Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D305/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D305/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
  • C07D305/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings having one or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D305/12—Beta-lactones
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/122—Metal aryl or alkyl compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
  • B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/20—Carbonyls
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
  • C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
  • B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
  • B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
  • B01J2531/845—Cobalt

Definitions

• the invention relates to the production of lactones by catalytic carbonylation of oxiranes in the presence of a. Catalyst system, a corresponding catalyst system and its use.
• the catalytic carbonylation of simple and substituted oxiranes is known per se.
• the products are often not the desired lactones, or the reaction procedure or the starting materials do not allow efficient production or isolation of lactones.
• the compounds are often only accessible through complex and costly syntheses.
• JP-A-09 169 753 describes the carbonylation of epoxides to lactones in a continuous reactor using Co 2 CO 8 as a catalyst. The sales are only 30%. This means that a separation and recycling device is required to achieve a high yield and purity of the lactone.
• GB-A-1,020,575 relates to a process for the preparation of polymers of ⁇ -lactones. Carbon monoxide and a 1,2-epoxide are reacted to form a ⁇ -lactone as an intermediate. Dicobaltoctacarbonyl is used as a catalyst.
• a promoter can be used which is selected from metal halides such as potassium iodide and 'quaternary ammonium halides such as
• Tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium.
• the yields of lactone are less than 10%
• the main fractions of the products are polyhydroxypropionesters.
• the reaction is carried out in a complicated manner with several pressure stages.
• EP-B-0 577 206 relates to the carbonylation of epoxides on a catalyst system comprising a cobalt source and a hydroxyl-substituted pyridine compound, in particular 3-hydroxypyridine or 4-hydroxypyridine.
• the carbonylation is preferably carried out in In the presence of a hydroxy compound such as water or alcohols.
• the activities of the catalysts used are relatively low and isolation of the lactones is not described. It was also observed that a change in the reaction mixture occurs after the carbonylation has ended. Polymerization of the lactone takes place within 24 hours. It follows from this that the lactone in the reaction mixture is not unreactive. It is also known that lactones can be polymerized under the influence of pyridines.
• J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, pages 5424 to 5426 describes the synthesis of ⁇ -lactones by carbonylation of epoxides over cobalt and Lewis acid catalysts.
• a system of PPNCo (CO) 4 and BF 3 Et 2 O) is used as the catalyst.
• the yields are between 7 and 86%.
• the reaction time is 7 to 24 hours and the use of large amounts of catalyst is necessary.
• the object of the invention is to provide an inexpensive and efficient process for the production of lactones by carbonylation of epoxides. Another task is to provide a suitable catalyst system for this implementation.
• the object is achieved by a method for producing
• Lactones by catalytic carbonylation of oxiranes characterized in that a catalyst system
• R is hydrogen or hydrocarbon residue, except on the one associated with M.
• Carbon atom can be substituted on the carbon atoms, X anion n number which corresponds to the valence of M, x number in the range from 0 to n,
• n and x are chosen so that there is charge neutrality
• the invention is further achieved by a catalyst as defined above, with the exception of the combination Al (C 2 H 5 ) 3 / Co (acac) 3 .
• Lactones are valuable compounds for the production of biodegradable polyesters, see for example EP-A-0 688 806. These polyesters are used in many different ways, for example as a polyol in the production of polyurethane or as a material.
• a combination of cobalt compounds, in particular in a low oxidation state, and metal compounds form an efficient catalyst system for the gentle carbonylation of oxiranes to lactones.
• the catalyst system used according to the invention there are preferably 0.1 to 1000 ol, particularly preferably 1 to 100 mol of component B per mol of component A.
• Component A is preferably selected such that a cobalt carbonyl compound is present under the reaction conditions. This means that a cobalt carbonyl compound can be used directly as component A, or a compound can be used which is converted into a cobalt carbonyl compound under the conversion conditions.
• R is preferably hydrogen or C 1-32 alkyl, C 20 alkenyl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, C 6-18 aryl, C -20 aralkyl or C 7- o-alkaryl, except for those connected to M. Carbon atom may be present on the carbon atoms substituents.
• R is preferably hydrogen or a monoanionic hydrocarbyl group, for example C 1-32 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, i- or n-propyl, i-, n- or t-butyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl, C 2-20 Alkenyl such as propenyl or butenyl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentadienyl or cyclohexyl, C 6-18 aryl such as phenyl or naphthyl, and C -20 arylalkyl, for example benzyl (preferred hydrocarbyl group is alkyl, particularly preferred hydrocarbyl groups are methyl or ethyl),
• X anion such as halide (except fluorine), sulfonate, oxide, C 1-32 alkoxide, amide; preferred ions are halide or alkoxide, chloride or C 1-12 alkoxide are particularly preferred,
• n corresponds to the oxidation state OZ or the valence of the metal
• Component B is preferably A1C1 X R 3-X with x number from 0 to 3 and RC 1-6 alkyl.
• the numbers n and x can represent whole or fractional numbers. Broken numerical values can result from a mixture of corresponding compounds.
