracted light beam distributed symmetrically four times was obtained.
- the diffraction grating pattern of FIG. 6 that can realize the distribution pattern of the diffracted light beam as shown in FIG. 8 can be obtained by using a Fourier transform, as is well known. '
- a diffractive optical element having the function of polarization combining and branching was manufactured. Also in the diffractive optical element of the third embodiment, a diffraction grating layer of a DLC having a pattern of line 'and' space was formed in the same process as in the first embodiment. However, in the third embodiment, high refractive index regions having a width of 0.4 zm and a length of 5 mm were repeatedly arranged at an interval of 0.4 ⁇ .
- FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the polarization splitting action when the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element obtained in Embodiment 3 is used as a polarization splitter.
- a ⁇ wave including a ⁇ component and a ⁇ component is incident on the diffractive optical element of Embodiment 3, the ⁇ wave and the ⁇ wave are diffracted at different diffraction angles depending on the polarization difference. Is done.
- a ⁇ wave is obtained as the zero-order diffracted light
- a ⁇ wave is obtained as the first-order diffracted light.
- light with a beam diameter of 100 ⁇ with a wavelength of 1.55 xm When the light was incident on the diffractive optical element of Embodiment 3, the TE wave and the TM wave could be branched. .
- Embodiment 4 a diffractive optical element having the function of a wave plate was manufactured. Also in the diffractive optical element of the fourth embodiment, a DLC diffraction grating layer having a line 'and' space pattern was formed in the same steps as in the first embodiment. However, in the fourth embodiment, high refractive index regions having a width of 2 ⁇ and a length of 5 mm were repeatedly arranged at intervals of 0.2 ⁇ .
- FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a polarization conversion effect when the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element obtained in Embodiment 4 is used as a wavelength plate.
- a linear polarization filter 21 and a diffractive optical element 22 acting as a quarter-wave plate in the fourth embodiment are arranged along the direction of light propagation.
- the polarizing filter 21 allows only the vertically linearly polarized light 24 of the incident light beam 23 having a wavelength of 1.55 ⁇ and a cross-sectional diameter of 350 ⁇ to pass.
- the direction of the line and space in the high refractive index region included in the diffractive optical element 22 was rotated by 45 degrees with respect to the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light 24. In such a state, the light 25 that has passed through the diffractive optical element 22 has become circularly polarized light that rotates counterclockwise in the traveling direction.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a state in which the polarizing filter 21 and the 1Z4 wave plate 22 shown in FIG. 10 operate as an optical isolator. That is, when the circularly polarized light 25 of FIG. 10 is reflected by a certain object and returns, the rotation direction of the circularly polarized light is the return light 26 which is reversed by the reflection. Then, the returned light 26 is converted into horizontal linearly polarized light 27 by passing through the quarter-wave plate 22 in the opposite direction. Since the polarizing filter 21 allows only vertical linearly polarized light to pass through, returning light 27 of horizontal linearly polarized light is blocked by the polarizing filter 21 and cannot return to the light incident side. Thus, the function as an optical isolator can be exhibited.
- Embodiment 5 In Embodiment 5, as shown in the schematic perspective view of FIG. 12, a diffractive optical element having the function of an optical isolator was manufactured.
- a first DLC film 31 is formed on a first main surface ⁇ of a quartz glass substrate 31, and a second A second DLC film 33 was formed on the main surface.
- a diffraction grating similar to that of the third embodiment was formed on the first layer 32, and a diffraction grating similar to that of the fourth embodiment was formed on the second DLC film 33.
- the wavelength combining / branching grating layer in the sixth embodiment shown in FIG. 13 is similar to that shown in FIG. 4, but the interface between the high refractive index region and the low refractive index region is on the surface of the DLC film. They differ in that they are inclined with respect to them.
- a DLC film was deposited to a thickness of 5 ⁇ by plasma CVD.
- a gold mask having a line 'and' space pattern in which gold stripes having a width of 0.5 ⁇ and a length of 5 mm were repeatedly arranged at a period of 1 ⁇ was formed on the DLC film. Then, through the opening of the gold mask, the He ion beam 4 is irradiated at a dose of 5 ⁇ 10 17 Zcm 2 at an inclination angle of 40 degrees with respect to the surface of the DLC film under an acceleration voltage of 800 keV: It was injected in a direction perpendicular to the length direction of the gold stripe. As a result, the region of the DLC film where He ions were not implanted had a refractive index of 1.55, but the region where He ions had been implanted had an increased refractive index of 2.05. .
- FIG. 13 similar to FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a wavelength branching operation when the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical layer obtained in the sixth embodiment is used as a wavelength combiner.
- FIG. 13 for example, when a single light beam including a plurality of wavelengths ⁇ 2 , L 3 and ⁇ 4 is incident on the diffractive optical element, the light passes through the diffractive optical element. The diffraction angles of the emitted light are different from each other depending on the wavelength. As a result, a single incident light beam including a plurality of wavelengths can be separated into a plurality of diffracted light beams having different traveling directions for each wavelength. .
- the light having a wavelength range of 1.5 to 1.6 ⁇ and a beam diameter of 350 / im is diffracted by an optical fiber and a collimator, as shown in FIG.
- the light was incident in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the device.
- five diffractions having wavelengths distributed at intervals of 20 nm between 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ and 1.6 ⁇ um are provided. Light beams were obtained, and the five diffracted light beams had almost equal intensity. The diffraction efficiency at this time was approximately 99%, and sufficiently excellent wavelength branching characteristics were obtained.
- the optical components including such a diffractive optical layer can be further reduced in size and cost.
- the alignment process for packaging as an optical component can be simplified.
- the power branch lattice layer in the embodiment 7 shown in FIG. 14 is similar to that shown in FIG. 7, but the interface between the high refractive index region and the low refractive index region is on the surface of the DLC film. It differs, for example, in that it is inclined by 45 degrees. Also, the power branch grating layer in FIG. 7 has a two-dimensional diffraction grating pattern as shown in FIG. 6, but the power branch grating layer in FIG. A high refractive index region with a width of 180 ⁇ is formed with a pattern of line 'and' spaces.
- the incident power cannot be two-dimensionally branched as shown in Fig. 8
- it can include an incident light beam orthogonal to the surface of the DLC film and can power-divide the incident light beam into a plurality of beams in a plane orthogonal to the interface between the high refractive index region and the low refractive index region.
- the polarization separation grating layer in the embodiment 8 shown in FIG. 15 is the same as that shown in FIG. The difference is that the interface between the high and low refractive index regions is inclined with respect to the surface of the DLC film.
- a DLC film was deposited to a thickness of 4 ⁇ on a Si 2 substrate by plasma CVD.
- a gold mask having a line-and-space pattern in which gold stripes having a width of 0.4 m and a length of 5 mm were repeatedly arranged at a period of 1 ⁇ was formed on the DLC film. Thereafter, He ion was implanted in a direction at an inclination of 40 degrees with respect to the surface of the DLC film and perpendicular to the length direction of the gold stripe.
- a beam of a TEM wave containing a TE component and a TM component is made incident on the surface of the diffractive optical layer in FIG. 15 in a direction perpendicular to the surface, the TE wave and the TM wave become mutually dependent depending on the polarization difference. Diffracted at different diffraction angles. Actually, when light having a wavelength of 1.55 ⁇ and a beam diameter of 100 ⁇ was made incident on the diffractive optical element of the eighth embodiment, the ⁇ -wave and the ⁇ -wave could be branched.
- the optical isolator according to the ninth embodiment shown in the schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 16 is similar to that of FIG. 12, but is similar to that of the eighth embodiment in the first DLC film 32a included therein. The difference is that a diffraction grating is formed.
- Embodiment 10 shows another example of a method for forming a diffractive optical element according to the present invention.
- a plurality of linear gold masks 3 a are formed on the DLC film 2.
- the linear gold mask 3a has a semicircular upper surface in a cross section orthogonal to the length direction. He ions 4 are irradiated from above the mask pattern in a direction orthogonal to the upper surface of the DL.C film 2. Soshi .
- a high refractive index region 2b is formed in the DLC film 2.
- each line-shaped mask has a semicircular upper surface, some He ions can pass through the mask near the side surface of each mask, and the transmitted He ions are converted to DLC. May penetrate into membrane 2. Therefore, in the DLC film 2 in FIG. 17, the refractive index changes continuously near the interface between the high refractive index region and the low refractive index region.
- the refractive index modulation type diffractive optical element including such a continuous refractive index change as described above, an improved diffraction efficiency is obtained as compared with a diffraction optical element including a binary level refractive index change. be able to.