• Component A or B may also bind a neutral donor L in the coordination sphere.
• Donor L is generally a neutral compound with
• Donor L can also be an olefin or aromatic.
• dicobalt octacarbonyl and trimethyl aluminum or dicobalt octacarbonyl and triethyl aluminum or dicobalt octacarbonyl and tri (sec-butyl) aluminum, or dicobalt octacarbonyl and trisisopropoxy aluminum is particularly preferred.
• the carbonylation is generally carried out under elevated pressure and at elevated temperature. However, product formation is also observed at one carbon atmosphere from one atmosphere.
• the pressure is generally generated by CO gas. In certain cases, this pressure can also be partially generated by an inert medium such as argon or nitrogen.
• the pressures are between 1 and 250 bar, preferably between 10 and 100 bar, particularly preferably between 20 and 60 bar.
• the reaction can generally be carried out at temperatures between -10 and 200 ° C.
• the preferred temperature is between 20 and 150 ° C, particularly preferably between 40 and 110 ° C.
• the carbonylation of epoxides can be carried out batchwise or in a continuous process. It can be carried out both in the gas phase and in an inert reaction medium.
• This medium is generally a liquid.
• solvents such as ether, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, hydrocarbons such as hexane, octane, isopar, benzene, toluene, xylene, decalin; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, dichlorobenzene or polar solvents such as DMF, DMSO, esters, nitriles, nitro compounds, ketones or so-called ionic liquids.
• Preferred solvents are DME, diglyme, dichloromethane.
• the oxirane can also be used as the reaction medium.
• Donor ligands such as phosphines or nitriles, can be added to further activate the catalyst system.
• a particulate support material e.g. silica or aluminum oxide applies, a solvent-free reaction in the sense of a gas phase carbonylation is also possible.
• Ethylene oxide and substituted epoxides are suitable as oxirane compounds. These are usually those compounds which come under the following general formula (II): "
• the radicals R 2 here are independently hydrogen, halogen, nitro group - NO 2 , cyano group -CN, ester group -COOR 3 or a hydrocarbon group with 1 to 32 C atoms, which can be substituted.
• the radicals R 2 can correspond completely or partially or can also represent four different radicals.
• R 3 can be C 1-12 alkyl, aryl.
• Geminally substituted epoxides are preferably used, particularly preferably only epoxides substituted in the 1-position.
• Suitable hydrocarbon groups are, for example, C 1-32 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, i- or n-propyl, i-, n- or t-butyl, n-pentyl or n-hexyl, C 2-2 o-alkenyl such as propenyl or Butenyl, C. 20 -cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, C 6- 18 aryl such as phenyl or naphthyl, and C 7- 0 arylalkyl, for example benzyl.
• Two radicals R 2 if they are on different C atoms of the epoxy group, can be bridged to one another and thus a C 3 .
• Form 20 -cycloalkylene group if they are on different C atoms of the epoxy group, can be bridged to one another and thus a C 3 .
• the following groups are particularly suitable as substituents with which the C 1-32 -hydrocarbon group, as also R above, can be substituted: halogen, cyano, nitro, thioalkyl, tert-amino, alkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, carbonyldioxyalkyl, carbonyldioxyaryl, Carbonyldioxyarylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, arylalkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl and arylalkylsulfonyl.
• Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide (1-butene oxide, BuO), cyclopentene oxide, cyclohexene oxide (CHO), cycloheptene oxide, 2,3-epoxypropylphenyl ether, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, i-butene oxide (IBO), styrene oxide or acrylic oxides are preferably used as the oxirane compound. It is particularly preferred to use ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), butylene oxide or i-butene oxide, very particularly preferably ethylene oxide and propylene oxide or mixtures thereof.
• the oxirane compounds to be used for the process according to the invention can e.g. obtained via epoxidations of terminal olefins known to the person skilled in the art. If the epoxidation is stereo-unspecific, a racemate resolution must be carried out. Racemate resolution methods, e.g. by means of HPLC chromatography with chiral column material are known to the person skilled in the art.
• the oxirane compound is prepared starting from a terminal olefin using established stereoselective processes directly in enantiomerically pure or in optically enriched form.
• a suitable process is e.g. the so-called Sharpless epoxidation (see also J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987 (109), pp. 5765 ff. and 8120 ff .; and "Asymmetrie Synthesis", ed. JD Morrison, Academic Press, New York, 1-985, volume 5, chapters 7 and 8).
• all olefins of this class of compounds are suitable as compounds with a terminal double bond, e.g. Propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene or. L-octene.
• the reaction is carried out by first adding the cobalt complexes (A) and, for example, the alkyl compounds (B) individually, simultaneously or premixed, optionally with cooling, to the reaction vessel.
• the oxirane compound can, if appropriate, already be added to the solution / suspension of the catalyst components before it is transferred to the reaction vessel.
• the oxirane compound can also be introduced directly into the reaction vessel.
• the carbonylation is preferably carried out under inert conditions, ie in the absence of moisture and air.