- a plurality of linear gold masks 3 b are formed on the DLC film 2.
- the line-shaped gold mask 3b is rectangular in cross section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and has a considerable thickness. He ions 4 are irradiated from above obliquely above the mask pattern in a direction inclined to the upper surface of the DLC film 2. Then, a high refractive index region 2c is formed in the DLC film 2.
- the interface between the high refractive index region and the low refractive index region can be inclined with respect to the film surface, and the refractive index changes continuously near the interface.
- a multi-level diffraction grating can be formed in the DLC film.
- the DLC film may be irradiated with energy beams having different energy levels or Z and dose amounts.
- the surface is not easily contaminated because there is no fine irregularity on the surface unlike the relief type diffractive optical element. Even if it is contaminated, it can be easily purified. Further, since the DLC film has high abrasion resistance, the diffraction optical element of the present invention is preferable from the viewpoint that the surface thereof is not easily damaged.
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CA002465085A CA2465085A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2003-08-25 | Diffractive optical device and method for producing same |
US10/496,846 US7573638B2 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2003-08-25 | Diffractive optical element and method of its formation |
EP03797525A EP1542043A4 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2003-08-25 | OPTICAL DIFFUSING DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
AU2003257697A AU2003257697A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2003-08-25 | Diffractive optical device and method for producing same |
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JP2002/273561 | 2002-09-19 | ||
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Cited By (5)
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WO2006011304A1 (ja) * | 2004-07-28 | 2006-02-02 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | 光情報記録媒体およびその記録方法と製造方法 |
WO2006030586A1 (ja) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-23 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | ホログラムシートおよびその製造方法、ホログラムシール、ならびにホログラムカードおよびその製造方法 |
EP1783519A1 (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2007-05-09 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Refractive index modulation diffraction optical element and projector comprising it |
EP1785749A1 (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2007-05-16 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Dlc film and method for forming the same |
JP2021509731A (ja) * | 2018-01-09 | 2021-04-01 | バリアン・セミコンダクター・エクイップメント・アソシエイツ・インコーポレイテッド | 様々なグレーチングを有する回折光学素子を形成するためのシステムおよび方法 |
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- 2003-08-25 CA CA002465085A patent/CA2465085A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2003-08-25 KR KR1020047008267A patent/KR20050053522A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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EP1783519A1 (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2007-05-09 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Refractive index modulation diffraction optical element and projector comprising it |
EP1783519A4 (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2007-10-10 | Sumitomo Electric Industries | OPTICAL DIFFRACTION ELEMENT BY MODULATION OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX AND PROJECTOR MADE THEREWITH |
WO2006011304A1 (ja) * | 2004-07-28 | 2006-02-02 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | 光情報記録媒体およびその記録方法と製造方法 |
EP1785749A1 (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2007-05-16 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Dlc film and method for forming the same |
EP1785749A4 (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2007-10-17 | Sumitomo Electric Industries | DLC FILM AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
US7466491B2 (en) | 2004-08-31 | 2008-12-16 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | DLC film and method for forming the same |
WO2006030586A1 (ja) * | 2004-09-17 | 2006-03-23 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | ホログラムシートおよびその製造方法、ホログラムシール、ならびにホログラムカードおよびその製造方法 |
JP2021509731A (ja) * | 2018-01-09 | 2021-04-01 | バリアン・セミコンダクター・エクイップメント・アソシエイツ・インコーポレイテッド | 様々なグレーチングを有する回折光学素子を形成するためのシステムおよび方法 |
JP2021170112A (ja) * | 2018-01-09 | 2021-10-28 | バリアン・セミコンダクター・エクイップメント・アソシエイツ・インコーポレイテッド | 様々なグレーチングを有する回折光学素子を形成するためのシステムおよび方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1542043A4 (en) | 2011-05-04 |
WO2004027464A8 (ja) | 2005-02-24 |
KR20050053522A (ko) | 2005-06-08 |
CN1606704A (zh) | 2005-04-13 |
AU2003257697A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
CN1333270C (zh) | 2007-08-22 |
EP1542043A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
TW200420912A (en) | 2004-10-16 |
TWI286222B (en) | 2007-09-01 |
CA2465085A1 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
US7573638B2 (en) | 2009-08-11 |
US20060146408A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
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