• lactones can be carried out according to generally known methods.
• the lactone can be isolated in a simple manner by distillation or crystallization.
• corresponding 3-hydroxypropionic acid lactones can be obtained starting from enantiomerically pure oxirane compounds. If oxirane compounds are used in optically enriched form, lactones are obtained, the degree of optical purity corresponding directly with the degree in the oxirane. Starting from lactones produced in this way, the thermoplastic property profile of the biodegradable polymer class can be produced, the properties of which can be set very easily and specifically for desired applications.
• the invention also relates to a process for producing the catalyst used according to the invention by mixing components A and B. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of the catalyst in carbonylation reactions.
• the chemicals used come from Fluka, Aldrich and Merck and were used without further cleaning.
• the solvents were obtained dry over molecular sieves and degassed before use.
• the Al-alkyl compounds were used as solutions in toluene.
• the steel autoclave (100 or 250 ml) was first evacuated and fed under counter-argon flow. After transfer to the steel autoclave, a carbon monoxide pressure of 10-65 bar was set and the carbonylation was kept at temperatures of 75-105 ° C. for a predetermined period. The carbonylation was terminated by reducing the pressure to ambient pressure, and the reaction solution obtained, after cooling to 0 ° C., was removed from the autoclave and analyzed. To separate the catalyst, the solution obtained can be added to a mixture of diethyl ether / pentane. Filtration through silica gel removes the catalyst and very small amounts of polymer. Subsequent separation of the filtrate by distillation gives the lactone in pure form.
• Dicobaltoctacarbonyl Co CO 8 (260 mg) is dissolved in 16 ml diglyme, the solution is cooled to 0 ° C and 8 ml propylene oxide are added. After adding 0.77 ml of a 2N solution of Me 3 Al in toluene, the reaction solution is converted into one with the exclusion of moisture and oxygen. 100 ml steel autoclave transferred with glass sleeve. The carbonylation reaction is carried out for 5 hours under 60 bar CO at 75 ° C. The carbonylation reaction is terminated by reducing the pressure to ambient pressure and cooling to 0 ° C. Analysis (1H and 13 C NMR) of a sample taken shows complete carbonylation of the epoxide and a lactone content of> 95% (by-products are polyhydroxybutyrate and acetone).
• Example 2
• dicobalt octacarbonyl Co 2 CO 8 (780 mg) is dissolved in 50 ml of diglyme under argon at 0 ° C., and 26 ml of propylene oxide are added. After adding 7 ml of a 2N solution of Me 3 Al in toluene, 60 bar of CO are injected. The carbonylation reaction is carried out for 2 hours under 60 bar CO at 95 ° C. The carbonylation reaction is terminated by reducing the pressure to ambient pressure and cooling to 0 ° C. Analysis (1H and 13 C NMR) of a sample taken shows complete carbonylation of the epoxide and a lactone content of> 95% (by-products are polyhydroxybutyrate and acetone).
• dicobalt octacarbonyl Co 2 CO 8 (780 mg) is dissolved in 50 ml of diglyme under argon at 0 ° C., and 26 ml of propylene oxide are added. After adding 7 ml of a 2N solution of Me 3 Al in toluene, 10 bar of CO are injected. The carbonylation reaction is carried out for 4 hours under 10 bar CO at 75 ° C. To terminate the reaction, depressurize to ambient pressure and cool to 0 ° C. Analysis (1H and 13 C NMR) of a sample taken shows complete carbonylation of the epoxide and a lactone content of> 95% (by-products are polyhydroxybutyrate and acetone).
• Dicobaltoctacarbonyl Co 2 CO 8 (130 mg) is dissolved in 8 ml diglyme, the solution is cooled to 0 ° C and 7 ml butyloxirane are added. After adding 0.39 ml of a 2N solution of Me 3 Al in toluene, the reaction solution is transferred into a 100 ml steel autoclave with a glass sleeve, with the exclusion of moisture and oxygen. The carbonylation reaction is carried out for 14 hours under 60 bar CO at 75 ° C. The carbonylation reaction is terminated by reducing the pressure to ambient pressure and cooling to 0 ° C. Analysis ( J H and 13 C NMR) of a sample taken reveals an approximately 70% carbonylation of the epoxide and a lactone content in the product of> 75%.
• Et NCo (CO) 4 (232 mg) are dissolved in 10 ml diglyme, the solution is cooled to 0 ° C and 6 ml propylene oxide are added. After adding
• Aluminum isopropoxide (i-PrO) 3 Al is the reaction solution to the exclusion of Moisture and oxygen are transferred to a 100 ml steel autoclave with a glass sleeve.
• the carbonylation reaction is carried out for 16 hours under 60 bar CO at 75 ° C.
• the carbonylation reaction is terminated by reducing the pressure to ambient pressure and cooling to 0 ° C.
• Analysis J H and 13 C NMR) of a sample taken reveals an almost complete carbonylation of the epoxide and a lactone content of> 85% (by-products are polyhydroxybutyrate and acetone).

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